Chap 2 Chemistry And Biochem Flashcards
1
Q
Biochemistry
A
Chemical composition and reactions of living things
2
Q
Types of chemicals in the body
A
Organic
Inorganic
3
Q
Organic compounds
A
Have carbon
Made by living things
4
Q
Types of bonds in all organic compounds
A
Covalent
Usually large
5
Q
Inorganic compounds
A
Don’t have carbon
6
Q
Examples of inorganic compounds
A
Water, salts, acids, bases
7
Q
Exceptions of inorganic compounds
A
CO2 & CO
Have carbon but considered inorganic
8
Q
T o F Both organic and inorganic compounds are important?
A
True
9
Q
Water makes up what volume of living things?
A
60-80%
10
Q
Most abundant and important inorganic compound?
A
Water
11
Q
What properties make water special?
A
1.High heat capacity
2.High heat vaporization
3. Polar solvent properties
12
Q
Why is high heat capacity useful?
A
Prevents changes in temperature. Takes a lot of energy to change it’s temperature so it’s good at maintaining stable conditions.
13
Q
Why is high heat of vaporization useful?
A
Takes a lot of energy for water to evaporate. Helps cool when sweat. Our body releases large amounts of energy to make sweat evaporate, cooling us off in the process
14
Q
Why are polar solvent properties useful?
A
Biological molecules don’t react unless they’re in solution. All reactions in the body depend on water’s solvent properties. Good at attracting molecules and surrounding them
Can transport things
15
Q
Hydration layers
A
Layers of water molecules around large charged molecules. Protects from other charged molecules & prevents them from settling out of solution.
16
Q
Biological colloids
A
Protein water mixtures
Blood plasma
CSF
17
Q
Importance of Reactivity in water
A
Water is an important chemical reactant in many reactions. Breaking down food molecules through hydrolysis
18
Q
Importance of water’s cushioning
A
Not compressible but it can flow. Form cushions around organs. Protects from trauma. CSF
19
Q
Salt
A
Ionic compound. Has cations other than H+
Anions other than OH-
Dissociates into components
20
Q
Electrolytes
A
Substances that conduct electrical currents when in solution.
All ions
21
Q
Examples of common salts in the body
A
NaCl,
CaCO3
KCl
22
Q
Most plentiful salts in body
A
Calcium phosphates that make bones and teeth hard
23
Q
What are salts good for?
A
Na &K ions important for muscle contractions
Fe ions make hemoglobin
Zn and Cu maintain enzyme activity
24
Q
Are acids and bases electrolytes?
A
Yes they dissociate and can conduct electrical currents
25
Acids properties
Dissolve metals, sour taste. Releases H+ ions
Proton donor because H+ is only proton
26
What determines the acidity of a solution?
H+ concentration
27
What's a good way to recognize the formula for an acid?
It will have an H in the beginning
28
Bases properties
Bitter taste, feel slippery, proton acceptors
29
Common inorganic bases
Hydroxides, dissolve in water but liberate OH- and cations
30
Bicarbonate ion importance
Important base in body, abundant in blood
31
What does Ammonia do?
Base.Common waste product of protein breakdown in body.
Attracts protons with it's one pair of unshared electrons. Ammonia becomes ammonium
32
What do pH units measure?
Relative concentration of H ions in body fluids
33
Each change of pH represents a ____X change in H+ concentration
10
34
Formal definition of pH
Negative log of H+ concentration in Moles/Liter
35
When is a solution neutral
pH=pOH
36
life preserving enzymes in body work within narrow pH range. T or F
True
37
Buffers
Resist abrupt and large swings in pH of body fluids by releasing and binding H as needed
38
What are buffers made of ?
Weak acid, weak base
39
Explain the bicarbonate buffer system
1. Carbonic acid dissociates into bicarbonate and a proton
2. When blood pH lowers (more acidic) bicarbonate binds H+
when blood pH is higher carbonic acid releases H
Strong bases are turned to weak bases and protons are bound to make weak acids
40
Electroneutral
Never loses or gain electrons
41
Why is carbon's electroneutrality important?
