VO Book 2-2 Flashcards
wretchedness noun
BrE /ˈretʃɪdnəs/ ; NAmE /ˈretʃɪdnəs/ uncountable
1) a feeling of being very ill/sick or unhappy
ex) I have had periods of wretchedness in my life that I have kept hidden from the outside world.
2) extremely bad or unpleasant conditions
ex) The first biography of Siddhartha, the future Buddha, reveals that for a long time he was entirely unaware of the wretchedness of the human condition.
The wretchedness and poverty they encountered made a deep impression.
worldly adjective
BrE /ˈwɜːldli/ ; NAmE /ˈwɜːrldli/ (literary)
1) [only before noun] connected with the world in which we live rather than with spiritual things
ex) A royal son, he spent his youth in pleasure and luxury, surrounded by music and worldly delights.
worldly success
your worldly goods (= the things that you own)
decrepit adjective
BrE /dɪˈkrepɪt/ ; NAmE /dɪˈkrepɪt/
(of a thing or person) very old and not in good condition or health
ex) One day he saw a decrepit old man; then the suffering of a very sick man; then a corpse.
a decrepit building/vehicle
a decrepit old man
a decrepit old house
corpse noun
BrE /kɔːps/ ; NAmE /kɔːrps/
a dead body, especially of a human
ex) One day he saw a decrepit old man; then the suffering of a very sick man; then a corpse.
The corpse was barely recognizable.
겨우 그때가 되어서야 그는 ~~을 깨달았다.
It was only then that the existence of old age, suffering, and death - all the painful aspects of life to which he had been oblivious - was brought home to him.
bring something home to somebody
to make somebody realize how important, difficult or serious something is
ex) It was only then that the existence of old age, suffering, and death - all the painful aspects of life to which he had been oblivious - was brought home to him.
Her love of him was brought home to him one Christmas.
The sight of his pale face brought home to me how ill he really was.
The television pictures brought home to us the full horror of the attack.
oblivious adjective
BrE /əˈblɪviəs/ ; NAmE /əˈblɪviəs/ [not usually before noun]
not aware of something
ex) It was only then that the existence of old age, suffering, and death - all the painful aspects of life to which he had been oblivious - was brought home to him.
He drove off, oblivious of the damage he had caused.
You eventually become oblivious to the noise.
The couple seemed oblivious to what was going on around them.
arduous adjective
BrE /ˈɑːdjuəs/ , /ˈɑːdʒuəs/ ; NAmE /ˈɑːrdʒuəs/
involving a lot of effort and energy, especially over a period of time
ex) We may suppose, then, that he was happy as long as the grim realities of life were unknown to him; and that at the end of this life, after a long and arduous journey, he attained the genuine happiness that lies beyond the earthly condition.
an arduous journey across the Andes
The work was arduous.
earthly adjective
BrE /ˈɜːθli/ ; NAmE /ˈɜːrθli/ [usually before noun]
1) (literary) connected with life on earth and not with any spiritual life; relating to life on earth rather than to heaven
ex) We may suppose, then, that he was happy as long as the grim realities of life were unknown to him; and that at the end of this life, after a long and arduous journey, he attained the genuine happiness that lies beyond the earthly condition.
earthly desires
the sorrows of this earthly life
2) (often used in questions and negatives for emphasis) possible; used for giving emphasis to negative statements or to questions
ex) There’s no earthly reason why you shouldn’t go.
What earthly difference is my opinion going to make?
He didn’t have an earthly chance of getting the job.
It’s no earthly use talking to him.
There’s no earthly reason why we should pay their expenses.
correspond verb
BrE /ˌkɒrəˈspɒnd/ ; NAmE /ˌkɔːrəˈspɑːnd/ , /ˌkɑːrəˈspɑːnd/
1) [intransitive] to be the same as or match something
synonym agree, tally
ex) It is also hard to be sure whether the meaning of words like “consciousness” or “self” corresponds to their meaning in modern languages.
Correspond the words in column A to those in column B.
Your account and hers do not correspond.
Your account of events does not correspond with hers.
The written record of the conversation doesn’t correspond to (= is different from) what was actually said.
신학자
theologian noun
BrE /ˌθiːəˈləʊdʒən/ ; NAmE /ˌθiːəˈloʊdʒən/
a person who studies theology
ex) Some theologians have argued that we can speak of God only by negation: by saying what He is not.
negation noun
BrE /nɪˈɡeɪʃn/ ; NAmE /nɪˈɡeɪʃn/ (formal)
1) [countable, usually singular, uncountable] the exact opposite of something; the act of causing something not to exist or to become its opposite; the opposite of something
ex) Some theologians have argued that we can speak of God only by negation: by saying what He is not.
This political system was the negation of democracy.
2) [uncountable] disagreement or refusal; the act of saying no
ex) She shook her head in negation.
