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AP Tignor 1 > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Two categories of motor division

A

Somatic and autonomic

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2
Q

Divisions of autonomic nervous system

A

Parasympathetic and sympathetic

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3
Q

Craniosacral

A

Parasympathetic
Regions where nerves arise

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4
Q

Thoracolumbar

A

Sympathetic
Regions where nerves arise

Chain ganglion extend a little past these

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5
Q

Parasympathetic

A

1.Rest and digest

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6
Q

Responsible for constriction of eyes

A

Parasympathetic

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7
Q

Responsible for slowing heart rate

A

Parasympathetic

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8
Q

Which division constricts bronchial tubules?

A

Parasympathetic

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9
Q

Which division stimulates bile release from liver

A

Parasympathetic

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10
Q

Which division causes blood vessels to constrict

A

sympathetic

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11
Q

Which division stimulates digestive activity?

A

Parasympathetic

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12
Q

Which division causes the uterus to relax?

A

Parasympathetic

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13
Q

Which division causes the urinary system to increase urinary output?

A

Parasympathetic

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14
Q

Which division causes pupils to dilate?

A

Sympathetic

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15
Q

Which division increases heartbeat

A

Sympathetic

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16
Q

Which division dilates the bronchial tubules

A

Sympathetic

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17
Q

Which division stimulates the secretion of sweat ?

A

Sympathetic

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18
Q

Which division increases the rate of glycogen to glucose in liver?

A

Sympathetic

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19
Q

Which division decreases the activity of the digestive system?

A

Sympathetic

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20
Q

Which division stimulates the production of adrenaline and non adrenaline via the adrenal glands?

A

Sympathetic

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21
Q

Which division causes vaginal contractions?

A

Sympathetic

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22
Q

Which division relaxes the bladder?

A

Sympathetic

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23
Q

Bile

A

Made by liver, secreted by duodenum of small intestines.
Help emulsify fats
Gives more surface area which makes them easier to break down.

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24
Q

How do blood vessels constrict?

A

Made of smooth muscle. Causes diameter of arteries to narrow

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25
Q

Layers of smooth muscle in digestive system

A

Inner circular layer

Outer longitudinal layer helps push food

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26
Q

Makes up 90% of neurons in the parasympathetic nervous system

A

Vagus

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27
Q

Chain ganglion

A

Rows on either side of spinal cord parallel

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28
Q

Differences in structure parasympathetic and sympathetic

A

Sympathetic :Short piece of neuron goes into ganglion, attaches to chain. Longer piece of ganglion goes to target organ

In parasympathetic, longer run from spinal cord to ganglion and then shorter run to target organ.

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29
Q

Polysaccharide in human body that’s used to store glucose

A

Glycogen

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30
Q

Where is glycogen stored?

A

In liver and skeletal muscles

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31
Q

Why are sympathetic and parasympathetic always at tug of war?

A

Depends on the amount of energy needed for certain activities.

Channel energy and extra blood flow to areas where it’s needed

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32
Q

NT for parasympathetic division?

A

Acetylcholine, also signals skeletal muscle contractions

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33
Q

NT for sympathetic division?

A

Norepinephrine

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34
Q

Both systems innervate a lot of the same organs but they don’t get activated at the same time because

A

They are controlled by different neurotransmitters

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35
Q

Why are sympathetic and parasympathetic at tug of war

A

They go off at same time but are controlled by different neurotransmitters

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36
Q

Autonomic tone

A

The dominance of either the sympathetic or parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous systems

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37
Q

Sympathetic tone

A

Dominance of sympathetic nervous system

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38
Q

Dysautonomia

A

Body does not send appropriate sympathetic or parasympathetic messages

Dysfunction of certain target muscles or glands

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39
Q

Nuclei

A

Pocket of cell bodies embedded in white matter

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40
Q

CN3

A

Constrict pupil
Smooth muscle iris of eye

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41
Q

Accomodation

A

Muscles of ciliary body in eye are in suspensory ligaments that change shape of lens in eye

Helps maintain clear vision far away and close up

Gets harder with age

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42
Q

CN5

A

Stimulates lacrimal gland

Mucous membrane

Sub maxillary gland
Sublingual gland

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43
Q

Gland that is only sympathetic

A

Adrenal

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44
Q

Ejaculation is

A

Sympathetic

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45
Q

Which cranial nerves are part of parasympathetic division?

