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AP Tignor 1 > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Through where does medulla oblongata leave the skull?

A

Medulla oblongata of occipital bone

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2
Q

Neurocranial side

A

Inside of cranium

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3
Q

When medulla oblongata leaves the skull it is called the

A

Spinal cord

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4
Q

Where does integration of information take place?

A

CNS, collects sensory info from PNS

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5
Q

Three groups of structures in peripheral nervous system

A
  1. 12 pairs of Cranial nerves: part of PNS, can carry sensory and motor info , some carry both)
  2. Spinal nerves: nerves that bundle and exit out of the spine
  3. Ganglia:cell bodies with dendrites in PNS. Relay station. Junction box for pns communications.
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6
Q

Cranial nerves branch off what?

A

Directly off the brain

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7
Q

What passes through foramen?.

A

Blood vessels, arteries and cranial nerves enter and leave

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8
Q

Pneumonics for 12 cranial nerves

A

Oh
Oh
Oh
To
Touch
And
Feel
Very
Green
Vegetables
A
H

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9
Q

Olfactory nerve I

A

Think about furthermost structure of face. Nose
Sensory only

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10
Q

Olfactory nerves actually exit skull through

A

Olfactory foramina of cribiform plate of ethmoid bone. Go through those openings and receptors protrude onto surface of olfactory epithelium that we find in superior region of nasal cavity. Receptors hang off roof of epithelium of nasal cavity

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11
Q

Cribiform plate has large collection of teeny, tiny holes called

A

Olfactory foramina

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12
Q

Optic nerve 2

A

Sensory only
Info comes from retina

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13
Q

Optic nerve travels through

A

Optic canal of sphenoid bone and into back of eye

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14
Q

Left and right optic nerve 2 cross over importance

A

Important for processing sensory visual information

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15
Q

Optic chiasma

A

Crossing over of optic nerves .

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16
Q

Oculomotor III

A

Movement of eye
Skeletal muscle and involuntary movement like dilation of pupils

Carries motor info

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17
Q

What kind of muscle makes up iris in eye?

A

Smooth ciliary muscle

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18
Q

When eye dilates it is what kind of innervation?

A

Sympathetic innervation

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19
Q

When pupil constricts it is what kind of innervation?

A

Parasympathetic

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20
Q

Which skeletal muscles are controlled by oculomotor nerve?

A

Superior rectus
Inferior rectus
Medial rectus
Inferior oblique

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21
Q

Trochlear IV

A

Controls superior oblique muscle

Innervates an extrinsic eye muscle that loops through a pulley-shaped ligament in orbit

Depresses eye and turns laterally

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22
Q

Trochlea means

A

Pulley

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23
Q

Largest of cranial nerves

A

Trigeminal nerve V

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24
Q

Three divisions of trigeminal nerve V

A

Opthalmologic,
Maxillary,
Mandibular

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25
Q

Trigeminal nerve V

A

Innervates large areas of face, involved with muscles of mastication

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26
Q

Trigeminal neuralgia

A

Most painful,
Artery pressed again nerve

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27
Q

Abducens VI

A

Contracts lateral rectus

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28
Q

Three cranial nerves involved with eye movement are

A

Oculomotor III
Trochlear IV
Abducens VI

3 IV and VI

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29
Q

Facial nerve VII

A

Info from anterior 2-3 of tongue

Express emotions , zygomaticus major and minor, risorious, buccinator,

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30
Q

Vestibulocochlear VIII

A

Controls hearing and equilibrium, has 2 divisions

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31
Q

Cochlear

A

Collects sensory info from inner ear, collects info in inner ear

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32
Q

Functions of inner ear

A

Perception of sound and balance

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33
Q

Vestibule

A

Turns sensory information into static equilibrium

So if head is down or back. Uses otoliths that float in gelatinous mass when you move your head

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34
Q

Divisions of vestibulocochlear nerve?

