VO Book 2-2 Flashcards

Question

perturbed adjective | BrE /pəˈtɜːbd/ ; NAmE /pərˈtɜːrbd/ (formal)

Answer 1

worried or anxious synonym alarmed ex) If, on the other hand, He is perfectly immutable, He cannot be perturbed by our misery; He must therefore be indifferent. William looked more than a little perturbed at the suggestion. a perturbed young man She didn't seem perturbed at the change of plan.

Answer 2

having total power; able to do anything ex) We are forced to admit that we cannot understand the divine being - omnipotent omniscient, knowing everything in Himself and through Himself, not as something external to Him, and unaffected by pain and evil. an omnipotent God

Answer 3

knowing everything ex) We are forced to admit that we cannot understand the divine being - omnipotent omniscient, knowing everything in Himself and through Himself, not as something external to Him, and unaffected by pain and evil. The novel has an omniscient narrator.

Answer 4

present everywhere ex) These days the media are omnipresent. She slipped on the omnipresent mud and broke her ankle. They believe that God is omnipresent.

Answer 5

to express or represent an idea or a quality; to be the best possible example of a particular idea, quality, or principle, especially a good one synonym represent ex) He was embodied and suffered pain, he shared the suffering of his fellow men, and he died on the cross. The spirit of hope is embodied in the character Anna. a politician who embodied the hopes of black youth the principles embodied in the Declaration of Human Rights 2) embody something (formal) to include or contain something ex) This model embodies many new features.

Answer 6

[uncountable] extreme happiness ex) There is no reason to maintain that the things we experience as good - aesthetic delight, erotic bliss, physical and intellectual pleasure of all kinds, enriching conversation, and the love of friends - must all be seen as pure negation. married/wedded/domestic bliss My idea of bliss is a month in the Bahamas. Swimming on a hot day is sheer bliss.

Answer 7

Money always steers clear of me.

Answer 8

1) [uncountable] grand and impressive beauty synonym grandeur ex) And if in addition to accepting something like this intellectually, in addition, that is, to simply believing that all must be right with the world because it is under the constant guidance of God, we also feel in our hearts that this is so, and experience the splendor, goodness, and beauty of the universe in our daily life, then can we not be said to be happy? The answer is: no, we cannot. a view of Rheims Cathedral, in all its splendour The palace has been restored to its former splendour. 2) splendours [plural] the beautiful and impressive features or qualities of something, especially a place ex) the splendours of Rome (= its fine buildings, etc.)

Answer 9

1) (also Purgatory) (in Roman Catholic teaching) a place or state in which the souls of dead people suffer for the bad things they did when they were living, so that they can become pure enough to go to heaven ex) If we imagine that hell and purgatory are no longer in operation and that all human beings, every single one without exception, have been saved by God and are now enjoying celestial bliss, lacking nothing, perfectly satisfied, without pain or death, then we can imagine that their happiness is real and that the sorrows and suffering of the past have been forgotten. 2) (informal, humorous) any place or state of suffering synonym hell ex) Getting up at four o'clock every morning is sheer purgatory.

Answer 10

of the sky or of heaven; in or relating to the sky, heaven, or space ex) If we imagine that hell and purgatory are no longer in operation and that all human beings, every single one without exception, have been saved by God and are now enjoying celestial bliss, lacking nothing, perfectly satisfied, without pain or death, then we can imagine that their happiness is real and that the sorrows and suffering of the past have been forgotten. celestial bodies (= the sun, moon, stars, etc.) 2) LITERARY very good or beautiful ex) celestial light/music

Answer 11

(stauncher, staunchest) strong and loyal in your opinions and attitude synonym faithful ex) a staunch supporter of the monarchy one of the president’s staunchest allies a staunch Catholic * in a way that is strong and loyal ex) With the election of Park Geun-hye as president on Wednesday, South Korea extended tenure of its staunchly pro-American governing party and handed power to the daughter of South Korea's longest-ruling dictator, the first woman to win the post in a deeply patriarchal part of Asia. She staunchly defended the new policy. The family was staunchly Protestant.

Answer 12

ruling [governing] party The ruling party or governing party in a democratic parliamentary system is the incumbent political party or coalition of the majority in parliament, that administers the affairs of state. ex) With the election of Park Geun-hye as president on Wednesday, South Korea extended tenure of its staunchly pro-American governing party and handed power to the daughter of South Korea's longest-ruling dictator, the first woman to win the post in a deeply patriarchal part of Asia. * the opposition party the leading opposition the opposition camp ** coalition government

Answer 13

1) ruled or controlled by men; giving power and importance only to men ex) With the election of Park Geun-hye as president on Wednesday, South Korea extended tenure of its staunchly pro-American governing party and handed power to the daughter of South Korea's longest-ruling dictator, the first woman to win the post in a deeply patriarchal part of Asia. a patriarchal society

Answer 14

1) continuing for a very long time; happening again and again ex) Voters appeared to prefer stability over her opponent's calls for radical change in how one of the world's strongest economies addresses the new problems of slowing growth and a growing wealth gap, as well as perennial military threats from North Korea. the perennial problem of water shortage that perennial favourite, hamburgers Colonialism in different forms is a perennial theme of history.

Answer 15

stalwart (of something) a loyal supporter who does a lot of work for an organization, especially a political party ex) With all of the votes counted, according tot he National Election Commission, the conservative Ms. Park won 51.6 percent of the vote compared with 48 percent for Moon Jae-in, a liberal stalwart. a Labour/Tory stalwart They have been stalwarts of the local amateur dramatic society for over 30 years.

Answer 16

the quality of being strong, hard and sometimes unfriendly in your character or behaviour ex) "This is a victory for the people's wish to overcome crises and revive the economy," Ms. Park, 60, told her cheering supporters, who gathered in freezing weather in downtown Seoul to celebrate a woman whose steeliness in the face of adversity is legend.

Answer 17

a difficult or unpleasant situation ex) "This is a victory for the people's wish to overcome crises and revive the economy," Ms. Park, 60, told her cheering supporters, who gathered in freezing weather in downtown Seoul to celebrate a woman whose steeliness in the face of adversity is legend. courage in the face of adversity He overcame many personal adversities. patience in adversity

Answer 18

In its starkest terms, this election was about South Korea's continuing confrontation with its authoritarian past, and confusion over whether a conservative or liberal approach would best serve the country as it tries to stop North Korea's excesses and to handle growing frustration over economic inequality without derailing the country's economic miracle.

Answer 19

believing that people should obey authority and rules, even when these are unfair, and even if it means that they lose their personal freedom ex) In its starkest terms, this election was about South Korea's continuing confrontation with its authoritarian past, and confusion over whether a conservative or liberal approach would best serve the country as it tries to stop North Korea's excesses and to handle growing frustration over economic inequality without derailing the country's economic miracle. an authoritarian regime/government/state The school was very authoritarian and exam-orientated. Father was an authoritarian figure. Many have accused him of an authoritarian style of leadership. Policing policy has become discernibly more authoritarian.

Answer 20

1) imprison verb BrE /ɪmˈprɪzn/ ; NAmE /ɪmˈprɪzn/ [often passive] imprison somebody to put somebody in a prison or another place from which they cannot escape synonym jail ex) Mr. Moon, a former human rights lawyer who was once imprisoned for opposing the authoritarian rule of Ms. Park's father, campaigned on restoring key liberal policies from the early 2000s, including a warm embrace of North Korea as a way of trying to curb its aggression. They were imprisoned for possession of drugs. (figurative) Some young mothers feel imprisoned in their own homes. 2) incarcerate verb BrE /ɪnˈkɑːsəreɪt/ ; NAmE /ɪnˈkɑːrsəreɪt/ [usually passive] incarcerate somebody (in something) (formal) to put somebody in prison or in another place from which they cannot escape synonym imprison ex) Thousands were incarcerated in labour camps. 3) put somebody in jail/prison 4) put somebody behind bars ex) He was put behind bars.

