Chapter 6 Flashcards
1
Q
Neural tube is on
A
Dorsal side
2
Q
Gut tube is on
A
Ventral side
3
Q
Three primary brain vesicles
A
Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon
4
Q
Forebrain
A
Prosencephalon
5
Q
Midbrain
A
Mesencephalon
Contains corpora quadrigemina
6
Q
Rhombencephalon
A
Hindbrain
7
Q
Telencephalon turns to
A
Cerebrum
8
Q
Diencephalon turns to
A
Eye cup,
Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus ,
Pineal gland
9
Q
Mesencephalon
A
Turns to midbrain
10
Q
Metencephalon turns to
A
Pons and cerebellum
11
Q
Myelencephalon turns into
A
Medulla oblongata
12
Q
Prosencephalon turns to
A
telencephalon and diencephalon
13
Q
Rhombencephalon turns to
A
Metencephalon and myelencephalon
14
Q
When does the Neural tube separate into 5 secondary brain vesicles
A
5 weeks
15
Q
Thalamus
A
Executive secretary of brain. Passes all sensory info except for smell to the cerebral cortex.
Helps direct the activity of motor cortices from the cerebellum and the basal nuclei.
Mediates sensation, motor activities, cortical arousal, learning and memory. Gateway to cerebral cortex
16
Q
Integration happens at
A
Cerebral cortex
17
Q
Hypothalamus
A
Small, filled with nuclei. Core regulatory center for homeostasis. Controls body temp, thirst hunger.
3.Controls endocrine system function through various hormones
18
Q
Where do nervous and endocrine systems meet?
A
Hypothalamus
19
Q
Neurosensory neurons. Located in
A
Hypothalamus
20
Q
Neurosensory neurons function
A
Release hormones like tropins
21
Q
Tropins
A
Hormones that cause the release of other hormones into anterior and posterior pituitary
22
Q
Fast control system
A
Nervous system
23
Q
System responsible for sustained changes
A
Endocrine systems
24
Q
Corpora quadrigemina
A
Visual and auditory reflex centers
25
Pineal gland
Release of melatonin.(maintain circadian rhythm)
26
Midbrain location
Between diencephalon and pons
27
Pons
Bridge, connects medulla with midbrain. Connects upper and lower central nervous system
28
Cerebellum
Coordination and motor movements in the body
29
Medulla oblongata
Most inferior part of brain stem
30
Brain stem parts
Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
31
Contain critical homeostatic mechanisms for basic life functions
Pons and medulla
32
Pontine respiratory group location
In pons , medulla also has one
33
Medulla contains
Cardiac inhibitory center
Respiratory center
Cardiac accelerator center
34
Has critical controls for basic life functions
Brain stem
35
Spina bifida
Neural tube doesn't close properly, causes bulge known as meningocele
36
Meningocele
Filled with fluid and parts of meninges. Part of meninges outside of vertebral foramen
37
Myelomeningocele
Parts of meninges+ some fibers of spine.
Likely to cause developmental delays
38
Gyrus
Singular raised area on brain
39
Singular fold in brain
Sulcus
40
Folds in cerebral cortex do what?
Increase surface area
41
Cerebral cortex is made of
Grey matter
42
Gray matter is made of
Cell bodies and unmyelinated axons
43
Cerebrum
Largest part of brain. Has lobes
44
Deep to cerebral cortex is
White matter
45
White matter is mostly
Myelinated axons
46
Central sulcus
Divides frontal lobe from parietal lobe
47
Separates parietal lobe and frontal lobe
Temporal lobe with lateral sulcus on top of it
48
Divides cerebrum
Fissure divides into right and left hemispheres
49
Transverse fissure location
Between cerebrum and cerebellum
50
Cerebellum function
Motor coordination. Skeletal muscle movement
51
Medulla oblongata exits brain through
Foramen magnum of occipital bone
52
Neurocranium
Part of skull enclosing cranial cavity
53
After medulla oblongata exits the neurocranium it is called the
Spinal cord
54
Corpus callosum
Bridge of fibers. Connects right and left hemispheres. Lets two hemispheres communicate. Reaches into every major cortex. Integrates countless processes
55
Nerve fiber really means
Axon of individual neurons
56
Largest white matter structure in the brain
Corpus callosum
57
Why is corpus callosum important
Different functions develop in different hemispheres. However, certain actions can be mapped to a different area and of the brain that wasn't damaged
58
Region of higher order thinking especially in cerebral cortex takes place in
Frontal lobe
59
Motor cortex in which lobe?
