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AP Tignor 1 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Parts of the nervous system

A

Central nervous system
Peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

Parts of peripheral nervous system

A

Motor
Sensory

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3
Q

Parts of peripheral motor system

A

Autonomic nervous system

Skeletal

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4
Q

Parts of sensory peripheral nervous system

A

Dorsal root ganglia

Cranial nerve ganglia

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5
Q

Parts of the autonomic nervous system

A

Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
Enteric

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6
Q

Draw out nervous system division map

A
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7
Q

Central nervous system

A

Brain and spinal cord

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8
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

made of nerves, ganglia, sensory receptors and motor endings that are outside of brain and spinal cord

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9
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Measure pressure, flex and flexion

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10
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Sensitive to chemicals in solution

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11
Q

Nocioreceptors

A

Sense pain, respond to pinch and chemicals released from damaged tissues. Detect harm

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12
Q

Afferent

A

Arriving at brain. Info collected by sensory system from in and out body moves toward the center and travels to brain

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13
Q

Integration processing of information

A

Decision making.
Nervous system processes and interprets sensory info and makes decisions about what you do at each moment

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14
Q

Efferent

A

Info leaving CNS. Goes back out through(somatic) motor division

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15
Q

Four things that can happen after information processing

A
  1. Skeletal motor response
  2. Cardiac muscle
  3. Smooth muscle
  4. Glands
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16
Q

Describe the travel of information through the nervous system

A

1.Information is sensed via receptors. Moves in afferent direction

  1. Information is processed by CNS during integration
  2. Info leaves in efferent direction and starts a motor response. One of 4 responses occurs
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17
Q

Soma

A

Body

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18
Q

Sympathetic

A

Fight or flight

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19
Q

Parasympathetic

A

Rest and digest
Both at tug of war

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20
Q

Autonomic tone

A

Dominance of sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system

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21
Q

Function Of nervous system

A

Collects sensory info from inside and outside of the body and coordinate appropriate response

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22
Q

Thermo receptors

A

Respond to temperature changes

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23
Q

Why Is there a tug of war between sympathetic and parasympathetic?

A

Muscles and glands innervated by both systems. Helps maintain homeostasis

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24
Q

How many neurons in nervous system

A

100 billion

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25
Q

Enteric nervous system

A

Nervous system of GI tract. Supplies alimentary canal

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26
Q

Which nervous system can carry integration on its own separate from CNS

A

Enteric nervous system
Constantly communicates in microbiome of gut

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27
Q

Types of structures in peripheral nervous system

A

Spinal nerves
Ganglia
cranial nerves
Motor endings and receptors

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28
Q

Ganglia

A

Collection of cell bodies outside of CNS

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29
Q

Nuclei

A

Group of cell bodies inside of CNS

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30
Q

Why is the brain vascular?

A

The neurons are highly metabolically active

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31
Q

Neurons have a lot of which organelle

A

Mitochondria

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32
Q

What is the preferred energy source of neurons

A

Glucose

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33
Q

Gray matter is made of

A

Neuron cell bodies and unmyelinated axons

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34
Q

White matter is made of

A

Myelinated axons it is white because of cell membrane wrapping (myelin sheath)

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35
Q

Where does integration occur

A

Gray matter

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36
Q

What happens in Gray matter

A

Integration decision making and perception of senses

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37
Q

What happens in white matter?

A

Send signals to motor division
Highly efficient communication

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38
Q

Cortex

A

Outer layer of gray matter

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39
Q

Basal nuclei

A

Little bits of gray matter
Deep within white matter of cerebral hemispheres

Subcortical nuclei (under cortex)

Communicate with premotor cortex.

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40
Q

Nuclei

A

Clusters of neuron cell bodies in CNS

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41
Q

Basal nuclei function

A

Regulate movement

1.Starting and stopping

2.Repetitive motion (walking or riding bike)

  1. Inhibit antagonistic movement (stops unwanted or unnecessary movement)
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42
Q

How are white matter and gray matter arranged in the spinal cord

A

White is on the outside gray is on the inside

opposite of brain

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43
Q

Sulcus

A

Crease and brain furrow less deep than fissure

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44
Q

Gyrus

A

Is a raised area of the brain

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45
Q

What is the function of sulci and gyri

A

Increase the amount of gray matter on surface area. More area for integration of information

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46
Q

Fissure

A

Deep longitudinal depression between two hemispheres. Deepest inward folds on brain

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47
Q

Foramen magnum

A

Large opening and occipital bone brain stem goes through

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48
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Inferiormost part of the brain stem

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49
Q

Brainstem parts

A

Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

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50
Q

Midbrain

A

Relay sensory and motor information between the spinal cord and the rest of the brain.

