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AP Tignor 1 > The Integumentary System > Flashcards

The Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

Topmost layer of skin

A

Epidermis

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2
Q

What kind of tissue makes the epidermis?

A

Epithelial tissue.
Epithelial tissues are avascular.
It is a protective layer

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3
Q

Basement membrane

A

Barrier between epidermis and dermis.

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4
Q

Dermis

A

Underneath epidermis

Holds blood vessels because epidermis is epithelial and avascular

Holds hair follicles.

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5
Q

Hypodermis

A

Below the dermis
Region underneath the skin that provides cushioning, thermoregulation and some storage for adipose tissue. Adipose tissue provides cushioning.

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6
Q

Parts of cutaneous membrane

A

Epidermis and dermis
Cutaneous membrane=skin

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7
Q

Parts of dermis

A
  1. Superficial 20% called papillary dermis. Made of mostly loose areolar connective tissue.holds things that help protect if dermis is breached.
    -mast cells: initiate inflammatory response. Helps bring WBCs. Release histamine release heparin. Help mediate inflammation response.
    -Macrophages
    -fibroblasts:help lay down collagen, elastic fibers, new reticular fibers. Help hold damaged area together.
  2. Bottom 80% of dermis:
    Very strong. Made of mostly dense irregular connective tissue. Fibers overlap in multiple directions. Called reticular dermis .
    Creates tension lines (tension lines are general direction that collagen fibers go) if cut is parallel to tension lines, then the wound will close up reapproximate. If you cut perpendicular to tension lines, the wound gapes.

Surgeons try to cut parallel to tension lines.

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8
Q

Top of dermis has

A

Dermal papillae: holds sensory nerve endings. Has loose areolar connective tissue

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9
Q

Epidermal derivatives

A

-hair follicles
-sebaceous glands
-sweat glands
-nails

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10
Q

When dermis and epidermis is damaged

A

The progenitor stem cells can divide and regrow epidermis

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11
Q

Third degree burn

A

Below follicles. Burns all the way through dermis below follicles. No more progenitor stem cells left. Situation where you could need a skin graft

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12
Q

Arrector pili muscles

A

Involuntary muscle, cause goosebumps, causes hair to stand on end
Activated by sympathetic nervous system.

Might help pump sebum onto skin

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13
Q

Sebaceous glands

A

Attached to hair follicles,
Holocrine glands. (Glandular cells inside are constantly dividing) Glandular cells inside form sebum

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14
Q

Sebum

A

Lipid protein rich substance. Keeps epidermis and hair healthy.

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15
Q

Sensory nerve endings

A

Feel temperature and pain

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16
Q

Hair follicle plexus

A

Innervated structure that connects to hair follicle.
When you pull hair out, it hurts.
Assists skin with perception of touch. When hair glides across a surface, you feel that as perception of touch.

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17
Q

Tactile sensors

A

Receptors for light touch. In papillary dermis.

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18
Q

Meissner’s corpuscules

A

Receptors for light touch
Small specialized sensory receptors.
Let you sense textural differences.
Sit in dermal papillae

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19
Q

Lamellar or pacinian corpuscules

A

Sense deep vibration in skin and various organs like pancreas and urinary bladder.

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20
Q

Ruffini corpuscule

A

Senses skin stretching movement and finger position.

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21
Q

Merkel cells

A

In epidermis, modified epidermal cells. Receive touch info.

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22
Q

Eccrine glands

A

Merocrine glands
Merely secrete.
None of the cell breaks down and becomes part of the secretion. Mostly water. Active during sweating. Water, electrolytes, vitamin c and bit of nitrogenous waste. Important in homeostasis of body temperature.

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23
Q

What mechanism controls body temperature

A

Negative feedback loop.

Hypothalamus senses that you’re too warm, sweat glands are activated. Sweat evaporates from skin releasing heat.

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24
Q

What kind of blood vessels are in dermal papillae

A

Fine capillaries

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25
Q

Larger blood vessels in

A

Dermis

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26
Q

Largest blood vessels in

A

Hypodermis beneath the skin.

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27
Q

Subcutaneous layer aka

A

Hypodermis of skin

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28
Q

Apocrine sweat gland

A

A little bit of cell breaks down during secretion. Become active in axillary and groin areas. Gives BO

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29
Q

Modified apocrine sweat glands

A

Ex: cerumenous glands in external acoustic meatus.

Also mammary glands

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30
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium

A

On surface of epidermis, keratinized. Lose about 50,000 skin cells per minute.

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31
Q

Cells at base are

A

Mitotically active. Just above basement membrane.

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32
Q

Keratinocytes

A

Keratinized cells

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33
Q

Keratin

A

Highly abundant structural protein in body. Protective. Prevents water from leaving through skin. Think of it like armor.

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34
Q

As you go up on epidermis

A

Build up of keratin, see if we need addition of melanin to help protect nuclei of rapidly dividing cells from uv radiation.

In outermost layer: dead cells filled with keratin.

