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AP Tignor 1 > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of skeletal system

A
  1. Protects internal organs
  2. Stores and releases fat
  3. Produces blood cells
  4. Stores and releases minerals
  5. Facilitates movement
  6. Supports the body
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2
Q

Neurocranium

A

Protects brain
Made of series of flat bones

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3
Q

Pros and cons of neurocranium

A

Pressure can build up in there and cause damage
But it protects the brain

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4
Q

Medullary cavity

A

Stores fats
Yellow bone marrow

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5
Q

Bone marrow

A

Nutrients rich
Last resort of calories
Has progenitor stem cells
Yellow bone marrow can turn to red bone marrow if needed

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6
Q

Red bone marrow

A

Produces red blood cells

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7
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

production of all formed elements in blood stream
Happens in ends of long bones

Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, thrombocytes

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8
Q

Uses of calcium

A

-Action potential
-Muscle contractions
-Cell signal transduction

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9
Q

In what form is calcium stored in bones?

A

Calcium phosphate

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10
Q

Cells good at storing calcium in bones

A

Osteoblasts

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11
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Releasing calcium and phosphate into blood stream

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12
Q

Dense connective tissue

A

Outer layer of living bone

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13
Q

Periosteum

A

Thin layer of cells underneath dense connective tissue. Fibrous layer around outside of bone

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14
Q

Peri-

A

Round

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15
Q

-Osteum

A

Bone

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16
Q

Tendons

A

Connect muscles to bone

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17
Q

Ligaments

A

Connect bone to bone

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18
Q

Epiphysis

A

End of bone

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19
Q

Compact bone

A

On surface and ends of long bones. Bone is packed very close together

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20
Q

Spongy bone

A

Filled with bone marrow and trabeculae.

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21
Q

Types of bones

A

Long bones,
Flat bones,
Short bones and irregular bones

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22
Q

Short bones

A

Cube like

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23
Q

Where to find short bones

A

Carpals of wrist
Tarsals of ankle

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24
Q

Sesamoid bone

A

Round type of short bone

Patella

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25
Q

How many bones in adult skeleton?

A

206 on average

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26
Q

Irregular bones

A

No defined shape. Some surfaces flatter, some surfaces are more cuboidal.

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27
Q

Example of irregular bones

A

Vertebrae

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28
Q

Flat bone examples

A

Sternum
Rib

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29
Q

How many pairs of ribs

A

12

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30
Q

Basic anatomy of a long bone

A
  1. On proximal and distal ends of bone: articular cartilage
  2. Epiphysis: ends, has spongy bone
  3. Neck of bone: narrows down to shaft. Called metaphysis
  4. Diaphysis: mostly compact bone
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31
Q

Examples of long bones

A

Tibia
Fibula
Femur
Ulna
Radius
Humerus

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32
Q

Dia-

A

Across

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33
Q

Synovial joints

A

Help reduce friction between long bones.
Has synovial membranes that secrete synovial fluid

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34
Q

Appearance of synovial fluid

A

Looks like egg white
Viscous. Let’s epiphysis glide against eachother.

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35
Q

What kind of cartilage is articular cartilage?

A

Hyaline cartilage

Starts to wear out with age.
Avascular
Does not repair easily

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36
Q

Very vascular, supplied by nutrient artery,

A

Bone, can heal easily

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37
Q

How does bone grow when cartilage is worn ?

A

Get osteophytes.
Bone grows across joints. Causes pain.

Most people outlast their joints

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38
Q

Nutrient foramen

A

Openings in bones
Where blood vessels enter bones.