A

Vestibular
Cochlear

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35
Q

What controls dynamic equilibrium

A

3 Semicircular canals perceive rotation

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36
Q

Glossopharyngeal IX

A

Muscles of swallowing (tongue and pharynx)
Sensory information through taste buds and posterior 1/3 of tongue

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37
Q

Vagus nerve X

A

Huge 90% of nerve fibers carried on parasympathetic nervous system come from vagus nerve

Parasympathetic nerve
Controls heart rate, innervates digestive viscera,
Some sensory info from taste buds around epiglottis

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38
Q

Hypoglossal nerve XII

A

Below tongue,
Tongue movement,

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39
Q

Glosso

A

Tongue

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40
Q

Accessory nerve XII

A

Innervates sternocleidomastoid muscle and trapezius

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41
Q

Sterno

A

Sternum

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42
Q

Cleido

A

Clavicle

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43
Q

Mastoid

A

Mastoid process

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44
Q

White matter on spinal cord is on

A

Outside

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45
Q

Spinal cord is collection of

A

Neurons and glial cells
Motor neurons exit and sensory neurons enter

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46
Q

Ventral root function

A

Carries motor info out to body, somatic or voluntary motor movement & autonomic motor neurons. Can move skeletal, smooth or cardiac muscles, or stimulate glands

Efferent direction after processing in brain

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47
Q

Function of dorsal root?

A

Sensory information, routes info in afferent direction towards brain

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48
Q

Dorsal root ganglion made of

A

Unipolar, sensory cell bodies packaged in connective tissue

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49
Q

Sensory information arrives from

A

Periphery of body, through unipolar sensory neurons and then through axon heading to spinal cord, connecting with interneurons that get info all the way up into cortex of frontal lobe

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50
Q

Has lots of axon bundles

A

Ventral nerve

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51
Q

Nerve

A

Many axons of neurons bundled together into a thick tube. Held together by layers of connective tissue

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52
Q

Spinal reflex

A

Pat on patellar tendon
Sets off sensory stretch receptors because it pulls on quadriceps tendon

Sensory information travels down unipolar neuron

Info at the end of axon branches into synaptic knobs

In very simple reflex,Motor info travels back out, makes quadriceps contract and extend

In the polysynaptic reflex, the axon synapses with the interneurons..
Tells hamstring to not move.

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53
Q

Types of reflexes

A

Monosynaptic: one synapse
Polysynaptic reflexes:more than one synapse

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54
Q

Sensory stretch receptors types

A

Golgi sensory organ,
Spinal organ

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55
Q

Sensory stretch receptors function

A

Measure tension in muscle tissues and tendons.

Let you exert more force or cause you to stop exerting if that tendon could be destroyed

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56
Q

Unipolar neurons have how many cytoplasmic extensions?

A

One

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57
Q

Which systems are involved in reflexes

A

Peripheral nervous system, CNS, connection between neurons in the CNS and spinal cord
And interneuron

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58
Q

Explain the structure of a nerve

A

A spinal nerve has different components
At the smallest level
Axons surrounded by an endonerium fascia,
These groups of axons make fascicles surrounded by a perineurium and groups of fascicles are surrounded by and epineurium

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59
Q

Endonerium

A

Surrounds individual axon and schwann cells

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60
Q

Fascicle

A

Bundle of axons together

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61
Q

Perineurium

A

Wrap around fascicles , made of dense connective tissue

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62
Q

Peri

A

Around the edge

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63
Q

Epineurium

A

Wraps around all fascicles

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64
Q

Endo

A

To the inside

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65
Q

Nerve plexus

A

Nerves criss cross and information enters and leaves.
Dense connections of nerves

66
Q

Satellite cells in dorsal root ganglion

A

Packed tightly around edges of cell bodies of sensory neurons in dorsal root ganglion

67
Q

What is the function of Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system

A

They myelinate the axons so that you can get saltatory conduction for faster transmission of action potentials

68
Q

Satellite cells

A

Support the neurons

69
Q

Dermatomes

A

Map to specific regions on the spinal cord.
If someone has a loss of sensation on one or more of the dermatomes, it can help find location of spinal injury.

