4 Flashcards
1
Q
Groups of cells work together
A
Tissues
2
Q
Study of tissues
A
Histology
3
Q
Histo-
A
Tissues
4
Q
Junctions
A
Ways tissues are held together
5
Q
Types of junctions
A
Tight
Gap
Anchoring
6
Q
Tight junctions
A
Stops materials from traveling between cells
Creates regulated barrier.. makes sure everything is regulated by plasma membrane. Cellular control over input and output
7
Q
Anchoring junctions
A
In areas that need additional strength.
8
Q
Types of anchoring junctions
A
Desmosomes,
hemi desmosomes,
Adherens junctions
9
Q
Desmosomes
A
Made by thickened plasma membranes joined by filaments
Prevents cells from being pulled apart because of mechanical stress
Important in skin and heart
10
Q
Hemidesmosomes
A
Specialized structures found in cells that help anchor epithelial cells to the basement membrane
11
Q
Adherens
A
Link the actin cytoskeletons between adjacent cells
Mechanical strength and stability of tissues
12
Q
What type of junction prevents shearing forces
A
Anchoring junctions
13
Q
Intercalated discs
A
Connections found in myocardial cells contain Gap junctions and desmosomes
14
Q
Gap Junctions
A
Intercellular channels that let adjacent sales communicate
Connects the cytoplasm of adjacent cells
15
Q
Connexons
A
Hollow cylinders that connect adjacent plasma membranes
Transmembrane proteins
Made of groups of proteins
16
Q
uses of Gap junctions
A
Cells communicate with each other
Send electrical impulses quickly
Helps act like one large cell. Necessary for heart function alongside with intercalated discs
Myocardial cells work together to contract
17
Q
Syncytium
A
Cells acting as one
18
Q
How are Gap junctions used in smooth muscle
A
Requires smooth movements to move food through alimentary canal.
Coordinates movement of circular and longitudinal muscles.
Action potentials travel through Gap junctions to produce slow coordinated movement
19
Q
Peristalsis
A
Involuntary constriction and relaxation of the muscles creates wavelike movements that push contents forward
20
Q
Layers of smooth muscle along digestive system
A
Circular layer
Longitudinal layer
21
Q
Four general categories of tissue types
A
Nervous tissue
muscle tissue
epithelial tissue
and connective tissue
22
Q
Epi-
A
on the surface
23
Q
Epithelial tissue
A
Lines surfaces of body
Surfaces of organs
Surfaces of tubes
24
Q
Types of muscle tissues
A
Cardiac muscle
smooth muscle
and skeletal muscle
25
Nervous tissues types
Brain
Spinal cord
Nerves
26
What are the components of nervous tissue
Neurons
Glial cells
27
Glial cells
Important support cells for neurons
28
Types of connective tissues
Adipose and other soft padding tissue
Bone
Tendon
Blood
(If not nervous, epithelial or muscular)
29
Dense regular connective tissue found in
Tendons and ligaments
30
Dense irregular connective tissue is found in
Dermis
31
Three cell layers of embryonic development . Where all tissues come from in body
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
32
ECTODERM
Adrenal medulla
CNS PNS
Skin
Appendages
33
ECTODERM
Adrenal medulla
CNS PNS
Skin
Appendages
34
Mesoderm
1.Kidneys and ureters
2.Reproductive system
3.Bone and cartilage
4. Muscles
5. Vasculature
6. Lymphatics
7.spleen
8. Adrenal Cortex
35
Endoderm
GI tract
Liver
Endocrine system
Respiratory tract
Bladder
Urethra
36
What kind of cells make a membrane
Epithelial cells cemented with a basement membrane. Some loose connective tissue underneath it
37
Mucous membranes
Line cavities that are open to the outside. Digestive respiratory urinary and reproductive tracts.
Coated with secretions of mucus glands
38
Serous membranes
Body cavities closed to the exterior.
Peritoneal
pleural
pericardial
39
Cutaneous membrane
Skin,
Covers body surface
40
Synovial membranes
Line joint cavities
Produce fluid within the joint
41
Goblet cells
Help secrete mucous.
Secrete mucin
42
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium is found in
Trachea, sperm carrying duct
Type of mucous membrane because lots of goblet cells. Serous mucous glands. Help secrete mucous
43
What does mucus do?
1.Prevents airway from drying
2. Traps particles of organic matter/pathogen
44
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium cilia function
Move things along respiratory tract to pharynx. Substances can be swallowed or spit out.