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39
Q

Sharpey’s fibers

A

Dense fibrous roots that connect periosteum to bone

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40
Q

Endosteum

A

Protective membranous layer inside of bone

Does not have fibrous layer
Has living layer of cells

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41
Q

Every carnivore

A

Break shaft to get bone marrow

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42
Q

Location of spongy bone

A

In middle of epiphysis

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43
Q

Location of medullary cavity

A

In middle of diaphysis

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44
Q

Epiphyseal line vs epiphyseal plate

A

Bone is done getting longer in epiphyseal line

Bone is still growing in epiphyseal plate. (Hyaline cartilage)

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45
Q

Fibrous layer of bone (periosteum is made of which tissue types?)

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

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46
Q

Components of bone

A

1.Calcium phosphate, mostly hydroxyapatite. Makes bones strong
2. Collagen:gives flexibility

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47
Q

Osteogenic cell

A

Progenitor stem cell that can turn into osteoblast

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48
Q

-blast

A

immature cell

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49
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Lay down calcium phosphate and collagen fibers as they create the Extracellular matrix. As they make bone.

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50
Q

Lacuna

A

Pocket where cell gets trapped

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51
Q

Lacuna latin meaning

A

Lake

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52
Q

Osteocyte

A

Completely trapped bone cell that maintains matrix

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53
Q

Channels that connect lacunae

A

Canaliculli

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54
Q

Cytoplasmic extensions of osteocytes move through

A

Canaliculli . Canals connecting lakes. Cytoplasmic extensions of cells connect and communicate to determine health of bone.

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55
Q

Component of bone matrix

A

Calcium phosphate, mostly hydroxyapatite

Collagen

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56
Q

Osteoclast

A

Multiple macrophages merge to break down bone. Put Calcium into blood stream

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57
Q

T/f osteoclasts and osteoblasts are always active?

A

True
Skeleton is continuously remodeled

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58
Q

Otic capsule

A

Bone around cochlea, Semicircular canals and vestibule

Never gets remodeled. Doesn’t get remodeled because it would affect hearing and static and dynamic equilibrium

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59
Q

Osteopenia

A

Beginning of porous bones.

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60
Q

Benefits of weight bearing exercise

A

Helps prevent osteoporosis by making bones denser and stronger

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61
Q

Flat bones anatomy

A

Compact bone on edges,
Spongy bone in middle where you find red bone marrow

Periosteum on both sides

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62
Q

Periosteal dura mater

A

Outer dense irregular connective tissue that protects brain and spinal cord in skull

On deep side of flat bone

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63
Q

Bone markings

A

Help understand function of a region of bone

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64
Q

Axial skeleton includes the

A

Auditory ossicles ,
Malleus, incus
And stapes in inner ear,
Skull, vertebral column
Rib cage
Hyoid bone

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65
Q

Hyoid bone

A

Only bone that doesn’t articulate with another bone. Sits on top of larynx

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66
Q

Appendicular

A

Everything that hangs a pin

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67
Q

Process

A

Sticks out often. Prominence or projection.

Ex:
On scapula has corocoid process, crow’s beak where pectoralis minor originates. Important insertion point for bones

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68
Q

Head

A

Top, very round
Example:
Head of femur

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69
Q

Fovea

A

Pit

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70
Q

Capitis

A

Head

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71
Q

Ligamentum teres

A

Connects head of femur into socket (Acetabulum)

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72
Q

Fossa

A

Deep groove.

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73
Q

Fossa example

A

Coronoid fossa on anterior humerus

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74
Q

Visceral cranium

A

Facial bones

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75
Q

Sinuses

A

Spaces in bone covered with mucous membranes that drain into nasal cavities. Increase surface area for mucous membranes

Act as resonance chambers
Lighten skull

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76
Q

Sinuses can cause pain when ?

A

They fill up with fluid which creates pressure

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77
Q

What happens to maxillary sinuses as you age?

