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AP Tignor 1 > 3 > Flashcards

3 Flashcards

1
Q

Bio macromolecules

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids

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2
Q

Triglyceride

A

Glycerol+3 fatty acids

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3
Q

Structure of a phospholipid

A

Glycerol+ 2 fatty acids+ phosphate -linked head group

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4
Q

Which fatty acid is liquid at room temperature

A

Unsaturated

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5
Q

Two regions of phospholipids

A

Hydrophilic head,
Hydrophobic tail

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6
Q

Function of phospholipids

A

Make cell membrane and membranes around organelles and vesicles

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7
Q

What does it mean for the cell membrane to be semi-permeable

A

Only lets certain things go through

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8
Q

Where do heads of phospholipids point?

A

Outward, head is charged.
Things that are charged are going to stick to or be repelled by

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9
Q

Importance of phospholipids

A

Lets you carry out different reactions in various compartments

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10
Q

Channel proteins

A

Facilitate transport across cell membrane.

Don’t require ATP

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11
Q

How do channel proteins work?

A

They get signal,
Tunnel opens up. When signal stops, they close.
Can allow electrolytes and other charged substances to move down their gradient across phospholipid bilayer

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12
Q

Second most abundant component in cell membrane is

A

Proteins

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13
Q

Which region of phospholipid bilayer prevents charged molecules from passing through?

A

Hydrophobic

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14
Q

What is the hydrophilic region?

A

Head is charged

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15
Q

Which substances don’t move through cell membrane easily?

A

Charged. Need channel proteins

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16
Q

Which substances move easily through cell membrane?

A

Uncharged small, neutral .
Pass through concentration gradient

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17
Q

Cholesterol role

A

Membrane stabilizer.

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18
Q

Phospholipid raft

A

Group of cholesterol stabilizers in one group.

Moves through membrane.

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19
Q

Peripheral protein

A

Any protein that sticks to the interior or exterior of the cell membrane.

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20
Q

Integral membrane protein

A

Completely spans the phospholipid bilayer

Ex are channel proteins

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21
Q

Glycoprotein

A

Protein with carbohydrate attached

Name tag of cell, lets immune system recognize this cell as self. Bacteria have different glycoproteins that label them as non-self

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22
Q

Glycolypid

A

Lipid with carbohydrate attached

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23
Q

Passive transport

A

Movement down the concentration gradient across the cell membrane that does not require energy.
Small uncharged particles move down concentration gradient until there’s equilibrium on both sides of plasma membrane

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24
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Cytosol+organelles inside of cell

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25
Q

Cytosol

A

Gel-like solution that houses organelles , vesicles and proteins

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26
Q

Steroids movement in target receptor cells

A

Moves down concentration gradient through cell membrane

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27
Q

Facilitated transport

A

Down concentration gradient
Uses channel proteins
Changes shape

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28
Q

Examples of channel proteins

A

Voltage gated calcium channels

Voltage gated sodium channels

Ligand gated sodium channels

Voltage gated potassium channel

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29
Q

Osmosis

A

Passive transport
Way that vast majority of water is moved in the human body.

Water moved to higher impermeable solute concentration to balance the amount of solute concentration so that concentrations are equal on both sides

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30
Q

Tonicity

A

Ability to cause a net flow of water across a semi-permeable membrane

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31
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

High concentration outside
Water leaves cells and goes into solution

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32
Q

Isotonic solution

A

Concentration is same in cells and outside

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33
Q

Hypotonic

A

Solution has less concentration than cell . Water will go to cell to dilute it and cell will burst

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34
Q

Example of isotonic solution

A

0.9 saline solution

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35
Q

Filtration

A

Passage of a solvent and dissolved substances through a membrane or filter

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36
Q

Transcytosis

A

Sequence of endocytosis
Vesicular transport through the cell and exocytosis on the other side

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37
Q

Active transport

A

Requires ATP Because it goes against the gradient

NaK pump
Resets neuron so it can be used again after hyperpolarization.

Need high Na in ECF to signal action potential so it goes in the cell to depolarize cell.

K must be high on inside and low outside.

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38
Q

Sodium potassium ATPase pump

A

Resets the concentration gradient after hyper polarization.

