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AP Tignor 1 > 4 > Flashcards

4 Flashcards

1
Q

Groups of cells work together

A

Tissues

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2
Q

Study of tissues

A

Histology

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3
Q

Histo-

A

Tissues

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4
Q

Junctions

A

Ways tissues are held together

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5
Q

Types of junctions

A

Tight
Gap
Anchoring

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6
Q

Tight junctions

A

Stops materials from traveling between cells

Creates regulated barrier.. makes sure everything is regulated by plasma membrane. Cellular control over input and output

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7
Q

Anchoring junctions

A

In areas that need additional strength.

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8
Q

Types of anchoring junctions

A

Desmosomes,
hemi desmosomes,
Adherens junctions

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9
Q

Desmosomes

A

Made by thickened plasma membranes joined by filaments

Prevents cells from being pulled apart because of mechanical stress

Important in skin and heart

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10
Q

Hemidesmosomes

A

Specialized structures found in cells that help anchor epithelial cells to the basement membrane

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11
Q

Adherens

A

Link the actin cytoskeletons between adjacent cells

Mechanical strength and stability of tissues

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12
Q

What type of junction prevents shearing forces

A

Anchoring junctions

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13
Q

Intercalated discs

A

Connections found in myocardial cells contain Gap junctions and desmosomes

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14
Q

Gap Junctions

A

Intercellular channels that let adjacent sales communicate
Connects the cytoplasm of adjacent cells

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15
Q

Connexons

A

Hollow cylinders that connect adjacent plasma membranes

Transmembrane proteins

Made of groups of proteins

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16
Q

uses of Gap junctions

A

Cells communicate with each other

Send electrical impulses quickly

Helps act like one large cell. Necessary for heart function alongside with intercalated discs

Myocardial cells work together to contract

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17
Q

Syncytium

A

Cells acting as one

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18
Q

How are Gap junctions used in smooth muscle

A

Requires smooth movements to move food through alimentary canal.

Coordinates movement of circular and longitudinal muscles.
Action potentials travel through Gap junctions to produce slow coordinated movement

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19
Q

Peristalsis

A

Involuntary constriction and relaxation of the muscles creates wavelike movements that push contents forward

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20
Q

Layers of smooth muscle along digestive system

A

Circular layer
Longitudinal layer

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21
Q

Four general categories of tissue types

A

Nervous tissue
muscle tissue
epithelial tissue
and connective tissue

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22
Q

Epi-

A

on the surface

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23
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Lines surfaces of body
Surfaces of organs
Surfaces of tubes

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24
Q

Types of muscle tissues

A

Cardiac muscle
smooth muscle
and skeletal muscle

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25
Q

Nervous tissues types

A

Brain
Spinal cord
Nerves

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26
Q

What are the components of nervous tissue

A

Neurons
Glial cells

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27
Q

Glial cells

A

Important support cells for neurons

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28
Q

Types of connective tissues

A

Adipose and other soft padding tissue
Bone
Tendon
Blood
(If not nervous, epithelial or muscular)

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29
Q

Dense regular connective tissue found in

A

Tendons and ligaments

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30
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue is found in

A

Dermis

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31
Q

Three cell layers of embryonic development . Where all tissues come from in body

A

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

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32
Q

ECTODERM

A

Adrenal medulla

CNS PNS

Skin
Appendages

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33
Q

ECTODERM

A

Adrenal medulla

CNS PNS

Skin
Appendages

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34
Q

Mesoderm

A

1.Kidneys and ureters
2.Reproductive system
3.Bone and cartilage
4. Muscles
5. Vasculature
6. Lymphatics
7.spleen
8. Adrenal Cortex

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35
Q

Endoderm

A

GI tract
Liver
Endocrine system
Respiratory tract
Bladder
Urethra

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36
Q

What kind of cells make a membrane

A

Epithelial cells cemented with a basement membrane. Some loose connective tissue underneath it

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37
Q

Mucous membranes

A

Line cavities that are open to the outside. Digestive respiratory urinary and reproductive tracts.
Coated with secretions of mucus glands

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38
Q

Serous membranes

A

Body cavities closed to the exterior.
Peritoneal
pleural
pericardial

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39
Q

Cutaneous membrane

A

Skin,
Covers body surface

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40
Q

Synovial membranes

A

Line joint cavities
Produce fluid within the joint

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41
Q

Goblet cells

A

Help secrete mucous.
Secrete mucin

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42
Q

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium is found in

A

Trachea, sperm carrying duct

Type of mucous membrane because lots of goblet cells. Serous mucous glands. Help secrete mucous

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43
Q

What does mucus do?