그는 어떤 현실의 일부인 것인가?
What kind of reality is he a part of?
in/with regard to somebody/something
(formal) concerning somebody/something
ex) The same question arises with regard to the happy residents of the Christian heaven.
a country’s laws in regard to human rights
The company’s position with regard to overtime is made clear in their contracts.
diabolical adjective
BrE /ˌdaɪəˈbɒlɪkl/ ; NAmE /ˌdaɪəˈbɑːlɪkl/
1) (informal, especially British English) extremely bad or annoying
synonym terrible
ex) The traffic was diabolical.
It was a diabolical performance and we felt something had to be done before the next match.
2) (less frequent diabolic BrE /ˌdaɪəˈbɒlɪk/ ; NAmE /ˌdaɪəˈbɑːlɪk/ ) morally bad and evil; like a devil
ex) If not - if they are aware of the wretchedness of earthly existence, of the dreadful things that happen in the world, its diabolical sides, its evil and pain and suffering - how can they be happy in any recognizable sense of the word?
serenity noun
BrE /səˈrenəti/ ; NAmE /səˈrenəti/ [uncountable, singular]
the quality of being calm and peaceful
ex) Both Buddhism and Christianity suggest that the ultimate liberation of the soul is also perfect serenity: total peace of the spirit.
The hotel offers a haven of peace and serenity away from the bustle of the city.
tantamount adjective
BrE /ˈtæntəmaʊnt/ ; NAmE /ˈtæntəmaʊnt/
tantamount to something (formal) having the same bad effect as something else
ex) And perfect serenity is tantamount to perfect immutability.
The new tax is tantamount to stealing from the poor.
If he resigned it would be tantamount to admitting that he was guilty.
immutability noun
BrE /ɪˌmjuːtəˈbɪləti/ ; NAmE /ɪˌmjuːtəˈbɪləti/ uncountable
the fact of never changing or being changed
ex) And perfect serenity is tantamount to perfect immutability.
embodiment noun
BrE /ɪmˈbɒdimənt/ ; NAmE /ɪmˈbɑːdimənt/
[usually singular] embodiment of something (formal) a person or thing that represents or is a typical example of an idea or a quality
synonym epitome
ex) Do we really want to say that a stone is the perfect embodiment of salvation and Nirvana?
He is the embodiment of the young successful businessman.
transient adjective
BrE /ˈtrænziənt/ ; NAmE /ˈtrænʃnt/ (formal)
1) continuing for only a short time
synonym fleeting, temporary
ex) We can, of course, experience transient pleasure, moments of wonderment and great enchantment, even ecstatic feelings of unity with God and the universe; we can know love and joy.
the transient nature of speech
2) staying or working in a place for only a short time, before moving on
ex) a city with a large transient population (= of students, temporary workers, etc.)
enchantment noun
BrE /ɪnˈtʃɑːntmənt/ ; NAmE /ɪnˈtʃæntmənt/
1) [uncountable] (formal) a feeling of great pleasure; a feeling of being very interested and attracted by someone or something
ex) We can, of course, experience transient pleasure, moments of wonderment and great enchantment, even ecstatic feelings of unity with God and the universe; we can know love and joy.
신비주의자
mystic noun
BrE /ˈmɪstɪk/ ; NAmE /ˈmɪstɪk/
a person who tries to become united with God through prayer and meditation and so understand important things that are beyond normal human understanding
ex) But happiness as an immutable condition is not accessible to us, except perhaps in the very rare cases of true mystics.
reciprocate verb
BrE /rɪˈsɪprəkeɪt/ ; NAmE /rɪˈsɪprəkeɪt/
1) [transitive, intransitive] to behave or feel towards somebody in the same way as they behave or feel towards you
ex) But love is a source of happiness when it is reciprocated, and God’s love is reciprocated only by some of His subjects, by no means all: some do not believe that He exists, some do not care whether He exists or not, and others hate Him, accusing Him of indifference in the face of human pain and misery.
Her passion for him was not reciprocated.
They wanted to reciprocate the kindness that had been shown to them.
He smiled but his smile was not reciprocated.
I wasn’t sure whether to laugh or to reciprocate with a remark of my own.
atrocity noun
BrE /əˈtrɒsəti/ ; NAmE /əˈtrɑːsəti/ countable, usually plural, uncountable
a cruel and violent act, especially in a war
ex) He did not cause it or want it, but He is helpless in the face of all the misery, the horrors and atrocities that nature brings down on people or people inflict on each other.
perturbed adjective
BrE /pəˈtɜːbd/ ; NAmE /pərˈtɜːrbd/ (formal)
worried or anxious
synonym alarmed
ex) If, on the other hand, He is perfectly immutable, He cannot be perturbed by our misery; He must therefore be indifferent.