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51
Q

Superior colliculi of the midbrain

A

Help control the movement of eyes head and neck in response to unexpected stimuli like loud noise or flash

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52
Q

What is the brain stem called after it enters the vertebrae

A

Spinal cord

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53
Q

Direction of tracts of white matter in the spinal cord

A

Afferent and efferent

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54
Q

Meninges

A

Protective layers of CNS

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55
Q

Describe the meninges from superficial to deep

A

Dura mater
arachnoid Mater
Pia Mater

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56
Q

Dura mater

A

Thick fibrous outermost toughest

Inward folds help secure the brain to the skull

Tough mother in Latin

Two layer fibrous connective tissue

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57
Q

Arachnoid Mater

A

Spider mother, weblike
Trabeculae
Above subarachnoid space

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58
Q

Pia Mater

A

Tender mother

Delicate connective tissue, has many tiny blood vessels. Things tightly to brain like plastic wrap

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59
Q

Describe the functions of the meninges

A

1.Protect and cover CNS
2. Protect blood vessels and enclose venous sinuses
3. Contains cerebrospinal fluid
4. Form partitions in the skull

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60
Q

Periosteal layer of Dura mater

A

Attaches to inner surface of skull. Not found in spinal cord

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61
Q

Meningeal layer of Dura mater

A

True external covering of brain

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62
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

Spider like extension secure the arachnoid Mater to the Pia Mater.

Houses cerebrospinal fluid and largest blood vessels serving the brain

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63
Q

Nerves

A

Pns fibers of somatic and autonomic neurons

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64
Q

Arachnoid granulations

A

Protrude superiorly through the dura mater and into the superior sagittal sinus

Absorb CSF into venous blood of the sinus

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65
Q

Meningitis

A

Inflammation of meninges.
Serious threat to brain it may spread to the CNS

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66
Q

Encephalitis

A

Brain inflammation

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67
Q

How is meningitis diagnosed

A

Obtaining sample of CSF via lumbar tap

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68
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

Forms liquid cushion

Prevents brain from crushing under its own weight

Nourishment, similar to blood plasma

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69
Q

Brain functions

A
  1. Perception and processing sensory stimuli
    Execute voluntary motor responses and involuntary motor responses
  2. Regulates homeostatic mechanisms
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70
Q

Spinal cord functions

A

1.Starts reflexes
2. Pathway from sensory and motor functions

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71
Q

Which parts of the spinal cord start reflexes

A
  1. From ventral horn & lateral horn
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72
Q

Ventral horn

A

Somatic

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73
Q

Lateral horn

A

Autonomic (gray matter)

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74
Q

Ganglia is found in

A

PNS

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75
Q

Ganglia

A

Collection of nerve cell bodies outside of CNS

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76
Q

Function of ganglia

A

Receive sensory information by dorsal root and cranial ganglia

-tells viscera to move via the autonomic nervous system

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77
Q

Where do you process visual information

A

Occipital lobe

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78
Q

What are functional MRIs used for

A

Study the central nervous system and get diagnostic info

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79
Q

Function of myelination

A

Speeds up communication

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80
Q

What is the speed of an unmyelinated signal

A

3 to 30 m per second

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81
Q

What is the speed of a myelinated signal

A

300 M per second

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82
Q

Oligodendrocyte

A

Creates the myelin sheath in the central nervous system
Has cell body off to the side

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83
Q

Neuroglia

A

Nerve glue.
Support and maintain neurons

Outnumber the neurons

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84
Q

Schwann cells

A

Myelinate axons in the peripheral nervous system

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85
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Bit of exposed axon exposed to extracellular environment