Answer 21

inroad (into something) something that is achieved, especially by reducing the power or success of something else ex) While Ms. Park's run for president was pioneering in one important way, because of her gender, few see her win as likely to significantly change the lot of women anytime soon in a traditional society where, despite some strong inroads in business and government, women's most important job is still considered to be raising children. This deal is their first major inroad into the American market. * if one thing makes inroads into another, it has a noticeable effect on the second thing, especially by reducing it, or influencing it ex) Honda Motors is trying tot make inroads into the notoriously nationalistic market with its flagship models, Odyssey and Pilot. Tax rises have made some inroads into the country's national debt. By the 1950s, television had made great inroads into the territory of the news magazines.

Answer 22

2) to a great extent; largely ex) In an assessment echoed by voters, analysts said the clearest indication that little was changing was that Ms. park won in good part on the appeal that a man - her father - still holds for many in a country still deeply divided over his legacy. His success is in good part ascribable to dogged determination.

Answer 23

1) a complete separation from a person, an organization, a way of life, etc. ex) She wanted to make a clean break with the past. 2) a break in a bone in one place

Answer 24

dissident adjective BrE /ˈdɪsɪdənt/ ; NAmE /ˈdɪsɪdənt/ strongly disagreeing with and criticizing your government, especially in a country where this kind of action is dangerous ex) the suppression of dissident views * dissident noun BrE /ˈdɪsɪdənt/ ; NAmE /ˈdɪsɪdənt/ a person who strongly disagrees with and criticizes their government, especially in a country where this kind of action is dangerous ex) His government jailed and tortured many dissidents - whom he painted as Communist sympathizers helping North Korea - and even banned rock music and miniskirts. left-wing dissidents regimes that murder political opponents and imprison dissidents Dissidents were often imprisoned by the security police.

Answer 25

sympathizer noun (British English also -iser) BrE /ˈsɪmpəθaɪzə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈsɪmpəθaɪzər/ a person who supports or approves of somebody/something, especially a political cause or party ex) His government jailed and tortured many ex) His government jailed and tortured many dissidents - whom he painted as Communist sympathizers helping North Korea - and even banned rock music and miniskirts. communist sympathizers

Answer 26

But he is consistently voted the most popular former president in polls for his role in birthing the vibrant South Korea economy.

Answer 27

give birth to (a baby or other young) ex) But he is consistently voted the most popular former president in polls for his role in birthing the vibrant South Korea economy. She had carried him and birthed him.

Answer 28

1) dangerous radioactive dust that is in the air after a nuclear explosion (방사능) 낙진 2) the bad results of a situation or an action; the unpleasant effects of something that has happened ex) Still, Ms. Park will have to contend with the fallout from that success, and her father's role in it. the political fallout of the current crisis The fallout from the Asian financial crisis has continued to affect business. * a situation in which an event or action has an effect on something, which then has an effect on something else ex) His resignation will have a ripple effect on the whole department. ** an indirect and usually bad result of an action or event that may happen some time afterwards synonym consequence ex) The collapse of the company will have repercussions for the whole industry. *** reverberations [plural] the effects of something that happens, especially unpleasant ones that spread among a large number of people synonym repercussion ex) the political reverberations of the scandal

Answer 29

(of a feeling or belief) lasting for a long time and not changing ex) One of the abiding themes of the campaign was the clamor for more economic equality and a reining in of the chaebol, or family-controlled conglomerates like Samsung, that Mr. park helped build with government largess. He is an artist with an abiding concern for humanity. * 1) [transitive] cannot/could not abide somebody/something to dislike somebody/something so much that you hate having to be with or deal with them synonym bear, stand ex) I can't abide people with no sense of humour. He couldn't abide the thought of being cooped up in an office. I can’t abide people who look down on others. 2) [intransitive] + adv./prep. (old use or formal) to stay or live in a place ex) May joy and peace abide in us all.

Answer 30

2) clamour (for something) a demand for something made by a lot of people ex) One of the abiding themes of the campaign was the clamor for more economic equality and a reining in of the chaebol, or family-controlled conglomerates like Samsung, that Mr. park helped build with government largess. The clamour for her resignation grew louder.

Answer 31

1) [countable] (business) a large company formed by joining together different firms ex) One of the abiding themes of the campaign was the clamor for more economic equality and a reining in of the chaebol, or family-controlled conglomerates like Samsung, that Mr. park helped build with government largess. a media conglomerate

Answer 32

the act or quality of being generous with money; money that you give to people who have less than you; generous acts of giving presents or money to a large number of people ex) One of the abiding themes of the campaign was the clamor for more economic equality and a reining in of the chaebol, or family-controlled conglomerates like Samsung, that Mr. park helped build with government largess. She is not noted for her largesse (= she is not generous). to dispense largesse to the poor

Answer 33

difficult to control or manage synonym disorderly ex) Those companies power the economy, but their unruly expansion in recent years is blamed for aggravating the gap between rich and poor. an unruly class unruly behaviour unruly hair (= difficult to keep looking neat) He struggled hard to control his unruly emotions. The police were attacked by an unruly mob. There have been complaints about her unruly behaviour.

Answer 34

1) aggravate something to make an illness or a bad or unpleasant situation worse synonym worsen ex) Those companies power the economy, but their unruly expansion in recent years is blamed for aggravating the gap between rich and poor. Pollution can aggravate asthma. Military intervention will only aggravate the conflict even further.

Answer 35

to ask somebody for something, especially money, in a very polite way that makes you seem less important ex) President-elect Kim goes hat in hand to the IMF for a bail-out package. There’s no way he’ll go cap in hand to his brother.

Answer 36

the ~-elect, a winner, a successful candidate, a victorious candidate, the elected

Answer 37

a person who has an official position ex) Although Ms. Park criticized the "inflexible" hard-line policy of the incumbent, President Lee Myung-bak, for failing to tame North Korea, she prefers a cautious rapprochement. the present incumbent of the White House the campaign to re-elect the incumbent

Answer 38

tame something to make something tame or easy to control ex) Although Ms. Park criticized the "inflexible" hard-line policy of the incumbent, President Lee Myung-bak, for failing to tame North Korea, she prefers a cautious rapprochement. Lions can never be completely tamed. She made strenuous efforts to tame her anger. * 1) (of animals, birds, etc.) not afraid of people, and used to living with them opposite wild ex) The bird became so tame that it was impossible to release it back into the wild. 2) (informal) not interesting or exciting ex) You'll find life here pretty tame after New York. 3) (informal) (of a person) willing to do what other people ask ex) I have a tame doctor who'll always give me a sick note when I want a day off.

Answer 39

a situation in which the relationship between two countries or groups of people becomes more friendly after a period during which they were enemies ex) Although Ms. Park criticized the "inflexible" hard-line policy of the incumbent, President Lee Myung-bak, for failing to tame North Korea, she prefers a cautious rapprochement. policies aimed at bringing about a rapprochement with China There now seems little chance of rapprochement between the warring factions.

Answer 40

decouple something (from something) (formal) to end the connection or relationship between two things; to separate two objects, ideas, or processes ex) She said she would decouple humanitarian aid from politics and try to meet the new North Korean leader, Kim Jong-un. Gasoline prices have been decoupled from crude oil prices.

Answer 41

1) a way of walking together where people move their feet at the same time ex) The coffin was carried by six soldiers walking in lockstep. (figurative) Politicians and the media are marching in lockstep on this issue (= they agree). 2) a situation where things happen at the same time or change at the same rate ex) While Ms. Park's stance may pose something of a challenge to the Obama administration's policy on North Korea - which had been in lock step with Mr. Lee's - analysts say it will be much easier for the United States to work with her on the issue than with Mr. Moon. a lockstep approach to teaching Cases of breathing difficulties increase in lockstep with air pollution.

Answer 42

[only before noun] doing the work of another person for a short time synonym temporary ex) Ms. Park's political career was born in family tragedy. Her mother was killed by a Communist agent in 1974 when Ms. Park was 22 and a student in Paris; she abandoned her studies to return to Seoul and serve as acting first lady. the acting manager * 1) a person who does somebody’s job for a short time when they are not available ex) When Park Geun-hye last lived in the presidential blue House more than 30 years ago, she was a young, stand-in first lady, serving after the assassination of her mother and before the killing of her dictator father. I acted as Tom’s stand-in when he was away. the stand-in captain 2) a person who replaces an actor in some scenes in a film/movie, especially dangerous ones ex) Most of the stunts are performed by stand-ins.