William looked more than a little perturbed at the suggestion.
a perturbed young man
She didn’t seem perturbed at the change of plan.
omnipotent adjective
BrE /ɒmˈnɪpətənt/ ; NAmE /ɑːmˈnɪpətənt/ (formal)
having total power; able to do anything
ex) We are forced to admit that we cannot understand the divine being - omnipotent omniscient, knowing everything in Himself and through Himself, not as something external to Him, and unaffected by pain and evil.
an omnipotent God
omniscient adjective
BrE /ɒmˈnɪsiənt/ ; NAmE /ɑːmˈnɪsiənt/ (formal)
knowing everything
ex) We are forced to admit that we cannot understand the divine being - omnipotent omniscient, knowing everything in Himself and through Himself, not as something external to Him, and unaffected by pain and evil.
The novel has an omniscient narrator.
omnipresent adjective
BrE /ˌɒmnɪˈpreznt/ ; NAmE /ˌɑːmnɪˈpreznt/ (formal)
present everywhere
ex) These days the media are omnipresent.
She slipped on the omnipresent mud and broke her ankle.
They believe that God is omnipresent.
embody verb
BrE /ɪmˈbɒdi/ ; NAmE /ɪmˈbɑːdi/
to express or represent an idea or a quality; to be the best possible example of a particular idea, quality, or principle, especially a good one
synonym represent
ex) He was embodied and suffered pain, he shared the suffering of his fellow men, and he died on the cross.
The spirit of hope is embodied in the character Anna.
a politician who embodied the hopes of black youth
the principles embodied in the Declaration of Human Rights
2) embody something (formal) to include or contain something
ex) This model embodies many new features.
bliss noun
BrE /blɪs/ ; NAmE /blɪs/
[uncountable] extreme happiness
ex) There is no reason to maintain that the things we experience as good - aesthetic delight, erotic bliss, physical and intellectual pleasure of all kinds, enriching conversation, and the love of friends - must all be seen as pure negation.
married/wedded/domestic bliss
My idea of bliss is a month in the Bahamas.
Swimming on a hot day is sheer bliss.
돈은 항상 날 피해가
Money always steers clear of me.
splendour noun (especially US English splendor) BrE /ˈsplendə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈsplendər/
1) [uncountable] grand and impressive beauty
synonym grandeur
ex) And if in addition to accepting something like this intellectually, in addition, that is, to simply believing that all must be right with the world because it is under the constant guidance of God, we also feel in our hearts that this is so, and experience the splendor, goodness, and beauty of the universe in our daily life, then can we not be said to be happy? The answer is: no, we cannot.
a view of Rheims Cathedral, in all its splendour
The palace has been restored to its former splendour.
2) splendours [plural] the beautiful and impressive features or qualities of something, especially a place
ex) the splendours of Rome (= its fine buildings, etc.)
purgatory noun
BrE /ˈpɜːɡətri/ ; NAmE /ˈpɜːrɡətɔːri/ [uncountable]
1) (also Purgatory) (in Roman Catholic teaching) a place or state in which the souls of dead people suffer for the bad things they did when they were living, so that they can become pure enough to go to heaven
ex) If we imagine that hell and purgatory are no longer in operation and that all human beings, every single one without exception, have been saved by God and are now enjoying celestial bliss, lacking nothing, perfectly satisfied, without pain or death, then we can imagine that their happiness is real and that the sorrows and suffering of the past have been forgotten.
2) (informal, humorous) any place or state of suffering
synonym hell
ex) Getting up at four o’clock every morning is sheer purgatory.
celestial adjective
BrE /səˈlestiəl/ ; NAmE /səˈlestʃl/ usually before noun
of the sky or of heaven; in or relating to the sky, heaven, or space
ex) If we imagine that hell and purgatory are no longer in operation and that all human beings, every single one without exception, have been saved by God and are now enjoying celestial bliss, lacking nothing, perfectly satisfied, without pain or death, then we can imagine that their happiness is real and that the sorrows and suffering of the past have been forgotten.
celestial bodies (= the sun, moon, stars, etc.)
2) LITERARY very good or beautiful
ex) celestial light/music
staunch adjective
BrE /stɔːntʃ/ ; NAmE /stɔːntʃ/
(stauncher, staunchest)
- staunchly adverb
BrE /ˈstɔːntʃli/ ; NAmE /ˈstɔːntʃli/
(stauncher, staunchest) strong and loyal in your opinions and attitude
synonym faithful
ex) a staunch supporter of the monarchy
one of the president’s staunchest allies
a staunch Catholic
- in a way that is strong and loyal
ex) With the election of Park Geun-hye as president on Wednesday, South Korea extended tenure of its staunchly pro-American governing party and handed power to the daughter of South Korea’s longest-ruling dictator, the first woman to win the post in a deeply patriarchal part of Asia.