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86
Q

Explain saltatory conduction

A

The action potential travels between gaps of myelination.
Moves more rapidly. Only nodes of Ranvier have to be depolarized

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87
Q

Dendrites

A

Branching listeners.
Neuron process that receives electrical signals and takes it to soma

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88
Q

Synapse

A

Space where dendrite and axon interact .
Where pre and post synaptic neurons almost touch

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89
Q

Presynaptic neuron

A

Sends impulse to synapse

Sends

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90
Q

Postsynaptic neuron

A

Takes electrical signal away from synapse

Receives

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91
Q

Explain how action potentials travel down neurons

A
  1. Impulse travels down axon to synaptic cleft
  2. Releases NT at the end
  3. Neurotransmitter binds to receptors of dendrites on postsynaptic neuron
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92
Q

Why are action potentials irreversible

A

The impulse travels in One direction

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93
Q

Describe the cell body of a neuron

A

Has normal cell components, lots of mitochondria, multiple nucleoli, endoplasmic reticulum has polyrbosomes

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94
Q

Polyribosome

A

Multiple ribosome. mRNA complex makes multiple copies of the same protein

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95
Q

Other names for polyrbosomes

A

Chromatophillic substance

Or Nissl bodies

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96
Q

Axon hillock

A

Where neuron narrows down to axon

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97
Q

What supports the axon from inside?

A

Neurofibrills

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98
Q

Where are neurotransmitters made?

A

Cell body. They travel to the synaptic knob

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99
Q

What goes down the axon?

A

Neurotransmitter,
Mitochondria,
Cell waste,

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100
Q

What happens to the things that are not needed at the end of the axon?

A

Goes back up

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101
Q

Electrical signal of an axon only moves in - direction(s)

A

One

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102
Q

Where does the electrical signal of a neuron start?

A

Axon hillock

Travels toward axon terminal into synaptic knobs

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103
Q

Unipolar neuron

A

One process comes from body

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104
Q

Bipolar neuron

A

Two processes extend from cell body

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105
Q

Multi-polar neuron

A

Multiple processes extend from cell body

1 axon many dendrites

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106
Q

Function of motor proteins

A

Move substances up and down the axon

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107
Q

Anterograde movement

A

Movement away from cell body

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108
Q

Retrograde movement

A

Move towards the cell body

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109
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Unipolar neurons

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110
Q

What happens in unipolar neurons during early development?

A

Axon and dendrites fuse

111
Q

Dorsal root ganglia

A

Filled with bodies of unipolar sensory neurons in spinal cord

Collect sensory information from body and takes to the spinal cord and brain

112
Q

Where can you find bipolar neurons?

A

Retina of the eye

113
Q

90% of neurons in the central nervous system are

A

Multi-polar neurons one axon many dendrites

114
Q

Which neurons can lack an axon?

A

Some vision neurons have no axon

115
Q

What does the purkinje cell layer do?

A

Maps movements of the body and it’s found in the cerebral cortex
In cerebellum

116
Q

Proprioception

A

Body’s ability to sense movement action and location

117
Q

Tracts

A

Bundles of axons in the central nervous system.
Carries information (afferent) to brain

118
Q

Nerve

A

Bundle of axons in the peripheral nervous system

119
Q

Pyramidal cells found in

A

cerebral cortex

120
Q

Cerebrum

A

Big part of brain

121
Q

Cerebrum parts

A

Cerebral hemispheres
Cerebral cortex
White matter
Basal nuclei

122
Q

Cerebellum

A

Proprioception
Most involved in producing smooth coordinates skeletal muscle activities

123
Q

Where are olfactory receptors located?

A

Superior nasal cavity covered by mucous membranes

124
Q

Olfactory neurons

A

Help smell things

125
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Unipolar neurons that move electric impulses to the central nervous system

126
Q

How many processes come out of a sensory neuron?

A

One

127
Q

Relay neuron

A

Interneuron
Connect sensory neurons with motor neurons

128
Q

What is the function of interneurons?

A

Move signal through the CNS pathways

129
Q

Reflex

A

Automatic reaction to stimuli most simple neural pathway in the body

130
Q

Only monosynaptic reflexes in the body

A

Stretch Reflexes

131
Q

Monosynaptic reflex

A

involve a single synapse

132
Q

Schwann cells

A

Individual cells from peripheral nervous system that make the myelin sheath

133
Q

Why are they called oligodendrocytes?