Protects alveoli
45
Respiratory escalator
Cilia+mucous
46
Importance of mucous membranes
Protect from external environment and pathogens that might be inside
47
Serous membranes
Layer of epithelial tissue that can secrete serous fluid to help reduce friction
Connective tissue layer. Loose areolar connective tissue
48
Apical surface
Top surface of epithelial cells that are exposed to the environment
49
Layers of epithelial tissue
Apical surface
Basement membrane
Connective tissue
50
Synovial membrane
Joints. Most common joint in human body. Synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid. Causes smooth gliding motion.
Actually connective tissue. Behaves like traditional membrane types
51
Hyaline
Glass, found where bones come together
52
Actions of a tissue happen on which part of the surface
Apical surface
53
Where can you find simple squamous epithelium
Blood vessels or alveoli of lungs
54
What are the layers of the basement membrane
Basal lamina and reticular lamina
55
Basal lamina
Made of glycoprotein secreted by epithelial cells. Adhesive supporting sheet. Faces epithelium
56
Reticular lamina
Has fine network of collagen fibers. Faces the connective side
57
Connective tissue under basement membrane is most often
Loose areolar connective tissue
58
Components of loose areolar connective tissue
Blood vessels
nerves
Fluid extracellular matrix
59
What makes up the basement membrane
Extracellular matrix of proteins. lipoproteins glycoproteins found there
Important for wound healing
60
Glue that cements epithelial cells to connective tissue cells
Basement membrane
61
What does it mean that epithelial tissues are avascular?
Rely on connective tissue below to survive
62
Epithelial tissue types 6
63
Simple
One cell layer
64
Stratified
More than one cell layer
65
Three shapes
Squamous-flat-need less energy to make
Cuboidal-equal size on all sides. Nucleus in center. Medium energy to make.
Columnar-nucleus in bottom third. More energy to make
66
Fish scale
Squamous
67
Function of cuboidal cells
Important for secretion
68
Simple squamous location and functions
Blood vessels diffusion, filtration
Covers alveoli of lungs
69
Stratified squamous locations and functions
Layered flat cells
Skin
Vagina
Esophagus
Protection
70
Simple cuboidal location and functions
Kidney tubule
Ovary surface
Secretion and absorption
71
Stratified cuboidal epithelium locations and functions
Protection and secretion
Sweat gland
Mammary glands
72
Stratified columnar epithelium locations and functions
Salivary duct
Male urethra
At transition junctions. Junctions between two other types of epithelia
73
Where does the pseudostratified appearance come from
Nuclei in different positions look like different layers
Each cell touches basement membrane
74
Transitional epithelium
Only found in urinary system
Can stretch lines ureters, bladder
Appearance depends on the amount of urine. Basal layer is cuboidal
75
Urothelium
Transitional epithelium
76
Endothelium is synonym for
Simple squamous epithelium
77
Thickest part of simple squamous epithelium
Nucleus
78
Lumen
Cavity inside of tube blood vessel or hollow organ
79
Simple columnar epithelium locations and functions
Small intestines .uterine tubes
Absorption and secretion of mucus
Have microvilli. Fine hairs, don't move. Increase surface area.
80
Where does 90% of nutrient absorption occur
Small intestine
81
Microvilli structure and function
Small hairs
Increase surface area for proteins that
Allow for absorption
82
Difference between keratinized cells and non keratinized cells
Non keratinized cells have nuclei
83
Keratin
Structural protein found in skin and hair and nails. Fills up cells until killing them
84
Types of stratified squamous epithelium
Keratinized and non-keratinized
85
Secretory vesicles in goblet cells secrete
Mucin
86
Mucin
Glycoprotein. Forms mucus when it comes into contact with water
87
-in
Protein usually
88
-ase
Enzyme
89
What does mucus do in the digestive tract?
Protects proteins from some digestive enzymes
Helps food travel, bolus, acid chyme, and then feces
90
Cilia vs microvilli
Cilia move and require ATP, move in one direction. Cilia move ovulated egg
Microvilli, on surface of cells, increase surface area. In absorbative cells
91
Flagellum
Tail that whips and moves sperm cells
92
Glandular epithelium types
Exocrine and endocrine
93
Exocrine glands
Release things to surface of something like sweat or sebum
Apocrine sweat glands that release into axillary areas and groin
Secrete things into tube in body like surface of tube in open body system
94
Endocrine glands
Positioned in capillary bed, release into extracellular fluid which gets picked up by capillary bed. Hormones secreted, picked up by capillaries and transported via bloodstream
95
Examples of exocrine glands
Eccrine sweat glands
Apocrine sweat glands
Cerumenous glands
Mammary glamds
96
Shape of exocrine glands
Can be simple or highly branched
97
Exocrine glands are based on which kind of tissue
Epithelial cells
98
How are glandular secretions classified
Amount of cytoplasm in glandular epithelium that winds up in epithelium
99
Merocrine secretion
0
Merocrine (zerocrine)
Secretes none of the cytoplasm
100
Example of merocrine secretion
Sweat glands
101
Apocrine secretion amount
Part of the cell breaks off and becomes part of the secretion
Bacteria can feed off secretions causing body odor because there's protein and fat