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35
Q

Where to find non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A

Vagina, esophagus,

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36
Q

Layers of epidermis

A

Corneum
Lucidum
Granulosum
Spinosum
Basale (has melanocytes and mitotically active keratinocytes)

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37
Q

What is under basement membrane

A

Loose areolar connective tissue
Blood vessels capillaries
Mast cells
Macrophages
Fibroblasts

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38
Q

Stratum basale

A

Mitotically active
Lots of cells division in conjunction with cytokinesis
Mitosis+cytokinesis= cell division

Melanocytes (octopus-like nature: deliver melanosomes filled with melanin to recently divided cells..help protect recently divided cells from uv radiation)

-merkel cells

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39
Q

Melanin concentrates where?

A

On top of nucleus
In response to UV radiation. Protects DNA from mutation. Think like umbrella.

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40
Q

Squamous cells carcinoma

A

Cancer in flatter cells

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41
Q

Basal cell carcinoma

A

Cancer in a basal cells

Least likely to metastisize

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42
Q

Melanoma

A

Mutations occuring in DNA of a melanocyte. Has the ability to produce cytoplasmic extensions.

Melanomas are only 5-10 of all skin cancers. Represent 85-90% of all skin cancer deaths. Keep eye on

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43
Q

Stratum spinosum

A

Has pointy ends
Artifact of early histology

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44
Q

Stratum granulosum

A

Granules are vesicles that have keratin

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45
Q

Stratum corneum

A

Dead keratinized cells
Dead cells sloughing off

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46
Q

Stratum lucidum

A

Only on palms and soles of feet. Only in really thick skin

47
Q

What makes epidermis waterproof

A

Glycoprotein between cells.
Lots of protein with sugary content.
Get sticky when comes into contact with water.

Desmosomes(anchoring junctions) prevent epidermis from shearing.

48
Q

Epidermal layer

A

Relatively thin. Can sometimes get diagnostic info from skin color

49
Q

Yellowish skin+ yellowish eyes

A

Jaundice, liver issue

50
Q

Overheated

A

Reddish pinkish skin.
Caused by dilation of blood vessels in papillary dermis. Try to turn skin into radiator to dissipate heat

51
Q

Pale grey blue skin

A

Cold
Superficial blood vessels in skin already cold, possibly closer to hypothermia.
Constricted blood vessels trying to keep body heat deep around organs, causing them to look pale.

52
Q

Where do cells look more cuboidal/columnar?

A

Stratum basale

53
Q

Pneumonic for layers of skin

A

Californians
Like
Girls
String
Bikinis

54
Q

Papillary dermis

A

Made of loose areolar connective tissue

55
Q

Reticular dermis

A

Looks like marbled meat
Collagen fibers go in all different directions

56
Q

Everyone has same number of

A

Melanocytes. Only type and amount of melanin that varies producing different skin tones.
Trade off s in both directions

57
Q

Eumelanin

A

Brown, black type

58
Q

Pheomelanin

A

Orange type of melanin

59
Q

Someone with darker skin has

A

Delivery of Lots of melanosomes into keratinocytes in stratum spinosum. Continuing up

60
Q

What happened in lighter skin

A

Less melanin is deposited from those melanosomes

61
Q

Darker skin

A

More resistant to UV radiation. Less likely to get cancer. Need more sunlight for vitamin D needs

62
Q

If you’re fair skinned

A

Need less sunlight to meet vitamin D needs

63
Q

Mole

A

Benign growth of melanocytes. Typically benign

64
Q

Vitiligo

A

Can happen to anyone.
Patches of no pigmentation.

Is autoimmune disorder where immune system incorrectly attacks melanocytes.

80% of all autoimmune cases are in women

65
Q

Hair bulb
Hair bulge

A

Bulge: hold progenitor stem cells around where arrector pilli muscle attaches.
Hair bulb: holds hair

66
Q

Connects basement membrane of the epidermis to hair follicle

A

Arrector pili muscle

Helps move sebum, causes goosebumps

67
Q

Hair papilla

A

Have capillary bed there
Hair is made of keratin. Rapidly dividing keratinocytes

68
Q

Hair follicles originate from

A

Epidermis

69
Q

Sebaceous glands attached to

A

hair follicle
Holocrine gland
Produces sebum

70
Q

Cradle cap

A

Overactive sebaceous glands cause scaly, dried sebum ball all over the head

71
Q

Base of hair follicles is often in

A

Subcutaneous layer. Can tell it’s subcutaneous because of adipocytes

72
Q

Hair shaft

A

Emerges of skin

73
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue

A

Makes reticular dermis. Reason why dermis is so strong

74
Q

Alopecia androgenetica

A

Male pattern baldness

75
Q

Alopecia areata

A

Autoimmune disorder
Attacks hair follicles
Patches without hair.