Answer 43

vilify somebody/something (as something) | vilify somebody/something (for something/for doing something) (formal) to say or write unpleasant things about somebody/something so that other people will have a low opinion of them; to criticize someone very strongly, especially in a way that is not fair and that damages their reputation synonym malign, revile ex) Ms. park retired from public view, as the country eventually turned from authoritarianism in the late 1980s, with many vilifying her father as a dictator.

Answer 44

Voters who remembered her father's charismatic leadership elected her to a seat in Parliament by a landslide margin, and she has held on to that seat ever since, building a reputation as a principled and tough-minded leader.

Answer 45

1) (also landfall) a mass of earth, rock, etc. that falls down the slope of a mountain or a cliff ex) The house was buried beneath a landslide. 2) an election in which one person or party gets very many more votes than the other people or parties ex) Voters who remembered her father's charismatic leadership elected her to a seat in Parliament by a landslide margin, and she has held on to that seat ever since, building a reputation as a principled and tough-minded leader. She was expected to win by a landslide. a landslide victory

Answer 46

that can be relied on to do what you want or need synonym reliable ex) Her image among her supporters is a stable leader, calm during crises, strong and dependable.

Answer 47

anomaly (in something) a thing, situation, etc. that is different from what is normal or expected ex) But in a sign of how little her victory might do for other women, analysts like Mr. Choi said she was viewed as something of an anomaly. "She is a woman, yet not a woman," he said. the many anomalies in the tax system the apparent anomaly that those who produced the wealth, the workers, were the poorest

Answer 48

1) (formal) experiencing a lot of criticism and difficulties ex) For South Korea's beleaguered liberals, having a woman lead the country will not automatically change that and is little compensation for what they see as a turn backward, given her policies on the North and on conglomerates. The beleaguered party leader was forced to resign. 2) surrounded by an enemy ex) supplies for the beleaguered city

Answer 49

the way in which a child is cared for and taught how to behave while it is growing up ex) To those critics, she is known as "princess Geun-hye" for her privileged upbringing. to have had a sheltered upbringing He was a Catholic by upbringing.

Answer 50

without enthusiasm or effort ex) And they say her apologies for her father's cruelties came reluctantly and halfheartedly, only after she decided to run for the presidency. I half-heartedly joined a gym to get fit.

Answer 51

2) [transitive, intransitive] to destroy something completely, especially somebody’s feelings, hopes or beliefs; to be destroyed in this way ex) her presidency will shatter the bias that women are less capable of thriving in male-oriented South Korean politics, said Lim Woo-youn, a researcher at the Chungcheongnam-do Women's Policy Development Institute in central South Korea. Anna's self-confidence had been completely shattered. Injury shattered his dreams of competing in the Olympics. Her experience of divorce shattered her illusions about love. My whole world shattered into a million pieces.

Answer 52

2) [TRANSITIVE] to improve the situation that someone or something is in ex) Many, including the older conservative voters who form her political base, see Park Chung-hee as a hero, the man whose strong hand guided the country from the devastation of the Korean War to an economic force that lifted millions from crushing poverty. economic measures designed to lift the country out of recession

Answer 53

used to emphasize how bad or severe something is ex) Many, including the older conservative voters who form her political base, see Park Chung-hee as a hero, the man whose strong hand guided the country from the devastation of the Korean War to an economic force that lifted millions from crushing poverty. a crushing defeat in the election The shipyard has been dealt another crushing blow with the failure to win this contract.

Answer 54

if something harmful is unchecked, it is not controlled or stopped from getting worse ex) His critics remember the brutal way he dealt with opponents to his unchecked rule, the claims of torture, execution and vote rigging. The fire was allowed to burn unchecked. The rise in violent crime must not go unchecked. The plant will soon choke ponds and waterways if left unchecked. Tears flowed unchecked down his cheeks.

Answer 55

checks and balances - executive [administrative] branch of the government - legislative - judicial

Answer 56

3) to present a plan, an argument, etc. clearly and carefully synonym set out ex) Park, a legislator since 1998, laid out a fairly moderate platform in her campaign to replace unpopular President Lee Myung-bak, a member of her conservative party. All the terms and conditions are laid out in the contract.

Answer 57

4) [usually singular] the aims of a political party and the things that they say they will do if they are elected to power ex) Park, a legislator since 1998, laid out a fairly moderate platform in her campaign to replace unpopular President Lee Myung-bak, a member of her conservative party. They are campaigning on an anti-immigration platform. They fought the election on a platform of low taxes.

Answer 58

Electoral fraud or vote rigging is illegal interference with the process of an election. Acts of fraud affect vote counts to bring about an election result, whether by increasing the vote share of the favored candidate, depressing the vote share of the rival candidates, or both. ex) His critics remember the brutal way he dealt with opponents to his unchecked rule, the claims of torture, execution and vote rigging.

Answer 59

2) eclipse somebody/something to make somebody/something seem dull or unimportant by comparison synonym outshine, overshadow ex) The 60-year-old has vowed to reach out to North Korea and ease the current government's hard line, fight widespread government corruption, strengthen social welfare, help small companies, close growing gaps between rich and poor, ease heavy household debt and curb the power of big corporations so powerful they threaten to eclipse national laws. Though a talented player, he was completely eclipsed by his brother.

Answer 60

1) (also coup d’état) a sudden change of government that is illegal and often violent ex) The 60-year-old has vowed to reach out to North Korea and ease the current government's hard line, fight widespread government corruption, strengthen social welfare, help small companies, close growing gaps between rich and poor, ease heavy household debt and curb the power of big corporations so powerful they threaten to eclipse national laws. He seized power in a military coup in 2008. to stage/mount a coup an attempted coup a failed/an abortive coup She lost her position in a boardroom coup (= a sudden change of power among senior managers in a company). 2) the fact of achieving something that was difficult to do ex) Getting this contract has been quite a coup for us. He pulled off a major diplomatic coup by winning agreement from all the warring factions on a permanent ceasefire.

Answer 61

to suddenly show a lot of interest in something, especially because you can use it to your advantage synonym pounce on/upon ex) Critics have long seized on what they see as Park's queen-like aura in an attempt to link her with her father. The rumours were eagerly seized upon by the local press. Peter seized on her last comment.

Answer 62

the aspects of a person’s character that they show to other people, especially when their real character is different ex) Much of Park's public persona has been built on her close association with their father's rule. His public persona is quite different from the family man described in the book. It is the work that is important, not the persona of the artist.

Answer 63

to consider that something is caused by something synonym attribute ex) Even her choice of college major - electronic engineering, which the website describes as "rare for women" - is put down to self-sacrifice, an effort to help the country increase exports by concentrating on developing electronic industries. What do you put her success down to?

Answer 64

badly done or badly planned, and therefore unsuccessful ex) Her "dreams of living a normal life" were crushed on Aug. 15, 1974, she says, when a Korean resident of Japan, claiming orders from North Korean leader Kim Il Sung, shot and killed her mother in a botched assassination attempt against her father. He tried to sell a key mobile phone technology in a botched attempt to make a windfall. a botched assassination attempt

Answer 65

1) an amount of money that somebody/something wins or receives unexpectedly ex) He tried to sell a key mobile phone technology in a botched attempt to make a windfall. The hospital got a sudden windfall of £300 000. windfall profits The government imposed a windfall tax (= a tax on profits to be paid once only, not every year) on some industries. She had an unexpected windfall when a cousin died.

Answer 66

gash (in/on something) a long deep cut in the surface of something, especially a person’s skin ex) She was a major figure in conservative politics in 2006 when a convicted criminal slashed her face as she was shaking hands with voters, opening up a gash that needed 60 stitches during surgery. He needed an operation to close a nasty gash in his arm. The explosion left a wide gash in the rock.