Makes 4 covalent bonds, can make long chains, never loses or gains electrons
Can make various different shapes
42
Macromolecules
Complex molecules containing thousands of atoms.
43
Which process binds monomers?
Dehydration synthesis
44
Explain dehydration synthesis
1. A Hydrogen is removed from one monomer and a hydroxyl is removed from the monomer that it will be joined with. A water molecules is removed from the bond site each time more monomers bind
45
Hydrolysis
Molecules split using water
46
Functional groups
Parts of organic molecules where reactions occur.
47
What percentage of cell mass are carbs?
1-2%
48
Ratio of H and O in carbohydrates
2:1
Hydrated carbon
49
Ways to classify carbohydrates
Size and solubility
50
Classification by size
Monosaccharide
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
51
What is more soluble in water monosaccharide or polysaccharide?
Monosaccharide..
Bigger molecules are less soluble
52
Monosaccharides
Single ring or single chain 3-7 carbon atoms
53
Ratio of monosaccharides and formula
1:2:1
(CH2O)n
n= number of carbons in the sugar
54
Which monosaccharides are most important in the body?
Pentose and hexose
55
Example of pentose
Deoxyribose
56
Example of hexose
Glucose
57
Isomers
Same formula, different arrangement so different chemical properties
58
Examples of isomers of glucose
Galactose
Fructose
59
Disaccharides
Double sugars
Formed by dehydration synthesis
60
Disaccharides
Sucrose
Lactose
Maltose
61
Sucrose
Glucose + fructose
Cane sugar
62
Can disaccharides go through cell membrane?
No must be hydrolysed to monosaccharides
63
Polysaccharides
Polymers of simple sugars
Storage
64
Important polysaccharides
Glycogen
Starch
(Polymers of glucose)
65
Starch
Storage carb made by plants
Found in grains and potatoes
66
Cellulose function
Not digested
Bulk of fiber
67
Glycogen stored in
Liver and skeletal muscle
68
How is glycogen used?
Muscles use it to move
Liver uses it to maintain blood sugar. Let's body cells get fuel
69
Carbohydrates roles
Ready, easily used source of fuel
Most cells can only use simple sugars like glucose
70
Lipids dissolve in
Other lipids sand alcohol and ether
71
Amount of oxygen in lipids is higher or lower?
Lower
72
Triglycerides
Major form of stored energy in the body
Fat deposits in subcutaneous tissue and around organs. Protect and insulate organs.
73
Phospholipids
Chief part of cell membrane
Transport lipids in blood. Part of lipoproteins
74
Types of steroids
Cholesterol
Bile salts
Vitamin D
Sex hormones
Corticosteroids
75
Cholesterol
Component of all cell membranes
Starts synthesis of all body steroids
76
corticosteroids
cortisol
aldosterone
77
Bile salts
Made by breakdown of cholesterol,
released by liver into digestive tract to help with fat digestion and absorption.
78
Vitamin D
Made in skin after UV radiation touches skin
Needed for bone growth and function
79
Sex hormones
Estrogens and progesterone
made in gonads
80
cortisol
maintains glucose levels
81
Aldosterone
regulates salt and water balance, targeting kidneys
82
Fat soluble vitamins
ADEK
83
Eicosanoids
prostaglandins and thromboxanes
made from fatty acids found in all cell membranes
84
Prostaglandins
functions
promote inflamation
stim. contractions
regulate BP
controlling GI movement
Blood clotting
85
Thromboxanes
powerful vasoconstrictors
86
Lipoproteins
Lipid and protein based substances, transport fatty acids and cholesterol in blood
Major kinds are High density and Low density
87
Glycolipids
Parts of Cell membranes
Carbs attached to lipids determine blood type.
help cell recognition and recognition of foreign substances
88
Triglycerides are known as ____ when solid
fats
89
Triglycerides are known as ___ when liquid
oils
90
Most efficient and compact form of stored energy?
Triglycerides
91
When do triglycerides yield large amounts of energy?
When oxidized
92
Building blocks of triglycerides?
Three fatty acids and a glycerol
93
Fatty acids
Hydrocarbon chains that end with COOH
94
Glycerol
modified simple sugar (sugar alcohol)
95
Why do fats have to be broken down to absorb?
