VO Book 2-2 Flashcards
wretchedness noun
BrE /ˈretʃɪdnəs/ ; NAmE /ˈretʃɪdnəs/ uncountable
1) a feeling of being very ill/sick or unhappy
ex) I have had periods of wretchedness in my life that I have kept hidden from the outside world.
2) extremely bad or unpleasant conditions
ex) The first biography of Siddhartha, the future Buddha, reveals that for a long time he was entirely unaware of the wretchedness of the human condition.
The wretchedness and poverty they encountered made a deep impression.
worldly adjective
BrE /ˈwɜːldli/ ; NAmE /ˈwɜːrldli/ (literary)
1) [only before noun] connected with the world in which we live rather than with spiritual things
ex) A royal son, he spent his youth in pleasure and luxury, surrounded by music and worldly delights.
worldly success
your worldly goods (= the things that you own)
decrepit adjective
BrE /dɪˈkrepɪt/ ; NAmE /dɪˈkrepɪt/
(of a thing or person) very old and not in good condition or health
ex) One day he saw a decrepit old man; then the suffering of a very sick man; then a corpse.
a decrepit building/vehicle
a decrepit old man
a decrepit old house
corpse noun
BrE /kɔːps/ ; NAmE /kɔːrps/
a dead body, especially of a human
ex) One day he saw a decrepit old man; then the suffering of a very sick man; then a corpse.
The corpse was barely recognizable.
겨우 그때가 되어서야 그는 ~~을 깨달았다.
It was only then that the existence of old age, suffering, and death - all the painful aspects of life to which he had been oblivious - was brought home to him.
bring something home to somebody
to make somebody realize how important, difficult or serious something is
ex) It was only then that the existence of old age, suffering, and death - all the painful aspects of life to which he had been oblivious - was brought home to him.
Her love of him was brought home to him one Christmas.
The sight of his pale face brought home to me how ill he really was.
The television pictures brought home to us the full horror of the attack.
oblivious adjective
BrE /əˈblɪviəs/ ; NAmE /əˈblɪviəs/ [not usually before noun]
not aware of something
ex) It was only then that the existence of old age, suffering, and death - all the painful aspects of life to which he had been oblivious - was brought home to him.
He drove off, oblivious of the damage he had caused.
You eventually become oblivious to the noise.
The couple seemed oblivious to what was going on around them.
arduous adjective
BrE /ˈɑːdjuəs/ , /ˈɑːdʒuəs/ ; NAmE /ˈɑːrdʒuəs/
involving a lot of effort and energy, especially over a period of time
ex) We may suppose, then, that he was happy as long as the grim realities of life were unknown to him; and that at the end of this life, after a long and arduous journey, he attained the genuine happiness that lies beyond the earthly condition.
an arduous journey across the Andes
The work was arduous.
earthly adjective
BrE /ˈɜːθli/ ; NAmE /ˈɜːrθli/ [usually before noun]
1) (literary) connected with life on earth and not with any spiritual life; relating to life on earth rather than to heaven
ex) We may suppose, then, that he was happy as long as the grim realities of life were unknown to him; and that at the end of this life, after a long and arduous journey, he attained the genuine happiness that lies beyond the earthly condition.
earthly desires
the sorrows of this earthly life
2) (often used in questions and negatives for emphasis) possible; used for giving emphasis to negative statements or to questions
ex) There’s no earthly reason why you shouldn’t go.
What earthly difference is my opinion going to make?
He didn’t have an earthly chance of getting the job.
It’s no earthly use talking to him.
There’s no earthly reason why we should pay their expenses.
correspond verb
BrE /ˌkɒrəˈspɒnd/ ; NAmE /ˌkɔːrəˈspɑːnd/ , /ˌkɑːrəˈspɑːnd/
1) [intransitive] to be the same as or match something
synonym agree, tally
ex) It is also hard to be sure whether the meaning of words like “consciousness” or “self” corresponds to their meaning in modern languages.
Correspond the words in column A to those in column B.
Your account and hers do not correspond.
Your account of events does not correspond with hers.
The written record of the conversation doesn’t correspond to (= is different from) what was actually said.
신학자
theologian noun
BrE /ˌθiːəˈləʊdʒən/ ; NAmE /ˌθiːəˈloʊdʒən/
a person who studies theology
ex) Some theologians have argued that we can speak of God only by negation: by saying what He is not.
negation noun
BrE /nɪˈɡeɪʃn/ ; NAmE /nɪˈɡeɪʃn/ (formal)
1) [countable, usually singular, uncountable] the exact opposite of something; the act of causing something not to exist or to become its opposite; the opposite of something
ex) Some theologians have argued that we can speak of God only by negation: by saying what He is not.
This political system was the negation of democracy.
2) [uncountable] disagreement or refusal; the act of saying no
ex) She shook her head in negation.
그는 어떤 현실의 일부인 것인가?
What kind of reality is he a part of?
in/with regard to somebody/something
(formal) concerning somebody/something
ex) The same question arises with regard to the happy residents of the Christian heaven.
a country’s laws in regard to human rights
The company’s position with regard to overtime is made clear in their contracts.
diabolical adjective
BrE /ˌdaɪəˈbɒlɪkl/ ; NAmE /ˌdaɪəˈbɑːlɪkl/
1) (informal, especially British English) extremely bad or annoying
synonym terrible
ex) The traffic was diabolical.
It was a diabolical performance and we felt something had to be done before the next match.
