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AP Tignor 1 > Joints > Flashcards

Joints Flashcards

1
Q

Sutures

A

Fibrous joints that join parts of the skull

Not very moveable

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2
Q

Types of joints

A

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

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3
Q

Synarthroses

A

Don’t move much

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4
Q

Diarthroses

A

Move a lot

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5
Q

Amphiathroses

A

Move a little bit

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6
Q

Majority of joints in body

A

Synovial joints

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7
Q

Symphisis

A

Type of fibrocartilage that resists compressive strength. Has a liquid center.

Has annulus fibrosis: outer circumferential portion of disc. Surrounds nucleus pulposus, or pulp filled center

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8
Q

Multiaxial joint

A

Can move in multiple directions like ball and socket joints. (Hip joint) Shoulder

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9
Q

Hinge joint

A

Allows movement in one plane. Type of synovial joint. Between ulna and humerus

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10
Q

Pivot joint

A

Joints that permit rotatory motion around a single axis. Between radius and humerus.

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11
Q

What kind of joint is the elbow?

A

Hinge joint and pivot joint

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12
Q

Types of fibrous joints

A

1-sutures (in neurocranium, made of dense fibrous connective tissue holding flat bones together)Not super moveable

2.syndesmosis: between ulna and radius. Between tibia and fibula. Make up interosseous membranes like the one in the antebrachial region. Important reinforcement. Antebrachial syndesmosis lets the capitulum on the humerus rotate and cross over the ulna.

  1. Gomphosis:
    Holds tooth in bony socket
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13
Q

Wormian bones

A

Skinny bones in sutures, not everyone has them

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14
Q

In the newborn skull, the bones are not

A

Completely fused, instead fontanelles exist

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15
Q

Fontanelles

A

Dense irregular connective tissues that cover open spaces until the bones grow enough to fuse together

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16
Q

Anterior fontanelle

A

Soft spot on top of baby’s head until bones grow enough to fuse together.

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17
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A
  1. Epiphyseal plates:part where bone is still growing. Rapidly dividing, proliferating cartilage. Type of synchondrosis
  2. Symphysis
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18
Q

Synovial joints

A

Most common in body

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19
Q

Parts of synovial joints

A

1.synovial membrane: connective tissue membrane deep to the fibrous articular capsule. Found in spaces between bones. Not on area where there is hyaline cartilage

2.articular cartilage: hyaline cartilage that covers ends of bones.avascular, 17x more slippery than ice. Gets nutrients from synovial fluid.

  1. Synovial fluid: lubricant that provides nutrients for hyaline and articular cartilage. Looks like raw egg white. Helps protect articulating surfaces of bone

4.articular capsule: dense fibrous connective tissue. Forms capsule around articulating surfaces of bones. Outside of synovial membrane

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20
Q

4 types of membranes

A
  1. Cutaneous membranes:skin, all epithelial
    2.mucous membranes: line cavities open to exterior. Epithelial
    3.serous membranes: pleural, pericardium, peritoneum . Epithelial
  2. Synovial membranes : made of connective tissue but behaves more like epithelial tissue. Secretes substances
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21
Q

Largest and most complex synovial joint of the human body

A

Knee joint

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22
Q

Proximal surface of tibia is

A

Flat

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23
Q

Tendon of quadriceps femoris

A

Tendon of all the various quadriceps (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius all come together in patellar tendon. Connects to the patella and then to patellar ligament on other side.which connects to tibial tuberosity on the anterior of tibia

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24
Q

Synovial cavity

A

Holds synovial fluid

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25
Q

Location of synovial membrane

A

On edges of the synovial cavity not covered with hyaline cartilage

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26
Q

Infrapatellar fat pad

A

Cushioning and space filler in knee joint

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27
Q

Infrapatellar bursa

A

3d fold of synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid to the inside of the bursa.

Helps reduce friction between ligaments and bones and muscles and bones

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28
Q

Bursitis

A

Inflamation of the bursa
Caused by carrying out a new motion repeatedly thousands or hundreds of times without ample rest causing bursa to inflame and fill up with extra fluid

Or overuse

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29
Q

Anterior cruciate ligament

A

Goes from femur to anterior tibia.

30
Q

Ligaments of knee joint

A

-Anterior cruciate ligament
-posterior cruciate ligament
-ligament coming from meniscus
-medial collateral ligament (tibial collateral ligament)
-lateral collateral ligament (fibular collateral ligament)

31
Q

Meniscus

A

Fibrocartilage gasket that divides synovial cavity into a couple of chambers.

In knee joint and tempo mandibular joint(TMJ allows for unusual movement of the mandible)

32
Q

Types of synovial joints

A

1.pivot joint
2. Hinge joint
3.saddle joint
4.plane joints
5.condyloid joint
6.ball and socket joints

33
Q

Pivot joint

A

Allow for rotation around an axis. Ex: between 1st and 2nd cervical vertebra, which allows for side to side rotation of the head.
Or radius and humerus

34
Q

Hinge joint

A

Ex: works like door hinge
Elbow

Ulna and humerus

35
Q

Saddle joint

A

Articulation between trapezium carpal bone and the first metacarpal bone at the base of the thumb

Helps with opposible thumb movement

36
Q

Plane joints

A

Between tarsal bones of foot, limited gliding movements between bones.

