2 Flashcards
90% of elements in human body
CHON
Calcium phosphate
Salt that makes bones hard
K
Dissolved electrolyte in blood plasma. Helps conduct AP
S
Helps fold proteins .
Part of cystine makes disulfur bridges
Na
Important for sending messages, nervous system function, muscle contraction.
Mg
Enzyme cofactor
What do trace element metals do
Enzyme cofactors
Give right shape.
Ex. Iron in hemoglobin helps give it the correct shape
Natrium
Sodium
Isotopes
Same number of protons, different number of neutrons
Mass of proton and neutron
1 amu
Mass of e
1/2000 amu
Atomic mass comes from
Average of all naturally occuring isotopes
I
Makes T3 & T4 needed for thyroid
Hydrolysis
Breaking bonds using water
Helps break down bio macromolecules
Release energy
Dehydration synthesis
Making molecules taking water away
Build up bio macromolecules
Rows of periodic table indicate
Orbitals
Electrons in first orbital
2
Why is C good at making bio macromolecules
Light weight
Can form 4 covalent bonds.
Columns in periodic table indicate what
Valence electrons
Protium
Most common form of H
One proton one e
Deuterium
1 proton, 1e, 1 neutron
Tritium
1 p
1e
2 n
PET scan
Can get physiological information
Most common
Fluorine isotope that is attached to glucose
Shows hotspots for rapidly dividing cells. Good for diagnosing Cancer
Octet rule
Atoms will always seek to fill their Valence shells with 8 electrons. Except for hydrogen and helium
CH4 has what kind of bonds?
Covalent
Ionic bonds
Opposites attract
NaCl
Elements from opposite ends of periodic table are very likely to attract eachother
Loses an electron one gains e
Polar
Covalent bonds
Sharing electrons
O2
Double count shared electron
O2
Final electron acceptor
Polar covalent bond
Difference in electronegativity draws shared e to one side of molecule
H20
Universal solvent
Water, can dissolve more substances than any other substance
Hydrogen bonds
Weak bond in between slight positive charge of water and slight negative charge of water.
Hydrogen bonds example
Weak H bonds between amino acids and proteins lead to secondary protein structure
Causes alpha Helix or beta pleated sheets
Gives DNA it’s shape
Helps unzip to make copies
Anabolic reaction
Needs energy to make a more complicated substance. Energy is stored in bond
Catabolic reaction
Splits up and releases energy
Glucose+fructose=
Sucrose
Exchange reaction
Bonds are broken and made. Components are rearranged
How does NaCl dissociate
Sodium that gave e is more positive and surrounded by water. It’s attracted to the negative dipole in water.
Cl that accepted Na e is negative and it’s attracted to the positive side of water.
Dehydration synthesis anabolic or catabolic
Anabolic
Monosaccharides formula
C6H12O6
Monosaccharides examples
Glucose,
Fructose,
Galactose
Which is the sugar in dna
Deoxyribose in DNA
Ribose in
RNA
Disaccharides examples
Two monosaccharides joined together.
Sucrose, lactose and maltose
Amylose
Type of starch
Glycogen
Stored in skeletal muscle
Built up through anabolic reactions. Or in liver for energy
Carbohydrates elements
CHO
Triglyceride
3 fatty acids bound to glycerol by dehydration synthesis
Makes 3 waters
Saturated fats
All carbons have single bonds
Solid at room temperature
Butter
Unsaturated fatty acids
Two carbons are double bound. Liquid at room temperature
Olive oil
Phospholipids
Gets rid of one fatty acid tail. Swap out for phosphate containing group.
Make cell membrane. Heads face outside. Makes semi-permeable membrane
Sterols
Most common is cholesterol that is basis for all steroids as well as membrane stabilizer
Prostaglandins
Fatty acids that are signaling molecules
Lipids contain which elements?
CHO
Protein monomers
Aminoacids
Components of aminoacids
Carboxl group
R chain
Amino group
Alpha carbon
Only thing that varies in amino acid
R group
Amino acids are like letters of alphabet.