2) (less frequent diabolic BrE /ˌdaɪəˈbɒlɪk/ ; NAmE /ˌdaɪəˈbɑːlɪk/ ) morally bad and evil; like a devil
ex) If not - if they are aware of the wretchedness of earthly existence, of the dreadful things that happen in the world, its diabolical sides, its evil and pain and suffering - how can they be happy in any recognizable sense of the word?
serenity noun
BrE /səˈrenəti/ ; NAmE /səˈrenəti/ [uncountable, singular]
the quality of being calm and peaceful
ex) Both Buddhism and Christianity suggest that the ultimate liberation of the soul is also perfect serenity: total peace of the spirit.
The hotel offers a haven of peace and serenity away from the bustle of the city.
tantamount adjective
BrE /ˈtæntəmaʊnt/ ; NAmE /ˈtæntəmaʊnt/
tantamount to something (formal) having the same bad effect as something else
ex) And perfect serenity is tantamount to perfect immutability.
The new tax is tantamount to stealing from the poor.
If he resigned it would be tantamount to admitting that he was guilty.
immutability noun
BrE /ɪˌmjuːtəˈbɪləti/ ; NAmE /ɪˌmjuːtəˈbɪləti/ uncountable
the fact of never changing or being changed
ex) And perfect serenity is tantamount to perfect immutability.
embodiment noun
BrE /ɪmˈbɒdimənt/ ; NAmE /ɪmˈbɑːdimənt/
[usually singular] embodiment of something (formal) a person or thing that represents or is a typical example of an idea or a quality
synonym epitome
ex) Do we really want to say that a stone is the perfect embodiment of salvation and Nirvana?
He is the embodiment of the young successful businessman.
transient adjective
BrE /ˈtrænziənt/ ; NAmE /ˈtrænʃnt/ (formal)
1) continuing for only a short time
synonym fleeting, temporary
ex) We can, of course, experience transient pleasure, moments of wonderment and great enchantment, even ecstatic feelings of unity with God and the universe; we can know love and joy.
the transient nature of speech
2) staying or working in a place for only a short time, before moving on
ex) a city with a large transient population (= of students, temporary workers, etc.)
enchantment noun
BrE /ɪnˈtʃɑːntmənt/ ; NAmE /ɪnˈtʃæntmənt/
1) [uncountable] (formal) a feeling of great pleasure; a feeling of being very interested and attracted by someone or something
ex) We can, of course, experience transient pleasure, moments of wonderment and great enchantment, even ecstatic feelings of unity with God and the universe; we can know love and joy.
신비주의자
mystic noun
BrE /ˈmɪstɪk/ ; NAmE /ˈmɪstɪk/
a person who tries to become united with God through prayer and meditation and so understand important things that are beyond normal human understanding
ex) But happiness as an immutable condition is not accessible to us, except perhaps in the very rare cases of true mystics.
reciprocate verb
BrE /rɪˈsɪprəkeɪt/ ; NAmE /rɪˈsɪprəkeɪt/
1) [transitive, intransitive] to behave or feel towards somebody in the same way as they behave or feel towards you
ex) But love is a source of happiness when it is reciprocated, and God’s love is reciprocated only by some of His subjects, by no means all: some do not believe that He exists, some do not care whether He exists or not, and others hate Him, accusing Him of indifference in the face of human pain and misery.
Her passion for him was not reciprocated.
They wanted to reciprocate the kindness that had been shown to them.
He smiled but his smile was not reciprocated.
I wasn’t sure whether to laugh or to reciprocate with a remark of my own.
atrocity noun
BrE /əˈtrɒsəti/ ; NAmE /əˈtrɑːsəti/ countable, usually plural, uncountable
a cruel and violent act, especially in a war
ex) He did not cause it or want it, but He is helpless in the face of all the misery, the horrors and atrocities that nature brings down on people or people inflict on each other.
perturbed adjective
BrE /pəˈtɜːbd/ ; NAmE /pərˈtɜːrbd/ (formal)
worried or anxious
synonym alarmed
ex) If, on the other hand, He is perfectly immutable, He cannot be perturbed by our misery; He must therefore be indifferent.
William looked more than a little perturbed at the suggestion.
a perturbed young man
She didn’t seem perturbed at the change of plan.
omnipotent adjective
BrE /ɒmˈnɪpətənt/ ; NAmE /ɑːmˈnɪpətənt/ (formal)
having total power; able to do anything
ex) We are forced to admit that we cannot understand the divine being - omnipotent omniscient, knowing everything in Himself and through Himself, not as something external to Him, and unaffected by pain and evil.
an omnipotent God
omniscient adjective
BrE /ɒmˈnɪsiənt/ ; NAmE /ɑːmˈnɪsiənt/ (formal)
knowing everything
ex) We are forced to admit that we cannot understand the divine being - omnipotent omniscient, knowing everything in Himself and through Himself, not as something external to Him, and unaffected by pain and evil.
The novel has an omniscient narrator.
omnipresent adjective
BrE /ˌɒmnɪˈpreznt/ ; NAmE /ˌɑːmnɪˈpreznt/ (formal)
present everywhere
ex) These days the media are omnipresent.
She slipped on the omnipresent mud and broke her ankle.
They believe that God is omnipresent.
embody verb
BrE /ɪmˈbɒdi/ ; NAmE /ɪmˈbɑːdi/
to express or represent an idea or a quality; to be the best possible example of a particular idea, quality, or principle, especially a good one
synonym represent
ex) He was embodied and suffered pain, he shared the suffering of his fellow men, and he died on the cross.
The spirit of hope is embodied in the character Anna.
a politician who embodied the hopes of black youth
the principles embodied in the Declaration of Human Rights
2) embody something (formal) to include or contain something
ex) This model embodies many new features.
bliss noun
BrE /blɪs/ ; NAmE /blɪs/
[uncountable] extreme happiness
ex) There is no reason to maintain that the things we experience as good - aesthetic delight, erotic bliss, physical and intellectual pleasure of all kinds, enriching conversation, and the love of friends - must all be seen as pure negation.
married/wedded/domestic bliss
My idea of bliss is a month in the Bahamas.