70
Q

Provides sensory neurons for sensation of touch on face

A

Trigeminal V

71
Q

Plexuses in body

A

Cervical
Brachial
Lumbar
Sacral

72
Q

Brachial

A

Upper arm

73
Q

Lumbar

A

Lower back

74
Q

Sacrum

A

Posterior between hip bones

75
Q

Why are plexuses important?

A

Injuries and trauma can cause problems because there’s so many nerves in there.

Have to be avoided during surgeries

76
Q

Bursitis

A

Inflammation of bursa

77
Q

Bursae

A

Closed, fluid filled sacs that work as cushions and gliding surfaces to reduce friction between tissues of the bodym

78
Q

Largest nerve in body

A

Sciatic nerve

79
Q

Sciatic nerve

A

Bundling of tibial nerve and fibular nerve

Supplies entire lower limb except for the anteromedial thigh

Largest branch of sacral plexus

80
Q

Sciatica

A

Pain, weakness, numbness, tingling in leg. Caused by pressure on sciatic nerve. Shooting pain from lower buttock down to leg

81
Q

Phrenic nerve

A

Part of C3,C4& C5 regroup to form phrenic nerve

Innervates the diaphragm.pulls pleura of lungs down to create vacuum.

Controls ability to breathe

82
Q

C3-C4

A

Breathe no more

83
Q

Which reflex is particularly important for maintaining balance?

A

Crossed-extensor reflexes

84
Q

Which branches of a spinal nerve only contain autonomic fibers?

A

Rami communicantes

85
Q

Reflexes that come from practice and repetition are known as

A

Acquired reflexes

86
Q

If a patient has difficulty using the pincer grasp to pick up small objects, which nerve is injured?

A

Median nerve

87
Q

Hilton’s law states that

A

Any nerve serving a muscle that causes a movement at the joint Also innervates the joint and the skin over the joint

88
Q

The pinching motion is highly dependent on impulses transmitted by the

A

Median nerve

89
Q

The brachial plexus is formed by the ventral rami from

A

C5-T1

90
Q

Median nerve

A

Descends through arm to anterior forearm. Branches to skin and most flexor muscles.
Flex wrist,
Fingers, oppose the thumb

91
Q

Innervates five intrinsic muscles of lateral Palm

A

Median nerve

92
Q

Axillary nerve innervates

A

Deltoid and Teres minor muscles and skin, skin and joint capsule of shoulder

93
Q

Provides cutaneous sensation in lateral forearm

A

Musculocutaneous nerve

94
Q

Innervates most intrinsic hand muscles and the skin of the medial aspect of the hand. Causes hand and fingers to flex (with median nerve) adducts and abducts the medial fingers

A

Ulnar nerve

95
Q

Crossed extensor reflex

A

Helps maintain balance
Made of ipsilateral withdrawal reflex and contralateral extensor reflex.
Ipsilateral causes you to lift injured foot, contralateral lets opposite leg support the weight being shifted

96
Q

Superficial reflexes

A

Caused by gentle cutaneous stimulation depend on functional upper motor pathways and on cord level reflex arcs

Abdominal and plantar reflexes

97
Q

Rami communicantes

A

Branches of a spinal nerve that only contain autonomic fibers

98
Q

The cervical plexus is made of which ventral rami?

A

C1-C4

99
Q

The lumbar plexus is made of which ventral rami?

A

L1-L4

100
Q

Which component of a reflex arc responds to efferent impulses?

A

Effector

101
Q

Which reflex tests the integrity of the spinal cord from L4 to S2?

A
102
Q

Which structure belongs to the projection level of the motor control hierarchy?

A

Primary motor cortex

103
Q

Which nerve when struck accounts for hitting your funny bone?

A

Ulnar nerve. Very vulnerable to injury.