Frontal
60
What does motor cortex do?
Maps motor neurons to various parts of body
61
Primary motor cortex in
Precentral gyrus
62
Primary motor cortex is responsible for
Voluntary movement
63
Primary somatosensory cortex location
Post-central gyrus
64
Primary somatosensory cortex function
Info from sensory receptors in skin, skeletal muscles and joints
65
Homunculus size of body parts is proportional to
Number of neural connections
66
Prefrontal cortex
Procedural memory, learning piano etc
67
Parietal lobe includes
Sensory cortex
68
Broadman's cyto tectonic maps
Map out how neurons connect to various regions of brain
69
Broca's area
Motor speech area. Damage in this area can prevent stroke victims from speaking. Directs muscles in speech production
70
Wernicke's area
Can say word but not always understand when this area is affected
71
Primary visual cortex
Info from optic nerves is processed
Moves towards middle to visual association areas
72
Triangle under corpus callosum
Hypothalamus "beak"
73
Label areas or cerebral cortex
See pictures
74
Thalamus location
Under corpus callosum
Behind "eye"
75
Thalamic adhesion
Connects both parts of thalamus medially. Flattened band of tissue
"Eye"
76
What is at end of hypothalamus?
Pituitary gland
77
Insula (see picture)
Lobe that hides in plain sight . Self awareness, interoception,pain processing
78
Nuclei
Pockets of grey matter
79
Nuclei
Pockets of grey matter buried deep in white matter
80
Ventricles filled with
Cerebrospinal fluid
81
Infundibulum
Connects pituitary gland to diencephalon
82
Coronal
Frontal
83
Cingulate gyrus
Helps regulate emotions and pain. Continuous arched lobe above corpus callosum. Gives emotional value to different experiences
84
Limbic lobe
Cingulate gyrus. Emotional brain. Has hippocampus and amygdala
Limbic system
85
What does pineal gland do?
Responds and regulates circadian rhythm
86
Arbor vitae
White matter in cerebellum that looks like tree. Brings sensory and motor info to and from cerebellum
87
Anterior lobe releases
Human growth hormone
Luteinizing hormone
Follicle stimulating hormone
Prolactin
Thyroid stimulating hormone
88
Posterior pituitary releases
Anti diuretic hormone
Oxytocin
89
Where are ADH and oxytocin made?
Hypothalamus
90
Four twins
Corpora quadrigemina
91
Superior coliculli
Rapidly process visual info. Top part of corpora quadrigemina
92
Inferior colliculi
Rapidly process auditory information
93
Lateral ventricle
Two lateral ventricles in each side of the brain
94
Third ventricle
Around thalamic adhesion
95
Fourth ventricle
Provides CSF around base of cerebellum
96
Cerebral aqueduct
Cavity that connects the third and fourth ventricles
97
CSF circulation extends also
Around surface of brain and surface of spinal cord. Down middle of cord in central canal
98
Describe the circulation of csf
Central part,
Outside of brain in sub arachnoid space, down through central canal and around edge of spinal cord and outside edge of spinal cord
99
Function of CSF
-Maintain ionic balance in nervous tissue
cushioning for brain tissue
-remove metabolic wastes from nervous tissue
100
How is CSF made?
Certain regions of lateral ventricles,
Third ventricle, some in fourth ventricle
101
Horns on lateral ventricles
Anterior and posterior horns
102
Choroid plexus
Layer of epyndymal cells with capillaries underneath. Astrocytes connect capillaries to epyndymal cells to produce CSF.
Capillary knot in brain ventricle, makes CSF.
Hang on roofs of ventricles
103
What happens to CSF? Gets made and
Recycled
104
Arachnoid granulations
Recycle CSF. Reabsorb CSF. Avoid accumulation of metabolic wastes.
Look like cauliflower block or broccoli, structures of arachnoid mater. Poke out through dura mater into superior saggital sinus
105
What makes CSF?
Choroid plexus
106
Why does CSF circulate?