Swimming on a hot day is sheer bliss.
돈은 항상 날 피해가
Money always steers clear of me.
splendour noun (especially US English splendor) BrE /ˈsplendə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈsplendər/
1) [uncountable] grand and impressive beauty
synonym grandeur
ex) And if in addition to accepting something like this intellectually, in addition, that is, to simply believing that all must be right with the world because it is under the constant guidance of God, we also feel in our hearts that this is so, and experience the splendor, goodness, and beauty of the universe in our daily life, then can we not be said to be happy? The answer is: no, we cannot.
a view of Rheims Cathedral, in all its splendour
The palace has been restored to its former splendour.
2) splendours [plural] the beautiful and impressive features or qualities of something, especially a place
ex) the splendours of Rome (= its fine buildings, etc.)
purgatory noun
BrE /ˈpɜːɡətri/ ; NAmE /ˈpɜːrɡətɔːri/ [uncountable]
1) (also Purgatory) (in Roman Catholic teaching) a place or state in which the souls of dead people suffer for the bad things they did when they were living, so that they can become pure enough to go to heaven
ex) If we imagine that hell and purgatory are no longer in operation and that all human beings, every single one without exception, have been saved by God and are now enjoying celestial bliss, lacking nothing, perfectly satisfied, without pain or death, then we can imagine that their happiness is real and that the sorrows and suffering of the past have been forgotten.
2) (informal, humorous) any place or state of suffering
synonym hell
ex) Getting up at four o’clock every morning is sheer purgatory.
celestial adjective
BrE /səˈlestiəl/ ; NAmE /səˈlestʃl/ usually before noun
of the sky or of heaven; in or relating to the sky, heaven, or space
ex) If we imagine that hell and purgatory are no longer in operation and that all human beings, every single one without exception, have been saved by God and are now enjoying celestial bliss, lacking nothing, perfectly satisfied, without pain or death, then we can imagine that their happiness is real and that the sorrows and suffering of the past have been forgotten.
celestial bodies (= the sun, moon, stars, etc.)
2) LITERARY very good or beautiful
ex) celestial light/music
staunch adjective
BrE /stɔːntʃ/ ; NAmE /stɔːntʃ/
(stauncher, staunchest)
- staunchly adverb
BrE /ˈstɔːntʃli/ ; NAmE /ˈstɔːntʃli/
(stauncher, staunchest) strong and loyal in your opinions and attitude
synonym faithful
ex) a staunch supporter of the monarchy
one of the president’s staunchest allies
a staunch Catholic
- in a way that is strong and loyal
ex) With the election of Park Geun-hye as president on Wednesday, South Korea extended tenure of its staunchly pro-American governing party and handed power to the daughter of South Korea’s longest-ruling dictator, the first woman to win the post in a deeply patriarchal part of Asia.
She staunchly defended the new policy.
The family was staunchly Protestant.
집권당, 여당
- 야당
제1 야당
야권
** 연정 (연립 정부)
ruling [governing] party
The ruling party or governing party in a democratic parliamentary system is the incumbent political party or coalition of the majority in parliament, that administers the affairs of state.
ex) With the election of Park Geun-hye as president on Wednesday, South Korea extended tenure of its staunchly pro-American governing party and handed power to the daughter of South Korea’s longest-ruling dictator, the first woman to win the post in a deeply patriarchal part of Asia.
- the opposition party
the leading opposition
the opposition camp
** coalition government
patriarchal adjective
BrE /ˌpeɪtriˈɑːkl/ ; NAmE /ˌpeɪtriˈɑːrkl/
1) ruled or controlled by men; giving power and importance only to men
ex) With the election of Park Geun-hye as president on Wednesday, South Korea extended tenure of its staunchly pro-American governing party and handed power to the daughter of South Korea’s longest-ruling dictator, the first woman to win the post in a deeply patriarchal part of Asia.
a patriarchal society
perennial adjective
BrE /pəˈreniəl/ ; NAmE /pəˈreniəl/
1) continuing for a very long time; happening again and again
ex) Voters appeared to prefer stability over her opponent’s calls for radical change in how one of the world’s strongest economies addresses the new problems of slowing growth and a growing wealth gap, as well as perennial military threats from North Korea.
the perennial problem of water shortage
that perennial favourite, hamburgers
Colonialism in different forms is a perennial theme of history.
stalwart noun
BrE /ˈstɔːlwət/ ; NAmE /ˈstɔːlwərt/
stalwart (of something) a loyal supporter who does a lot of work for an organization, especially a political party
ex) With all of the votes counted, according tot he National Election Commission, the conservative Ms. Park won 51.6 percent of the vote compared with 48 percent for Moon Jae-in, a liberal stalwart.
a Labour/Tory stalwart
They have been stalwarts of the local amateur dramatic society for over 30 years.
steeliness noun
BrE /ˈstiːlinəs/ ; NAmE /ˈstiːlinəs/ [uncountable]
the quality of being strong, hard and sometimes unfriendly in your character or behaviour
ex) “This is a victory for the people’s wish to overcome crises and revive the economy,” Ms. Park, 60, told her cheering supporters, who gathered in freezing weather in downtown Seoul to celebrate a woman whose steeliness in the face of adversity is legend.
adversity noun
BrE /ədˈvɜːsəti/ ; NAmE /ədˈvɜːrsəti/ uncountable, countable(formal)
a difficult or unpleasant situation
ex) “This is a victory for the people’s wish to overcome crises and revive the economy,” Ms. Park, 60, told her cheering supporters, who gathered in freezing weather in downtown Seoul to celebrate a woman whose steeliness in the face of adversity is legend.