A

1.Prevents airway from drying

  1. Traps particles of organic matter/pathogen
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44
Q

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium cilia function

A

Move things along respiratory tract to pharynx. Substances can be swallowed or spit out.
Protects alveoli

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45
Q

Respiratory escalator

A

Cilia+mucous

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46
Q

Importance of mucous membranes

A

Protect from external environment and pathogens that might be inside

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47
Q

Serous membranes

A

Layer of epithelial tissue that can secrete serous fluid to help reduce friction

Connective tissue layer. Loose areolar connective tissue

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48
Q

Apical surface

A

Top surface of epithelial cells that are exposed to the environment

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49
Q

Layers of epithelial tissue

A

Apical surface
Basement membrane
Connective tissue

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50
Q

Synovial membrane

A

Joints. Most common joint in human body. Synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid. Causes smooth gliding motion.
Actually connective tissue. Behaves like traditional membrane types

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51
Q

Hyaline

A

Glass, found where bones come together

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52
Q

Actions of a tissue happen on which part of the surface

A

Apical surface

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53
Q

Where can you find simple squamous epithelium

A

Blood vessels or alveoli of lungs

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54
Q

What are the layers of the basement membrane

A

Basal lamina and reticular lamina

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55
Q

Basal lamina

A

Made of glycoprotein secreted by epithelial cells. Adhesive supporting sheet. Faces epithelium

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56
Q

Reticular lamina

A

Has fine network of collagen fibers. Faces the connective side

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57
Q

Connective tissue under basement membrane is most often

A

Loose areolar connective tissue

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58
Q

Components of loose areolar connective tissue

A

Blood vessels
nerves
Fluid extracellular matrix

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59
Q

What makes up the basement membrane

A

Extracellular matrix of proteins. lipoproteins glycoproteins found there

Important for wound healing

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60
Q

Glue that cements epithelial cells to connective tissue cells

A

Basement membrane

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61
Q

What does it mean that epithelial tissues are avascular?

A

Rely on connective tissue below to survive

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62
Q

Epithelial tissue types 6

A
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63
Q

Simple

A

One cell layer

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64
Q

Stratified

A

More than one cell layer

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65
Q

Three shapes

A

Squamous-flat-need less energy to make
Cuboidal-equal size on all sides. Nucleus in center. Medium energy to make.
Columnar-nucleus in bottom third. More energy to make

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66
Q

Fish scale

A

Squamous

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67
Q

Function of cuboidal cells

A

Important for secretion

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68
Q

Simple squamous location and functions

A

Blood vessels diffusion, filtration
Covers alveoli of lungs

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69
Q

Stratified squamous locations and functions

A

Layered flat cells
Skin
Vagina
Esophagus

Protection

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70
Q

Simple cuboidal location and functions

A

Kidney tubule
Ovary surface

Secretion and absorption

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71
Q

Stratified cuboidal epithelium locations and functions

A

Protection and secretion
Sweat gland

Mammary glands

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72
Q

Stratified columnar epithelium locations and functions

A

Salivary duct
Male urethra

At transition junctions. Junctions between two other types of epithelia

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73
Q

Where does the pseudostratified appearance come from

A

Nuclei in different positions look like different layers

Each cell touches basement membrane

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74
Q

Transitional epithelium

A

Only found in urinary system

Can stretch lines ureters, bladder

Appearance depends on the amount of urine. Basal layer is cuboidal

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75
Q

Urothelium

A

Transitional epithelium

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76
Q

Endothelium is synonym for

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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77
Q

Thickest part of simple squamous epithelium

A

Nucleus

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78
Q

Lumen

A

Cavity inside of tube blood vessel or hollow organ

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79
Q

Simple columnar epithelium locations and functions

A

Small intestines .uterine tubes

Absorption and secretion of mucus

Have microvilli. Fine hairs, don’t move. Increase surface area.