Pumps 3 Sodium out and two potassium in

Embedded in phospholipid bilayer

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39
Q

ATPase

A

Enzyme that breaks off potassium and releases energy. Helps pump use energy to move cations back and forth

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40
Q

What percentage of calories are burned by sodium potassium pumps?

A

25%

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41
Q

Types of active transport

A

NaK pump
Endocytosis
Exocytosis

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42
Q

Endocytosis

A

Extracellular molecules or particles enter cells

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43
Q

Types of endocytosis

A

Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis
Receptor mediated endocytosis

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44
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Cell eating

Engulfs foreign materials from extracellular fluid
Part of membrane surrounds a body

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45
Q

Difference between primary active transport and secondary active transport

A

Primary active transport directly uses energy, usually in the form of ATP, to transport molecules across a cell membrane, while secondary active transport uses the energy stored in an electrochemical gradient to drive the movement of molecules.

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46
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Cell drinking,
Cell pulls in ECF and electrolytes, nutrients

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47
Q

Receptor mediated endocytosis

A

Engulfed particles attach to receptors on membrane before endocytosis occurs.

When enough receptors are bound, it makes a vesicle

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48
Q

Why does Endocytosis require ATP?

A

Needs energy to make and move the vesicle

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49
Q

How do vesicles move?

A

Towed along cytoskeleton by motor proteins (myosins kine sins)
Need energy to tell vesicles where they need to go

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50
Q

Exocytosis

A

Substances move from cell interior to cell exterior via secretory vesicles
Active because it uses motor proteins to do things

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51
Q

Primary active transport

A

Directly uses ATP to move against concentration gradient

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52
Q

Secondary active transport

A

Move chemicals against gradients using energy but doesn’t use ATP. I stead it uses downhill gradient from ion or molecule . Uses downhill gradient from one ion or molecule to drive uphill movement of another substance

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53
Q

How do vesicles move along tubulin?

A

Myosins and kinesins change shape after receiving energy from ATP.. look like walking across tubulin of cytoskeleton. Acts like highway

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54
Q

Pancreatic acinar cells

A

Make digestive enzymes that get released into duodenum.

Help breakdown food that is partially broken down.
Make vesicles with digestive enzymes that got released into the duodenum.

Timing is important

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55
Q

Nucleus

A

Extra rich environment for the DNA. Has chromatin

Surrounded by nuclear membrane

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56
Q

What happens when chromatin is unwound?

A

Chromatin is unwound because the cell is actively transcribing genes into messenger RNA

Then

Translating mRNAs into protein

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57
Q

Nucleolus

A

Rich, nonmembrane bound region called nucleolus. Has a lot of RNA used for other processes in cell

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58
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Where proteins are synthesized
As proteins are synthesized, they bud off and move towards golgi apparatus

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59
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Set of pancake structure
Modifies proteins. Folds proteins. Packages proteins for their destinations (inside or outside cell)

60
Q

Free Ribosomes

A

Make proteins that are going to stay in cell. In cytosol or norganelles

61
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

No ribosomes on surface. Makes lipids and complex carbohydrates. Detoxification reactions in cells. Especially important in hepatocytes of liver

62
Q

Vacuoles

A

Small in animal cells, larger in plant cells. Sequester substances and waste products that we don’t want the cell exposed to.

63
Q

Microfilaments

A

Thinnest elements of the cytoskeleton . Cell motility and changes in cell shape.
Biconcave shape of rbcs

64
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Cell skeleton made of structural proteins running through cytosol

65
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

thicker than actin but thinner than microtubules. Protein filaments. Resist mechanical stress and connect other elements.

Overall shape and structure

66
Q

Microtubule

A

Acts as highway for proteins to transport vesicles. Organize cytoskeleton. Made of tubulin

67
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Similar to lysosome
But specialize in digesting long chain fatty acids.

Have lots of catalase which breaks down hydrogen peroxide (made by many reactions)

68
Q

Lysosomes

A

Recycling unit of cell
Cocktail of digestive enzymes
Proteases, lipases, nucleases, amylases, very low acidic pH.

69
Q

If one accidentally bursts, it can kill entire cell

A

Lysosomes

70
Q

Centrosome

A

Important when cell undergoes mitosis.