She staunchly defended the new policy.
The family was staunchly Protestant.
집권당, 여당
- 야당
제1 야당
야권
** 연정 (연립 정부)
ruling [governing] party
The ruling party or governing party in a democratic parliamentary system is the incumbent political party or coalition of the majority in parliament, that administers the affairs of state.
ex) With the election of Park Geun-hye as president on Wednesday, South Korea extended tenure of its staunchly pro-American governing party and handed power to the daughter of South Korea’s longest-ruling dictator, the first woman to win the post in a deeply patriarchal part of Asia.
- the opposition party
the leading opposition
the opposition camp
** coalition government
patriarchal adjective
BrE /ˌpeɪtriˈɑːkl/ ; NAmE /ˌpeɪtriˈɑːrkl/
1) ruled or controlled by men; giving power and importance only to men
ex) With the election of Park Geun-hye as president on Wednesday, South Korea extended tenure of its staunchly pro-American governing party and handed power to the daughter of South Korea’s longest-ruling dictator, the first woman to win the post in a deeply patriarchal part of Asia.
a patriarchal society
perennial adjective
BrE /pəˈreniəl/ ; NAmE /pəˈreniəl/
1) continuing for a very long time; happening again and again
ex) Voters appeared to prefer stability over her opponent’s calls for radical change in how one of the world’s strongest economies addresses the new problems of slowing growth and a growing wealth gap, as well as perennial military threats from North Korea.
the perennial problem of water shortage
that perennial favourite, hamburgers
Colonialism in different forms is a perennial theme of history.
stalwart noun
BrE /ˈstɔːlwət/ ; NAmE /ˈstɔːlwərt/
stalwart (of something) a loyal supporter who does a lot of work for an organization, especially a political party
ex) With all of the votes counted, according tot he National Election Commission, the conservative Ms. Park won 51.6 percent of the vote compared with 48 percent for Moon Jae-in, a liberal stalwart.
a Labour/Tory stalwart
They have been stalwarts of the local amateur dramatic society for over 30 years.
steeliness noun
BrE /ˈstiːlinəs/ ; NAmE /ˈstiːlinəs/ [uncountable]
the quality of being strong, hard and sometimes unfriendly in your character or behaviour
ex) “This is a victory for the people’s wish to overcome crises and revive the economy,” Ms. Park, 60, told her cheering supporters, who gathered in freezing weather in downtown Seoul to celebrate a woman whose steeliness in the face of adversity is legend.
adversity noun
BrE /ədˈvɜːsəti/ ; NAmE /ədˈvɜːrsəti/ uncountable, countable(formal)
a difficult or unpleasant situation
ex) “This is a victory for the people’s wish to overcome crises and revive the economy,” Ms. Park, 60, told her cheering supporters, who gathered in freezing weather in downtown Seoul to celebrate a woman whose steeliness in the face of adversity is legend.
courage in the face of adversity
He overcame many personal adversities.
patience in adversity
가장 엄격하게 말하자면
In its starkest terms, this election was about South Korea’s continuing confrontation with its authoritarian past, and confusion over whether a conservative or liberal approach would best serve the country as it tries to stop North Korea’s excesses and to handle growing frustration over economic inequality without derailing the country’s economic miracle.
authoritarian adjective
BrE /ɔːˌθɒrɪˈteəriən/ ; NAmE /əˌθɔːrəˈteriən/ , /əˌθɑːrəˈteriən/
believing that people should obey authority and rules, even when these are unfair, and even if it means that they lose their personal freedom
ex) In its starkest terms, this election was about South Korea’s continuing confrontation with its authoritarian past, and confusion over whether a conservative or liberal approach would best serve the country as it tries to stop North Korea’s excesses and to handle growing frustration over economic inequality without derailing the country’s economic miracle.
an authoritarian regime/government/state
The school was very authoritarian and exam-orientated.
Father was an authoritarian figure.
Many have accused him of an authoritarian style of leadership.
Policing policy has become discernibly more authoritarian.
투옥하다, 감옥에 가두다 (여러 표현들)
1) imprison verb
BrE /ɪmˈprɪzn/ ; NAmE /ɪmˈprɪzn/
[often passive] imprison somebody to put somebody in a prison or another place from which they cannot escape
synonym jail
ex) Mr. Moon, a former human rights lawyer who was once imprisoned for opposing the authoritarian rule of Ms. Park’s father, campaigned on restoring key liberal policies from the early 2000s, including a warm embrace of North Korea as a way of trying to curb its aggression.
They were imprisoned for possession of drugs.
(figurative) Some young mothers feel imprisoned in their own homes.