Avoid accumulation of pressure and wastes
107
Fine tunes motor movements. Makes adjustments
Cerebellum
108
Keeps constant 3D map of where body parts are . Tells you to walk inclined slightly forward during windy day
Cerebellum
109
Signals of cerebellum
Afferent and efferent
110
Afferent signal of cerebellum goes through
Inferior olive of medulla oblongata
111
Descending signals of cerebellum to correct body movement move from
Out medulla oblongata and out through spinal cord to skeletal muscle
112
Why is brain highly vascularized?
It uses a lot of energy
113
Percentage of calories consumed by brain
25%
114
Preferred source of energy for brain?
Glucose
115
Anastomosis
Union or joining of nerves, blood vessels or lymphatic vessels
116
Why is circle of Willis important?
Lets blood flow to other parts of brain if one is clogged
117
Have foramen in transverse processes
Cervical vertebra. House vertebral arteries
118
Saggital suture
Down center of skull, fibrous joint in between parietal bones
119
Meningeal layers
Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater
120
Dura mater contains
Veins and arteries
121
Trabeculae
Fibrous strands that connect to pia mater below "column"
122
Tough mother
Dura mater
123
Arachnoid mater
Spider mother
124
Tender mother
Pia mater. On surface, over every gyrus and sulcus of cerebral cortex and spinal cord
125
Pia mater contains
Nerves
126
Most blood vessels in meninges are in
Subarachnoid space
127
Are there lymphatic vessels in brain?
Yes..think about lymphatic vessels when you think about blood vessels
128
Subarachnoid space
Space that has capillaries and trabeculae on top of pia mater
129
Meninges follow into fissures yes or no?
Yes
130
What does ethmoid bone do?
Has Crista galli. Attaches to falx cerebri acts as shock absorber. Connects meninges to front of skull
131
Cock's comb
Crista galli
132
Falx cerebri
Meninges dip into longitudinal fissure between cerebral hemispheres. Anteriorly attaches to Crista galli of ethmoid bone
133
Meningitis
Inflamation of any of the meninges
134
Compact bone is on
Outside
135
Trabeculae of bone is on
Inside
136
Subdural hematoma
Blood building up between the dura mater
Arachnoid mater
137
Meningeoma
Unwanted growth in meninges. cancer
138
In cranium, dura mater is
Directly adhered to inner surface of bones that make neurocranium
139
In spinal cord, dura mater is
Around spinal cord, but not attached to inside of vertebral foramen. Adipose tissue in epidural space between bone and dura mater. Arteries, veins and lymphatic vessels.
140
Why is dura mater not attached directly to vertebral foramen?
Allows for movement. Back can change shape.
141
Falx cerebelli
In between two parts of cerebellum.
142
Functions of sinuses
Make skull lighter,
Covered with mucous membranes, drain to nasal cavity.
Act as resonance chambers for sound.
143
Explain CSF circulation
1. CSF made in choroid plexus
2. CSF circulates down and around the spinal cord. Down middle of spinal cord through central canal and around the edge
3.eventually into arachnoid granulations
144
Superior saggital sinus function
Harvests deoxygenated blood as it's leaving the brain
145
Which arteries bring fresh oxygenated blood to brain?
Internal carotid artery, vertebral artery
146
Epyndymal cells associated with
Capillaries
147
What happens when fluid is caught up by arachnoid granulations?
CSF is reabsorbed and re-enters venous blood flow at that point
148
What causes CSF circulation?
Muscles involved in breathing.. More exercise, more CSF circulates
149
Tracts in spinal cord have which types of tracts
Ascending and descending tracts
150
What do tracts in spinal cord do?
Carry info to and from the brain. Similar to nerves. And to and from peripheral nervous system nerves
151
Where is white matter on spinal cord?
Outside
152
Where is grey matter on spinal cord inside
Horns
153
Types of horns
Posterior horns (long)
Lateral horn (sides)
Anterior horns (short, front)
154
What does central canal in spinal cord do?
CSF flows through center, gets more blocked up over time
155
Gray commisure
Bridge of grey matter from one side of spinal cord to the other
156
Anterior median fissure
Between anterior horns of spinal cord
157
Posterior median sulcus
Sulcus between both posterior horns
158
Nerves around spinal cord
Dorsal root and ventral root
159
Dorsal root ganglion
Emerges from dorsal root of spinal nerves
Cell bodies of unipolar sensory neurons arrive through. Which sense what's happening in body like digestive tract or blood vessels. Both somatic and skeletal muscles
160
What comes out of spinal cord
Fibers, neurons, dorsal root
161
Vertebral arteries are only found in which vertebra?