104
Q

Stretch reflex

A

Important in large extensor muscles that sustain upright posture and in postural muscles of the trunk

105
Q

Tendon reflex

A

Causes muscle to relax and lengthen in response to tension

106
Q

Plantar reflex

A

Tests integrity of spinal cord from L4 -S2.
Determines if corticospinal tracts are functioning properly.

107
Q

Reflex arc parts

A
  1. Receptor
  2. Afferent neuron
  3. Interneuron and info processing in CNA
  4. Efferent neuron. Communicates with muscle or gland
108
Q

Reflex

A

Subconscious stimulus response mechanism.

Can be superficial or deep

109
Q

Why are reflexes tested?

A

To find abnormalities in reflex pathway. May indicate problems within PNS or CNA.

Tests contractions of muscles

110
Q

Monosynaptic reflexes

A

Single synapse between afferent and efferent neuron

Ex. Patellar reflex

111
Q

Muscle spindles

A

Receptors within muscles
Respond to stretch innervated by sensory neurons

112
Q

Stretch reflex

A

Cause muscle contraction in response to increased muscle length

113
Q

Polysynaptic tendon reflexes

A

Muscles relax and lengthen in response to tension

114
Q

Which reflex maintains muscle tone?

A

Stretch reflex

115
Q

Somatic reflexes

A

Activate skeletal muscle

116
Q

Autonomic reflexes

A

Activate smooth, cardiac muscle, or glands

117
Q

Motor system hierarchy

A

Pre-command (highest)
Projection (middle)
Segmental (lowest)

118
Q

What occurs at the pre-command level of the motor control hierarchy?

A

Cerebellum and basal nuclei

Programs and instructions for motor control. Think muscle memory. Affected by sensory input auditory, vestibular or visual or spinal cord

119
Q

What occurs at the projection level of the motor control hierarchy?

A

Gives instructions to the spinal cord’s motor neurons and sends a copy of that information to higher levels. Higher level checks commands

Motor cortex and brain stem

120
Q

What occurs at the segmental level?

A

Central pattern generators

Spinal cord

Motor neurons in ventral horn contains CPGs that can be used for motor output

121
Q

Reflexes that don’t interact with brain

A

Perceived by senses, go through spinal cord, come in contact with CPGs and cause motor output

122
Q

Prevents over stretching of a muscle

A

Stretch reflex. Makes sure that muscles stays that length

123
Q

Which of the following reflexes tests the integrity of the spinal cord from L4 to S2?

A

Drawing blunt object downward lateral aspect of foot causing curling of toes

124
Q

When are stretch reflexes hypoactive?

A

Peripheral nerve damage or ventral horn injury of tested area.
Absent in diabetes mellitus, neurosyphilis, coma

125
Q

When are stretch reflexes hyperactive?

A

Lesions of corticospinal tracts reduce the inhibitory effect of the brain on the spinal cord (like in stroke patients)

126
Q

Damage of ulnar nerve can lead to

A

Sensory loss, paralysis and muscle atrophy.

Affect ability to make fist and grip objects.
Can lead to hyper extension and claw hand

127
Q

Irritation of phrenic nerves caused

A

Spasms of diaphragm or hiccups

128
Q

What happens if C3-C5 is destroyed?

A

Diaphragm is destroyed and respiratory arrest happens

129
Q

Transection of sciatic nerve would cause

A

Impair lower limbs

No flexion, causes foot drop,

130
Q

Intrinsic reflex

A

Rapid, predictable motor response to a stimulus. Maintain

131
Q

Nerves in branchial plexus

A

Musculocutaneous nerve
Axillary nerve
Ulnar nerve
Radial nerve

132
Q

Radial nerve function

A

Posterior muscles of arm and forearm

133
Q

Maintaining posture is an example of which kind of reflex?