A

They can myelinate multiple places on one axon or multiple axons

134
Q

Myelin sheaths are made of

A

Lipids and proteins

135
Q

What kind of information do Myelinsheaths conduct?

A

Sensory and motor information

136
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

Autoimmune
Immune system attacks myelin sheath

Erratic signals and poor signal strength

137
Q

Guillain-Barre syndrome

A

Myelin sheath attacked in peripheral nervous system

138
Q

Certain characteristics of myelin sheath in ____ let’s axons regrow

A

Peripheral nervous system

139
Q

Large bundles of neurons including the axons and myelination

A

Nerve

140
Q

Astrocytes

A

Shaped like star most abundant CNS neuroglia

Controls exchanges between blood capillaries and neurons

Directs connection in new synapses

141
Q

Blood-brain barrier importance

A

Prevent certain substances from going into brain blood capillaries

142
Q

Describe astrocytes

A

Apportion of their extensions connect to capillaries.

Filters substances out of capillary

143
Q

How do astrocytes control the chemical environment?

A

Collect leaked potassium ions

Recapture and recycle neurotransmitters

144
Q

True or false medications can cross the blood-brain barrier

A

True

145
Q

Microglial cells in CNS

A

Macrophages
Live in brain

Phagocytize pathogens cellular debris and metabolic waste products

146
Q

Epyndymal cells

A

Found in ventricles of brain.
Line cavities of brain and spinal cord.
Produce CSF.
Have cilia that helps circulate CSF

147
Q

Parts of a neuron

A

Axon
Dendrites
Soma
Synaptic knobs

148
Q

Why is it important to get rid of debris?

A

Debris can power bacteria

149
Q

Ventricles

A

Space pockets in brain filled with cerebral spinal fluid and lined with epyndymal cells

150
Q

Functions of cerebrospinal fluid

A

Move wastes, cushion and protect

151
Q

What are the glial cells of the peripheral nervous system

A

Schwan cells and satellite cells

152
Q

Satellite cells

A

Support cells body in the peripheral nervous system

153
Q

What does myelination look like in extra fast communication?

A

Wraps around multiple times

154
Q

Neurofibrils

A

In the middle of axon
Intermediate filaments that maintain shape

155
Q

Neurolemma

A

Outer layer of schwann cell lets the PNS neuron repair and regrow

156
Q

How are Schwann cells used for repair?

A
  1. Macrophages clean site of damage
  2. Neurolemma forms tunnel
  3. Neuron Targets reconnection of peripheral motor neuron with skeletal muscle.
    Establishes reconnection between basement membrane and connective tissue below
157
Q

What happens if a temperature is colder than the temperature you usually sense?

A

Will sense pain same if too hot

158
Q

At rest the inside of a neuron is

A

Negative

159
Q

Frey syndrome

A

Peripheral motor neurons reconnect incorrectly to the new target connect to sweat glands causes sweating instead of breaking down food through saliva

160
Q

Which nervous system innervates the parotid gland?

A

parasympathetic

161
Q

Explain how the nervous system works

A
  1. Sensory receptors in skin are activated
  2. Action potential (electrical charges)goes through the sensory axon

3.The inside of the axon goes from negative to positive (depolarization)

  1. The action potential goes through the dorsal root ganglion
    Goes into spinal cord. Action potential travels through tract.
  2. Sensory axon enters spinal cord and synapses with the brain.
    Interneuron between sensory neuron to area in gray matter
  3. Second neuron projects into thalamus
  4. Sensory pathway reaches the cerebral cortex. Decides what to do integration.
  5. Upper motor neuron execute’s motor command. Moves in efferent direction
  6. Connects with lower motor neuron. Makes contact with lower motor neuron in spinal cord.
  7. Lower motor neuron causes contraction of target skeletal muscle
162
Q

Which cations are important for depolarization

A

Sodium and potassium

163
Q

Ligand

A

Binds to receptor. chemical messenger

164
Q

Which sensory information travels through the thalamus?