courage in the face of adversity
He overcame many personal adversities.
patience in adversity
가장 엄격하게 말하자면
In its starkest terms, this election was about South Korea’s continuing confrontation with its authoritarian past, and confusion over whether a conservative or liberal approach would best serve the country as it tries to stop North Korea’s excesses and to handle growing frustration over economic inequality without derailing the country’s economic miracle.
authoritarian adjective
BrE /ɔːˌθɒrɪˈteəriən/ ; NAmE /əˌθɔːrəˈteriən/ , /əˌθɑːrəˈteriən/
believing that people should obey authority and rules, even when these are unfair, and even if it means that they lose their personal freedom
ex) In its starkest terms, this election was about South Korea’s continuing confrontation with its authoritarian past, and confusion over whether a conservative or liberal approach would best serve the country as it tries to stop North Korea’s excesses and to handle growing frustration over economic inequality without derailing the country’s economic miracle.
an authoritarian regime/government/state
The school was very authoritarian and exam-orientated.
Father was an authoritarian figure.
Many have accused him of an authoritarian style of leadership.
Policing policy has become discernibly more authoritarian.
투옥하다, 감옥에 가두다 (여러 표현들)
1) imprison verb
BrE /ɪmˈprɪzn/ ; NAmE /ɪmˈprɪzn/
[often passive] imprison somebody to put somebody in a prison or another place from which they cannot escape
synonym jail
ex) Mr. Moon, a former human rights lawyer who was once imprisoned for opposing the authoritarian rule of Ms. Park’s father, campaigned on restoring key liberal policies from the early 2000s, including a warm embrace of North Korea as a way of trying to curb its aggression.
They were imprisoned for possession of drugs.
(figurative) Some young mothers feel imprisoned in their own homes.
2) incarcerate verb
BrE /ɪnˈkɑːsəreɪt/ ; NAmE /ɪnˈkɑːrsəreɪt/
[usually passive] incarcerate somebody (in something) (formal) to put somebody in prison or in another place from which they cannot escape
synonym imprison
ex) Thousands were incarcerated in labour camps.
3) put somebody in jail/prison
4) put somebody behind bars
ex) He was put behind bars.
inroad noun
BrE /ˈɪnrəʊd/ ; NAmE /ˈɪnroʊd/
- make inroads into/on something
inroad (into something) something that is achieved, especially by reducing the power or success of something else
ex) While Ms. Park’s run for president was pioneering in one important way, because of her gender, few see her win as likely to significantly change the lot of women anytime soon in a traditional society where, despite some strong inroads in business and government, women’s most important job is still considered to be raising children.
This deal is their first major inroad into the American market.
- if one thing makes inroads into another, it has a noticeable effect on the second thing, especially by reducing it, or influencing it
ex) Honda Motors is trying tot make inroads into the notoriously nationalistic market with its flagship models, Odyssey and Pilot.
Tax rises have made some inroads into the country’s national debt.
By the 1950s, television had made great inroads into the territory of the news magazines.
in good part
2) to a great extent; largely
ex) In an assessment echoed by voters, analysts said the clearest indication that little was changing was that Ms. park won in good part on the appeal that a man - her father - still holds for many in a country still deeply divided over his legacy.
His success is in good part ascribable to dogged determination.
a clean break
1) a complete separation from a person, an organization, a way of life, etc.
ex) She wanted to make a clean break with the past.
2) a break in a bone in one place
반체제 인사
dissident adjective
BrE /ˈdɪsɪdənt/ ; NAmE /ˈdɪsɪdənt/
strongly disagreeing with and criticizing your government, especially in a country where this kind of action is dangerous
ex) the suppression of dissident views
- dissident noun
BrE /ˈdɪsɪdənt/ ; NAmE /ˈdɪsɪdənt/
a person who strongly disagrees with and criticizes their government, especially in a country where this kind of action is dangerous
ex) His government jailed and tortured many dissidents - whom he painted as Communist sympathizers helping North Korea - and even banned rock music and miniskirts.
left-wing dissidents
regimes that murder political opponents and imprison dissidents
Dissidents were often imprisoned by the security police.
동조자
sympathizer noun
(British English also -iser)
BrE /ˈsɪmpəθaɪzə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈsɪmpəθaɪzər/
a person who supports or approves of somebody/something, especially a political cause or party
ex) His government jailed and tortured many ex) His government jailed and tortured many dissidents - whom he painted as Communist sympathizers helping North Korea - and even banned rock music and miniskirts.
communist sympathizers
가장 인기있는 전 대통령으로 계속해서 뽑힌다.
But he is consistently voted the most popular former president in polls for his role in birthing the vibrant South Korea economy.
birth verb
BrE /bɜːθ/ ; NAmE /bɜːrθ/
give birth to (a baby or other young)
ex) But he is consistently voted the most popular former president in polls for his role in birthing the vibrant South Korea economy.
She had carried him and birthed him.
fallout noun
BrE /ˈfɔːlaʊt/ ; NAmE /ˈfɔːlaʊt/ [uncountable]
- ripple effect noun
** repercussion noun
BrE /ˌriːpəˈkʌʃn/ ; NAmE /ˌriːpərˈkʌʃn/ [usually plural]
*** reverberation noun
BrE /rɪˌvɜːbəˈreɪʃn/ ; NAmE /rɪˌvɜːrbəˈreɪʃn/
1) dangerous radioactive dust that is in the air after a nuclear explosion (방사능) 낙진
2) the bad results of a situation or an action; the unpleasant effects of something that has happened
ex) Still, Ms. Park will have to contend with the fallout from that success, and her father’s role in it.
the political fallout of the current crisis
The fallout from the Asian financial crisis has continued to affect business.