A

They get larger, can go into roots of teeth

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78
Q

Types of bone markings

A
  1. Process,
  2. Fossa
  3. Fovea
  4. Tubercule
  5. Tuberosity
  6. Sinuses
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79
Q

Ischial tuberosities

A

Sitting bones

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80
Q

Resorbs bone

A

Osteoclasts

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81
Q

Anatomy of compact bone

A

Osteons
Unit of bone
Look like tree stumps

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82
Q

Lamella

A

Layers of osteons
Connected by collagen

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83
Q

Osteons are only found in

A

Compact bone. Gives strength

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84
Q

Trabeculae

A

Pointy parts in spongy bone .
Allows bone to be lighter.
Looks random but arranged along stress lines.

85
Q

What makes spongy bone strong?

A

Remodeling, trabeculae laid down on stress lines

86
Q

Structures in lamella that look like spiders

A

Lacunae, little pockets formed by osteoblasts

87
Q

Dry bone vs living bone

A

Living bone has osteocytes. Legs from lacunae are canaliculli

88
Q

What is in central canals

A

Artery, vein, nerve,
Lymphatic vessel

89
Q

Perforating canals

A

Move blood, lymph and nerves from one central canal to another.

90
Q

Bone is also highly innervates and lots of lymphatic vessels? T/f

A

True

91
Q

Anatomy of spongy bone

A

Lacuna
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts
Canaliculli
Lamellae

92
Q

Spongy bone lacks which structures

A

Perforating canals
Circular canals

93
Q

Active red Bone marrow found in

A

Kids everywhere on spongy bone. Lots of hematopoiesis. As you get older hematopoiesis happens in epiphysis and long and flat bones, but less.

94
Q

Bone marrow transplant materials are located in

A

Spongy bone in middle of sternum or from hip coxal bone

95
Q

Bone remodeling

A

Caused by fractures. Osteoblasts and osteoclasts work together in a bone remodeling cone

96
Q

How does bone remodeling work?

A

Bone remodeling cone, looks like a comet.

On head, has osteoclasts that break down bone and collagen,

on back has osteoprogenitor cells. Has reversal cells in transition zone from when we quit having osteoclasts and start having active osteoblasts .
Helps lay down bony matrix and collage
make bone

97
Q

Angiogenesis

A

Occurs during bone remodeling. Helps lay down new arteries and new veins in middle of bone remodeling.

Occurs as central canal is created. Creates new nerves and new lymphatic vesicles

98
Q

What can go wrong with bone remodeling?

A
99
Q

Paget’s disease

A

problems in bone remodeling process, bone remodeling too fast, misshapen, less dense

100
Q

which bone in lower leg doesn’t bear weight?

A

Fibula

101
Q

Bone swaps

A

Can occur because bone is highly regenerative and highly vascularized

102
Q

T/F : Fibula can replace parts of humerus

A

True

103
Q

Where to find blood vessels in bone?

A

Epiphyseal plates, epiphyseal lines, medullary cavity,
Entering and exiting the bone through metaphysial artery and vein, nutrient foramen

104
Q

Two types of bone formation

A
  1. Intramembranous ossification
    2.
105
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

Formation of flat bones between mesenchymal cells

106
Q

Mesenchymal cells

A

progenitor stem cells, through genetic control and molecular signaling we get the formation of osteoblasts or differentiation of cells, from progenitor stem cell into osteo blast

107
Q

Osteoid

A

before matrix of calcium phosphate and collagen becomes organized. Not quite bone

108
Q

In osteoid

A

Osteoblasts already trapped in lacunae, and become osteocytes, but have a fresh edge of osteoblasts on outer edges still laying down calcium phosphate and collagen.

109
Q

Step 3 of membranous ossification

A

has trebeculae with blood vessels intertwined. Fibrous periosteum formed

110
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

ossification between two membranes is how flat bones are formed

111
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

way long bones will form

112
Q

Steps of endochondral ossification

A
  1. Mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes
  2. Cartilage model of the future bony skeleton and perichondrium form.
  3. Capillaries penetrate cartilage perichondrium turns into periosteum. Periosteal collar forms. Primary ossification center develops.
  4. Cartilage and chondrocytes continue to grow at the ends of bones.
  5. Secondary ossification centers develop.
  6. Cartilage remains at epiphyseal growth plate and at joint surface as articular cartilage
113
Q

Primary ossification center

A

Forms at middle of bone
Diaphysis

114
Q

Secondary ossification center

A

near the epiphyses

115
Q

Explain endochondral ossification

A
116
Q

Long bones lengthening

A

Hyperactive chondrocytes at epiphyseal plate. Divide rapidly and proliferate. Bone expands rapidly and down.