Cervical.
162
What is between vertebral bodies?
Intervertebral discs
163
Herniated disc
Presses against disc
164
Transverse foramen
Where arteries go
165
Vertebral foramen
Where spinal cord goes
166
Layers of Spinal cord
1.Vertebrae,
2.Epidural space(contains fat, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels)
3. Dura mater
4. Arachnoid mater
5. Subarachnoid space (CSF circulation here)
6. Pia mater
7. White matter
8. Grey matter
167
Ventral root shape
Thinner than dorsal root
168
What does ventral root carry?
Efferent direction.
Mostly motor neurons
169
Spinal nerve
Ventral root+ dorsal root
170
Lateralization
Each hemisphere has unique abilities not completely shared by partner
171
Left hemisphere has greater control over
Language abilities, math, logic. Compose sentence, add numbers, memorize a list
172
Right hemisphere has more control over
Visual spatial skills, intuition, emotion, artistic musical skills
173
Aqueductal stenosis
Prevents flow of CSF between 3rd(looks like chicken head) and fourth ventricles (looks like chicken neck or diamond)
174
How do lateral ventricles connect with third ventricle?
Interventricular foramen
175
How does third ventricle connect to fourth ventricle?
Cerebral aqueduct. Runs through midbrain
176
Multimodal association cortex
Sensations, thoughts and emotions come together to make us who we are
177
Function of cerebral cortex
Holds conscious mind. "Executive suite" of nervous system. Lets us be aware of ourselves and sensations
178
Accounts for 40% of brain mass
Cerebral cortex
179
Connect corresponding grey areas of 2 hemispheres
Commisural fibers. Let two hemispheres work together to do things
180
Largest commisure in body
Corpus callosum
181
Connect different cortical lobes
Long association fibers
182
Basal nuclei function
Start, stop and monitor intensity of movements caused by cortex. Stop unnecessary movement
183
Post-central gyrus of parietal lobe function?
Sensory
184
Cerebral aqueduct
Slender cavity of midbrain. Connects third and fourth ventricles
185
Frontal lobe function
Thinking, planning, organizing, problem solving, short term memory
186
Spinal nerves
31 nerve pairs that arise from the spinal cord
187
Precentral gyrus of cerebrum function
Motor functions
188
Damage to left primary motor cortex leads to
Paralysis of voluntary muscle control on right side of body
189
Destruction of premotor cortex results in
Loss of motor skills programmed by that region. Does not affect muscle strength or ability to do certain things.
190
Damage to Primary visual cortex
Very back, leads to functional blindness. Receives info from retina of eye
191
Visual association area
Uses past visual experiences to interpret visual stimuli
192
Damage to visual association area
Can see but can't comprehend what they're looking at
193
All structures from CNS originate from
Neural tube
194
Contrecoup injury
Brain bounces and hits opposite side
195
Primary auditory cortex
Gets info from hearing receptors in inner ear. Pitch, loudness, location
196
Auditory association area
perception of the sound stimulus. Memories of past sounds are stored there for reference.
197
Wernicke's area is part of which cortex?
Auditory cortex
198
Primary olfactory cortex is where?
Medial aspect of temporal lobe
199
Gustatory cortex is
In insula, deep to temporal lobe
200
Vertibulat cortex location
Conscious awareness of balance. Posterior part of insula and adjacent parietal cortex
201
Which landmark separates cerebral hemispheres
Longitudinal fissure
202
Projection fibers
Projection tracts. White matter tracts that connects cortex with many other areas in CNS , deep nuclei, brain stem, cerebellum, spine
203
Projection fibers enter cerebral hemispheres from
Lower brain or cord centers, leave cortex to travel to lower areas
204
Association fibers
Connect different parts of the same hemisphere.
205
Short association fibers connect
Adjacent gyri
206
Long association fibers
Bundled into tracts, connect different lobes on same hemisphere
207
Damage to posterior association area can result in
Feeling that body part doesn't belong
Recognizing patterns and faces. Understanding and language
208
Filter out incorrect or inappropriate responses passing only best response to the cortex
Basal nuclei
209
Disorders of basal nuclei include
Huntington's disease Parkinson's disease
210
Multimodal association cortex
Sensations emotions and thoughts make us who we are.