Oil and water don't mix. Ingested fats and oils must be broken down to their building blocks. Polar and nonpolar don't interact.
96
Why are woman better english channel swimmers?
The fat helps insulate them from cold water
97
Saturated fats
single covalent bonds
straight chains
solid at room temp because closely packed
98
Unsaturated fats
one or more double bonds (mono or poly unsaturated)
kinked chains, can't solidify.
More heart healthy
99
Trans fats
oils that are solidified by adding H at carbon double bonds. Increase heart disease risk
100
Omega 3 fatty acids benefits
Decrease risk of heart disease and inflammatory diseases
101
Difference between phsopholipids and triglycerides
2 fatty acids and a phosphate
102
Steroids structure
flat, four interlocking hydrocarbons. Fat soluble, little oxygen
103
Most important molecule in steroid chemistry
Cholesterol
104
Sources of cholesterol?
eggs, meat, cheese, liver
105
Atherosclerosis
Fat buildup in walls of arteries
106
NSAIDS
Non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, ibuprofen. Block actions of prostaglandins
107
Percentage of proteins in cell mass?
10-30%
108
basic structural material of body
proteins
109
Structural proteins
mechanical support, example, collagen most abundant protein in body
110
Enzyme proteins
needed for all biochemical reactions. disaccharidases hydrolyze disaccharides, proteases hydrolyze proteins. oxidase oxidizes food fuels
111
transport proteins
move substances in blood or across membrane. Hemoglobin or transport proteins in cell membrane.
112
Contractile proteins
movement
actin and myosin cause muscle contraction. help during cell division
113
Communication proteins
transmitting signals between cells. Cheical messengers. Insulin
114
Defensive proteins
protect against disease. Antibodies bind and inactivate foreign substances
115
building blocks of proteins
aminoacids
116
Parts of aminoacids
Amine group and acid group
117
t/f amino acid can act as base or acid
true
118
what makes aminoacids chemically unique?
R groups
119
elements in aminoacids
CHON 2 have S
120
How do aminoacids bind?
dehydration synthesis, the amine ends and amino acid groups are bound.
121
peptide bond
joins aminoacids
binds carboxyl group to amine group. loss of h2o
122
polypeptide
10 or more aminoacids bound
123
how many common aminoacids?
20
124
Primary structure of proteins
Amino acid chains. linear sequence of aminoacids
125
secondary structure
alpha helices or beta pleated sheets
126
tertiary structure
secondary structures are folded to globular form. Involves R groups on secondary structure are attracted to eachother
127
quartenary structure
Two or more polypeptides with tertiary structure combine
128
most common type of secondary structure
alpha helix. Stabilized by hydrogen bonds between NH ans CO. Link different parts of same chain together
129
T/F Beta pleated sheetscan be made of different polypeptides
T?
130
Transthyretin
transports thyroid hormone
131
What determines the structure of a protein
its primary structure
132
positions of hydrophillic and hydrophobic aminoacids in proteins
hydrophillic near surface, hydrophobic in core
133
Most abundant protein in body
collagen
134
characteristics of fibrous proteins
contractile some
insoluble in water
135
Functional proteins characteristics
globular; compact sphereical, have at least tertiary structure, water soluble, chemically active. immunity, hormones, transport
136
Are globular proteins stable or unstable?
unstable
137
What causes hydrogen bonds to break?
low pH
High temp
138
Denatured proteins
Proteins unfold because hydrogen bonds due to changes in pH or temperature
139
irreversibly denatured
protein can't go back to original form. Chaneg in conditions too extreme. Scrambled egg
140
active sites
regions that fit and interact chemically with other complimentary molecules.
141
How can enzymes be destroyed?
active site destroyed through denaturation because of extreme changes.
142
Can enzymes force molecules to react?