76
Q

Antigen presenting cell

A

Macrophage
Takes bits of digested substances outside.
When t lymphocytes has matching antigen, tells t lymphocytes to start immune response

Also called dendritic cells when they have long cytoplasmic extensions

77
Q

Dendro-

A

Branching

78
Q

Dendritic cells

A

In epidermis can patrol for pathogens

79
Q

Skin is a bit acidic

A

Helps fight off pathogenic activity

80
Q

Soaps are alkaline

A

Can sometimes disrupt skin ph barrier when very excessive

81
Q

Hair bulge

A

In middle of hair follicle

82
Q

Exocrine glands

A

All over body
Secrete substances to surface of skin

Secrete to a surface
Pancreas has exocrine glands

83
Q

Types of exocrine glands

A

1.Merocrine gland:
-none of cell cytoplasm breaks down to form secretion goes out through duct
(Eccrine sweat gland)

2.Apocrine glands: small fragments of cell breaks off and becomes part of secretion.(Axillary and groin BO, cerumenous and mammary)

3.Holocrine glands: entire cell breaks down and becomes part of the secretion. (Sebaceous glands) Double stacked cells because cells are destroyed

84
Q

Root hair plexus

A

Can determine if follicle is moving. Help it contribute to sense of touch

85
Q

Free nerve endings

A

Sense pain

86
Q

Meissner’s corpuscules

A

Found in dermal papillae
Light touch

87
Q

Pacinian corpuscules

A

Detect deep vibration in lower end of dermis and in some organs of body

88
Q

Ruffini endings

A

Heat

89
Q

Merkel discs

A

Plugged into epidermis with sensory neurons connected to them
Pressure receptors

90
Q

Thermoregulation

A

Capillaries of dermal papillae constrict to keep organs warm. Blood circulation avoids surface to retain heat

Capillaries dilate when hot, more blood circulates uses surface of skin like radiator to cool off. Causes surface of skin to heat up, blood circulates to surface of skin to dispel heat.

91
Q

Shivering

A

If too cold, cause shivering, skeletal muscles involuntarily contract. Leads to additional waste heat production from ATP working so hard

92
Q

Aging of skin

A

Lose adipose tissue in subcutaneous layer.

Develop age spots (lipofuscin granules).
Skin irregularities more common over time. Hair might grey. Melanocytes aren’t producing melanin

93
Q

Actinic keratosis

A

Mass of keratinized cells running down to stratum basale. Abnormal. Not cancerous but could turn into cancer. Think as precancerous benign situation

94
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma

A

Breaks through basal layer of epidermis

Doesn’t have basement membrane cap.

95
Q

Least likely to break through stratum basale and get into dermis

A

Basal cell carcinoma

Rarely escape because they have built in ability to make fibers and proteins tend to seal themselves off

96
Q

Why is it bad for epidermal cells to get into dermis

A

Cancer cell lines lose their stickiness, lose positional information. Grow out of control and can break off and enter blood stream . Usually an outpatient thing to get removed

97
Q

Melanoma

A

Already have ability to produce cytoplasmic extensions. Quick to invade to other tissues.

98
Q

Neoplasm

A

New growth

99
Q

ABCDE

A

Asymmetrical
Border(irregular border)
Color( 2 or more colors)
Diameter (is diameter greater than pencil eraser head)
Evolution (is it rapidly changing?) or elevation (is it growing upward?)

100
Q

Decubitus ulcer

A

Pressure sores
Skin breakdown
In bony processes.
If person isn’t rotated and moved can get skin breakdown.

101
Q

Stage 1

A

Skin is unbroken but inflamed red

102
Q

Stage 2 decubitus ulcer

A

Skin is broken down to epidermis or dermis

103
Q

Stage 3

A

Ulcer extends to subcutaneous fat layer. Gets down pretty deep. Infections can spread easily.

104
Q

Stage 4

A

Spreads down to muscle or bone

105
Q

Acne

A

Sebaceous glands are very active to androgens
Caused by burst of sex hormones. Caused by plugged follicles. Sebaceous glands pump out sebum. If bacteria gets trapped in sealed off plugged follicle, it can divide rapidly. Uses sebum as food source. Can get infected.

106
Q

Whitehead

A

Sebum is sealed off from air

107
Q

Blackhead

A

Air gets inside and you get oxidation. Turns color a bit darker.

108
Q

First degree burn

A

Only surface of epidermis
Heals back normally

109
Q

Second degree burn

A

Deeper injury causes blistering
Damage into dermis
Blisters caused by inflammation. Capillaries swell and plasma centers area around capillary beds. Helps push cellular debris and bacteria into lymphatic system so it can get screened out and you can defend yourself from potential infections

Can recover from damage
Has hair follicles left, can grow back epidermal layer

110
Q

Third degree burn

A

Involves all layers of skin

No hair follicles left. Requires skin grafting

111
Q

Fourth degree burn

A

Burns extend into the muscle and bone

So many nerves are destroyed, it may not be as painful as second degree burn

Harder to treat, make sure not infected or dehydrated,

112
Q

Autograph

A

Skin graft from self to cover up and replace

113
Q

Rule of nines

A

Judge what percentage of body was burned and what portion of body is left for grafting

AP Tignor 1 (29 decks)

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