2) incarcerate verb
BrE /ɪnˈkɑːsəreɪt/ ; NAmE /ɪnˈkɑːrsəreɪt/
[usually passive] incarcerate somebody (in something) (formal) to put somebody in prison or in another place from which they cannot escape
synonym imprison
ex) Thousands were incarcerated in labour camps.
3) put somebody in jail/prison
4) put somebody behind bars
ex) He was put behind bars.
inroad noun
BrE /ˈɪnrəʊd/ ; NAmE /ˈɪnroʊd/
- make inroads into/on something
inroad (into something) something that is achieved, especially by reducing the power or success of something else
ex) While Ms. Park’s run for president was pioneering in one important way, because of her gender, few see her win as likely to significantly change the lot of women anytime soon in a traditional society where, despite some strong inroads in business and government, women’s most important job is still considered to be raising children.
This deal is their first major inroad into the American market.
- if one thing makes inroads into another, it has a noticeable effect on the second thing, especially by reducing it, or influencing it
ex) Honda Motors is trying tot make inroads into the notoriously nationalistic market with its flagship models, Odyssey and Pilot.
Tax rises have made some inroads into the country’s national debt.
By the 1950s, television had made great inroads into the territory of the news magazines.
in good part
2) to a great extent; largely
ex) In an assessment echoed by voters, analysts said the clearest indication that little was changing was that Ms. park won in good part on the appeal that a man - her father - still holds for many in a country still deeply divided over his legacy.
His success is in good part ascribable to dogged determination.
a clean break
1) a complete separation from a person, an organization, a way of life, etc.
ex) She wanted to make a clean break with the past.
2) a break in a bone in one place
반체제 인사
dissident adjective
BrE /ˈdɪsɪdənt/ ; NAmE /ˈdɪsɪdənt/
strongly disagreeing with and criticizing your government, especially in a country where this kind of action is dangerous
ex) the suppression of dissident views
- dissident noun
BrE /ˈdɪsɪdənt/ ; NAmE /ˈdɪsɪdənt/
a person who strongly disagrees with and criticizes their government, especially in a country where this kind of action is dangerous
ex) His government jailed and tortured many dissidents - whom he painted as Communist sympathizers helping North Korea - and even banned rock music and miniskirts.
left-wing dissidents
regimes that murder political opponents and imprison dissidents
Dissidents were often imprisoned by the security police.
동조자
sympathizer noun
(British English also -iser)
BrE /ˈsɪmpəθaɪzə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈsɪmpəθaɪzər/
a person who supports or approves of somebody/something, especially a political cause or party
ex) His government jailed and tortured many ex) His government jailed and tortured many dissidents - whom he painted as Communist sympathizers helping North Korea - and even banned rock music and miniskirts.
communist sympathizers
가장 인기있는 전 대통령으로 계속해서 뽑힌다.
But he is consistently voted the most popular former president in polls for his role in birthing the vibrant South Korea economy.
birth verb
BrE /bɜːθ/ ; NAmE /bɜːrθ/
give birth to (a baby or other young)
ex) But he is consistently voted the most popular former president in polls for his role in birthing the vibrant South Korea economy.
She had carried him and birthed him.
fallout noun
BrE /ˈfɔːlaʊt/ ; NAmE /ˈfɔːlaʊt/ [uncountable]
- ripple effect noun
** repercussion noun
BrE /ˌriːpəˈkʌʃn/ ; NAmE /ˌriːpərˈkʌʃn/ [usually plural]
*** reverberation noun
BrE /rɪˌvɜːbəˈreɪʃn/ ; NAmE /rɪˌvɜːrbəˈreɪʃn/
1) dangerous radioactive dust that is in the air after a nuclear explosion (방사능) 낙진
2) the bad results of a situation or an action; the unpleasant effects of something that has happened
ex) Still, Ms. Park will have to contend with the fallout from that success, and her father’s role in it.
the political fallout of the current crisis
The fallout from the Asian financial crisis has continued to affect business.
- a situation in which an event or action has an effect on something, which then has an effect on something else
ex) His resignation will have a ripple effect on the whole department.
** an indirect and usually bad result of an action or event that may happen some time afterwards
synonym consequence
ex) The collapse of the company will have repercussions for the whole industry.
*** reverberations [plural] the effects of something that happens, especially unpleasant ones that spread among a large number of people
synonym repercussion
ex) the political reverberations of the scandal
abiding adjective
BrE /əˈbaɪdɪŋ/ ; NAmE /əˈbaɪdɪŋ/ (formal)
- abide verb
BrE /əˈbaɪd/ ; NAmE /əˈbaɪd/
(of a feeling or belief) lasting for a long time and not changing
ex) One of the abiding themes of the campaign was the clamor for more economic equality and a reining in of the chaebol, or family-controlled conglomerates like Samsung, that Mr. park helped build with government largess.
He is an artist with an abiding concern for humanity.