102
Holocrine secretions
Entire cell breaks down and becomes part of secretion
Sebaceous glands
103
Connective tissue can be vascular or avascular
True
104
Bone vascular or avascular
Vascular
105
Cartilage vascular or avascular
Avascular
106
Loose areolar connective tissue
All over body under epithelial tissues
107
Loose areolar connective tissue functions
1. If epithelial tissues get pressed on, it lets connective tissue move below
2. Blood vessels bring nutrients to epithelial tissues
3. Immune cells right under epithelial tissues.
4. Some fat cells, fibroblasts, mesenchymal cells, collagen fibers
108
Mesenchymal cells
Make and repair skeletal tissues like cartilage, bone and fat
109
Fibroblasts
Makes fibers of connective tissue
Immature
Secrete extracellular matrix of collagen
Help make tissue strong
110
Collagen
Structural protein,
Most abundant protein in body. Used to make connective tissue. Connects other tissues
111
Elastic fibers
Springy shape,
Let tissue spring back into shape when stretched out. Have elastin
112
Reticular fibers
Super small, thin strands of collagen fibers. Support resident cells that might need to be in a certain area.
Ex. Macrophages might fix onto reticular fibers
113
Types of connective tissues categories
Loose
Dense
Cartilage
Bone
Blood
114
Adipose tissue
Nucleus and organelles pressed against edge because it's full of lipids.
Has blood vessels
115
Number one cause of early mortality in the US
Cardiovascular disease good to lose weight because adipose tissue needs blood supply so your heart has to pump harder to get blood to all the fat
116
Peripheral resistance
Friction encountered by blood as it flows through blood vessels
117
Connective tissues are generally surrounded by ___amount of extracellular matrix
large except for adipose connective tissue
118
Function of adipose tissue(loose)
storage
thermoregulation
Filled with stem cells
119
White fat cells
Really good at energy storage
120
Brown fat
Infants
Can't make ATP with mitochondria
Generate a lot of waste heat
Helps infants stay warm.
Adults with it are less likely to suffer unexpected weight gain in lifetime
121
Beige fat cells
In the middle of white and brown fat cells
122
Structural fat example
Helps hold kidneys in place next to deep muscles of the back
123
Structural fat (loose)
Helps hold things in place protects organs
124
Loose reticular connective tissue
Found in
Spleen & some endocrine glands
Tiny collagen fibers. Let's some things adhere or lets things move through
125
Loose connective tissue types
Areolar
Adipose
Reticular
126
Dense connective tissue types
Regular and irregular
127
Dense regular connective tissue
Gives tensile strength. Has parallel collagen fibers and fibroblasts
128
Where to find dense regular connective tissue?
Tendons and ligaments
129
Tendons
Connect muscle to bone
130
Ligaments
Connect bone to bone
131
Dense irregular connective tissue
Woven straw appearance. Collagen fibers in different directions.
132
Where to find dense irregular connective tissue?
Dermis. Makes dermis very strong.
133
Chondroblast
Immature cell that makes cartilage, gets trapped in a lacuna as it makes the extracellular matrix. Traps itself in its own matrix
134
Lacunae
Lake
Small space or cavity in bone or cartilage
135
Chondrocyte
Mature cell trapped in extra cellular matrix
Still alive and test cell health, but cannot secrete ECM
136
Types of cartilage
Hyaline cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Elastic cartilage
137
Hyaline cartilage
Surface of articulating bones.
Fetal skeleton
Costal cartilage of ribs
Slippery, glass like. Tightly laid down cartilage
Connect ribs to sternum
Strong
138
17 X slicker than ice
Hyaline cartilage
139
Elastic cartilage
Has lacuna and chondroblasts
Has collagen but also lots of elastic fibers in ECM
Lets structures spring back into shape .
Ears (pinna)!
140
Fibrocartilage
Lots of collagen in matrix
Oriented in a way that gives compression and tensile strength.
Intervertebral discs and disc , pubic symphysis
141
Meniscus
Helps femur and tibia function together at the knee joint
142
Compact bone
On outside.
143
Lamella
Look like tree rings surround lacunae. A layer of bone matrix that surrounds lamella
144
Osteocytes
In lacunae, surrounded by lamella .
Mature bone cell
145
Osteoblasts
Immature bone cells
Lay down collagen(gives flex) and calcium phosphate(makes bones strong)
146
Osteons
Unit of bone. Interconnecting canals in microscopic structure of adult compact bone
147
What is in central canal of osteon?
