Joints Flashcards
Sutures
Fibrous joints that join parts of the skull
Not very moveable
Types of joints
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
Synarthroses
Don’t move much
Diarthroses
Move a lot
Amphiathroses
Move a little bit
Majority of joints in body
Synovial joints
Symphisis
Type of fibrocartilage that resists compressive strength. Has a liquid center.
Has annulus fibrosis: outer circumferential portion of disc. Surrounds nucleus pulposus, or pulp filled center
Multiaxial joint
Can move in multiple directions like ball and socket joints. (Hip joint) Shoulder
Hinge joint
Allows movement in one plane. Type of synovial joint. Between ulna and humerus
Pivot joint
Joints that permit rotatory motion around a single axis. Between radius and humerus.
What kind of joint is the elbow?
Hinge joint and pivot joint
Types of fibrous joints
1-sutures (in neurocranium, made of dense fibrous connective tissue holding flat bones together)Not super moveable
2.syndesmosis: between ulna and radius. Between tibia and fibula. Make up interosseous membranes like the one in the antebrachial region. Important reinforcement. Antebrachial syndesmosis lets the capitulum on the humerus rotate and cross over the ulna.
- Gomphosis:
Holds tooth in bony socket
Wormian bones
Skinny bones in sutures, not everyone has them
In the newborn skull, the bones are not
Completely fused, instead fontanelles exist
Fontanelles
Dense irregular connective tissues that cover open spaces until the bones grow enough to fuse together
Anterior fontanelle
Soft spot on top of baby’s head until bones grow enough to fuse together.
Cartilaginous joints
- Epiphyseal plates:part where bone is still growing. Rapidly dividing, proliferating cartilage. Type of synchondrosis
- Symphysis
Synovial joints
Most common in body
Parts of synovial joints
1.synovial membrane: connective tissue membrane deep to the fibrous articular capsule. Found in spaces between bones. Not on area where there is hyaline cartilage
2.articular cartilage: hyaline cartilage that covers ends of bones.avascular, 17x more slippery than ice. Gets nutrients from synovial fluid.
- Synovial fluid: lubricant that provides nutrients for hyaline and articular cartilage. Looks like raw egg white. Helps protect articulating surfaces of bone
4.articular capsule: dense fibrous connective tissue. Forms capsule around articulating surfaces of bones. Outside of synovial membrane
4 types of membranes
- Cutaneous membranes:skin, all epithelial
2.mucous membranes: line cavities open to exterior. Epithelial
3.serous membranes: pleural, pericardium, peritoneum . Epithelial - Synovial membranes : made of connective tissue but behaves more like epithelial tissue. Secretes substances
Largest and most complex synovial joint of the human body
Knee joint
Proximal surface of tibia is
Flat
Tendon of quadriceps femoris
Tendon of all the various quadriceps (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius all come together in patellar tendon. Connects to the patella and then to patellar ligament on other side.which connects to tibial tuberosity on the anterior of tibia
Synovial cavity
Holds synovial fluid
Location of synovial membrane
On edges of the synovial cavity not covered with hyaline cartilage
Infrapatellar fat pad
Cushioning and space filler in knee joint
Infrapatellar bursa
3d fold of synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid to the inside of the bursa.
Helps reduce friction between ligaments and bones and muscles and bones
Bursitis
Inflamation of the bursa
Caused by carrying out a new motion repeatedly thousands or hundreds of times without ample rest causing bursa to inflame and fill up with extra fluid
Or overuse
Anterior cruciate ligament
Goes from femur to anterior tibia.
Ligaments of knee joint
-Anterior cruciate ligament
-posterior cruciate ligament
-ligament coming from meniscus
-medial collateral ligament (tibial collateral ligament)
-lateral collateral ligament (fibular collateral ligament)
Meniscus
Fibrocartilage gasket that divides synovial cavity into a couple of chambers.
In knee joint and tempo mandibular joint(TMJ allows for unusual movement of the mandible)
Types of synovial joints
1.pivot joint
2. Hinge joint
3.saddle joint
4.plane joints
5.condyloid joint
6.ball and socket joints
Pivot joint
Allow for rotation around an axis. Ex: between 1st and 2nd cervical vertebra, which allows for side to side rotation of the head.
Or radius and humerus
Hinge joint
Ex: works like door hinge
Elbow
Ulna and humerus
Saddle joint
Articulation between trapezium carpal bone and the first metacarpal bone at the base of the thumb
Helps with opposible thumb movement
Plane joints
Between tarsal bones of foot, limited gliding movements between bones.