A

3,7,9,10
S4

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46
Q

In parasympathetic nervous system

A

Long, pre-synaptic ganglion and short post-synaptic ganglion

Opposite of sympathetic

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47
Q

3 things chain ganglia can do

A

1.Central neuron synapses with a ganglion at the same level within the chain ganglia

  1. Central neuron synapses within a more superior or inferior ganglion in the chain
  2. Central neuron projects through the white ramus but does not synapse in a chain ganglion. Instead it continues through one of the splanchnic nerves to synapse within a pre vertebral ganglion
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48
Q

Ganglion

A

Cell bodies that are synapsing with neurons that are headed downstream target effectors

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49
Q

Autonomic varicosities

A

Knob swellings of certain autonomic axons containing mitochondria and synaptic vesicles

Exist in series in autonomic motor neuron.

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50
Q

Which ganglion is myelinated?

A

Presynaptic, post synaptic is not

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51
Q

How do varicosities work?

A

1.As AP arrives to first varicosity, its going to release NT

  1. NT moves across ECF to bind to ligand receptors on target effector in smooth muscle
  2. AP moves past the varicosity to hit next one and release more NT
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52
Q

Autonomic efferent motor pathway

A
  1. Autonomic presynaptic axon is myelinated .
  2. Central neuron synapses with the ganglionic neuron.
  3. Post synaptic or post ganglionic neuron has varicosities and releases neurotransmitters down the line. Bind with ligand gated channels on smooth muscle cells
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53
Q

Somatic efferent pathway

A
  1. Leaves ventral root through very long axon.
  2. Reaches skeletal muscle cell and ends in synaptic knob, which releases acetylcholine which has ligand gated sodium channels on surface of sarcolemma. Lets Na rush into muscle cell
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54
Q

What leaves ventral root?

A

Motor neuron

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55
Q

Shooting pain that leaves left arm and upper back?

A

Heart attack

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56
Q

Myocardial infarction

A

Blockage in coronary artery that feeds heart muscle leads to lack of blood flow

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57
Q

Ischemia

A

Lack of blood flow

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58
Q

Hypoxia

A

Lack of oxygen
Leads to permanent death

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59
Q

Why do people experience pain in their left arm when Myocardial infarction

A

Sensory neuron picks up trouble in heart. Autonomic sensory neurons are very close to eachother

Heart sensory fiber that is sensing damage to heart is also causing the sensory pain fiber in the skin to fire. Think about wiring where if wire isn’t insulated, electrical charge may jump

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60
Q

Refered pain

A

Feeling pain in a region besides location of affected structure

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61
Q

Autonomic reflexes

A

Long or short

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62
Q

Long autonomic reflex

A

Goes all the way through spinal cord

  1. Sensory receptor cell is myelinated. Travels down axon
  2. Signal travels through dorsal root ganglion. Synapses with unipolar neuron cell body..
  3. Unipolar cell body synapses with motor neuron. Motor neuron goes out to preganglionic neuron
  4. Goes to post-ganglionic neuron synapse
  5. Goes to target effector
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63
Q

Short reflex

A

Does not go back to spinal cord
1. Sensory receptor cell
2. Sensory receptor cell synapses with motor neuron in peripheral ganglion

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64
Q

Peripheral nervous system parts

A

Cranial nerves
Spinal nerves
Ganglia

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65
Q

Which muscles cause pupil constriction?

A

Circular muscles

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66
Q

Which muscles cause pupil dilation

A

Radial muscles

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67
Q

Mydriasis

A

Sympathetic system causes dilation when norepinephrine binds to an adrenergic receptor in radial muscle of iris (smooth muscle)

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68
Q

Phenylephrine

A

Dilates eyes using drops

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69
Q

Limbic lobe function

A

Memory and emotional value added to memory

Formation of long term memories

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70
Q

Cingulate gyrus

A

Applies emotional value to experiences that people have
Helps remember things under extreme stress

PTSD can’t let go of memories

71
Q

Types of ganglia in Sympathetic nervous system

A

Sympathetic chain ganglia or

Collateral ganglia located in viscera

72
Q

Types of receptors for acetylcholine

A

Nicotinic
Muscarinic

73
Q

Sympathetic division

A

Myelinated preganglionic neuron releases Acetylcholine

  1. ACH is picked up by receptors in the post ganglionic neuron. Sends AP down
  2. AP goes down to different types of adrenergic receptors
74
Q

Adrenergic receptors

A

Activated by epinephrine and norepinephrine

75
Q

Adrenergic receptor types

A

Alpha one
Alpha two
Beta 1, 2, 3

76
Q

Sympathetic exception

A

Sweat glands
NT before effector is ACH binding to muscarinic receptor

77
Q

Parasympathetic division

A

Longer preganglionic neuron synapses with shorter postganglionic motor neuron.