Answer 67

(pl. primaries) (also primary election) (in the US) an election in which people in a particular area vote to choose a candidate for a future important election the Illinois primary the presidential primaries He ran in the open primary for election as a state senator. the next round of primaries

Answer 68

primary noun BrE /ˈpraɪməri/ ; NAmE /ˈpraɪmeri/ Add to my wordlist (pl. primaries) (also primary election) (in the US) caucus noun BrE /ˈkɔːkəs/ ; NAmE /ˈkɔːkəs/ (especially North American English) Q: What is the difference between a caucus and a primary? A: In presidential campaigns, a caucus is a system of local gatherings where voters decide which candidate to support and select delegates for nominating conventions. A primary is a statewide voting process in which voters cast secret ballots for their preferred candidates. FULL ANSWER Caucuses were once the most common way of choosing presidential nominees. Today, Alaska, Colorado, Hawaii, Kansas, Maine, Minnesota, Nevada, North Dakota, Wyoming and Iowa are the only states to rely solely on the caucus, according to the Federal Election Commission. The territories of American Samoa, Guam and the Virgin Islands use the caucus also. All other states and Puerto Rico use primary elections or a combination of the voting formats. Caucus meetings are arranged by either the state or political party to take place at a certain place and time. Caucuses are unique in that they allow participants to openly show support for candidates. Voting is often done by raising hands or breaking into groups according to the candidate participants support. The results of the caucus are used to determine the delegates present at county, state and national nominating conventions of each political party. Most often, only registered voters can participate in a caucus, and they are limited to the caucus of the party with which they are affiliated. Primaries are a direct, statewide process of selecting candidates and delegates. Similar to the general election process, primary voters cast secret ballots for the candidates of their choosing. The results are used to determine the configuration of delegates at the national convention of each party. Primaries come in two basic forms: In an open primary, all registered voters can vote for any candidate, regardless of their political affiliation. Registered Democrats may vote for a Republican candidate, and Republican voters may cast ballots for a Democrat, for instance. And registered Independents can participate in either party’s primary. But in a closed primary, voters may vote only for candidates of the party with which they are registered.

Answer 69

1) unfriendly and aggressive synonym hostile ex) That might be difficult, however, with a belligerent Pyongyang fresh off the surprising success of a rocket launch that the South, the United States and others say was a cover for testing long-range missile technology. a belligerent attitude He is always very belligerent towards me. * having or showing a desire to argue or fight synonym aggressive, warlike

Answer 70

10) [countable, usually singular] cover (for something) activities or behaviour that seem honest or true but that hide somebody’s real identity or feelings, or that hide something illegal ex) That might be difficult, however, with a belligerent Pyongyang fresh off the surprising success of a rocket launch that the South, the United States and others say was a cover for testing long-range missile technology. His work as a civil servant was a cover for his activities as a spy. Her over-confident attitude was a cover for her nervousness. It would only take one phone call to blow their cover (= make known their true identities and what they were really doing).

Answer 71

to have the possibility of succeeding or achieving something ex) If you are Asian, your chances of getting into the most selective colleges and universities will almost certainly be lower than if you are white. The driver didn't stand a chance of stopping in time.

Answer 72

2) linking verb + noun (not used in the progressive tenses) to be the parts that together form something synonym make up ex) Asian-Americans constitute 5.6 percent of the nation's population but 12 to 18 percent of the student body at Ivy League schools. While a jury found Samsung infringed six Apple patents, it isn't in the public interest to ban Samsung's devices because the infringing elements constituted ta limited a part of Samsung's phones, Koh said. Female workers constitute the majority of the labour force.

Answer 73

underrepresented groups do not have enough people with power to speak for them or to help them; provide with insufficient or inadequate representation. ex) But if judged on their merits - grades, test scores, academic honors and extracurricular activities - Asian-Americans are underrepresented at these schools. Women are underrepresented at high levels.

Answer 74

the abbreviation for ‘White Anglo-Saxon Protestant’ (a white American whose family originally came from northern Europe and is therefore thought to be from the most powerful section of society) ex) In the 1920s, as high-achieving Jews began to compete with WASP prep schoolers, Ivy League schools started asking about family background and south vague qualities like "character," "vigor," "manliness" and "leadership" to cap Jewish enrollment. a privileged Wasp background

Answer 75

energy, force or enthusiasm synonym vitality ex) In the 1920s, as high-achieving Jews began to compete with WASP prep schoolers, Ivy League schools started asking about family background and south vague qualities like "character," "vigor," "manliness" and "leadership" to cap Jewish enrollment. He worked with renewed vigour and determination.

Answer 76

the qualities and physical features that are admired or expected in a man ex) In the 1920s, as high-achieving Jews began to compete with WASP prep schoolers, Ivy League schools started asking about family background and south vague qualities like "character," "vigor," "manliness" and "leadership" to cap Jewish enrollment. He felt she had insulted his manliness.

Answer 77

an event that causes great damage to people’s lives, property, etc. synonym disaster ex) Would it be such a calamity if those numbers were reversed? Sudan suffered a series of calamities during the 1980s. His financial help saved the magazine from total calamity.

Answer 78

affirmative action noun BrE ; NAmE (especially North American English) (usually British English positive discrimination) [uncountable] the practice or policy of making sure that a particular number of jobs, etc. are given to people from groups that are often treated unfairly because of their race, sex, etc. ex) As the journalist Daniel Golden revealed in his 2006 book "The Price of Admission," far more attention has been devoted to race-conscious affirmative action at public universities (which thee Supreme Court has scaled back and might soon eliminate altogether) than to the special preferences elite universities afford to the children of (overwhelmingly white) donors and alumni. The City Council implemented the affirmative action hiring plan in response to critics’ charges that the police department did not reflect the city’s racial makeup.

Answer 79

to reduce the number, size or extent of something ex) As the journalist Daniel Golden revealed in his 2006 book "The Price of Admission," far more attention has been devoted to race-conscious affirmative action at public universities (which thee Supreme Court has scaled back and might soon eliminate altogether) than to the special preferences elite universities afford to the children of (overwhelmingly white) donors and alumni. We are thinking of scaling down our training programmes next year. The IMF has scaled back its growth forecasts for the next decade. He was using scaled-down versions of his father’s tools. * to increase the size or number of something

Answer 80

1) [no passive] (usually used with can, could or be able to, especially in negative sentences or questions) to have enough money or time to be able to buy or to do something ex) I can't afford to buy this. Can we afford a new car? None of them could afford £50 for a ticket. She felt she couldn't afford any more time off work. I’d give up work if I could afford it. We can't afford to go abroad this summer. She never took a taxi, even though she could afford to. He couldn't afford the money to go on the trip. 2) [no passive] (usually used with can or could, especially in negative sentences and questions) if you say that you can’t afford to do something, you mean that you should not do it because it will cause problems for you if you do afford to do something We cannot afford to ignore this warning. ex) (formal) They could ill afford to lose any more staff. We cannot afford any more delays. 3) (formal) to provide somebody with something ex) As the journalist Daniel Golden revealed in his 2006 book "The Price of Admission," far more attention has been devoted to race-conscious affirmative action at public universities (which thee Supreme Court has scaled back and might soon eliminate altogether) than to the special preferences elite universities afford to the children of (overwhelmingly white) donors and alumni. The tree affords some shelter from the sun. The legislation aims to afford protection to employees. The programme affords young people the chance to gain work experience.

Answer 81

1) [usually before noun] causing difficulty or disagreement; a thorny issue, problem, subject etc is one that is difficult to deal with synonym knotty ex) For middle-class and affluent whites, overachieving Asian-Americans pose thorny questions about privilege and power, merit and opportunity. the thorny issue of land ownership Now we come to the thorny question of cost. a thorny question/issue/problem There are still some thorny questions to be answered. They must tackle the thorny issue of refugees to negotiate a final settlement.

Answer 82

be superior to (an opponent or rival) ex) Some white parents have reportedly shied away from selective public schools that have become "too Asian," fearing that their children will be outmatched.