Condyloid joint
Radiocarpal joint of the wrist
Ball and socket joints
Hip and shoulder joints. Only ball and socket joints in body
Osteoarthritis
Joint degradation associated with age. Bone is just breaking down. Little hyaline cartilage left. Bone growth occurs. General arthritis with aging
Damage in hyaline cartilage. Can’t be repaired because it is avascular
Osteophytes:bony, fingerlike structures grow into joint space. Rub against eachother and bone grows.
Acetabulum
Place where femur plugs in
Fovea capitus
Pit in head of femur
Holds ligament teres
Rheumatoid arthritis
Synovial membrane gets attacked. Gets inflamed and causes a non functional joint inflammation layer. Inflamation layer gets thickened. Joints become nonfunctional over time
Autoimmune disorder.
Immune system attacks the synovial membrane in joint. Causes change in tissue around joint.
Arthritis can also be caused by
Lyme disease
Reduce angle of joint
Flexion
In arm uses biceps brachii and brachialis
When we make joint angle greater
Extension
Extension of arm: triceps brachii
Hyperextension
Example moving head too far back.
Can damage joints
Abduction
Away from midline
Adductors
Towards midline
Ex adductor longus
Pulls leg towards the middle
Rotation
Turning head side to side
Plantar flexion
Pointing toes downward
Dorsiflexion
Pointing toes up
Inversion of feet
Turning foot sideways inwardly
Eversion
Turning foot sideways outwardly
Retraction of mandible
Pulling mandible inward
Protraction of mandible
Pushing mandible outward
Tempo mandibular joints are
Complex joints with meniscus (little piece of fibrocartilage that lets it move different ways)
Can cause significant pain from not working properly
Glenohumeral joint
True joint
Ball and socket joint
Even though socket is quite flat
Parts:
Medullary cavity
Spongy bone
Has epiphyseal line.
Articulates with scapula
Humerus sits in which cavity? Glenoid cavity
Articular cartilage covers surface of scapula, glenoid cavity and head of humerus.
Synovial fluid in glenoid cavity
On sides we have synovial membrane and fibrous membrane
Subacromial bursa: can sometimes get bursitis
Tendon sheath: another device for friction reduction
Head of tendon of biceps brachii
False joint
Where scapula slides across the ribs
Connection points of biceps brachii
Supra glenoid tubercle
Coracoid process
Glenoid labrum
Fibrocartilage in glenohumeral joint
Helps build up and make glenoid cavity a bit more like a ball and socket joint
Can be torn
Subacromial bursa
Helps reduce friction if inflamed can cause bursitis
Tendonitis
Inflamation of a tendon
Parts of meniscus
Lateral meniscus
Medial meniscus
Divides synovial cavity into two compartments.
Gives some cushioning.
If you jump down off a table, the meniscus will help cushion knee joints as you absorb the shock resulting from the force of gravity. Helps femoral condyles move nicely across the surface of the tibial condyles. Covered with articular cartilage.
Anterior cruciate ligament
Posterior cruciate ligament.
Ligament that unwinds off of the meniscus and attaches to knee.
What helps hold knee joint in place?
Quadriceps femoris(rectus femoris, vastus lateralis &vastus medialis
And underneath rectus femoris you have vastus intermedius. Connect together and drive through the patellar ligament and attach to tibial tuberosity
Fibular collateral ligament
Tibial collateral ligament
Need to know
-joints covered in lecture, especially the knee
-shoulder
-know what articular cartilage is and does
-know what synovial fluid is and does
-types of degradation of articular cartilage (osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, Lyme’s disease arthritis)
-understand what a bursa does
-understand what a tendon sheath does
-understand what a fat pad does
-ways to classify joints
-know classification based on movement, types of tissues they’re made of and types of joint they are (synovial joints. Etc) Basic types of structures found in synovial joints.
Lateral blow to knee
Common in soccer, hockey
Knee bulges to medial side more than it should.
Structures can be damaged or destroyed
Three most common results of lateral blow to knee
- Torn tibial (medial)collateral ligament
- Torn anterior cruciate ligament
- Damage to medial meniscus
What does synovial fluid contain
Hyaluronic acid
Articulations permitting only slight movements are
Amphiathroses
The intermediate radioulnar joint exists between the radius and the ulna. The two bones are joined together by a high collagen sheet of dense connective tissue. This allows slight movements and flexibility between the two bones. What type of joint is this?
Fibrous syndesmotic joint