Calcification will happen and cartilage will get calcified. Osteoblasts and osteoclasts will come in and remodel the calcified cartilage into actual bone

117
Q

Why do epiphyseal plates need lots of blood supply?

A

They are highly mitotically active

118
Q

reserve zones contain

A

chondrocytes and a lot of hyaline cartilage matrix around chondrocytes

119
Q

Proliferative zone

A

To make copies of. Makes copies of cells. Lots of mitosis and cytokinesis or cell division.

120
Q

Maturing, hyperthrophy ,

A

rapid growth of chondrocytes and lipids

121
Q

Where does the accumulation of chondrocytes, lipids, glycogen and alkaline phosphatase occur?

A

In the maturation and hypertrophy layer

122
Q

Calcified matrix

A

cells start to die off. Right before zone of ossification.

123
Q

How does bone lengthen?

A

Diaphysis under epiphyseal plates that lengthens on both ends

124
Q

Open fracture

A

Sticks out through skin

125
Q

Simple fracture

A

Does not break skin

126
Q

Compound fracture

A

Breaks skin

127
Q

Transverse fracture

A

Caused by forces on either side. Bone broken perpendicular to length.

128
Q

Spiral fracture

A

Caused by twisting. Might look like a spiral.
Can be caused by trampolines often

129
Q

Comminuted fracture

A

Little bits of bone in break. Bone fragments float around fracture line. Bone breaks into 3 or more fragments

130
Q

Impacted fracture

A

Looks like zig zag, has jagged edges. Ends of bone jammed into eachother.

131
Q

Greenstick fracture

A

Bone doesn’t break completely. Common in children

132
Q

Oblique fracture

A

Bone breaks at angle

133
Q

Stages in fracture repair

A
  1. Hematoma. Periosteum holds blood supply in place. Pocket of blood
  2. Formation of external and internal callus. Callus are undifferentiated tissues. Some unorganized calcified matrix. Some cells.
  3. Formation of bony callus. Callus becomes a bit more organized and has osteoblasts and osteoclasts come in. Osteoclasts get rid of rough edges and dead calcified cells. Osteoblasts lay down new bony matrix.
  4. Healed fracture. Little raised area of periosteum where fracture healed. Angiogenesis has taken place. New spongy bone has formed
134
Q

Why is vitamin D important in bone Health?

A

Precursors made by liver and skin when exposed to sun. Fair skinned people absorb vitamin D very easily.

135
Q

Relationship between kidneys and vitamin D

A

Kidneys activate vitamin D. When vitamin D is activated, that tells small intestines to absorb more calcium.

Kidneys can reabsorb more calcium when we need to do more bone growth

136
Q

Which sex has more bone mass?

A

Men

137
Q

At what age does bone mass start decreasing?

A

35-40

138
Q

Most protective substance for bone mass

A

Estrogen

139
Q

What happens to estrogen levels after menopause?

A

Women have very little estrogen after menopause. Men might produce more

140
Q

Bisphosphonates

A

Slow down the activity of osteoclasts and bone remodeling cones.

Preserve bone density and mass

However with other issues might cause bone in maxilla or mandible to die

141
Q

Theory of bisphosphonates

A

Slowed down osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Areas of bone that should’ve been remodeled more frequently weren’t.
Parts of skeleton where bone is older than it would normally be. Could cause osteonecrosis of jaw in some

142
Q

Bone mass changes in space

A

Lose 1-2% of bone mass per month even with exercise.
Takes a long time to restore original bone mass

143
Q

Amount of calcium needed in blood of young adult?