2.Releases ACH on muscarinic receptor

78
Q

Sympathetic division

A

Adrenal medulla
Straight neuron goes directly to adrenal medulla.
To release epinephrine and norepinephrine

Straight shot

79
Q

NuLev

A

IBS
Reduce parasympathetic tone
Slows down stimulation of digestive system.

Causes difficulty cooling off. Can be dangerous for older people because sweat glands aren’t as active.

80
Q

Why does inhibiting the parasympathetic division cause excess heat?

A

Blocks PNS at NT ligand gated receptor level. ACh doesn’t reach muscarinic receptors that activate swear glands

81
Q

Sinoatrial node

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation(can make faster or slower)

Act as pacemaker

80-100 bpm

82
Q

Atrioventricular node

A

Left vagal nerve innervates as well as sympathetic system innervation.

Passes action potentials from atria to ventricles

83
Q

Beta blockers

A

Affect receptors in heart and blood vessels. Prevents epinephrine and norepinephrine from binding

Slow SA node down. Slows heart rate letting left ventricle fill completely. Lowers heart workload

Dilates arteries lowering BP

84
Q

White Rami communicantes contain which kind of fibers

A

Preganglionic sympathetic fibers to sympathetic trunks

85
Q

The glossopharyngeal nerves IX are responsible for activating which glands?

A

Parotid salivary glands

86
Q

Select the effector that is innervated by the vagus nerves?

A

Small intestine
Liver
Gallbladder
Stomach
Pancreas
Proximal half of large intestine

87
Q

Otic ganglion location

A

Just inferior to foramen ovale of skull

88
Q

Post ganglionic neurons from the pterygopalatine ganglia innervate which target?

A

Lacrimal gland and nasal mucosa

89
Q

Which of the splanchnic nerves terminates in the adrenal gland?

A

Thoracic splanchnic. Terminate in adrenal gland

90
Q

Pterygopalatine ganglion can be affected by

A

Trauma to maxilla may affect this ganglion and alter nasal and lacrimal glands

91
Q

Post ganglionic neurons from ciliary ganglia innervate which target?

A

Smooth muscle of eye

92
Q

Post ganglionic neurons from the submandibular ganglia innervate which target?

A

Submandibular and sublingual salivary glands

93
Q

Which part of the parasympathetic division serves the pelvic organs and the distal half of the large intestine

94
Q

Where does the sacral part of the parasympathetic division arise from ?

A

Neurons in lateral gray matter of spinal cord segments S2-S4

95
Q

Which fibers release Norepinephrine

A

Sympathetic post ganglionic fibers

96
Q

Which system conducts the fastest impulses?

A

Cell bodies in CNS connected via heavily myelinated axon to effector organs. Release ACh at effector. Which activates effector

97
Q

How do the somatic and autonomic nervous systems interact closely?

A

Higher brain centers regulate and coordinate both somatic and autonomic motor activities. Most spinal nerves and cranial nerves contain somatic and autonomic fibers.

When skeletal muscles work hard, they need more oxygen and glucose. Autonomic control mechanisms speed up heart rate and dilate airways to meet these needs and maintain homeostasis.

98
Q

Where is ACh released?

A

All somatic motor neurons release ACh at synapse with skeletal muscle.

All autonomic preganglionic fibers release ACh

99
Q

Why is the effect of ACh in somatic system always excitatory

A

If stimulation reaches threshold, muscle fibers contract

100
Q

Most sympathetic post ganglionic fibers release which neurotransmitter?

A

Norepinephrine

101
Q

NT secreted by postganglionic parasympathetic fibers

A

ACh
Can be excitatory or inhibitory depending on location

102
Q

Differences between parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of CNS

A
  1. Originate from different locations.
    Sympathetic is thoracolumbar

Parasympathetic is craniosacral

  1. Parasympathetic: preganglionic fibers are long. Sympathetic: preganglionic fibers are short.
  2. Post ganglionic fibers parasympathetic: short

Postganglionic sympathetic fibers: long

  1. Ganglia
    Parasympathetic ganglia: within or near visceral effectors

Sympathetic ganglia: close to spinal cord

103
Q

Which preganglionic neurons are lightly Myelinated?

A

All preganglionic neurons of ANS

104
Q

Which neurons are non Myelinated?

A

Postganglionic neurons of ANS

105
Q

Why is ans communication system slower?

A

2 synapses and less myelination than Somatic nervous system communication.