Answer 83

[intransitive] to go or gather together somewhere in large numbers ex) Many whites who can afford it flock to private schools that promote "progressive" educational philosophies, don't "teach to the test" and offer programs in art and music (but not "Asian instruments," like piano and violin). Thousands of people flocked to the beach this weekend. Huge numbers of birds had flocked together by the lake. People flocked to hear him speak. * birds of a feather (flock together) (saying) people of the same sort (are found together)

Answer 84

to teach students only what is necessary in order to pass a particular test, rather than help them develop a range of skills ex) Many whites who can afford it flock to private schools that promote "progressive" educational philosophies, don't "teach to the test" and offer programs in art and music (but not "Asian instruments," like piano and violin).

Answer 85

a person who is extremely skilful at doing something, especially playing a musical instrument ex) At Northwestern, Asian-American students tell me that they feel ashamed of their identity - that they feel viewed as a faceless bunch of geeks and virtuosos. a piano virtuoso

Answer 86

having no noticeable characteristics or identity ex) At Northwestern, Asian-American students tell me that they feel ashamed of their identity - that they feel viewed as a faceless bunch of geeks and virtuosos. faceless bureaucrats faceless high-rise apartment blocks

Answer 87

(North American English, informal) to consider that something is caused by something ex) When they succeed, their peers chalk it up to "being Asian." We can chalk that win up to a lot of luck.

Answer 88

an examination of a machine or system, including doing repairs on it or making changes to it ex) Since the 1965 overhaul of immigration law, the United States has lured millions of highly educated, ambitious immigrants from places like Taiwan, South Korea and India. a complete/major overhaul A radical overhaul of the tax system is necessary.

Answer 89

outperform somebody/something to achieve better results than somebody/something ex) We welcomed these immigrants precisely because they outperformed and overachieved. The company has consistently outperformed its larger rivals.

Answer 90

1) [intransitive] to do better than expected in your studies or work 2) [intransitive] to try too hard to be successful in your work ex) We welcomed these immigrants precisely because they outperformed and overachieved.

Answer 91

[usually passive] stigmatize somebody/something (formal) to treat somebody in a way that makes them feel that they are very bad or unimportant ex) Yet now we are stigmatizing their children for inheriting their parents' work ethic and faith in a good education. How self-defeating.

Answer 92

causing more problems and difficulties instead of solving them; not achieving what you wanted to achieve but having an opposite effect ex) Yet now we are stigmatizing their children for inheriting their parents' work ethic and faith in a good education. How self-defeating. Paying children too much attention when they misbehave can be self-defeating. It becomes self-defeating to go on wrangling about tactics.

Answer 93

having a very harmful effect on somebody/something, especially in a way that is gradual and not easily noticed ex) Nor do I endorse the law professor Amy Chua's pernicious "Tiger Mother" stereotype, which has set back Asian kids by attributing their successes to overzealous (and even pathological) parenting rather than individual effort. the pernicious influence of TV violence on children Ageism is equally as offensive and pernicious as sexism.

Answer 94

showing too much energy or enthusiasm ex) Nor do I endorse the law professor Amy Chua's pernicious "Tiger Mother" stereotype, which has set back Asian kids by attributing their successes to overzealous (and even pathological) parenting rather than individual effort. An overzealous fan ran onto the stage during the concert.

Answer 95

a school in a large city that offers extra courses in some subjects in order to attract students from other areas of the city ex) It is noteworthy that many high-achieving kids at selective public magnet schools are children of working-class immigrants, not well-educated professionals.

Answer 96

2) (informal) excellent; a stellar performance, achievement, piece of work etc is extremely good ex) We want to fill our top universities with students of exceptional and wide-ranging talent, not just stellar test takers. a stellar performance

Answer 97

2) [T often passive] to put a limit on the amount of money that can be charged or spent in connection with a particular activity ex) In the 1920s, as high-achieving Jews began to compete with WASP prep schoolers, Ivy League schools started asking about family background and south vague qualities like "character," "vigor," "manliness" and "leadership" to cap Jewish enrollment. High spending councils have all been (rate/charge) capped. Our mortgage is capped at 8.75 percent for five years.

Answer 98

the student who has the highest marks/grades in a particular group of students and who gives the valedictory speech at a graduation ceremony ex) I suspect that in too many college admissions offices, a white Intel Science Talent Search finalist who is a valedictorian and the concertmaster of her high school orchestra would stand out as exceptional, while an Asian-American with the same resume (and socioeconomic background) would not.

Answer 99

concertmaster noun BrE /ˈkɒnsətmɑːstə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈkɑːnsərtmæsmɑːstər/ (especially North American English) (British English also leader) the most important violin player in an orchestra ex) I suspect that in too many college admissions offices, a white Intel Science Talent Search finalist who is a valedictorian and the concertmaster of her high school orchestra would stand out as exceptional, while an Asian-American with the same resume (and socioeconomic background) would not.

Answer 100

a task that has no hope of being done successfully ex) If our most renowned schools set implicit quotas for high-achieving Asian-Americans, we are sending a message to all students that hard work and good grades may be a fool's errand. He sent me on a fool's errand.

Answer 101

[only before noun] knowing about a subject through books and television, rather than by doing it for yourself ex) And while no official diagnosis has been made public, armchair diagnosticians have been quick to assert that keeping guns from getting into the hands of people with mental illness would help solve the problem of gun homicides. an armchair critic/traveller a generation of armchair athletes who prefer to watch sports on TV rather than play

Answer 102

1) to state clearly and firmly that something is true ex) And while no official diagnosis has been made public, armchair diagnosticians have been quick to assert that keeping guns from getting into the hands of people with mental illness would help solve the problem of gun homicides. She continued to assert that she was innocent. She continued to assert her innocence. The German Chancellor was anxious to assert his government’s commitment to further European unity. ‘That is wrong,’ he asserted. It is commonly asserted that older people prefer to receive care from family members.

Answer 103

firearm noun BrE /ˈfaɪərɑːm/ ; NAmE /ˈfaɪərɑːrm/ (formal) a gun that can be carried; a gun, especially a small gun that you hold in one hand ex) The more realistic discussion is, "How do we target people with mental illness who use firearms?" The police were issued with firearms.

Answer 104

epidemiological adjective BrE /ˌepɪˌdiːmiəˈlɒdʒɪkl/ ; NAmE /ˌepɪˌdiːmiəˈlɑːdʒɪkl/ connected with the scientific study of the spread and control of diseases ex) But there is overwhelming epidemiological evidence that the vast majority of people with psychiatric disorders do not commit violent acts. epidemiological studies/data/evidence * epidemiology noun BrE /ˌepɪˌdiːmiˈɒlədʒi/ ; NAmE /ˌepɪˌdiːmiˈɑːlədʒi/ [uncountable] the scientific study of the spread and control of diseases ** epidemiologist noun BrE /ˌepɪˌdiːmiˈɒlədʒɪst/ ; NAmE /ˌepɪˌdiːmiˈɑːlədʒɪst/ a scientist who studies the spread and control of diseases

Answer 105

schizophrenia noun BrE /ˌskɪtsəˈfriːniə/ ; NAmE /ˌskɪtsəˈfriːniə/ [uncountable] a mental illness in which a person becomes unable to link thought, emotion and behaviour, leading to withdrawal from reality and personal relationships ex) One of the largest studies, the National Institute of Mental Health's Epidemiologic Catchment Area study, which followed nearly 18,000 subjects, found that the lifetime prevalence of violence among people with serious mental illness - like schizophrenia and bipolar disorder - was 16 percent, compared with 7 percent among people without any mental disorder.

Answer 106

8) [transitive] bear somebody/something (old-fashioned or formal) to carry somebody/something, especially while moving ex) Even the Supreme Court, which in 2008 strongly affirmed a broad right to bear arms, at the same time endorsed prohibitions on gun ownership "by felons and the mentally ill." three kings bearing gifts

Answer 107

ethnic cleansing noun [uncountable] (used especially in news reports) the policy of forcing the people of a particular race or religion to leave an area or a country ex) All the speakers at the conference condemned the so-called ‘ethnic cleansing’. He described the tragic plight of the victims of ethnic cleansing.