Contains paired organelles called centrioles

71
Q

Mitochondria

A

Aerobic respiration occurs. Make the majority of ATP
Have it’s own DNA. Encodes for 35+ genes

72
Q

Mitochondria divide through

A

Binary fission. Divide like bacteria inside of the cell

73
Q

Ribosomal RNA

A

Makes up ribosomes

74
Q

Function of ribosomes

A

Take mRNA and call in appropriate tRNAwith right aminoacid. To build aminoacid sequence. To translate aminoacid sequence into final protein.

Made proteins usually go to golgi apparatus for final processing before they leave.

75
Q

Cis face of Golgi apparatus

A

Faces nucleus

76
Q

Trans face of Golgi apparatus

A

Faces away from nucleus

77
Q

What happens at golgi apparatus?

A

1.There is transport vesicle. Buds off endoplasmic reticulum .
To cis face of golgi.

  1. Transport vesicles bring molecules from rough ER
  2. Molecules fuse with membrane & are sorted based on destination
  3. Molecules undergo remodeling & modifications in cisternae.

4.modified molecules are secreted out of cell or to another organelle.

78
Q

Endomembrane system

A

Incorporates organelles that work together . The membranes for the organelles are continuous. Includes, nucleus ,ER, golgi apparatus, secretory vesicles, lysosomes and nuclear envelopes

79
Q

Invagination process

A

Cell membrane folded in on itself to make cavities for organelles

80
Q

Endosymbiotic hypothesis

A

Theory of how mitochondria and chloroplasts got in cell. Bacteria were pulled into eukaryotic cells and developed a symbiotic relationship over time.

81
Q

Prokaryotes

A

No nucleus

82
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

Have nucleus and specialized organelles

83
Q

Post-translational modifications

A

Modifications that happen after translation of mRNA. Help make associationd

84
Q

Importance of surface area of mitochondria

A

Make more ATP through aerobic cellular respiration.

85
Q

Parts of mitochondria membrane

A

Inner membrane folds called cristae

86
Q

Cristae function

A

Give a lot more surface area for protein complexes that are important for electron transport chain

87
Q

How do cristae help make more ATP?

A

Highly folded. Give a lot more surface area for protein complexes in the electron transport chain

  1. Take intermediate creations in cellular respiration process and harvest the energy off electrons that we added energy to the bonds. Collect energy and make proton gradient.
  2. Use energy to make H+ gradient to add a P to ADP
88
Q

Where does concentration of protons build up?

A

Inter membrane space

89
Q

Matrix

A

Site of oxidative phosphorylation, where ATP is produced from ADP . Inside of mitochondria

90
Q

Hydrolitic enzymes

A

Proteins that break things down

91
Q

Phagolysosome

A

Lysosome combined with phagocyte. Breaks down the contents of the phagocyte

92
Q

Anything that involves remodeling uses this organelle

A

Lysosome

93
Q

Tay sachs

A

Lysosomes are missing one type of lipase.lysosomes in brain fill up with a lipid they can’t break down

94
Q

Double phospholipid bilayer

A

Nuclear membrane

95
Q

Nuclear pores

A

mRNA exits the nucleus through

96
Q

Cisterna

A

Folds in rough endoplasmic reticulum
Increases surface area for ribosomes to carry out a lot of translation and create a lot of proteins. Connected to nuclear membrane

97
Q

What happens as RBCs mature

A

Nucleus and almost all of mitochondria are ejected as the red blood cell matures

98
Q

How long do RBCs live and why?

A

120 days
Can’t direct own repairs. Carry O2 around body. Get worn and can lead to clots and capillaries

99
Q

Body invests lots of energy in doing what to RBCs

A

Pulling and screening RBCs as well as making them

100
Q

How much hemoglobin does one RBC carry per cell?

A

250 million copies

101
Q

Why is oxygen needed in cells

A

To act as the final electron acceptor in cellular respiration

102
Q

Explain the parts of cell division

A

Mitosis and cytokinesis

103
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Division of cytoplasm

104
Q

Mitosis

A

Nuclear division

105
Q

Gap 1

A

Increase amount of cytoplasm and organelles
Grows

106
Q

Synthesis

A

Doubles amount of DNA in prep for mitosis.

107
Q

G2

A

Makes sure that there’s enough proteins and cytosol.. Makes sure there’s enough cellular machinery to carry out mitosis and cytokinesis

108
Q

G0

A

Some cells freeze cell cycle and wait for a signal before entering cell cycle again. Sometimes they receive a signal that there’s problems with the cell cycle and they terminate the cell line.