80
Q

Where does 90% of nutrient absorption occur

A

Small intestine

81
Q

Microvilli structure and function

A

Small hairs
Increase surface area for proteins that
Allow for absorption

82
Q

Difference between keratinized cells and non keratinized cells

A

Non keratinized cells have nuclei

83
Q

Keratin

A

Structural protein found in skin and hair and nails. Fills up cells until killing them

84
Q

Types of stratified squamous epithelium

A

Keratinized and non-keratinized

85
Q

Secretory vesicles in goblet cells secrete

A

Mucin

86
Q

Mucin

A

Glycoprotein. Forms mucus when it comes into contact with water

87
Q

-in

A

Protein usually

88
Q

-ase

A

Enzyme

89
Q

What does mucus do in the digestive tract?

A

Protects proteins from some digestive enzymes

Helps food travel, bolus, acid chyme, and then feces

90
Q

Cilia vs microvilli

A

Cilia move and require ATP, move in one direction. Cilia move ovulated egg

Microvilli, on surface of cells, increase surface area. In absorbative cells

91
Q

Flagellum

A

Tail that whips and moves sperm cells

92
Q

Glandular epithelium types

A

Exocrine and endocrine

93
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Release things to surface of something like sweat or sebum

Apocrine sweat glands that release into axillary areas and groin

Secrete things into tube in body like surface of tube in open body system

94
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Positioned in capillary bed, release into extracellular fluid which gets picked up by capillary bed. Hormones secreted, picked up by capillaries and transported via bloodstream

95
Q

Examples of exocrine glands

A

Eccrine sweat glands
Apocrine sweat glands
Cerumenous glands
Mammary glamds

96
Q

Shape of exocrine glands

A

Can be simple or highly branched

97
Q

Exocrine glands are based on which kind of tissue

A

Epithelial cells

98
Q

How are glandular secretions classified

A

Amount of cytoplasm in glandular epithelium that winds up in epithelium

99
Q

Merocrine secretion

A

0
Merocrine (zerocrine)

Secretes none of the cytoplasm

100
Q

Example of merocrine secretion

A

Sweat glands

101
Q

Apocrine secretion amount

A

Part of the cell breaks off and becomes part of the secretion

Bacteria can feed off secretions causing body odor because there’s protein and fat

102
Q

Holocrine secretions

A

Entire cell breaks down and becomes part of secretion

Sebaceous glands

103
Q

Connective tissue can be vascular or avascular

A

True

104
Q

Bone vascular or avascular

A

Vascular

105
Q

Cartilage vascular or avascular

A

Avascular

106
Q

Loose areolar connective tissue

A

All over body under epithelial tissues

107
Q

Loose areolar connective tissue functions

A
  1. If epithelial tissues get pressed on, it lets connective tissue move below
  2. Blood vessels bring nutrients to epithelial tissues
  3. Immune cells right under epithelial tissues.
  4. Some fat cells, fibroblasts, mesenchymal cells, collagen fibers
108
Q

Mesenchymal cells

A

Make and repair skeletal tissues like cartilage, bone and fat

109
Q

Fibroblasts

A

Makes fibers of connective tissue

Immature

Secrete extracellular matrix of collagen
Help make tissue strong

110
Q

Collagen

A

Structural protein,
Most abundant protein in body. Used to make connective tissue. Connects other tissues

111
Q

Elastic fibers

A

Springy shape,
Let tissue spring back into shape when stretched out. Have elastin

112
Q

Reticular fibers

A

Super small, thin strands of collagen fibers. Support resident cells that might need to be in a certain area.

Ex. Macrophages might fix onto reticular fibers

113
Q

Types of connective tissues categories

A

Loose
Dense
Cartilage
Bone
Blood

114
Q

Adipose tissue

A

Nucleus and organelles pressed against edge because it’s full of lipids.