- a situation in which an event or action has an effect on something, which then has an effect on something else
ex) His resignation will have a ripple effect on the whole department.
** an indirect and usually bad result of an action or event that may happen some time afterwards
synonym consequence
ex) The collapse of the company will have repercussions for the whole industry.
*** reverberations [plural] the effects of something that happens, especially unpleasant ones that spread among a large number of people
synonym repercussion
ex) the political reverberations of the scandal
abiding adjective
BrE /əˈbaɪdɪŋ/ ; NAmE /əˈbaɪdɪŋ/ (formal)
- abide verb
BrE /əˈbaɪd/ ; NAmE /əˈbaɪd/
(of a feeling or belief) lasting for a long time and not changing
ex) One of the abiding themes of the campaign was the clamor for more economic equality and a reining in of the chaebol, or family-controlled conglomerates like Samsung, that Mr. park helped build with government largess.
He is an artist with an abiding concern for humanity.
- 1) [transitive] cannot/could not abide somebody/something to dislike somebody/something so much that you hate having to be with or deal with them
synonym bear, stand
ex) I can’t abide people with no sense of humour.
He couldn’t abide the thought of being cooped up in an office.
I can’t abide people who look down on others.
2) [intransitive] + adv./prep. (old use or formal) to stay or live in a place
ex) May joy and peace abide in us all.
clamour noun
(especially US English clamor)
BrE /ˈklæmə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈklæmər/ singular, uncountable
2) clamour (for something) a demand for something made by a lot of people
ex) One of the abiding themes of the campaign was the clamor for more economic equality and a reining in of the chaebol, or family-controlled conglomerates like Samsung, that Mr. park helped build with government largess.
The clamour for her resignation grew louder.
conglomerate noun
BrE /kənˈɡlɒmərət/ ; NAmE /kənˈɡlɑːmərət/
1) [countable] (business) a large company formed by joining together different firms
ex) One of the abiding themes of the campaign was the clamor for more economic equality and a reining in of the chaebol, or family-controlled conglomerates like Samsung, that Mr. park helped build with government largess.
a media conglomerate
largesse noun
(also largess)
BrE /lɑːˈdʒes/ ; NAmE /lɑːrˈdʒes/ uncountable
the act or quality of being generous with money; money that you give to people who have less than you; generous acts of giving presents or money to a large number of people
ex) One of the abiding themes of the campaign was the clamor for more economic equality and a reining in of the chaebol, or family-controlled conglomerates like Samsung, that Mr. park helped build with government largess.
She is not noted for her largesse (= she is not generous).
to dispense largesse to the poor
unruly adjective
BrE /ʌnˈruːli/ ; NAmE /ʌnˈruːli/
difficult to control or manage
synonym disorderly
ex) Those companies power the economy, but their unruly expansion in recent years is blamed for aggravating the gap between rich and poor.
an unruly class
unruly behaviour
unruly hair (= difficult to keep looking neat)
He struggled hard to control his unruly emotions.
The police were attacked by an unruly mob.
There have been complaints about her unruly behaviour.
aggravate verb
BrE /ˈæɡrəveɪt/ ; NAmE /ˈæɡrəveɪt/
1) aggravate something to make an illness or a bad or unpleasant situation worse
synonym worsen
ex) Those companies power the economy, but their unruly expansion in recent years is blamed for aggravating the gap between rich and poor.
Pollution can aggravate asthma.
Military intervention will only aggravate the conflict even further.
go cap in hand (to somebody)
also US English go hat in hand
to ask somebody for something, especially money, in a very polite way that makes you seem less important
ex) President-elect Kim goes hat in hand to the IMF for a bail-out package.
There’s no way he’ll go cap in hand to his brother.
당선자, 합격자
the ~-elect, a winner, a successful candidate, a victorious candidate, the elected
incumbent noun
BrE /ɪnˈkʌmbənt/ ; NAmE /ɪnˈkʌmbənt/
a person who has an official position
ex) Although Ms. Park criticized the “inflexible” hard-line policy of the incumbent, President Lee Myung-bak, for failing to tame North Korea, she prefers a cautious rapprochement.
the present incumbent of the White House
the campaign to re-elect the incumbent
tame verb
BrE /teɪm/ ; NAmE /teɪm/
- tame adjective
BrE /teɪm/ ; NAmE /teɪm/ (tamer, tamest)
tame something to make something tame or easy to control
ex) Although Ms. Park criticized the “inflexible” hard-line policy of the incumbent, President Lee Myung-bak, for failing to tame North Korea, she prefers a cautious rapprochement.
Lions can never be completely tamed.
She made strenuous efforts to tame her anger.
- 1) (of animals, birds, etc.) not afraid of people, and used to living with them
opposite wild
ex) The bird became so tame that it was impossible to release it back into the wild.
2) (informal) not interesting or exciting
ex) You’ll find life here pretty tame after New York.
3) (informal) (of a person) willing to do what other people ask
ex) I have a tame doctor who’ll always give me a sick note when I want a day off.
rapprochement noun
BrE /ræˈprɒʃmɒ̃/ , /ræˈprəʊʃmɒ̃/ ; NAmE /ˌræproʊʃˈmɑːn/ , /ˌræprɑːʃˈmɑːn/ singular, uncountable
a situation in which the relationship between two countries or groups of people becomes more friendly after a period during which they were enemies
ex) Although Ms. Park criticized the “inflexible” hard-line policy of the incumbent, President Lee Myung-bak, for failing to tame North Korea, she prefers a cautious rapprochement.
policies aimed at bringing about a rapprochement with China
There now seems little chance of rapprochement between the warring factions.
decouple verb
BrE /diːˈkʌpl/ ; NAmE /diːˈkʌpl/
decouple something (from something) (formal) to end the connection or relationship between two things; to separate two objects, ideas, or processes
ex) She said she would decouple humanitarian aid from politics and try to meet the new North Korean leader, Kim Jong-un.