A

Intrinsic

134
Q

Largest terminal nerve of the lumbar plexus

A

Femoral nerve. Motor branches innervate anterior thigh muscles

135
Q

Sciatic nerve supplies entire lower limb except for

A

Anteromedial thigh

136
Q

Pudendal neeve

A

Innervates muscles and skin of perineurium, stimulates erection and control urination

137
Q

In traumatic blows to the head, the ethmoid bone can be broken or fibers passing through the ethmoid may be torn as the brain moves inside the cranium. The condition that results would be

A

Anosmia, loss of smell

138
Q

Anosmia loss of smell caused by

A

Fracture of ethmoid bone or lesions of olfactory fibers, resulting in total or partial loss of smell

139
Q

Damage to optic II nerve results in

A

Blindness in eye severed by nerve

140
Q

Injury to one accessory XI nerve causes

A

SCM paralysis, head turns to one side

Shrugging shoulder becomes difficult

141
Q

Vagus(X) nerve is important for maintaining

A

normal state of visceral organ activity

142
Q

Supplies 4 of 6 extrinsic eye muscles

A

Oculomotor

143
Q

Damage to this cranial nerve might lead to drooping of the eye and an eye that deviates laterally at rest

A

Oculomotor

144
Q

Anopsia refers to

A

Visual defect

145
Q

Damage to visual pathway beyond optic chiasma results in

A

Partial visual losses

146
Q

Effect of injured or impaired glossopharyngeal IX nerves

A

Impair swallowing and taste

147
Q

Oculomotor nerve paralysis

A

Eye can’t move up, down or inward. At rest eye rotates laterally because actions of two extrinsic eye muscles are unopposed

Upper eyelid droops and has double vision. Can’t focus on close objects

148
Q

Damage to facial nerves results in

A

Bell’s Palsy, facial muscles are paralyzed on affected side. Partial loss of taste sensation

149
Q

Abducens nerve paralysis

A

Eye can’t move laterally. At rest, eyeball rotates medially

150
Q

Recurrent dryness of mouth may be an issue with which cranial nerve?

A

VII (facial)& IX (glossopharyngeal)
Innervates salivary glands

151
Q

Inflammation of trigeminal nerve

A

Excruciating pain. Lasts for few seconds but can be a hundred times a day . Provoked by sensory stimulus like brushing teeth or breeze on face

152
Q

Vagal nerve paralysis

A

Hoarseness and loss of voice. Difficulty swallowing, impaired digestive system motility

153
Q

Hypoglossal nerve XII damage

A

Difficulties in speech and swallowing

154
Q

Do people with vestibulocochlear nerve lesions adapt

A

Maintain balance by using visual cues. May not present overt symptoms. If it happens slowly

155
Q

If a person complains of double vision which cranial nerves might be affected?

A

3,4,6 are responsible for eye movement. Eyes may position themselves in different directions

156
Q

Damage to this nerve leads to difficulty with speech and swallowing

A

Hypoglossal.
Tongue deviates if one is affected

if two are affected cannot protrude tongue

157
Q

Considered accessory to the Vagus and was formerly called the spinal accessory nerve

A

Accessory

158
Q

Which nerves are implicated in difficulty swallowing?

A

IX glossopharyngeal, X vagus, XII hypoglossal

159
Q

Which cranial nerve means The wanderer

A

Vagus (vagabond) extends beyond head and neck to thorax and abdomen

160
Q

Impairment of which cranial nerves are responsible for loss of sense of taste

A

VII facial
, IX glossopharyngeal
,X vagus

161
Q

Patellar reflex function

A

Type of stretch reflex, helps keep knees from buckling when you are standing upright

162
Q

the patellar reflex overview

A
  1. Tapping patellar ligament stretches the quadriceps and excites it’s muscle spindles.

2.afferent impulses travel to spinal cord, where synapses occur with motor neurons and interneurons

3.the motor neurons send activating impulses to the quadriceps causing it to contract extending the knee.

  1. The interneurons make Inhibitory synapses with ventral horn neurons that prevent antagonist muscles (hamstrings) from resisting the contraction of the quadriceps

AP Tignor 1 (29 decks)

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