106
Q

Explain the two neuron chain

A
  1. The cell body of the first neuron is the preganglionic neuron. The preganglionic neuron is located in the brain or spinal cord. It’s axon is the preganglionic axon and it synapses with the second motor neuron.
  2. The postganglionic neuron (sometimes called ganglionic neuron) is the second motor neuron. The cell body of the second motor neuron is an autonomic ganglion outside the CNS. The axon of the second motor neuron is called the post ganglionic axon and it extends to effector organ.
107
Q

Cold sweaty skin is caused by

A

Sympathetic activation

108
Q

Innervates smooth and cardiac muscle and glands

109
Q

Adrenal medullary cells function

A

Secrete Epinephrine and NE into blood when. Sympathetic division is mobilized.

NE and epinephrine Reinforce and prolong effects of sympathetic nervous system

110
Q

Similarities between sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

A
  1. Both part of efferent (motor) division of peripheral nervous system.
  2. Both target smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands and well as a lot of the same organs
  3. Both involve two motor neurons to reach their targets
111
Q

How does somatic motor system work?

A
  1. Cell bodies are in CNS and their axons extend in the cranial or spinal nerves all the way to skeletal muscles. Somatic motor fibers are heavily myelinated and thick. Conduct rapidly
112
Q

Reinforce and Prolong effects of sympathetic nervous system

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

113
Q

The parasympathetic fibers of the facial nerves VII do what?

A

Stimulate large glands in head

114
Q

Which glands are stimulated by parasympathetic fibers of facial nerves VII

A

Nasal
Lacrimal
Submandibular salivary
Sublingual salivary

115
Q

Function of parasympathetic fibers of oculomotor III nerves

A
  1. Innervates smooth muscle that causes pupils to constrict and lenses to bulge.

Helps focus on close objects

116
Q

Submandibular ganglion

A

Trauma to lower jaw may affect this ganglion found deep to mandibular angle.

117
Q

Three things that can happen once a preganglionic axon of sympathetic division reaches a trunk ganglion

A
  1. Preganglionic and post ganglionic axons can synapse at higher or lower level
  2. Preganglionic and post ganglionic axons can synapse together at the same level
  3. Preganglionic and post ganglionic axons can synapse in a distant collateral ganglion
118
Q

Collateral ganglia

A

cluster of nerve cell bodies outside of the spinal cord. Found in sympathetic chain. runs parallel to spinal cord. coordinate organs in response to stress, danger or stimuli.

119
Q

4 major groups of brachial plexus

A

Medial to lateral:

1.ventral rami (roots)
2.roots form trunks
3. Trunks form divisions
4. Divisions form cords

Really
Tired
Drink
Coffee

120
Q

Most preganglionic fibers of sacral part of parasympathetic division synapse in

A

Intramural ganglia in walls of distal half of large intestine,
Urinary bladder,
Ureters, & reproductive organs

121
Q

White Rami carry which axons?

A

Preganglionic axons to sympathetic trunks

122
Q

Where are white Rami found?

123
Q

Gray Rami

A

Postganglionic fibers that go to periphery issue from every trunk ganglion from cervical to sacral region

124
Q

Function of gray rami

A

Lets sympathetic output reach all parts of the body

125
Q

Efferent sympathetic outflow comes from

A

Lateral horn of spinal cord

T1-L2

126
Q

Where does preganglionic neuron of efferent sympathetic nervous system exit spinal cord?

A

Ventral horn

127
Q

Sympathetic trunk

A

Chain of ganglia that goes from base of skull to coccyx

128
Q

Ganglia

A

Collection of neuronal cell bodies outside of cns

129
Q

Paravertebral ganglia

A

sympathetic ganglia on either side of vertebral column

130
Q

Dorsal root carries

A

Sensory info into spinal cord

131
Q

Ventral root carries

A

Efferent motor info out of spinal cord

132
Q

Dorsal root ganglion

A

Contains cell bodies of sensory neurons

133
Q

Dorsal ramus

A

Small branch that comes from spinal nerve

134
Q

Ventral ramus

A

Large branch that comes from spinal nerve

135
Q

Meningeal branch

A

Tiny branch from spinal nerve that innervates meninges

136
Q

Rami communicantes

A

Have autonomic (visceral nerve fibers)
Attach to base of ventral rami of thoracic spinal nerves

137
Q

Roots

A

Medial and make spinal nerves. Each root is sensory or motor

138
Q

Rami

A

Distal
Lateral branches of spinal nerves

Carry both sensory and motor fibers

139
Q

What kind of Rami form plexuses?