Gasoline prices have been decoupled from crude oil prices.
lockstep noun
BrE /ˈlɒkstep/ ; NAmE /ˈlɑːkstep/ uncountable
1) a way of walking together where people move their feet at the same time
ex) The coffin was carried by six soldiers walking in lockstep.
(figurative) Politicians and the media are marching in lockstep on this issue (= they agree).
2) a situation where things happen at the same time or change at the same rate
ex) While Ms. Park’s stance may pose something of a challenge to the Obama administration’s policy on North Korea - which had been in lock step with Mr. Lee’s - analysts say it will be much easier for the United States to work with her on the issue than with Mr. Moon.
a lockstep approach to teaching
Cases of breathing difficulties increase in lockstep with air pollution.
acting adjective
BrE /ˈæktɪŋ/ ; NAmE /ˈæktɪŋ/
- stand-in noun
[only before noun] doing the work of another person for a short time
synonym temporary
ex) Ms. Park’s political career was born in family tragedy. Her mother was killed by a Communist agent in 1974 when Ms. Park was 22 and a student in Paris; she abandoned her studies to return to Seoul and serve as acting first lady.
the acting manager
- 1) a person who does somebody’s job for a short time when they are not available
ex) When Park Geun-hye last lived in the presidential blue House more than 30 years ago, she was a young, stand-in first lady, serving after the assassination of her mother and before the killing of her dictator father.
I acted as Tom’s stand-in when he was away.
the stand-in captain
2) a person who replaces an actor in some scenes in a film/movie, especially dangerous ones
ex) Most of the stunts are performed by stand-ins.
vilify verb
BrE /ˈvɪlɪfaɪ/ ; NAmE /ˈvɪlɪfaɪ/
vilify somebody/something (as something) | vilify somebody/something (for something/for doing something) (formal) to say or write unpleasant things about somebody/something so that other people will have a low opinion of them; to criticize someone very strongly, especially in a way that is not fair and that damages their reputation
synonym malign, revile
ex) Ms. park retired from public view, as the country eventually turned from authoritarianism in the late 1980s, with many vilifying her father as a dictator.
(투표로 뽑아서) 국회에 앉히다
Voters who remembered her father’s charismatic leadership elected her to a seat in Parliament by a landslide margin, and she has held on to that seat ever since, building a reputation as a principled and tough-minded leader.
landslide noun
BrE /ˈlændslaɪd/ ; NAmE /ˈlændslaɪd/
1) (also landfall) a mass of earth, rock, etc. that falls down the slope of a mountain or a cliff
ex) The house was buried beneath a landslide.
2) an election in which one person or party gets very many more votes than the other people or parties
ex) Voters who remembered her father’s charismatic leadership elected her to a seat in Parliament by a landslide margin, and she has held on to that seat ever since, building a reputation as a principled and tough-minded leader.
She was expected to win by a landslide.
a landslide victory
dependable adjective
BrE /dɪˈpendəbl/ ; NAmE /dɪˈpendəbl/
that can be relied on to do what you want or need
synonym reliable
ex) Her image among her supporters is a stable leader, calm during crises, strong and dependable.
anomaly noun
BrE /əˈnɒməli/ ; NAmE /əˈnɑːməli/ (pl. anomalies)
anomaly (in something) a thing, situation, etc. that is different from what is normal or expected
ex) But in a sign of how little her victory might do for other women, analysts like Mr. Choi said she was viewed as something of an anomaly. “She is a woman, yet not a woman,” he said.
the many anomalies in the tax system
the apparent anomaly that those who produced the wealth, the workers, were the poorest
beleaguered adjective
BrE /bɪˈliːɡəd/ ; NAmE /bɪˈliːɡərd/
1) (formal) experiencing a lot of criticism and difficulties
ex) For South Korea’s beleaguered liberals, having a woman lead the country will not automatically change that and is little compensation for what they see as a turn backward, given her policies on the North and on conglomerates.
The beleaguered party leader was forced to resign.
2) surrounded by an enemy
ex) supplies for the beleaguered city
upbringing noun
BrE /ˈʌpbrɪŋɪŋ/ ; NAmE /ˈʌpbrɪŋɪŋ/ [singular, uncountable]
the way in which a child is cared for and taught how to behave while it is growing up
ex) To those critics, she is known as “princess Geun-hye” for her privileged upbringing.
to have had a sheltered upbringing
He was a Catholic by upbringing.
half-heartedly adverb
without enthusiasm or effort
ex) And they say her apologies for her father’s cruelties came reluctantly and halfheartedly, only after she decided to run for the presidency.
I half-heartedly joined a gym to get fit.
shatter verb
BrE /ˈʃætə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈʃætər/
2) [transitive, intransitive] to destroy something completely, especially somebody’s feelings, hopes or beliefs; to be destroyed in this way
ex) her presidency will shatter the bias that women are less capable of thriving in male-oriented South Korean politics, said Lim Woo-youn, a researcher at the Chungcheongnam-do Women’s Policy Development Institute in central South Korea.
Anna’s self-confidence had been completely shattered.
Injury shattered his dreams of competing in the Olympics.
Her experience of divorce shattered her illusions about love.