37
Q

Condyloid joint

A

Radiocarpal joint of the wrist

38
Q

Ball and socket joints

A

Hip and shoulder joints. Only ball and socket joints in body

39
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Joint degradation associated with age. Bone is just breaking down. Little hyaline cartilage left. Bone growth occurs. General arthritis with aging

Damage in hyaline cartilage. Can’t be repaired because it is avascular

Osteophytes:bony, fingerlike structures grow into joint space. Rub against eachother and bone grows.

40
Q

Acetabulum

A

Place where femur plugs in

41
Q

Fovea capitus

A

Pit in head of femur
Holds ligament teres

42
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

Synovial membrane gets attacked. Gets inflamed and causes a non functional joint inflammation layer. Inflamation layer gets thickened. Joints become nonfunctional over time

Autoimmune disorder.
Immune system attacks the synovial membrane in joint. Causes change in tissue around joint.

43
Q

Arthritis can also be caused by

A

Lyme disease

44
Q

Reduce angle of joint

A

Flexion

In arm uses biceps brachii and brachialis

45
Q

When we make joint angle greater

A

Extension

Extension of arm: triceps brachii

46
Q

Hyperextension

A

Example moving head too far back.
Can damage joints

47
Q

Abduction

A

Away from midline

48
Q

Adductors

A

Towards midline

Ex adductor longus
Pulls leg towards the middle

49
Q

Rotation

A

Turning head side to side

50
Q

Plantar flexion

A

Pointing toes downward

51
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

Pointing toes up

52
Q

Inversion of feet

A

Turning foot sideways inwardly

53
Q

Eversion

A

Turning foot sideways outwardly

54
Q

Retraction of mandible

A

Pulling mandible inward

55
Q

Protraction of mandible

A

Pushing mandible outward

56
Q

Tempo mandibular joints are

A

Complex joints with meniscus (little piece of fibrocartilage that lets it move different ways)

Can cause significant pain from not working properly

57
Q

Glenohumeral joint

A

True joint
Ball and socket joint
Even though socket is quite flat

Parts:
Medullary cavity
Spongy bone
Has epiphyseal line.
Articulates with scapula

Humerus sits in which cavity? Glenoid cavity

Articular cartilage covers surface of scapula, glenoid cavity and head of humerus.

Synovial fluid in glenoid cavity
On sides we have synovial membrane and fibrous membrane

Subacromial bursa: can sometimes get bursitis

Tendon sheath: another device for friction reduction

Head of tendon of biceps brachii

58
Q

False joint

A

Where scapula slides across the ribs

59
Q

Connection points of biceps brachii

A

Supra glenoid tubercle

Coracoid process

60
Q

Glenoid labrum

A

Fibrocartilage in glenohumeral joint
Helps build up and make glenoid cavity a bit more like a ball and socket joint

Can be torn

61
Q

Subacromial bursa

A

Helps reduce friction if inflamed can cause bursitis

62
Q

Tendonitis

A

Inflamation of a tendon

63
Q

Parts of meniscus

A

Lateral meniscus
Medial meniscus
Divides synovial cavity into two compartments.
Gives some cushioning.
If you jump down off a table, the meniscus will help cushion knee joints as you absorb the shock resulting from the force of gravity. Helps femoral condyles move nicely across the surface of the tibial condyles. Covered with articular cartilage.

Anterior cruciate ligament
Posterior cruciate ligament.

Ligament that unwinds off of the meniscus and attaches to knee.

64
Q

What helps hold knee joint in place?

A

Quadriceps femoris(rectus femoris, vastus lateralis &vastus medialis
And underneath rectus femoris you have vastus intermedius. Connect together and drive through the patellar ligament and attach to tibial tuberosity

Fibular collateral ligament
Tibial collateral ligament

65
Q

Need to know

A

-joints covered in lecture, especially the knee
-shoulder
-know what articular cartilage is and does
-know what synovial fluid is and does
-types of degradation of articular cartilage (osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, Lyme’s disease arthritis)

-understand what a bursa does
-understand what a tendon sheath does
-understand what a fat pad does

-ways to classify joints
-know classification based on movement, types of tissues they’re made of and types of joint they are (synovial joints. Etc) Basic types of structures found in synovial joints.

66
Q

Lateral blow to knee

A

Common in soccer, hockey

Knee bulges to medial side more than it should.
Structures can be damaged or destroyed

67
Q

Three most common results of lateral blow to knee

A
  1. Torn tibial (medial)collateral ligament
  2. Torn anterior cruciate ligament
  3. Damage to medial meniscus
68
Q

What does synovial fluid contain

A

Hyaluronic acid

69
Q

Articulations permitting only slight movements are

A

Amphiathroses

70
Q

The intermediate radioulnar joint exists between the radius and the ulna. The two bones are joined together by a high collagen sheet of dense connective tissue. This allows slight movements and flexibility between the two bones. What type of joint is this?

A

Fibrous syndesmotic joint

AP Tignor 1 (29 decks)

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