109
Q

Sister chromatics are created after

A

S-phase.
Two copies of chromosomes from mom and two copies of chromosomes from dad.

110
Q

Explain cell division

A

Mitosis+cytokinesis

111
Q

Prophase

A
  1. Nuclear membrane dissolves,chromosomes condense.
  2. Spindle fibers emerge from centrososmes
  3. Nuclear envelope breaks down
  4. Centrososmes move toward opposite poles
112
Q

Centrosome contains

A

2 small organelles that start to make mitotic spindle.

113
Q

Mitotic spindle function

A

Pulls chromosomes apart

114
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate,

Each sister chromatid is attached to a spindle fiber originating from opposite poles

115
Q

Anaphase

A

Pulling chromosomes apart.

Sister chromatids become chromosomes are pulled apart.

Spindle fibers begin to elongate the cell.

116
Q

Telophase

A

Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles and they begin to decondense

The nuclear envelope surrounds each set of chromosomes

The mitotic spindle breaks down

Spindles continue to push poles apart

117
Q

Cytokinesis

A

A cleavage furrow separates the daughter cells or a plant plate in plant cells

118
Q

Mitosis results in

A

2 identical daughter cells

119
Q

Which proteins help drive the cell cycle

A

Cyclin

Signal end of one part and beginning of another

120
Q

What do checkpoints in the cell cycle do

A

Tell cell to die through apoptosis

Check to make sure things are being made approximately

121
Q

G1 restriction

A

Makes sure cell has grown enough to begin doubling of DNA

122
Q

Checkpoint 2

A

Makes sure all DNA was copied appropriately

123
Q

Mitosis checkpoint

A

Make sure chromosomes got pulled apart equally

124
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death
Helps eliminate unwanted cells and prevents faulty cells from replicating

125
Q

Uncontrolled cell division

A

Cancer

126
Q

Types of genes that can mutate to produce cancer

A

Protoncogene
Tumor suppressor gene

Cell checkpoints don’t work and cell can pick up additional mutations

127
Q

Tumor suppressor gene

A

No tumor suppression, no brake for cancer

128
Q

Protoncogene

A

Too activated
Tells cell cycle to go forward..gas pedal stuck down

129
Q

P53

A

One of the most important tumor suppressor genes in body
Has multiple defense mechanisms

130
Q

Pados paradox

A

Larger animals have more copies of p53 gene which lowers their risk of developing cancer. Does not matter if elephants have one faulty p53 because they have many that can still prevent mutations.

131
Q

Li-fraumeni syndrome

A

Carry one good copy of p53, 90% risk of cancer. Dominant mutation

132
Q

Stem cells

A

Unspecialized cells
Totipotent. Can become one of 200+ types of cells found in adults

133
Q

Differentiated cells

A

Cell becomes specialized

134
Q

Pluripotent cells

A

Can become a limited number of cells

135
Q

Multipotent cells

A

Can become just couple of cell types

136
Q

CAMS

A

1.Cell adhesion molecules
2. Almost on every cell in body

137
Q

How do cams work?

A

1.Molecular Velcro that cells use to anchor themselves to other molecules in extra cellular space
2. Act as arms that help cells move against one another
3. Rally wbcs to infected or injured area
4. Transmit info about changes in extracellular matrix to cell. Bring a variety of responses like cell migration, proliferation, specialization

138
Q

Function of CAMS

A

Embryonic development and wound repair
(Important where cell mobility is important)

139
Q

Centrososmes

A

A region near the nucleus that contains paired organelles called centrioles

140
Q

Interphase

A

From the formation of the cell to cell division. has three parts G1, S and G2

141
Q

Progenitor cell

A

more specialized than embryonic stem cells but less specialized than fully differentiated cells in body. Give rise to specific types of cells within a particular tissue or organ

142
Q

Totipotent cells

A

Can create all types of cells required for body including embryonic tissues

143
Q

Pluripotent cells

A

Can make all cells in body except embryonic tissues

144
Q

RAS

A

Most frequently mutated genes in human cancer.

family of genes that regulate cell growth and division. mutations can cause cancer

145
Q

MYC oncogene

A

MYC Protoncogene protein is a transcription factor. regulates the expression of genes involved in the cell cycle.

AP Tignor 1 (29 decks)

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