My whole world shattered into a million pieces.
lift verb
BrE /lɪft/ ; NAmE /lɪft/
2) [TRANSITIVE] to improve the situation that someone or something is in
ex) Many, including the older conservative voters who form her political base, see Park Chung-hee as a hero, the man whose strong hand guided the country from the devastation of the Korean War to an economic force that lifted millions from crushing poverty.
economic measures designed to lift the country out of recession
crushing adjective
BrE /ˈkrʌʃɪŋ/ ; NAmE /ˈkrʌʃɪŋ/ [usually before noun]
used to emphasize how bad or severe something is
ex) Many, including the older conservative voters who form her political base, see Park Chung-hee as a hero, the man whose strong hand guided the country from the devastation of the Korean War to an economic force that lifted millions from crushing poverty.
a crushing defeat in the election
The shipyard has been dealt another crushing blow with the failure to win this contract.
unchecked adjective
BrE /ˌʌnˈtʃekt/ ; NAmE /ˌʌnˈtʃekt/
if something harmful is unchecked, it is not controlled or stopped from getting worse
ex) His critics remember the brutal way he dealt with opponents to his unchecked rule, the claims of torture, execution and vote rigging.
The fire was allowed to burn unchecked.
The rise in violent crime must not go unchecked.
The plant will soon choke ponds and waterways if left unchecked.
Tears flowed unchecked down his cheeks.
견제와 균형 (삼권 분립)
checks and balances
- executive [administrative] branch of the government
- legislative
- judicial
lay something↔out
3) to present a plan, an argument, etc. clearly and carefully
synonym set out
ex) Park, a legislator since 1998, laid out a fairly moderate platform in her campaign to replace unpopular President Lee Myung-bak, a member of her conservative party.
All the terms and conditions are laid out in the contract.
platform noun
BrE /ˈplætfɔːm/ ; NAmE /ˈplætfɔːrm/
4) [usually singular] the aims of a political party and the things that they say they will do if they are elected to power
ex) Park, a legislator since 1998, laid out a fairly moderate platform in her campaign to replace unpopular President Lee Myung-bak, a member of her conservative party.
They are campaigning on an anti-immigration platform.
They fought the election on a platform of low taxes.
투표 조작
Electoral fraud or vote rigging is illegal interference with the process of an election. Acts of fraud affect vote counts to bring about an election result, whether by increasing the vote share of the favored candidate, depressing the vote share of the rival candidates, or both.
ex) His critics remember the brutal way he dealt with opponents to his unchecked rule, the claims of torture, execution and vote rigging.
eclipse verb
BrE /ɪˈklɪps/ ; NAmE /ɪˈklɪps/
2) eclipse somebody/something to make somebody/something seem dull or unimportant by comparison
synonym outshine, overshadow
ex) The 60-year-old has vowed to reach out to North Korea and ease the current government’s hard line, fight widespread government corruption, strengthen social welfare, help small companies, close growing gaps between rich and poor, ease heavy household debt and curb the power of big corporations so powerful they threaten to eclipse national laws.
Though a talented player, he was completely eclipsed by his brother.
coup noun
BrE /kuː/ ; NAmE /kuː/ (pl. coups BrE /kuːz/ ; NAmE /kuːz/ )
coup d’état noun
BrE /ˌkuː deɪˈtɑː/ ; NAmE /ˌkuː deɪˈtɑː/ (pl. coups d’état BrE /ˌkuː deɪˈtɑː/ ; NAmE /ˌkuː deɪˈtɑː/ )
1) (also coup d’état) a sudden change of government that is illegal and often violent
ex) The 60-year-old has vowed to reach out to North Korea and ease the current government’s hard line, fight widespread government corruption, strengthen social welfare, help small companies, close growing gaps between rich and poor, ease heavy household debt and curb the power of big corporations so powerful they threaten to eclipse national laws.
He seized power in a military coup in 2008.
to stage/mount a coup
an attempted coup
a failed/an abortive coup
She lost her position in a boardroom coup (= a sudden change of power among senior managers in a company).
2) the fact of achieving something that was difficult to do
ex) Getting this contract has been quite a coup for us.
He pulled off a major diplomatic coup by winning agreement from all the warring factions on a permanent ceasefire.
seize on something | seize upon something
to suddenly show a lot of interest in something, especially because you can use it to your advantage
synonym pounce on/upon
ex) Critics have long seized on what they see as Park’s queen-like aura in an attempt to link her with her father.
The rumours were eagerly seized upon by the local press.
Peter seized on her last comment.
persona noun
BrE /pəˈsəʊnə/ ; NAmE /pərˈsoʊnə/ (pl. personae BrE /pəˈsəʊniː/ ; NAmE /pərˈsoʊniː/ ; BrE /pəˈsəʊnaɪ/ ; NAmE /pərˈsoʊnaɪ/ , personas)(formal)
the aspects of a person’s character that they show to other people, especially when their real character is different
ex) Much of Park’s public persona has been built on her close association with their father’s rule.
His public persona is quite different from the family man described in the book.
It is the work that is important, not the persona of the artist.
put something down to something
to consider that something is caused by something
synonym attribute
ex) Even her choice of college major - electronic engineering, which the website describes as “rare for women” - is put down to self-sacrifice, an effort to help the country increase exports by concentrating on developing electronic industries.
What do you put her success down to?
botched adjective
/bɒtʃt/
badly done or badly planned, and therefore unsuccessful
ex) Her “dreams of living a normal life” were crushed on Aug. 15, 1974, she says, when a Korean resident of Japan, claiming orders from North Korean leader Kim Il Sung, shot and killed her mother in a botched assassination attempt against her father.
He tried to sell a key mobile phone technology in a botched attempt to make a windfall.
a botched assassination attempt
windfall noun
BrE /ˈwɪndfɔːl/ ; NAmE /ˈwɪndfɔːl/
1) an amount of money that somebody/something wins or receives unexpectedly
ex) He tried to sell a key mobile phone technology in a botched attempt to make a windfall.
The hospital got a sudden windfall of £300 000.
windfall profits
The government imposed a windfall tax (= a tax on profits to be paid once only, not every year) on some industries.