A

10 mg/ deciliter.

10 mg per 100 Mls of blood.

144
Q

What happens when blood calcium levels get too high?

A

Action potentials in nervous system, muscle contraction, signal transduction

145
Q

Thyroid gland function

A

Senses when calcium is too high.
Senses and releases calcitonin.
Causes osteoclast activity to be inhibited.

Less reabsorption of calcium in the kidneys

146
Q

What happens is osteoclast activity is inhibited?

A

Osteoblast activity increases. More active osteoblast, fewer active osteoclast

147
Q

What happens when calcium is too high?

A
  1. Thyroid gland releases calcitonin
  2. Osteoclast activity is inhibited
  3. Ca 2+ reabsorption in the kidneys decreases
  4. Ca2+ levels in blood decreases.
148
Q

What happens when calcium is too low?

A
  1. Parathyroid glands release PTH
  2. Osteoclasts release Ca2+ from bone
  3. Calcium is reabsorbed from urine by the kidneys. Pull calcium from urine back into kidneys. But release phosphate

4.Calcium absorption in the small intestine increases via vitamin D synthesis. Kidneys will activate vitamin D

  1. Calcium 2+ level in blood increases
149
Q

Osteogenesis imperfecta

A

Brittle bone disease
Mutation in genes that code for collagen.
Picking up infants can cause fractures.

Can cause blue whites of eyes. Blue coloring caused by misalignment in collagen of eyes.

150
Q

-Genesis

A

Form

151
Q

Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva

A

Rare
Formation of bone tissue that displaces normal tissue location
Continues over time.

Turns other tissues into bone over time.

152
Q

Anchorage

A

Lets us walk, grasp objects and breathe

153
Q

Ways cartilage can grow

A

Appositional and interstitial growth

154
Q

Appositional growth

A

Bones grow in width
Happens on external face of existing cartilage tissue

155
Q

Interstitial growth

A

Expands cartilage from within, lacunae bound chondrocytes secrete new matrix. Typically stops during adolescence.

156
Q

Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck

A

Head

157
Q

Round or oval opening through a bone

A

Foramen

158
Q

Crest

A

Narrow ridge of bone

159
Q

Tiny canals that connect the central canal of an osteon to the osteocytes

A

Canaliculli

160
Q

Perforating canals

A

At right angles to central canal of an osteon. Connect the blood and nerve supply of the medullary cavity to the central canals.

161
Q

What is not present in spongy bone?

A

Osteons

162
Q

Tuberosity

A

Large rounded projection, may be roughened

163
Q

Line

A

Narrow ridge of bone, less prominent than a crest

164
Q

Tubercle

A

Small rounded projection or process

165
Q

Epicondyle

A

Raised area on or above a condyle

166
Q

Spine

A

Sharp slender often pointed projection

167
Q

Process

A

Any bony prominence

168
Q

Facet

A

Smooth, nearly flat articular (joint) surface

169
Q

Condyle

A

Rounded articular projection. Often articulates with a corresponding fossa.

170
Q

Groove

A

Furrow

171
Q

Fissure

A

Narrow, slit like opening

172
Q

Notch

A

Indentation at the edge of a structure

173
Q

Meatus

A

Canal-like passageway

174
Q

Sinus

A

Cavity within a bone, filled with air and lined with a mucous membrane

175
Q

Fossa

A

Shallow basin-like depression in a bone, often serves as articular surface.

176
Q

Trochanter

A

Large, blunt, irregularly shaped process

177
Q

Medullary cavity contains which bone marrow in adults?

A

Yellow marrow

178
Q

Site of most active red bone marrow in adults?

A

Hip bones

179
Q

Where to find red bone marrow in adults?