Answer 108

1) (of a person’s face) red a florid complexion 2) (usually disapproving) having too much decoration or detail ex) florid language a florid style of painting * floridly adverb BrE /ˈflɒrɪdli/ ; NAmE /ˈflɔːrɪdli/ , /ˈflɑːrɪdli/ (usually disapproving) ex) Most of these killers are young men who are not floridly psychotic. They tend to be paranoid loners who hold a grudge and are full of rage.

Answer 109

grudge (against somebody) a feeling of anger or dislike towards somebody because of something bad they have done to you in the past ex) Most of these killers are young men who are not floridly psychotic. They tend to be paranoid loners who hold a grudge and are full of rage. I bear him no grudge. He has a grudge against the world. She has harboured a grudge against me for years. I don't hold any grudges now. He's a man with a grudge. England beat New Zealand in a grudge match (= a match where there is strong dislike between the teams).

Answer 110

fit the profile ex) Even though we know from large-scale epidemiologic studies like the E.C.A. study that a young psychotic male who is intoxicated with alcohol and has a history of involuntary commitment is at a high risk of violence, most individuals who fit this profile are harmless.

Answer 111

* DWI (Driving While Intoxicated) * DUI (Driving Under Influence) * drunk driving * drinking and driving

Answer 112

Psychiatrists, using clinical judgment, are not much better than chance at predicting which individual patients will do something violent and which will not.

Answer 113

after something has happened or been done, when it is too late to prevent it or change it ex) You can profile the perpetrators after the fact and you'll get a description of troubled young men, which also matches the description of thousands of other troubled young men who would never do something like this. On some vital decisions employees were only informed after the fact.

Answer 114

perpetrator noun BrE /ˈpɜːpətreɪtə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈpɜːrpətreɪtər/ (also North American English, informal perp) a person who commits a crime or does something that is wrong or evil ex) The perp stole a police car and got away.

Answer 115

be easier said than done (saying) to be much more difficult to do than to talk about ex) Even if clinicians could predict violence perfectly, keeping guns from people with mental illness is easier said than done. ‘Why don't you get yourself a job?’ ‘That's easier said than done.’

Answer 116

better safe than sorry (saying) used to say that it is wiser to be too careful than to act too quickly and do something you may later wish you had not

Answer 117

better late than never (saying) used especially when you, or somebody else, arrive/arrives late, or when something such as success happens late, to say that this is better than not coming or happening at all

Answer 118

if somebody is undeterred by something, they do not allow it to stop them from doing something ex) There are a lot of people who are undeterred by these laws.

Answer 119

to find or get something; to manage to obtain something ex) Yet he managed to get his hands on guns - his mother's - anyway. I know their address is here somewhere, but I can't lay my hands on it right now. I couldn’t lay my hands on a copy of the book. Do you know where I can get my hands on a second-hand television?

Answer 120

on the surface; in appearance opposite inwardly ex) But the sad and frightening truth is that the vast majority of homicides are carried out by outwardly normal people in the grip of all too ordinary human aggression to whom we provide nearly unfettered access to deadly force. Though badly frightened, she remained outwardly composed. Outwardly, the couple seemed perfectly happy.

Answer 121

experiencing something unpleasant that cannot be stopped; to be in a difficult or unpleasant situation ex) But the sad and frightening truth is that the vast majority of homicides are carried out by outwardly normal people in the grip of all too ordinary human aggression to whom we provide nearly unfettered access to deadly force. a country in the grip of recession The country was in the grip of an economic crisis. The forest is still in the grip of winter.

Answer 122

1) in relation to ex) Keeping on ultra-hard line vis-a-vis the North would only give the people on this land a false sense of security. Britain’s role vis-à-vis the United States 2) in comparison with ex) It was felt that the company had an unfair advantage vis-à-vis smaller companies elsewhere. Our students’ marks are quite good vis-à-vis the national averages.

Answer 123

not controlled or restricted ex) But the sad and frightening truth is that the vast majority of homicides are carried out by outwardly normal people in the grip of all too ordinary human aggression to whom we provide nearly unfettered access to deadly force. Unfettered freedom of expression hurts more people than it contributes to a more democratic society. an unfettered free market unfettered by regulations

Answer 124

an open-plan building or area does not have inside walls dividing it up into rooms ex) Off-screen, in your open-plan office, crosstalk about a colleague's preschooler might lure you away, or a co-worker may stop by your desk for a quick question. an open-plan office

Answer 125

a situation in which a communications system is picking up the wrong signals Crosstalk is a disturbance caused by the electric or magnetic fields of one telecommunication signal affecting a signal in an adjacent circuit. In an telephone circuit, crosstalk can result in your hearing part of a voice conversation from another circuit. ex) Off-screen, in your open-plan office, crosstalk about a colleague's preschooler might lure you away, or a co-worker may stop by your desk for a quick question.

Answer 126

to entice or draw someone away from someone or something. ex) Off-screen, in your open-plan office, crosstalk about a colleague's preschooler might lure you away, or a co-worker may stop by your desk for a quick question. Do you think we could lure her away from her present employment? They were not able to lure away many of the employees of the other companies.

Answer 127

tired and easily annoyed; extremely tired, annoyed, and unable to deal with things ex) Distraction at the office is hardly new, but as screens multiply and managers push frazzled workers to do more with less, companies say the problem is worsening and is affecting business. They finally arrived home, hot and frazzled.

Answer 128

designed and built for a particular person ex) Even though digital technology has led to significant productivity increases, the modern workday seems custom-built to destroy individual focus.

Answer 129

the act of protecting something with a material that prevents heat, sound, electricity, etc. from passing through; the materials used for this ex) Open-plan offices and an emphasis on collaborative work leave workers with little insulation from colleagues' chatter. Better insulation of your home will help to reduce heating bills. foam insulation

Answer 130

1) continuous rapid talk about things that are not important ex) Open-plan offices and an emphasis on collaborative work leave workers with little insulation from colleagues' chatter. Jane's constant chatter was beginning to annoy him. idle chatter * conversation about things that are not important synonym chat ex) We spent the afternoon in idle chit-chat.

Answer 131

3) [transitive] to manage to achieve something with difficulty, or in a hurry, without much control ex) A ceaseless tide of meetings and internal emails means that workers increasingly scramble to get their "real work" done on the margins, early in the morning or late in the evening. Cork scrambled a 1–0 win over Monaghan. Rooney managed to scramble the ball into the net.

Answer 132

3) [countable, usually singular] a large amount of something unpleasant that is increasing and is difficult to control ex) A ceaseless tide of meetings and internal emails means that workers increasingly scramble to get their "real work" done on the margins, early in the morning or late in the evening. There is anxiety about the rising tide of crime. Measures have been taken to stem the tide of pornography (= stop it from getting worse).

Answer 133

4) [usually singular] an extra amount of something such as time, space, money, etc. that you include in order to make sure that something is successful ex) A ceaseless tide of meetings and internal emails means that workers increasingly scramble to get their "real work" done on the margins, early in the morning or late in the evening. a safety margin The narrow gateway left me little margin for error as I reversed the car. Wide safety margins had been set. There’s no margin for error – we have to win.

Answer 134

At most companies, it's a struggle "to get work done on a daily basis, with all these things coming at you," she says.

Answer 135

2) Fig. to cause one to lose one's place in the sequence of things. ex) Once thrown off track, it can take some 23 minutes for a worker to return to the original task, says Gloria Mark, a professor of informatics at the University of California, Irvine, who studies digital distraction. The interruption threw me off the track for a moment, but I soon got started again with my presentation. Don't let little things throw you off the track. Concentrate on what you're doing.

Answer 136

1) [transitive] tackle something to make a determined effort to deal with a difficult problem or situation ex) Some are limiting internal emails - with one company moving to ban them entirely - while others are reducing the number of projects workers can tackle at a time. The government is determined to tackle inflation. I think I'll tackle the repairs next weekend. Firefighters tackled a blaze in a garage last night.