Has blood vessels

115
Q

Number one cause of early mortality in the US

A

Cardiovascular disease good to lose weight because adipose tissue needs blood supply so your heart has to pump harder to get blood to all the fat

116
Q

Peripheral resistance

A

Friction encountered by blood as it flows through blood vessels

117
Q

Connective tissues are generally surrounded by ___amount of extracellular matrix

A

large except for adipose connective tissue

118
Q

Function of adipose tissue(loose)

A

storage
thermoregulation
Filled with stem cells

119
Q

White fat cells

A

Really good at energy storage

120
Q

Brown fat

A

Infants
Can’t make ATP with mitochondria
Generate a lot of waste heat

Helps infants stay warm.

Adults with it are less likely to suffer unexpected weight gain in lifetime

121
Q

Beige fat cells

A

In the middle of white and brown fat cells

122
Q

Structural fat example

A

Helps hold kidneys in place next to deep muscles of the back

123
Q

Structural fat (loose)

A

Helps hold things in place protects organs

124
Q

Loose reticular connective tissue

A

Found in
Spleen & some endocrine glands

Tiny collagen fibers. Let’s some things adhere or lets things move through

125
Q

Loose connective tissue types

A

Areolar
Adipose
Reticular

126
Q

Dense connective tissue types

A

Regular and irregular

127
Q

Dense regular connective tissue

A

Gives tensile strength. Has parallel collagen fibers and fibroblasts

128
Q

Where to find dense regular connective tissue?

A

Tendons and ligaments

129
Q

Tendons

A

Connect muscle to bone

130
Q

Ligaments

A

Connect bone to bone

131
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue

A

Woven straw appearance. Collagen fibers in different directions.

132
Q

Where to find dense irregular connective tissue?

A

Dermis. Makes dermis very strong.

133
Q

Chondroblast

A

Immature cell that makes cartilage, gets trapped in a lacuna as it makes the extracellular matrix. Traps itself in its own matrix

134
Q

Lacunae

A

Lake

Small space or cavity in bone or cartilage

135
Q

Chondrocyte

A

Mature cell trapped in extra cellular matrix
Still alive and test cell health, but cannot secrete ECM

136
Q

Types of cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Elastic cartilage

137
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

Surface of articulating bones.

Fetal skeleton

Costal cartilage of ribs

Slippery, glass like. Tightly laid down cartilage
Connect ribs to sternum

Strong

138
Q

17 X slicker than ice

A

Hyaline cartilage

139
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

Has lacuna and chondroblasts
Has collagen but also lots of elastic fibers in ECM

Lets structures spring back into shape .
Ears (pinna)!

140
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Lots of collagen in matrix
Oriented in a way that gives compression and tensile strength.

Intervertebral discs and disc , pubic symphysis

141
Q

Meniscus

A

Helps femur and tibia function together at the knee joint

142
Q

Compact bone

A

On outside.

143
Q

Lamella

A

Look like tree rings surround lacunae. A layer of bone matrix that surrounds lamella

144
Q

Osteocytes

A

In lacunae, surrounded by lamella .

Mature bone cell

145
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Immature bone cells

Lay down collagen(gives flex) and calcium phosphate(makes bones strong)

146
Q

Osteons

A

Unit of bone. Interconnecting canals in microscopic structure of adult compact bone

147
Q

What is in central canal of osteon?

A

Arteriole, venuole, nerve, lymphatic vessels

148
Q

Canaliculli

A

Small canals that allow osteocytes to communicate

149
Q

Spongy bone unit

A

Trabeculae.

150
Q

Purpose of spongy bone

A

Makes bone lighter
Place for bone marrow
Creation of blood cells

151
Q

Trabeculae help resist

A

Stress
And lighten bone

152
Q

Remodeling of bones occurs at which rates

A

Different

153
Q

What do bone remodeling cones do?

A

Bone will be denser, stronger if good nutrition.

154
Q

Osteoclasts purpose

A

Break down bone and right behind it lay down new bone

155
Q

Extracellular matrix of blood

A

Plasma

156
Q

Plasma

A

Water with some electrolytes, hormones

157
Q

Formed elements of blood

A

Red blood Cells
White blood cells
Platelets

158
Q

Erythrocytes

A

RBCs

159
Q

Leukocytes

A

White blood cells

160
Q

Thrombocytes

A

Platelets

161
Q

Where are the formed elements of blood made?

