Midterm Meat Flashcards
Describe the levels of organization and give a few examples of each?
- Atoms
- Molecules & compounds
- Macromolecules
- Organelles
5.Cells - Tissues
- Organs
- Organ systems
- Organisms
Atoms
Smallest part of an element that still retains that element’s properties.
From the Greek atomos which means indivisible.
Made of various subatomic particles including
Protons, neutrons and electrons.
Proton
1 amu positive charge
Neutron
1 amu no charge
Electron
Miniscule 1/2000 amu -1 charge
Element
A substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical reactions. Has a unique number of protons
Molecule
Two or more atoms joined together by chemical bonds
Compound
Two or more atoms of different elements that are chemically bonded
Example of an atom
An individual atom of sodium which is needed to make table salt
An example of a molecule is
Water which we need to sustain all like functions
Bio macromolecules
Large molecules needed for life functions
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
Carbohydrates
Sugars, starches, cellulose .energy storage.
Made of CHO
Energy source that’s easy to use in the body
Formula for monosaccharides
C6H12O6
Monomers of carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
One sugar
Ratio of carbohydrates
2 H:1O
Types of carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
Disaccharides
Two sugars
Polysaccharides
Many sugars
When do carbohydrates become more difficult to dissolve
The larger they are
Lipids
Fats. Long term energy storage. Dissolve fat soluble vitamins ADEK phospholipid bilayer.
Hydrophobic
Elements that make lipids
CHO
Triglyceride
One glycerol
3 fatty acids
Proteins
CHON
Makes enzymes, catalase
Make structural components in body like collagen
Transport proteins hemoglobin
Example of structural protein
Collagen, most abundant in body, found in all connective tissue
Enzyme proteins
Needed for all bodily chemical reactions.
Catalase,
salivary amylase
Transport proteins example
Hemoglobin
Carries O2
Or channel proteins
Contractile proteins
Myosin and actin cause muscle contraction
Communication proteins
Hormones,
Chemical messengers
Insulin. Helps move glucose from blood into cells
Defensive proteins
Antibodies,
Bind and inactivate foreign substances
Building blocks of proteins
Amino acids
Parts of an amino acid
Amine group
R group
Central carbon
How many types of aminoacids
20
Primary structure of proteins
Aminoacids chain
Order of aminoacids.
Connected by peptide bonds (covalent bonds made by dehydration synthesis)
Secondary structure of protein
Alpha Helix or beta pleated sheets. Held by Hydrogen bonds.
Describe the 4 levels of protein structure
Primary structure: aminoacid chain
Secondary structure: alpha Helix or beta pleated sheets held in shape by H bonds
Tertiary structure:
Folding of alpha helix or beta pleated sheets. Held by intramolecular bonds. Interaction of R groups
Quarternary structure: two or more polypeptide chains with tertiary structure combine to make a functional protein
Tissue types
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
Types of epithelial tissue
Covering and lining membranes