140
Q

Which ventral rami don’t branch join one another and form nerve plexuses?

141
Q

Nerve plexus

A

Made from branching ventral Rami that join one another lateral to ventral column

142
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves?

143
Q

White ramus communicans,gray ramus communicans connect to

A

Sympathetic ganglia

144
Q

Neuron leaving the spinal cord enters the sympathetic ganglion through

A

White ramus

145
Q

Why is white ramus White

A

Preganglionic fibers are Myelinated

146
Q

Grey ramus

A

Unmyelinated
Some preganglionic fibers synapse with the post ganglionic neurons within the sympathetic ganglion and then leave through grey ramus

147
Q

Neurons that synapse with spinal nerve

A

Synapse at same level, enter via white ramus, synapse at the sympathetic ganglion and
Post ganglionic neuron leaving by gray ramus then joins
Back to spinal nerve
Follows spinal nerve to supply target organ

148
Q

Sympathetic outflow is from

149
Q

What happens to sympathetic fibers that supply head and neck

A

Sent to cervical ganglia

150
Q

Post ganglionic splanchnic

A

Autonomic fibers that have their own nerves
Don’t join the spinal nerves. Travel within their own nerves

Splanchnic nerves

Synapse in sympathetic ganglion but postganglionic neuron doesn’t leave via gray ramus and into spinal nerve, instead the post ganglionic neuron goes into its own nerve

151
Q

Preganglionic splanchnic

A

Some preganglionic neurons do not synapse in sympathetic ganglion and instead leaves and synapses in peripheral ganglion close to target organ

152
Q

The sympathetic division is more complex than the parasympathetic division because

A

It innervates more organs
Visceral organs in internal body cavities,
Visceral structures in superficial part of body (sweat glands, arrector pili muscles, smooth muscle in the walls of all arteries and veins

153
Q

Which visceral structures are only innervated by the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Sweat glands

Hair-raising arrector pili muscles

Smooth muscle in the walls of all arteries and veins, both deep and superficial

154
Q

The post ganglionic neurons from the otic ganglia innervate which target

A

Parotid salivary gland

155
Q

Trauma to the ____ causes damage to ciliary ganglion

156
Q

Structures innervated by Superior cervical ganglion

A

Salivary glands

Irises of eye

Tarsal muscles of upper eyelid

Blood vessels of head

157
Q

Sympathetic trunk ganglia

A

Segmented and paired ganglia that lie close to the spinal cord

158
Q

What innervates the nasal mucosa and lacrimal glands

A

Postganglionic neurons of pterygopalatine ganglia

159
Q

Terminal ganglia

A

within wall of organ served or close to organ
Parasympathetic

160
Q

Collateral ganglia

A

Sympathetic unpaired, anterior to spinal cord

161
Q

Muscarinic receptors

A

ACh binding receptors of the autonomic nervous system’s target organs.

Named for the activation by the mushroom poison muscarine

162
Q

Nicotinic receptors

A

ACh binding receptors of all AUTONOMIC POSTGANGLIONIC neurons and skeletal muscle neuromuscular junctions. Named for activation by nicotine

163
Q

Cholinergic fibers

A

Release ACh

164
Q

Adrenergic fibers

A

Release Norepinephrine

165
Q

Where to find nicotinic receptors

A
  1. All sympathetic and parasympathetic Postganglionic neurons

2.hormone producing cells of adrenal medulla

3.sarcolemma of skeletal muscle cells at neuromuscular junctions (which are somatic targets, not autonomic)

166
Q

What kind of effect is produced when ACh binds to nicotinic receptors?

A

Stimulatory.
Depolarizes post-synaptic cell

167
Q

Where to find muscarinic receptors

A

All effector cells stimulated by postganglionic cholinergic fibers

All parasympathetic target organs and a few sympathetic targets like eccrine sweat glands

168
Q

What happens when ACh binds to muscarinic receptors?

A

Effect can be inhibitory or stimulatory. Depends on type of muscarinic receptor on target organ

169
Q

ACh binding to cardiac muscle receptors results in

A

Slowing of heart activity

170
Q

ACh binding to receptors on smooth muscle of GI tract results in

A

Increased GI motility

171
Q

Which division of the autonomic nervous system controls blood pressure through constriction of blood vessels

A

Sympathetic

172
Q

Main integration center of autonomic nervous system

A

Hypothalamic controls

173
Q

Which structure links emotional responses to changes in autonomic function

A

Hypothalamus

AP Tignor 1 (29 decks)

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