- 1) [transitive] cannot/could not abide somebody/something to dislike somebody/something so much that you hate having to be with or deal with them
synonym bear, stand
ex) I can’t abide people with no sense of humour.
He couldn’t abide the thought of being cooped up in an office.
I can’t abide people who look down on others.
2) [intransitive] + adv./prep. (old use or formal) to stay or live in a place
ex) May joy and peace abide in us all.
clamour noun
(especially US English clamor)
BrE /ˈklæmə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈklæmər/ singular, uncountable
2) clamour (for something) a demand for something made by a lot of people
ex) One of the abiding themes of the campaign was the clamor for more economic equality and a reining in of the chaebol, or family-controlled conglomerates like Samsung, that Mr. park helped build with government largess.
The clamour for her resignation grew louder.
conglomerate noun
BrE /kənˈɡlɒmərət/ ; NAmE /kənˈɡlɑːmərət/
1) [countable] (business) a large company formed by joining together different firms
ex) One of the abiding themes of the campaign was the clamor for more economic equality and a reining in of the chaebol, or family-controlled conglomerates like Samsung, that Mr. park helped build with government largess.
a media conglomerate
largesse noun
(also largess)
BrE /lɑːˈdʒes/ ; NAmE /lɑːrˈdʒes/ uncountable
the act or quality of being generous with money; money that you give to people who have less than you; generous acts of giving presents or money to a large number of people
ex) One of the abiding themes of the campaign was the clamor for more economic equality and a reining in of the chaebol, or family-controlled conglomerates like Samsung, that Mr. park helped build with government largess.
She is not noted for her largesse (= she is not generous).
to dispense largesse to the poor
unruly adjective
BrE /ʌnˈruːli/ ; NAmE /ʌnˈruːli/
difficult to control or manage
synonym disorderly
ex) Those companies power the economy, but their unruly expansion in recent years is blamed for aggravating the gap between rich and poor.
an unruly class
unruly behaviour
unruly hair (= difficult to keep looking neat)
He struggled hard to control his unruly emotions.
The police were attacked by an unruly mob.
There have been complaints about her unruly behaviour.
aggravate verb
BrE /ˈæɡrəveɪt/ ; NAmE /ˈæɡrəveɪt/
1) aggravate something to make an illness or a bad or unpleasant situation worse
synonym worsen
ex) Those companies power the economy, but their unruly expansion in recent years is blamed for aggravating the gap between rich and poor.
Pollution can aggravate asthma.
Military intervention will only aggravate the conflict even further.
go cap in hand (to somebody)
also US English go hat in hand
to ask somebody for something, especially money, in a very polite way that makes you seem less important
ex) President-elect Kim goes hat in hand to the IMF for a bail-out package.
There’s no way he’ll go cap in hand to his brother.
당선자, 합격자
the ~-elect, a winner, a successful candidate, a victorious candidate, the elected
incumbent noun
BrE /ɪnˈkʌmbənt/ ; NAmE /ɪnˈkʌmbənt/
a person who has an official position
ex) Although Ms. Park criticized the “inflexible” hard-line policy of the incumbent, President Lee Myung-bak, for failing to tame North Korea, she prefers a cautious rapprochement.
the present incumbent of the White House
the campaign to re-elect the incumbent
tame verb
BrE /teɪm/ ; NAmE /teɪm/
- tame adjective
BrE /teɪm/ ; NAmE /teɪm/ (tamer, tamest)
tame something to make something tame or easy to control
ex) Although Ms. Park criticized the “inflexible” hard-line policy of the incumbent, President Lee Myung-bak, for failing to tame North Korea, she prefers a cautious rapprochement.
Lions can never be completely tamed.
She made strenuous efforts to tame her anger.
- 1) (of animals, birds, etc.) not afraid of people, and used to living with them
opposite wild
ex) The bird became so tame that it was impossible to release it back into the wild.
2) (informal) not interesting or exciting
ex) You’ll find life here pretty tame after New York.
3) (informal) (of a person) willing to do what other people ask
ex) I have a tame doctor who’ll always give me a sick note when I want a day off.
rapprochement noun
BrE /ræˈprɒʃmɒ̃/ , /ræˈprəʊʃmɒ̃/ ; NAmE /ˌræproʊʃˈmɑːn/ , /ˌræprɑːʃˈmɑːn/ singular, uncountable
a situation in which the relationship between two countries or groups of people becomes more friendly after a period during which they were enemies
ex) Although Ms. Park criticized the “inflexible” hard-line policy of the incumbent, President Lee Myung-bak, for failing to tame North Korea, she prefers a cautious rapprochement.
policies aimed at bringing about a rapprochement with China
There now seems little chance of rapprochement between the warring factions.
decouple verb
BrE /diːˈkʌpl/ ; NAmE /diːˈkʌpl/
decouple something (from something) (formal) to end the connection or relationship between two things; to separate two objects, ideas, or processes
ex) She said she would decouple humanitarian aid from politics and try to meet the new North Korean leader, Kim Jong-un.