Arteriole, venuole, nerve, lymphatic vessels
148
Canaliculli
Small canals that allow osteocytes to communicate
149
Spongy bone unit
Trabeculae.
150
Purpose of spongy bone
Makes bone lighter
Place for bone marrow
Creation of blood cells
151
Trabeculae help resist
Stress
And lighten bone
152
Remodeling of bones occurs at which rates
Different
153
What do bone remodeling cones do?
Bone will be denser, stronger if good nutrition.
154
Osteoclasts purpose
Break down bone and right behind it lay down new bone
155
Extracellular matrix of blood
Plasma
156
Plasma
Water with some electrolytes, hormones
157
Formed elements of blood
Red blood Cells
White blood cells
Platelets
158
Erythrocytes
RBCs
159
Leukocytes
White blood cells
160
Thrombocytes
Platelets
161
Where are the formed elements of blood made?
In bone marrow
162
Tissue of contraction
Muscle
163
Actin
Static, like rope, thin
164
Myosin
Tug of war on rope
165
Major players of muscle contraction
Actin and myosin
Forceful shrinking of cell
166
Skeletal muscle characteristics
Multinucleate
Somatic, voluntarily controlled
167
Cardiac muscle cells characteristics
One nucleus per cell,
Branched
Striated
168
Two types of intercellular junctions found in intercalated discs
Adherens and GAP junctions
169
Smooth muscle
Long , large, sickle shaped.
GI tract, blood vessels, respiratory airways.
Important in involuntary homeostatic mechanisms.
Artery can constrict
170
Groups of nervous tissue
Neurons
Glial cells
171
Glial cells function
Health and function of nervous system
172
Epyndymal cells
Create CSF
173
Microglial cells
Macrophages of CNS
174
Astrocytes
Manage blood brain barrier
175
Oligodendrocytes
Myelinate in CNS
Let signals travel faster
176
Schwann cells
Myelinate in PNS
177
Explain wound healing
1. Inflammatory chemicals are released by mast cells? (Histamine )
2. Capillaries swell and squeeze out of blood vessels and into tissues
3. WBCs seep to injured area
4. Clotting is caused by clotting proteins and plasma proteins to form scab
5. Granulation tissue restores the vascular supply
6.epithelial cells multiply and fill in over the granulation tissue
7. Restored epithelium thickens, the area matures and contracts
178
Angiogenesis
Grow blood vessels
179
Why is granulation tissue sometimes called granulation organ
Multiple tissue types trying to heal Gap
180
Summary of tissue repair
1.inflammation calls immune system
2.granulation
3.restoration of blood flow
4.filling in gap with scar tissue
5.new epithelial cells laid down
181
Barrett's esophagus
Cells change because of acide reflux.
Stratified squamous non keratinized epithelium changes into simple columnar epithelium.
Less protection
Increased risk of esophageal cancer
182
Carcinoma
Cancer arising in the epithelium 90% of human cancers
183
Adenoma
Neoplasm of glandular epithelium.
184
Adenocarcinoma
Malignant type of neoplasm of glandular epithelium
185
Neoplasm
New, abnormal growth of tissue in some part of the body
186
Glandular epithelium
One or more cells, specialized to secrete a product
187
Extracellular matrix
Nonliving material in connective tissue. Separates living cells
188
Fixed cells vs. Wandering cells
Fixed cells-make fibrous material or matrix
Wandering cells-move through cellular matrix
189
Migrating cells examples
Macrophages
Mast cells-histamine
Eosinophils
Monocytes
190
Fixed cells examples
Fibroblasts, adipocytes
191
Macrophages
Phagocytize bacteria
Engulfs and digests foreign materials
192
Mast cells
Release histamine that causes inflammation at sites of injury
193
Elastin
Protein that gives rubbery quality to matrix
194
Differentiate between epithelial and connective tissue
1. Epithelial covers and lines surfaces and cavities, connective gives structure and support
2. Epithelial has small ECM, connective tissue has lots of ECM
3.epithelial tissue is avascular. Connective tissue is highly vascularized. Epithelial tissue gets nourishment from lower connective tissues
195
Differentiate between dense regular connective tissue and fibrocartilage
1.Dense regular connective tissue ismade of parallel collagen fibers. Gives strength
Fibrocartilage
Contains collagen and chondrocytes. Give strength and support while allowing some flexibility
2. Dense regular connective tissue makes strong attachments that resist tension
fibrocartilage is a shock absorber that provides support and cushioning like intervertebral discs
196
Where do you find dense regular connective tissue?
Tendons and ligaments