A

In bone marrow

162
Q

Tissue of contraction

A

Muscle

163
Q

Actin

A

Static, like rope, thin

164
Q

Myosin

A

Tug of war on rope

165
Q

Major players of muscle contraction

A

Actin and myosin
Forceful shrinking of cell

166
Q

Skeletal muscle characteristics

A

Multinucleate

Somatic, voluntarily controlled

167
Q

Cardiac muscle cells characteristics

A

One nucleus per cell,
Branched
Striated

168
Q

Two types of intercellular junctions found in intercalated discs

A

Adherens and GAP junctions

169
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Long , large, sickle shaped.

GI tract, blood vessels, respiratory airways.

Important in involuntary homeostatic mechanisms.

Artery can constrict

170
Q

Groups of nervous tissue

A

Neurons
Glial cells

171
Q

Glial cells function

A

Health and function of nervous system

172
Q

Epyndymal cells

A

Create CSF

173
Q

Microglial cells

A

Macrophages of CNS

174
Q

Astrocytes

A

Manage blood brain barrier

175
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Myelinate in CNS
Let signals travel faster

176
Q

Schwann cells

A

Myelinate in PNS

177
Q

Explain wound healing

A
  1. Inflammatory chemicals are released by mast cells? (Histamine )
  2. Capillaries swell and squeeze out of blood vessels and into tissues
  3. WBCs seep to injured area
  4. Clotting is caused by clotting proteins and plasma proteins to form scab
  5. Granulation tissue restores the vascular supply

6.epithelial cells multiply and fill in over the granulation tissue

  1. Restored epithelium thickens, the area matures and contracts
178
Q

Angiogenesis

A

Grow blood vessels

179
Q

Why is granulation tissue sometimes called granulation organ

A

Multiple tissue types trying to heal Gap

180
Q

Summary of tissue repair

A

1.inflammation calls immune system
2.granulation
3.restoration of blood flow
4.filling in gap with scar tissue
5.new epithelial cells laid down

181
Q

Barrett’s esophagus

A

Cells change because of acide reflux.
Stratified squamous non keratinized epithelium changes into simple columnar epithelium.
Less protection

Increased risk of esophageal cancer

182
Q

Carcinoma

A

Cancer arising in the epithelium 90% of human cancers

183
Q

Adenoma

A

Neoplasm of glandular epithelium.

184
Q

Adenocarcinoma

A

Malignant type of neoplasm of glandular epithelium

185
Q

Neoplasm

A

New, abnormal growth of tissue in some part of the body

186
Q

Glandular epithelium

A

One or more cells, specialized to secrete a product

187
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

Nonliving material in connective tissue. Separates living cells

188
Q

Fixed cells vs. Wandering cells

A

Fixed cells-make fibrous material or matrix
Wandering cells-move through cellular matrix

189
Q

Migrating cells examples

A

Macrophages
Mast cells-histamine
Eosinophils
Monocytes

190
Q

Fixed cells examples

A

Fibroblasts, adipocytes

191
Q

Macrophages

A

Phagocytize bacteria
Engulfs and digests foreign materials

192
Q

Mast cells

A

Release histamine that causes inflammation at sites of injury

193
Q

Elastin

A

Protein that gives rubbery quality to matrix

194
Q

Differentiate between epithelial and connective tissue

A
  1. Epithelial covers and lines surfaces and cavities, connective gives structure and support
  2. Epithelial has small ECM, connective tissue has lots of ECM

3.epithelial tissue is avascular. Connective tissue is highly vascularized. Epithelial tissue gets nourishment from lower connective tissues

195
Q

Differentiate between dense regular connective tissue and fibrocartilage

A

1.Dense regular connective tissue ismade of parallel collagen fibers. Gives strength

Fibrocartilage
Contains collagen and chondrocytes. Give strength and support while allowing some flexibility

  1. Dense regular connective tissue makes strong attachments that resist tension

fibrocartilage is a shock absorber that provides support and cushioning like intervertebral discs

196
Q

Where do you find dense regular connective tissue?

A

Tendons and ligaments

AP Tignor 1 (29 decks)

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