Gasoline prices have been decoupled from crude oil prices.
lockstep noun
BrE /ˈlɒkstep/ ; NAmE /ˈlɑːkstep/ uncountable
1) a way of walking together where people move their feet at the same time
ex) The coffin was carried by six soldiers walking in lockstep.
(figurative) Politicians and the media are marching in lockstep on this issue (= they agree).
2) a situation where things happen at the same time or change at the same rate
ex) While Ms. Park’s stance may pose something of a challenge to the Obama administration’s policy on North Korea - which had been in lock step with Mr. Lee’s - analysts say it will be much easier for the United States to work with her on the issue than with Mr. Moon.
a lockstep approach to teaching
Cases of breathing difficulties increase in lockstep with air pollution.
acting adjective
BrE /ˈæktɪŋ/ ; NAmE /ˈæktɪŋ/
- stand-in noun
[only before noun] doing the work of another person for a short time
synonym temporary
ex) Ms. Park’s political career was born in family tragedy. Her mother was killed by a Communist agent in 1974 when Ms. Park was 22 and a student in Paris; she abandoned her studies to return to Seoul and serve as acting first lady.
the acting manager
- 1) a person who does somebody’s job for a short time when they are not available
ex) When Park Geun-hye last lived in the presidential blue House more than 30 years ago, she was a young, stand-in first lady, serving after the assassination of her mother and before the killing of her dictator father.
I acted as Tom’s stand-in when he was away.
the stand-in captain
2) a person who replaces an actor in some scenes in a film/movie, especially dangerous ones
ex) Most of the stunts are performed by stand-ins.
vilify verb
BrE /ˈvɪlɪfaɪ/ ; NAmE /ˈvɪlɪfaɪ/
vilify somebody/something (as something) | vilify somebody/something (for something/for doing something) (formal) to say or write unpleasant things about somebody/something so that other people will have a low opinion of them; to criticize someone very strongly, especially in a way that is not fair and that damages their reputation
synonym malign, revile
ex) Ms. park retired from public view, as the country eventually turned from authoritarianism in the late 1980s, with many vilifying her father as a dictator.
(투표로 뽑아서) 국회에 앉히다
Voters who remembered her father’s charismatic leadership elected her to a seat in Parliament by a landslide margin, and she has held on to that seat ever since, building a reputation as a principled and tough-minded leader.
landslide noun
BrE /ˈlændslaɪd/ ; NAmE /ˈlændslaɪd/
1) (also landfall) a mass of earth, rock, etc. that falls down the slope of a mountain or a cliff
ex) The house was buried beneath a landslide.
2) an election in which one person or party gets very many more votes than the other people or parties
ex) Voters who remembered her father’s charismatic leadership elected her to a seat in Parliament by a landslide margin, and she has held on to that seat ever since, building a reputation as a principled and tough-minded leader.
She was expected to win by a landslide.
a landslide victory
dependable adjective
BrE /dɪˈpendəbl/ ; NAmE /dɪˈpendəbl/
that can be relied on to do what you want or need
synonym reliable
ex) Her image among her supporters is a stable leader, calm during crises, strong and dependable.
anomaly noun
BrE /əˈnɒməli/ ; NAmE /əˈnɑːməli/ (pl. anomalies)
anomaly (in something) a thing, situation, etc. that is different from what is normal or expected
ex) But in a sign of how little her victory might do for other women, analysts like Mr. Choi said she was viewed as something of an anomaly. “She is a woman, yet not a woman,” he said.
the many anomalies in the tax system
the apparent anomaly that those who produced the wealth, the workers, were the poorest
beleaguered adjective
BrE /bɪˈliːɡəd/ ; NAmE /bɪˈliːɡərd/
1) (formal) experiencing a lot of criticism and difficulties
ex) For South Korea’s beleaguered liberals, having a woman lead the country will not automatically change that and is little compensation for what they see as a turn backward, given her policies on the North and on conglomerates.
The beleaguered party leader was forced to resign.
2) surrounded by an enemy
ex) supplies for the beleaguered city
upbringing noun
BrE /ˈʌpbrɪŋɪŋ/ ; NAmE /ˈʌpbrɪŋɪŋ/ [singular, uncountable]
the way in which a child is cared for and taught how to behave while it is growing up
ex) To those critics, she is known as “princess Geun-hye” for her privileged upbringing.
to have had a sheltered upbringing
He was a Catholic by upbringing.
half-heartedly adverb
without enthusiasm or effort
ex) And they say her apologies for her father’s cruelties came reluctantly and halfheartedly, only after she decided to run for the presidency.