Answer 137

to give time to somebody/something, although you are very busy ex) Last year, Jamey Jacobs, a divisional vice president at Abbott Vascular, a unit of health-care company Abbott Laboratories, learned that his 200 employees had grown stressed trying to squeeze in more heads-down, focused work amid the daily thrum of email and meetings. If you come this afternoon the doctor will try to squeeze you in. I’ll try and squeeze in another hour’s work before I go out.

Answer 138

to direct all your efforts into the particular task you are involved in ex) I'm going to get my head down and try and finish this report before I go home today. * ex) Last year, Jamey Jacobs, a divisional vice president at Abbott Vascular, a unit of health-care company Abbott Laboratories, learned that his 200 employees had grown stressed trying to squeeze in more heads-down, focused work amid the daily thrum of email and meetings.

Answer 139

a continuous low sound; a hair, fiber, or threadlike leaf on a plant; also : a tuft or fringe of such structures ex) Last year, Jamey Jacobs, a divisional vice president at Abbott Vascular, a unit of health-care company Abbott Laboratories, learned that his 200 employees had grown stressed trying to squeeze in more heads-down, focused work amid the daily thrum of email and meetings. the steady thrum of horses galloping

Answer 140

[often passive] obliterate something to remove all signs of something, either by destroying or covering it completely ex) At meetings, attendees were often checking email, trying to multitask and in the process obliterating their focus. If it ever tries again to test such a dirty weapon, I'm telling you, we will 'obliterate' that little country from the face of the earth. The building was completely obliterated by the bomb. The snow had obliterated their footprints. Everything that happened that night was obliterated from his memory.

Answer 141

to disappear completely ex) If it ever tries again to test such a dirty weapon, I'm telling you, we will 'obliterate' that little country from the face of the earth. The whole tribe seems to have disappeared off the face of the earth. Keep looking—they can't just have vanished off the face of the earth.

Answer 142

the third rock from the sun

Answer 143

(in adjectives) often ex) Part of the solution for Mr. Jacobs's team was that oft-forgotten piece of office technology: the telephone. an oft-repeated claim

Answer 144

3) [transitive, intransitive] to control or influence how something happens synonym determine ex) The pair instructted workers to let the importance and complexity of their message dictate whether to use cellphones, office phones or email. When we take our vacations is very much dictated by Greg's work schedule. It's generally your job that dictates where you live now. The social conventions of the day dictated that she should remain at home with her parents.

Answer 145

(not used in the progressive tenses) merit (doing) something (formal) to do something to deserve praise, attention, etc. synonym deserve ex) Truly urgent messages and complex issues merited phone calls or in-person conversations, while email was reserved for messages that could wait. He claims that their success was not merited. The case does not merit further investigation.

Answer 146

4) [intransitive] to be left to be dealt with at a later time because it is not urgent ex) Truly urgent messages and complex issues merited phone calls or in-person conversations, while email was reserved for messages that could wait. A: Hey, Park. Come over here and please type these for me. B: But I've got to get this done first. A: That can wait. Come! I've got some calls to make but they can wait until tomorrow. I'm afraid this can't wait. It's very important.

Answer 147

1) log something to put information in an official record or write a record of events synonym record ex) Workers now pick up the phone more, logging fewer internal emails and say they've got clarity on what's urgent and what's not, although Mr. Jacobs says staff still have to stay current with emails from clients or co-workers outside the group. The police log all phone calls.

Answer 148

institute something (formal) to introduce a system, policy, etc. or start a process ex) Ms. Roberson of eBay recently instituted a no-device policy during some team meetings, a change that she says has made gatherings more efficient. to institute criminal proceedings against somebody The new management intends to institute a number of changes.

Answer 149

boring lack of variety ex) Other studies have found that occasional, undemanding distractions, such as surfing the Web, can help increase creativity and reduce workplace monotony, which may help boost alertness. She watches television to relieve the monotony of everyday life. * never changing and therefore boring synonym dull, repetitious ex) a monotonous voice/diet/routine monotonous work New secretaries came and went with monotonous regularity. ** [singular] a dull sound or way of speaking in which the tone and volume remain the same and therefore seem boring ex) He spoke in a flat monotone.

Answer 150

2) to stop yourself from thinking about or remembering something unpleasant ex) So earlier this fall, managers decided to pilot a program allowing employees to block out several hours a week for heads-down work. Over the years she had tried to block out that part of her life. He had always managed to block out the incident.

Answer 151

the quality of being possible and likely to be achieved synonym practicability ex) a feasibility study on the proposed new airport I doubt the feasibility of the plan.

Answer 152

1) to spend extra time doing something because you have not done it earlier; to do something that should have been done before ex) Already, at least one employee has developed a patent application in those hours, while others have caught up on the work they're unable to get to during frenetic workdays, says Linda April, a managers in the group. I have a lot of work to catch up on. The deadline’s tomorrow. How are we ever going to catch up in time? I just want to go home and catch up on some sleep. Staff are struggling to catch up with the backlog.

Answer 153

involving a lot of energy and activity in a way that is not organized ex) Already, at least one employee has developed a patent application in those hours, while others have caught up on the work they're unable to get to during frenetic workdays, says Linda April, a managers in the group. a scene of frenetic activity to live at a frenetic pace Liverpool scored two goals in a frenetic final ten minutes. She rushed from city to city at a frenetic pace.

Answer 154

3) to bring something under control ex) Dozens of software firms have deceloped products to tame worker inboxes, ranging from task-management software to programs that screen and sort email, but their effectiveness is limited without organizational change. a government programme to tame inflation

Answer 155

2) [no passive] to play against somebody in a game or contest; to fight against somebody; to begin to perform or deal with ex) Perhaps no company has taken on the email problem with as much relish as Atos, a global IT services company based outside of Paris, with 74,000 employees. to take somebody on at tennis The rebels took on the entire Roman army.

Answer 156

1) [uncountable] great enjoyment or pleasure ex) Perhaps no company has taken on the email problem with as much relish as Atos, a global IT services company based outside of Paris, with 74,000 employees. She savoured the moment with obvious relish.

Answer 157

a written statement in which a group of people, especially a political party, explain their beliefs and say what they will do if they win an election ex) Atos says it's too early to say whether the experiment is a success, but in an anti-email manifesto posted on the company's website, CEO Thierry Breton compares his company's efforts to reduce digital clutter to "measures to reduce environmental pollution after the industrial revolution." an election manifesto the party manifesto * 1) manifest something (in something) to show something clearly, especially a feeling, an attitude or a quality synonym demonstrate ex) His 'enmity' against such a rigid work environment was clearly manifested today in the form of a 'violence' against his boss. He was so mad, he beat up his boss. Social tensions were manifested in the recent political crisis.

Answer 158

feelings of hatred towards somebody ex) His 'enmity' against such a rigid work environment was clearly manifested today in the form of a 'violence' against his boss. He was so mad, he beat up his boss. personal enmities and political conflicts Her action earned her the enmity of two or three colleagues. the traditional problem of the enmity between Protestants and Catholics

Answer 159

[uncountable, singular] (disapproving) a lot of things in an untidy state, especially things that are not necessary or are not being used; a state of confusion synonym mess ex) Atos says it's too early to say whether the experiment is a success, but in an anti-email manifesto posted on the company's website, CEO Thierry Breton compares his company's efforts to reduce digital clutter to "measures to reduce environmental pollution after the industrial revolution." There's always so much clutter on your desk! There was a clutter of bottles and tubes on the shelf.

Answer 160

concentrating or focusing on what is to be done ex) Office workers aren't the only ones struggling to stay on-task. Kids need to stay on task in the classroom. * Stay focused!

Answer 161

[intransitive, transitive] (computing) to press a key or set of keys on a computer keyboard in order to turn a feature on or off, or to move from one program, etc. to another; to move from one computer operation or program to another and back again by using a particular key or command (=instruction) ex) At Robins Air Force Base, in Georgia, fewer than half of planes were being repaired on time by the Warner Robins Air Logistics Complex because employees were working on too many planes at once and toggling between too many tasks on each. He toggled between the two windows. This key toggles various views of the data.