211
Multimodal association cortex allows us to
Receive store and connect with previous experience and knowledge. Sensations thoughts and emotions become conscious
212
Posterior association area function
Encompasses parietal, temporal, occipital lobes. Pattern recognition. Localizing us in space ..
213
Tumors or lesions in anterior association area cause
Mental and personality disorders loss of judgment attentiveness and inhibitions
214
Function of reticular formation
Keeps cerebral cortex alert and conscious
Enhances excitability of cerebral cortex
215
Hypothesis for psychosomatic illnesses
Increased activity from hypothalamus from stress may increase activity of hypothalamus is governing other functions like blood pressure
216
Cephalizataion
Concentration at front of head of neurons
217
Mass of average adult human brain
1500g
218
Encephalo
Brain
219
Caudal
Towards tail
220
Posterior portion of neural tube becomes
Spinal cord
221
What causes psychosomatic illness
Increased activity in hypothalamus from stress might increase the activity in hypothalamus governing other functions like blood pressure
222
Psychosomatic illnesses , why?
Psychological condition leads to physical symptoms
Most limbic system output goes through hypothalamus. Switchboard for autonomic and emotional response. Can cause high BP and heartburn
223
Inability to filter out sensory information may implicate which brain structure?
Reticular activating system
224
Reticular activating system
Filters out sensory input, repetitive, familiar/weak signals get ignored. Unusual impulses reach consciousness. Would notice if watch fell off, but wouldn't notice it when you're wearing it.
Tells you what to pay attention to
225
What gets you to disregard 99% of sensory stimuli?
Cerebral cortex & RAS
226
Limbic system
Emotional visceral brain
227
Epithalamus
Has pineal gland.
228
What does amygdaloid body do?
-assess danger
-elicit fear response
-recognize fear
-responds to perceived threats with fear or aggression
229
Cingulate gyrus cingulate gyrus
Resolves mental conflicts when frustrated.
Expresses emotions when frustrated
230
What part of brain triggers emotional responses by odors
Limbic system
231
Rhinencephalon
Smell brain, in limbic system
232
Main visceral control center of the body
Hypothalamus
233
Autonomic reflex center
Medulla oblongata
234
How do medulla and hypothalamus work together?
Hypothalamus gives instructions through giving instructions through medullary reticular centers
235
Enables us to be aware of ourselves, sensations, communicate, remember, understand, initiate voluntary movements
Cerebral cortex
236
Provides timings and appropriate patterns for skeletal muscle contractions
Cerebellum
237
What do nuclei of pons do?
Some are part of reticular formation and others help medulla oblongata maintain normal rate of breathing
238
Cerebellar peduncules
Connect cerebellum to brainstem. Three paired fiber tracts
239
Ipsilateral
From and to same side of body
240
Describe fiber distribution to and from cerebral cortex?
Contralateral
241
Superior cerebellar peduncules
Connect cerebellum and midbrain. No direct connection to cerebral cortex. Carry instructions from neurons in deep cerebellar nuclei to cerebral motor cortex using thalamic relays
242
Middle cerebellar peduncules
One way communications from pons to cerebellum. Advises cerebellum of voluntary motor activities initiated by motor cortex
243
Inferior cerebellar peduncules
Connect medulla and cerebellum. Give sensory information to cerebellum from muscle proprioceptors &
2. Vestibular nuclei
244
Periaqueductal grey matter
Pain suppression links fear receiving amygdaloid body and ANS pathway that controls fight or flight
245
Red nucleus
Rich blood supply.
Relay nuclei in descending motor pathways that cause limb flexion. Embedded in reticular formation
246
System of small nuclei scattered through core of brain stem
Reticular formation
247
Substantia nigra
Linked to basal nuclei.
248
Cause of Parkinson's disease?
Degeneration of dopamine releasing neurons substantia nigra
249
Pyramidal tract
Relay info from motor cortex to skeletal muscle
250
Pons function
Has some nuclei that are part of reticular formation and some that help medulla oblongata maintain normal rhythm of breathing
251
Pons
Bridge
252
Deep projection fibers of pons
Pathway to higher brain centers and spinal cord
253
Superficial ventral fibers
Relay conversations between motor cortex and cerebellum
254
Thalamus function
Sorts and edits sensory information ascending to cerebral cortex
255
Epithalamus associated with which gland?