I half-heartedly joined a gym to get fit.
shatter verb
BrE /ˈʃætə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈʃætər/
2) [transitive, intransitive] to destroy something completely, especially somebody’s feelings, hopes or beliefs; to be destroyed in this way
ex) her presidency will shatter the bias that women are less capable of thriving in male-oriented South Korean politics, said Lim Woo-youn, a researcher at the Chungcheongnam-do Women’s Policy Development Institute in central South Korea.
Anna’s self-confidence had been completely shattered.
Injury shattered his dreams of competing in the Olympics.
Her experience of divorce shattered her illusions about love.
My whole world shattered into a million pieces.
lift verb
BrE /lɪft/ ; NAmE /lɪft/
2) [TRANSITIVE] to improve the situation that someone or something is in
ex) Many, including the older conservative voters who form her political base, see Park Chung-hee as a hero, the man whose strong hand guided the country from the devastation of the Korean War to an economic force that lifted millions from crushing poverty.
economic measures designed to lift the country out of recession
crushing adjective
BrE /ˈkrʌʃɪŋ/ ; NAmE /ˈkrʌʃɪŋ/ [usually before noun]
used to emphasize how bad or severe something is
ex) Many, including the older conservative voters who form her political base, see Park Chung-hee as a hero, the man whose strong hand guided the country from the devastation of the Korean War to an economic force that lifted millions from crushing poverty.
a crushing defeat in the election
The shipyard has been dealt another crushing blow with the failure to win this contract.
unchecked adjective
BrE /ˌʌnˈtʃekt/ ; NAmE /ˌʌnˈtʃekt/
if something harmful is unchecked, it is not controlled or stopped from getting worse
ex) His critics remember the brutal way he dealt with opponents to his unchecked rule, the claims of torture, execution and vote rigging.
The fire was allowed to burn unchecked.
The rise in violent crime must not go unchecked.
The plant will soon choke ponds and waterways if left unchecked.
Tears flowed unchecked down his cheeks.
견제와 균형 (삼권 분립)
checks and balances
- executive [administrative] branch of the government
- legislative
- judicial
lay something↔out
3) to present a plan, an argument, etc. clearly and carefully
synonym set out
ex) Park, a legislator since 1998, laid out a fairly moderate platform in her campaign to replace unpopular President Lee Myung-bak, a member of her conservative party.
All the terms and conditions are laid out in the contract.
platform noun
BrE /ˈplætfɔːm/ ; NAmE /ˈplætfɔːrm/
4) [usually singular] the aims of a political party and the things that they say they will do if they are elected to power
ex) Park, a legislator since 1998, laid out a fairly moderate platform in her campaign to replace unpopular President Lee Myung-bak, a member of her conservative party.
They are campaigning on an anti-immigration platform.
They fought the election on a platform of low taxes.
투표 조작
Electoral fraud or vote rigging is illegal interference with the process of an election. Acts of fraud affect vote counts to bring about an election result, whether by increasing the vote share of the favored candidate, depressing the vote share of the rival candidates, or both.
ex) His critics remember the brutal way he dealt with opponents to his unchecked rule, the claims of torture, execution and vote rigging.
eclipse verb
BrE /ɪˈklɪps/ ; NAmE /ɪˈklɪps/
2) eclipse somebody/something to make somebody/something seem dull or unimportant by comparison
synonym outshine, overshadow
ex) The 60-year-old has vowed to reach out to North Korea and ease the current government’s hard line, fight widespread government corruption, strengthen social welfare, help small companies, close growing gaps between rich and poor, ease heavy household debt and curb the power of big corporations so powerful they threaten to eclipse national laws.
Though a talented player, he was completely eclipsed by his brother.
coup noun
BrE /kuː/ ; NAmE /kuː/ (pl. coups BrE /kuːz/ ; NAmE /kuːz/ )
coup d’état noun
BrE /ˌkuː deɪˈtɑː/ ; NAmE /ˌkuː deɪˈtɑː/ (pl. coups d’état BrE /ˌkuː deɪˈtɑː/ ; NAmE /ˌkuː deɪˈtɑː/ )
1) (also coup d’état) a sudden change of government that is illegal and often violent
ex) The 60-year-old has vowed to reach out to North Korea and ease the current government’s hard line, fight widespread government corruption, strengthen social welfare, help small companies, close growing gaps between rich and poor, ease heavy household debt and curb the power of big corporations so powerful they threaten to eclipse national laws.
He seized power in a military coup in 2008.
to stage/mount a coup
an attempted coup
a failed/an abortive coup
She lost her position in a boardroom coup (= a sudden change of power among senior managers in a company).
2) the fact of achieving something that was difficult to do
ex) Getting this contract has been quite a coup for us.
He pulled off a major diplomatic coup by winning agreement from all the warring factions on a permanent ceasefire.