Tryptophan
Precursor to serotonin and melatonin. Eating a lot of turkey can make you sleepy
Peptide bond
Two aminoacids join via dehydration synthesis
Central Central dogma
DNA>RNA
Make mRNA template
Use tRNA to bring appropriate amino acids. Join together to make peptide bonds.
Make long strand.
When it folds in the right way, protein is made
>PROTEIN
Primary structure of protein
Aminoacids chain
Order of aminoacids.
Connected by peptide bonds (covalent bonds made by dehydration synthesis)
Secondary protein structure
Important weak hydrogen bonds form causing alpha helix or beta plated sheets
Tertiary structure
Covalent bonding between r groups.
Cistine to Cistine disulfur Bridges
Quaternary structure
Made up of multiple subunits with tertiary structure of proteins
Proteins coming together
pH of blood
7.35-7.45
What is the consequence of pH changes in the blood
Causes protein to unfold because of damage to weak hydrogen bonds.
Secondary structure is damaged and then tertiary structure is damaged
Denaturing of a protein
Permanent damage to protein that causes protein to unfold preventing function
Functional proteins
Enzymes
Examples of enzymes
Salivary amylase
Lactase
Catalase
Functions of enzymes
- Lowers the level of activation energy needed to carry out the reaction
Physically manipulates the reactants to lower the energy required for a reaction.
2. Speeds up reaction (acts as catalyst)
- Do not get used up
Slow catalase
Breaks down H2O2 turning into water and oxygen can carry out reaction 10-15 million times a second.
Explain the process of enzymatic reactions
- Substrates (reactants) bind to active sites of enzyme
- Form enzyme substrate complex to create a product
- Product detaches and process can repeat. Enzyme is in same shape it was in the beginning.
Each step of glycolysis requires which type of protein?
Enzyme
Structural proteins
Hair structure,
Strong links,
Weak links
Keratin
Type of structural protein that creates strength and protection
Most abundant protein in human body
Collagen
Collagen
Triple helix
Structural protein
Elastin
Has cross links that let it behave like a spring
Makes elastic cartilage of ear
Dense elastic connective tissue
Part of aorta
Lets aorta open and close
Nucleic acids monomers
Nucleotides + phosphate sugar backbone
C binds to _ in DNA
A binds to _ in DNA
C-G
A-T
In RNA
C-_
A-_
C-G
A-U
Backbone of nucleic acids
Sugar phosphate
How many bonds between A-T
2 Hydrogen bonds
How many bonds between C-G
3 Hydrogen bonds
Which bonds in nucleic acids are covalent?
On edges. Bind to sugar phosphate backbone.
Bonds between nucleotides are
Hydrogen bonds
Process of DNA to RNA
Transcription
RNA to protein
Translation
What is reverse transcription?
RNA to DNA
Can be caused by viruses.
Types of RNA
mRNA
tRNA
rRNA
mRNA
Template used by ribosomal RNA to make protein.
Carries coded information to cytoplasm where protein synthesis starts
Ribosomal RNA
Translates mRNA into protein.
Two subunits. One large and one small. Combine to make functional ribosomes.
Site of protein synthesis
Parts of nucleotides
Phosphate group
Pentose sugar
Nitrogenous base
tRNA
Ferry aminoacids to ribosomes. Decode mRNA’s message for aminoacid sequence in the polypeptide to be built
Where are types of RNA from
DNA in nucleus . DNA helix splits and is replicated by a complimentary RNA strand
Properties of water
- Universal Solvent: Dissolves more substances than any other substance. All chemical reactions depend on solvent properties. Great at transporting electrolytes and nutrients.
- High heat of vaporization.
Hydrogen bonds make water require a lot of energy to change from one state of matter to another. So it has high heat of vaporization. As sweat evaporates from skin, large amounts of heat leave causing us to cool down. - High heat capacity:
Prevents rapid changes of body temperature since it requires a lot of energy to raise it’s temperature. Redistributes heat throughout body tissues.
Protects from excess heat throughout exposure or muscle activity.