Answer 162

1) await somebody/something to wait for somebody/something ex) Apple Inc. awaits a judge's decision on its request for additional damages against Samsung Electronics Co. for patent infringement after the iPhone maker lost its bid to block U.S. sales on 26 of the Galaxy maker's devices. He is in custody awaiting trial. Her latest novel is eagerly awaited.

Answer 163

2) an act of limiting somebody's legal rights ex) Apple Inc. awaits a judge's decision on its request for additional damages against Samsung Electronics Co. for patent infringement after the iPhone maker lost its bid to block U.S. sales on 26 of the Galaxy maker's devices. an infringement of liberty

Answer 164

3) (used especially in newspapers) an effort to do something or to obtain something ex) Apple Inc. awaits a judge's decision on its request for additional damages against Samsung Electronics Co. for patent infringement after the iPhone maker lost its bid to block U.S. sales on 26 of the Galaxy maker's devices. a bid for power a desperate bid to escape from his attackers

Answer 165

5) to discover or prove the facts of a situation; to discover, prove, or decide that something is true synonym ascertain ex) Apple failed to establish that consumer demand for Samsung products was driven by technology it stole, U.S. District Judge Lucy H. Koh in San Jose, California, said in her Dec. 17 ruling. Apple's evidence doesn't establish that its three design patents cover a feature that drives customer demand, Koh said. "Though evident that Samsung attempted to copy certain Apple features may offer some limited support for Apple's theory, it does not establish that those features actually drove consumer demand," she said. The cause of death has not yet been established. We have established that you were present that afternoon. I was never able to establish whether she was telling the truth. Townsend’s work firmly established the links between unemployment and poverty. Police are still trying to establish the cause of the accident. They have established that his injuries were caused by a fall. We need to establish where she was at the time of the shooting. It has since been established that the horse was drugged.

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1) an official order given by a court which demands that something must or must not be done ex) "There's not going to be any knockout punches between these two competitors," Carl Howe, a Yankee Group analyst, said in a phone interview. "Injunctions can be knockouts. This is going to be a war of money." to seek/obtain an injunction The court granted an injunction against the defendants. * restraining order (against somebody) (especially North American English) an official order given by a judge which demands that something must or must not be done. A restraining order does not require a trial in court but only lasts for a limited period of time.

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in a way that follows or copies somebody/something exactly without having any original thought at all ex) Samsung and Apple, the world's two biggest smartphone makers, have each scored victories in their patent disputes fought over four continents since Apple accused Asia's biggest electronics maker of "slavishly copying" its devices. You don’t need to stick slavishly to the recipe.

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(of laws) preventing companies or groups of companies from controlling prices unfairly ex) Hours after Koh's ruling on the sales ban, Samsung, which faces an antitrust probe by European regulators, said it will halt efforts to block sales of Apple products in Europe.

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1) probe (into something) (used especially in newspapers) a thorough and careful investigation of something ex) Hours after Koh's ruling on the sales ban, Samsung, which faces an antitrust probe by European regulators, said it will halt efforts to block sales of Apple products in Europe. a police probe into the financial affairs of the company Arson probe after three die at home.

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3) [countable] a new event or stage that is likely to affect what happens in a continuing situation ex) The developments in the U.S. and Europe may move the companies closer to settling their global litigation. Now to the latest developments in Egypt. the latest developments in the war Are there further developments in the investigation?

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the process of making or defending a claim in court ex) The developments in the U.S. and Europe may move the companies closer to settling their global litigation. The company has been in litigation with its previous auditors for a full year. to run the risk of litigation * a claim or complaint against somebody that a person or an organization can make in court ex) He filed a lawsuit against his record company. ** [uncountable, countable] a formal examination of evidence in court by a judge and often a jury, to decide if somebody accused of a crime is guilty or not ex) a murder trial He's on trial for murder. She will stand trial/go on trial for fraud. The men were arrested but not brought to trial. The case never came to trial. She is awaiting trial on corruption charges. He did not receive a fair trial. She was detained without trial. Parker was committed for trial yesterday at Southwark Crown Court.

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behaviour that is not natural or sincere but is intended to attract attention or to have a particular effect ex) All this court stuff is just posturing. political posturing * [intransitive] posture (as something) (formal) to pretend to be something that you are not by saying and doing things in order to impress or trick people

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[transitive] to make an official decision to give something to somebody as a payment, prize, etc. ex) Apple urged Koh to approve the sales ban and award additional damages because Samsung took market share from Apple by "deliberately copying the iPhone design," according to a court filing. The judges awarded equal points to both finalists. The judges awarded both finalists equal points. He was awarded damages of £50 000.

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[often passive] hamper somebody/something to prevent somebody from easily doing or achieving something synonym hinder ex) Sullivan said that while the jury's calculations were precise, the nine-member panel was hampered by a verdict form that, against Samsung's wishes, wasn't "particularized" enough to permit jurors to properly arrive at damages on a product-by-product basis. Our efforts were severely hampered by a lack of money.

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a member of a jury ex) Sullivan said that while the jury's calculations were precise, the nine-member panel was hampered by a verdict form that, against Samsung's wishes, wasn't "particularized" enough to permit jurors to properly arrive at damages on a product-by-product basis.

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the copying of another company’s product after examining it carefully to find out how it is made ex) "You should reverse engineer" to make sure the damages are "causally connected to the evidence," Sullivan told the judge.

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in a way in which one thing causes another to happen ex) "You should reverse engineer" to make sure the damages are "causally connected to the evidence," Sullivan told the judge. Are the two factors causally connected?

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2) uphold something (especially of a court of law) to agree that a previous decision was correct or that a request is reasonable ex) "If there is enough evidence in the record to justify that damage award then that verdict should be upheld," Harold McElhinny, a lawyer for Apple, argued to the judge. to uphold a conviction/an appeal/a complaint * [transitive] overturn something to officially decide that a legal decision, etc. is not correct, and to make it no longer valid ex) "The final ruling on the penalty isn't likely to be overturned," Lee said. to overturn a decision/conviction/verdict His sentence was overturned by the appeal court.

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to promise that you will do something ex) Jobs later vowed to wage "thermonuclear war" to prove that phones running on Google Inc.'s Android operating system copy the iPhone. Samsung devices use Android. The president has vowed to help the earthquake victims. I vowed that I would never gamble again.

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thermonuclear adjective BrE /ˌθɜːməʊˈnjuːkliə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˌθɜːrmoʊˈnuːkliər/ connected with nuclear reactions that only happen at very high temperatures ex) Jobs later vowed to wage "thermonuclear war" to prove that phones running on Google Inc.'s Android operating system copy the iPhone. Samsung devices use Android. a thermonuclear reaction

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Jobs later vowed to wage "thermonuclear war" to prove that phones running on Google Inc.'s Android operating system copy the iPhone. Samsung devices use Android.

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2) [singular] a flick through something a quick look through the pages of a book, magazine, etc. synonym flip ex) Apple doesn't have patents for certain iPhone features, such as the general concept of a two-finger pinch or flick. I had a flick through the catalogue while I was waiting.

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1) showing great excitement or worry ex) "For many years now, our nation's leaders have engaged in fevered debates on higher education, yet lawmakers shy away from taking action on one issue that prevents thousands of young people from living lives of promise, let alone realizing their college dreams," the presidents wrote in the letter. "That issue is gun safety." fevered excitement/speculation a fevered imagination/mind (= that imagines strange things)

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ammunition magazine ex) Among the goals in the letter: a ban on semi-automatic assault weapons and high-capacity ammunition magazines; consumer safety standards for guns, such as safety locks; and a requirement for background checks for those who buy firearms from unlicensed sellers at gun shows. * 1) a supply of bullets, etc. to be fired from guns ex) The bandits escaped with a rifle and 120 rounds of ammunition. They issued live ammunition to the troops. A few of the men had run out of ammunition. ** 3) the part of a gun that holds the bullets before they are fired

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1) a person who signs a document, letter, etc. ex) As of Monday morning, I couldn't find any signers from the U.S. News list of the top 20 national universities, except for Susan Fuhrman of Teachers College at Columbia University. the signers of the petition

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an important person ex) But many big-name universities were not on the list. A lot of big names showed up at the gallery opening. a big name in local politics