NO
143
apoenzyme
protein portion of an enzyme
144
cofactor
metal ion or organic molecule needed for enzymatic activity
145
holoenzyme
apoenzyme+cofactor
146
Substrate
Substance an enzyme acts on
147
catalytic activity happens at
active site
148
are enzymes chemically specific?
yes, certian enzymes only bind to certain chemicals or certain groups of chemicals
149
Do enzymes require activation?
some of them, this keeps enzymes from functioning where they're not supposed to
150
Activation energy
amount of energy needed for reaction to occur
151
When do you need activation energy?
for all reactions, regardless of endergonic or exergonic
152
How do enzymes speed up reactions?
By lowering the activation energy needed to function
153
Explain the mechanism of enzyme activation
E+S-> E-S ->P+E
1. active site changes shape to bind substrate
2. ES complex rearrages internally to make products. then returns to original shape
3. Enzyme can catalyze millions of times within a minute
154
Enzyme inhibitor
subtance shaped like substrate blocks binding site
155
Which example of protein structure involves interactions between the R-groups of distantly positioned amino acids along the polypeptide chain?
tertiary structure
156
Which bonds within ATP are considered “high-energy”?
-phosphate -phosphate
bond between 2nd and third phosphate groups gives energy transferred to other molecules during cellular work
157
largest molecules in the body?
nucleic acids DNA RNA
158
DNA
in nucleus, genetic material, genome
159
Roles of DNA
Replicates
Instructions for building every protein
160
Major cellular site of RNA
Cytoplasm
161
Major functions of RNA
genetic instructions for protein synthesis
162
Structure of RNA
single strand, straight or folded
163
sugar in RNA
ribose
164
Bases in RNA
AG CU
165
Major cellular site of DNA
Nucleus
166
structure of DNA , sugar, bases
doublehelix, deoxyribose, AG CT
167
uses of DNA
fingerprinting, paternity tests, crime identification of body
168
molecular slave of DNA
RNA except for viruses where rna is the main genetic material
169
Types of RNA
rRNA
tRNA
mRNA
170
microRNA
Small RNA molecules
171
nucleotides
structural units of nucleic acids
172
Parts of a nucleotide
nitrogen containing base, pentose sugar
phosphate
173
purines, larger double ringed
adenine and guanine
174
Pyrimidines, smaller, single ring
Cytoside, thymine, uracil
175
backbone of DNA
Alternating sugar and phospahtecomponents
176
A bonds to
T
177
G bonds to
C
178
U replaces
T
179
Primary energy transferring molecule
ATP
180
Phosphorylation
Passing the P from ATP to another molecule
181
Most important cellular fuel
Glucose
182
Structure of ATP
RNA nucleotide with two more phosphates
183
What lets ATP store energy?
3 negatively charged phosphate groups repel eachother
184
What happens after phsphorylation?
Molecules more active, can perform cellular work. after they do the work they lose the phosphate. energy released by phosphate is close to activation energy. chemical work, mechanical work, transport work
185
Acidosis
blood pH below 7.35
186
Alkalosis
pH higher than 7.45.
187
heavy metals toxic
arsenic, mercury, and lead. Iron, also included in this group, is toxic in high concentrations.
188
ionizing radiation
causes atoms to ionize, gamma rays, xrays
189
Radiation sickeness,
disease caused by radioactivity. Rapidly dividing cells are most affected. blood forming cells and digestive tract cells most affected
190
191
Make 90% of elements in body by mass
CHON
192
Phosphorus
Calcium phosphate in bones
ATP
193
Potassium
Dissolved electrolyte in blood plasma
194
Sulfur
Protein folding
195
Cystine
Make disulfur bridges to shape proteins
196
Na
Electrolyte for depolarization to pass on potentials
197
Trace elements
If it looks like a metal,
Help proteins fold like hemoglobin.
198
For every proton there is
An electron
199
Mass of protons and neutrons
1 amu
200
Isotopes
Same number of protons , dif number of neutrons
201
Kalemia
Potassium
202
Iodine is used in
Hormones made by thyroid
203
Which type of compound contains carbon and hydrogen?
Organic
204
Atoms
Smallest part of an element. Has components like electrons, protons, neutrons
205
Elements
Pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances
206
Molecules
2 or more atoms held together by chemical bonds
Same element
207
Compound
Made by 2 or more different types of elements