Pineal, secretes melatonin to induce sleep
256
Midbrain function
Controls visual reflexes that coordinate head and eye movement when following moving objects
257
Medulla oblongata function
Autonomic reflex center that helps keep homeostasis. Cardiovascular center, respiratory centers, sneezing, vomiting, hiccups, swallow and coughing
258
Which cranial nerve pairs issue from pontine nuclei?
Trigeminal, abducens, facial
259
Which part of the brain makes dopamine?
Substantia nigra inside of midbrain white matter
260
Functions of brain stem
Rigidly programmed behaviors for survival
Grey on inside, white on outside
Associated with 10 of the 12 cranial nerves
261
Main functions of hypothalamus
1.Control autonomic nervous system
2.Initiate physical responses to emotions
3.Regulate body temperature
4.Regulate food intake
5.Regulate water balance and thirst
6.Regulate sleep wake cycles
7.Control endocrine system function
262
Superior colliculi
coordinate head and eye movements when we visually follow a moving object, even if we are not consciously looking at it.
263
Tectum
Midbrain's roof
264
Drugs that inhibit this region promote unconsciousness
Reticular activating system
265
Location of limbic system
Medial aspect of each cerebral hemisphere and diencephalon.
266
Amygdaloid body
Almond shaped nucleus..responds to perceived threats. Angry or fearful facial expressions with fear or aggression
267
Is emotional visceral brain
Limbic system
268
Expressing emotions through gestures. Resolving mental conflicts
Cingulate gyrus
269
What area of the brain is affected in capgrass syndrome?Think that loved ones are impostors. Loss of connection between image one sees and emotions associated with that image
Amygdaloid body and other parts of limbic system
270
Which parts of the cerebellar cortex influence the motor activities of trunk and girdle muscles
Medial parts of each hemisphere
271
Which parts of the cerebellum's cortex adjusts posture to maintain balance?
Flocculonodular lobes
272
Which part of the cerebellar cortex plans movements instead of executing them
Lateralmost
273
Which part of the cerebellar cortex influences distal parts of limbs and skilled movements
Intermediate parts of each hemisphere
274
Which part of the cerebellar cortex influences movement of the trunk and girdle muscles
Medial portions
275
Sensory axons carrying information about touch pain and temperature synapse on reticular activating system neurons in the
Brain stem
276
Explain cerebellar processing
Cerebellum receives information from proprioceptors
Cerebellar cortex calculates Force direction and extent of muscle contraction
When motor cortex says smooth cerebellum must ensure coordinated movement. Keep posture in mind when calculating movement
277
All fibers entering and leaving the cerebellum are
ipsilateral
278
In motor cortex muscle is controlled by the ___ brain
Contralateral brain. Damage to one side affects the opposite side
279
What does it mean for cerebellar control to be ipsilateral?
The right side of cerebellum affects right side of body
280
Peduncles
Connect cerebellum to rest of brain
281
Severe injury to reticular activating system results in
Permanent unconsciousness. Sends continuous stream of impulses to cerebral cortex. Keeps cortex alert and conscious.
282
Reticular formation extends through
Central core of medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain
283
Does not only receive motor information for proprioception
Cerebellum. Please roll in thinking language and emotion. May compare actual output with expected output
284
The startle reflex involves which part of the midbrain?
Inferior colliculi. Send info from hearing receptors to auditory cortex. Reflexive responses to sound
285
Gray matter areas of the diencephalon enclose which of the following structures?
Third ventricle
286
Which areas of the brain help regulate the sleep wake cycle
The epithalamus and the hypothalamus
287
What is the major pathway between the higher brain centers and the spinal cord
Pons
288
What is the major pathway between the cerebellum and the motor cortex
Pons
289
Ponds is chiefly made up of which kind of tracts?
Conduction tracts
290
Parts of diencephalon
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus
291
Primary somatosensory cortex function
Receive information from skin and proprioceptors
Tell the brain of body's position in space. Neurons identify the body region being stimulated.
292
Spatial discrimination
Being able to identify the body region being stimulated
293
Proprioceptors
Sensory receptors located in a joint, muscle or tendon. Related to locomotion, posture and muscle tone
294
Master gland that controls endocrine system
Pituitary gland