A

Flat bones (More active)
Heads of femur

In spongy bone

180
Q

Osteocytes maintain contact allowing them to communicate and permitting nutrients and waste to be related from one osteocyte to the next through

A

Canaliculli

181
Q

Major organic fiber of the bone

A

Collagen

182
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

Replacement of hyaline cartilage with bony tissue to form a bone

183
Q

During infancy and childhood, the single most important stimulus of epiphyseal plate activity is _______from the anterior pituitary gland

A

Growth hormone

184
Q

Describe long bones at the time of birth

A

A bony diaphysis with a widening medullary cavity and two cartilaginous epiphyses

185
Q

Calcification zone

A

Surrounding cartilage matrix calcifies and chondrocytes die and deteriorate. Lets blood vessels invade. Leaves long, slender spicules of calcified cartilage at the epiphysis and diaphysis junctions which look like stalactites hanging from the roof of a cave.

186
Q

Hypertrophic zone

A

Older chondrocytes in the stack, which are closer to the diaphysis hypertrophy or enlarge. Their lacunae erode and enlarge, leaving large interconnecting spaces

187
Q

Proliferation zone

A

Cells at top epiphysis facing side of the stack next to the resting zone comprise the proliferation or growth zone. These cells divide quickly, pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis and lengthening the entire long bone.

188
Q

Epiphyseal cartilage

A

Relatively inactive on the side of the epiphyseal plate facing the epiphysis. A region called the resting zone. Below the resting zone, the cartilage cells form tall columns, like coins in a stack that allow fast, efficient growth.

189
Q

Calcification zone

A

Subsequently, the surrounding cartilage matrix calcifies and and these chondrocytes die and deteriorate, producing the calcification zone.

190
Q

Thyroid hormone

A

Modulates the activity of growth hormone, ensuring proper bone formation.

191
Q

In adolescence the growth spurt observed is attributed to an increase in

A

Sex hormones

192
Q

Steps of intramembranous ossification

A
  1. Ossification centers develop in fibrous connective tissue membrane
  2. Osteoid is secreted and calcifies
  3. Immature spongy bone and periosteum form
  4. Compact bone replaces immature spongy bone, just deep to periosteum. Red narrow develops
193
Q

What causes rickets

A

Vitamin D deficiency

194
Q

What plays the major role in determining bone density?

A

Genetics

195
Q

Excessive haphazard bone deposit and reabsorption

A

Paget’s disease

196
Q

How to identify pagetic bone

A

Abnormally high ratio of spongy bone to compact bone. Reduced mineralization causes weakening of the bones.
Late in the disease
Osteoclast activity wanes, but osteoblasts continue to work, often forming irregular bone thickenings, or filling marrow cavity with pagetic bone.

197
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Bone resorption outpaces bone deposit

198
Q

Osteomalacia

A

Soft bones. Bones are poorly mineralized.

199
Q

Rickets

A

In children. Bones are poorly mineralized. More severe than adult osteomalacia

200
Q

Which bone disorder is not curable with increased calcium and vitamin D

A

Paget’s disease

201
Q

Calcitonin

A

Lowers blood calcium levels when administered at high pharmacological doses

202
Q

What happens during the formation of the fibrocartilage callus?

A

Activity of fibroblasts and osteoblasts creates an overgrown splint around the fracture site

203
Q

How much of the skeleton is replaced every year?

A

5-10%

204
Q

Function of parathyroid hormone

A

Promote activity of osteoclasts

205
Q

Hormonal control of bone remodeling primarily involves which of the following?

A

Parathyroid hormone

206
Q

Osteoblasts release

A

Matrix vesicles studded with the enzyme alkaline phosphatase

207
Q

What can hypocalcemia do?

A

Cause hyperexcitability. Neuromuscular problems. Very sensitive to calcium.

208
Q

Hypercalcemia can lead to

A

Non-responsiveness and inability to function.

Formation of kidney stones or deposits of salts in organs which affects their ability to function.

AP Tignor 1 (29 decks)

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