A

All except smell

165
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A

Routes information to appropriate location

166
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

Innervated skeletal muscle

167
Q

How do you make the inside of a cell positive?

A

Let sodium in

168
Q

How do you make the inside of a cell negative?

A

Let potassium out through concentration. Gradient to reset

169
Q

Extra and intracellular conditions for conduction of action potentials

A

External environment needs high concentration of sodium

Internal environment needs higher concentration of potassium than the outside

170
Q

What is the neurotransmitter of skeletal muscles?

A

Acetylcholine

171
Q

When does sodium start to enter the axon?

A

When the voltage is greater than the threshold value of negative 55 millivolts

172
Q

When does the axon start to repolarize

A

When the voltage reaches positive 30 millivolts potassium starts to leave and sodium channels close

173
Q

Is acetylcholine excitatory or inhibitory?

A

Can be both

174
Q

Explain the function of ligandgated channels

A

1.When acetylcholine binds, the channel protein opens and things move down the concentration gradient.

2.Sodium rushes into cell calcium rushes into cell potassium leaves cell

175
Q

Explain how mechanically gated channels work

A
  1. Channel protein is always hollow.

When appropriate signal is received. Channel opens

Open in response to a physical deformation of receptor. Such as touch and pressure

176
Q

Give an example of a mechanically gated channel

A

Thermoreceptor

177
Q

Voltage-gated channels

A

Sense changes in voltage cell interior. Goes from negative to less negative.
Channels open and let certain ions go down. Concentration gradients

178
Q

Types of voltage-gated channels in neurons

A

Voltage gated sodium channels. Potassium channels

179
Q

Which ion concentration is higher in extracellular fluid?

A

Sodium

180
Q

Which ions concentration is higher in intracellular fluid?

A

Potassium

181
Q

Leaky channel

A

Sodium lets down concentration gradient in predictable regular interval. Autonomic nervous system adjusts to control base level heart rste

182
Q

Charge on inside of axon is more

A

Negative

183
Q

Give an example of leaky channels

A

Sodium channels in cardiac conduction system

184
Q

EPSP

A

Excitatory post synaptic potential

Tell cell to do something
sends excitatory signal

185
Q

IPSP

A

Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials

Tells neuron don’t send signal

186
Q

Where do signals add up

A

Axon hillock

187
Q

How do EPSPs affect the charge

A

Make cell more positive

188
Q

When do voltage-gated potassium channels open up?

A

After + 30 millivolts

189
Q

What is hyperpolarization?

A

Potassium ions continue to leave cell

-becomes more negative than normal resting point

190
Q

Normal resting point voltage of cells

A

-70 mV

191
Q

What is the function of hyperpolarization

A

Keep signals from overlapping or going backward

192
Q

Which channels are slower to close

A

Potassium channels

193
Q

When do potassium channels open?

A

Positive 30 millivolts

194
Q

How does the cell recover from hyperpolarization?

A

The sodium potassium pump restores concentration gradients

195
Q

Approximate value of hyperpolarization

A

-92 mV

196
Q

Explain how the sodium potassium pump moves

A

Three sodium out 2 potassium in

197
Q

Why does the sodium potassium pump need energy?

A

Cause it moves against the concentration gradient.
Sodium goes back out where the concentration is higher. Potassium goes in to where it’s more concentrated

198
Q

Explain voltage changes in neurons

A
  1. At rest -70mV
  2. Stimulus applied
  3. Depolarization ( voltage rises)
  4. +30 and repolarization (voltage falls)
  5. Hyperpolarization, and of AP
  6. Return to rest
199
Q

What causes hyperpolarization of the cell?

A

Potassium channels that are slow to close

200
Q

Why do decisions of action potentials happen at the axon hillock

A

Because all dendrites collect different charges and they taper at the axon hillock

201
Q

Calcium has higher concentration in

A

Extracellular fluid

202
Q

Exocytosis

A

Vesicles merge with plasma membrane to release content into extracellular space

203
Q

What happens when the action potential reaches the synaptic knob?

A
  1. AP causes synaptic knob to make voltage gated calcium channels to open
  2. Calcium goes in.
  3. When calcium goes in and reaches a certain concentration. it tells vesicles with neurotransmitter to get released via exocytosis.
  4. Neurotransmitter is released into the synaptic cleft
  5. Neurotransmitter diffuses and binds to ligandgated channels. Often sodium channels. Sodium goes into next cell
204
Q

Group C. Fibers

A

Nerve impulses move slowly because axons are nonmyelinated and small

No. Saltatory conduction

205
Q

Group a fibers

A

Somatic sensory and motor fibers

Serve skin skeletal muscles and joints

Largest diameter thick myelin

206
Q

Group B. Fibers

A

Lightly myelinated
Intermediate diameter
Transport impulses at average rate

207
Q

Which system do B &C fibers serve?

A

Autonomic nervous system motor fibers serving visceral organs.

Visceral sensory fibers, smaller somatic sensory fibers, transmit sensory impulses from skin

208
Q

What determines resting membrane potential

A

Distribution of sodium potassium, chlorine and plasma proteins

209
Q

What can make the inside of a cell less negative

A

Influx of sodium or increase in extracellular potassium which reduces the amount of potassium leaving through leakage channels p

210
Q

An influx of chlorine or a decrease in intracellular sodium can cause

A

Hyperpolarization

211
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

Cannot respond to other stimulus sodium channels open and become an active as they open and then start to close

212
Q

Relative refractory period

A

Cell can be stimulated with a stronger than normal stimulus

Sodium channels and resting state. Some potassium channels open resting potential reestablished

213
Q

Leakage channels contribute to

A

Resting membrane potential

214
Q

Describe the all or none phenomenon of action potentials

A

Action potential either occurs completely or does not happen if the threshold is not met

215
Q

How is stimulus intensity coded?

A

Impulses per second.
Stronger stimuli generate action potentials more frequently than weaker stimuli.
Frequency not amplitude

216
Q

Which substances are moved in anterograde movement

A

Mitochondria
Cytoskeletal elements

Membrane components used to renew axon plasma membrane

Enzymes needed to make neurotransmitters

217
Q

Which substances are moved in retrograde movement?

A

Organelles returning to cell body to be recycled

Tell cell body about conditions at axon terminals delivers vesicles containing signal molecules

218
Q

Which are the listeners of a neuron?

A

Cell body and dendrites

219
Q

Which type of axonal transport allows certain viruses to circumvent the barrier created by astrocytes

A

Some viruses and bacterial toxins that damage neural tissues use retrograde axonal transport to reach cell body

220
Q

Example of multipolar neurons

A

Motor neurons

221
Q

Function of motor neurons

A

Carry impulses away from CNS to effector organs

222
Q

A neuron with a distal peripheral process and a central process that extends to the central nervous system is most likely a

A

Sensory neuron

223
Q

What does the distal peripheral process of a sensory neuron do?

A

Sensory receptor

224
Q

What does the central process of a sensory neuron do?

A

Enter the central nervous system

225
Q

Chiefly found in ganglia of PNS

A

Unipolar neurons

226
Q

Most
Inter Neurons are confined within

A

CNS

227
Q

What makes up 99% of neurons in the body?

A

Interneurons

228
Q

Processes of interneurons

A

Multipolar

229
Q

Process classification of sensory neurons

A

Unipolar

230
Q

Parts of neurons

A

Dendrite soma axon and synapse

231
Q

Collaterals

A

Multiple branches of axon’s target different structures

232
Q

Collaterals emerge from

A

Myelinated nerve at myelin sheath gaps

233
Q

Where do you find short distance signals called grated potentials that travel toward the cell body?

A

Dendrites

234
Q

Graded potential

A

Localized changes in membrane potential. Usually in dendrites or soma

235
Q

What is the secretary region of a neuron?

A

Axon terminal

236
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Neurotransmitter used by post ganglionic neurons in sympathetic nervous system

237
Q

Function of norepinephrine

A

Feels good

Enhanced by amphetamines

Removal from synapse blocked by tricyclic, antidepressants and cocaine

238
Q

Function of serotonin

A

Inhibitory
Indirect action via second messengers
Sleep appetite, nausea, migraine, headaches regulating mood

239
Q

Which neurotransmitter acts as a natural opiate and inhibits pain?

A

Endorphins reduce pain perception under stress

240
Q

Drugs that block this neurotransmitter relieve anxiety and depression

A

Serotonin

241
Q

Spatial summation

A

Multiple local potentials occur at different places on the same cell at the same time. Post synaptic neuron is stimulated
by many pre-synaptic neurons

Huge numbers of receptors by neurotransmitters and start EPSPs

242
Q

Feel good. Neurotransmitter deficient in Parkinson’s disease

A

Dopamine

243
Q

Involved in wakefulness appetite, control, learning and memory

A

Histamine

244
Q

Grated potentials made at dendrites move through

A

Chemically gated ion channels

245
Q

Differences between electrical and chemical synapses

A

Chemical: lake that two neuron shout across

Electrical: like doorway electrical synapses makes simple way of synchronizing brain activity

246
Q

What kind of synapses are most abundant in the embryonic stage

A

Electrical synapses

247
Q

Which circuit type is involved with precise mathematical calculations?

A

Parallel

248
Q

Adenosine

A

Caffeine simultaneously blocking brain adenosine receptors.

Generally, inhibitory indirect action via second messengers

249
Q

Serial processing

A

Whole system works in predictable All or nothing manner

250
Q

Peptides with inhibitory opiate like actions

A

Endorphins

251
Q

Neurons

A

Nervous system cell that generates and transmits electrical signals

252
Q

Axon

A

Neuron process that carries action potentials away from body.

253
Q

Impulse

A

Self propagating wave of depolarization

254
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical messengers that help neurons communicate

255
Q

Sensory receptors

A

Cell or part of cell specialized to respond to a stimulus

256
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Responsible for controlling voluntary movements and processing sensory information

257
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Controls involuntary actions of the body

258
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

Fluid filled space at a synapse

259
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Sends sensory information from internal and external environment to CNS

260
Q

Relationship between nuclei and interneurons

A

nuclei contain interneurons. modulate flow of information. interneurons within nuclei can have inhibitory or excitatory effects on the neurons they connect with.

261
Q

Resting potential

A

-70 mV

262
Q

Depolarization

A

Loss of state of polarity.
Loss of negative membrane potential

263
Q

Repolarization

A

Return of the membrane potential to initial polarized state

264
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

Membrane becomes more negative than resting membrane potential

265
Q

Threshold potential

A

-55mV weakest stimulus capable of producing a response in an excitable tissue

266
Q

Action potential

A

Brief electrical impulse that sends information

267
Q

Acetylcholinesterase

A

Degrades acetylcholine and terminates it’s action at the neuromuscular junction and synapses

268
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

Synaptic connection between terminal end of a motor nerve and a muscle

269
Q

Convergence

A

Lets neuron receive input from many neurons in a network

270
Q

Divergence

A

One neuron can communicate with many other neurons in a network

271
Q

Neuronal pools

A

groups of interconnected neurons in CNS that work together to carry out a specific function.

272
Q

Explain the roles of K, Na, Cl and Ca in developing an action potential

A
  1. Potassium (K+): Potassium ions have a high concentration inside the cell compared to outside. This concentration gradient is maintained by the sodium-potassium pump. Potassium channels in the cell membrane allow K+ ions to flow out of the cell, making the interior of the cell more negative.
  2. Sodium (Na+): Sodium ions have a higher concentration outside the cell compared to inside. Sodium channels in the cell membrane allow Na+ ions to flow into the cell, making the interior more positive. This influx of positive charge depolarizes the cell.
  3. Chloride (Cl-): Chloride ions are also involved in establishing the resting membrane potential. Chloride channels allow Cl- ions to move across the cell membrane, helping to maintain the overall charge balance.
  4. Calcium (Ca2+): While calcium is not as directly involved in establishing the resting membrane potential as K+, Na+, and Cl-, it plays a crucial role in cell signaling and neurotransmitter release. Changes in intracellular Ca2+ levels can modulate the membrane potential and affect cellular communication.
273
Q

Difference between neurons and neuroglia

A

Neurons are the primary functional units of the nervous system, responsible for transmitting electrical and chemical signals. Neuroglia, or glial cells, provide support and protection for neurons, as well as maintaining homeostasis in the nervous system.

AP Tignor 1 (29 decks)

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