She had an unexpected windfall when a cousin died.
gash noun
BrE /ɡæʃ/ ; NAmE /ɡæʃ/
gash (in/on something) a long deep cut in the surface of something, especially a person’s skin
ex) She was a major figure in conservative politics in 2006 when a convicted criminal slashed her face as she was shaking hands with voters, opening up a gash that needed 60 stitches during surgery.
He needed an operation to close a nasty gash in his arm.
The explosion left a wide gash in the rock.
primary noun
BrE /ˈpraɪməri/ ; NAmE /ˈpraɪmeri/
(pl. primaries) (also primary election) (in the US) an election in which people in a particular area vote to choose a candidate for a future important election
the Illinois primary
the presidential primaries
He ran in the open primary for election as a state senator.
the next round of primaries
경선 제도 두 가지
primary noun
BrE /ˈpraɪməri/ ; NAmE /ˈpraɪmeri/
Add to my wordlist
(pl. primaries) (also primary election) (in the US)
caucus noun
BrE /ˈkɔːkəs/ ; NAmE /ˈkɔːkəs/ (especially North American English)
Q: What is the difference between a caucus and a primary?
A: In presidential campaigns, a caucus is a system of local gatherings where voters decide which candidate to support and select delegates for nominating conventions. A primary is a statewide voting process in which voters cast secret ballots for their preferred candidates.
FULL ANSWER
Caucuses were once the most common way of choosing presidential nominees. Today, Alaska, Colorado, Hawaii, Kansas, Maine, Minnesota, Nevada, North Dakota, Wyoming and Iowa are the only states to rely solely on the caucus, according to the Federal Election Commission. The territories of American Samoa, Guam and the Virgin Islands use the caucus also. All other states and Puerto Rico use primary elections or a combination of the voting formats.
Caucus meetings are arranged by either the state or political party to take place at a certain place and time. Caucuses are unique in that they allow participants to openly show support for candidates. Voting is often done by raising hands or breaking into groups according to the candidate participants support. The results of the caucus are used to determine the delegates present at county, state and national nominating conventions of each political party. Most often, only registered voters can participate in a caucus, and they are limited to the caucus of the party with which they are affiliated.
Primaries are a direct, statewide process of selecting candidates and delegates. Similar to the general election process, primary voters cast secret ballots for the candidates of their choosing. The results are used to determine the configuration of delegates at the national convention of each party. Primaries come in two basic forms: In an open primary, all registered voters can vote for any candidate, regardless of their political affiliation. Registered Democrats may vote for a Republican candidate, and Republican voters may cast ballots for a Democrat, for instance. And registered Independents can participate in either party’s primary. But in a closed primary, voters may vote only for candidates of the party with which they are registered.
belligerent adjective
BrE /bəˈlɪdʒərənt/ ; NAmE /bəˈlɪdʒərənt/
- bellicose adjective
BrE /ˈbelɪkəʊs/ ; NAmE /ˈbelɪkoʊs/ ; BrE /ˈbelɪkəʊz/ ; NAmE /ˈbelɪkoʊz/ (formal)
1) unfriendly and aggressive
synonym hostile
ex) That might be difficult, however, with a belligerent Pyongyang fresh off the surprising success of a rocket launch that the South, the United States and others say was a cover for testing long-range missile technology.
a belligerent attitude
He is always very belligerent towards me.
- having or showing a desire to argue or fight
synonym aggressive, warlike
cover noun
BrE /ˈkʌvə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈkʌvər/
10) [countable, usually singular] cover (for something) activities or behaviour that seem honest or true but that hide somebody’s real identity or feelings, or that hide something illegal
ex) That might be difficult, however, with a belligerent Pyongyang fresh off the surprising success of a rocket launch that the South, the United States and others say was a cover for testing long-range missile technology.
His work as a civil servant was a cover for his activities as a spy.
Her over-confident attitude was a cover for her nervousness.
It would only take one phone call to blow their cover (= make known their true identities and what they were really doing).
stand a chance (of doing something)
to have the possibility of succeeding or achieving something
ex) If you are Asian, your chances of getting into the most selective colleges and universities will almost certainly be lower than if you are white.
The driver didn’t stand a chance of stopping in time.
constitute verb
BrE /ˈkɒnstɪtjuːt/ ; NAmE /ˈkɑːnstətuːt/ (formal)
2) linking verb + noun (not used in the progressive tenses) to be the parts that together form something
synonym make up
ex) Asian-Americans constitute 5.6 percent of the nation’s population but 12 to 18 percent of the student body at Ivy League schools.
While a jury found Samsung infringed six Apple patents, it isn’t in the public interest to ban Samsung’s devices because the infringing elements constituted ta limited a part of Samsung’s phones, Koh said.
Female workers constitute the majority of the labour force.
under-represented adjective
/ˌʌndəreprɪˈzentɪd/
underrepresented groups do not have enough people with power to speak for them or to help them; provide with insufficient or inadequate representation.
ex) But if judged on their merits - grades, test scores, academic honors and extracurricular activities - Asian-Americans are underrepresented at these schools.
Women are underrepresented at high levels.
Wasp noun
BrE /wɒsp/ ; NAmE /wɑːsp/
(also WASP)
(especially North American English, usually disapproving)
the abbreviation for ‘White Anglo-Saxon Protestant’ (a white American whose family originally came from northern Europe and is therefore thought to be from the most powerful section of society)
ex) In the 1920s, as high-achieving Jews began to compete with WASP prep schoolers, Ivy League schools started asking about family background and south vague qualities like “character,” “vigor,” “manliness” and “leadership” to cap Jewish enrollment.
a privileged Wasp background
vigour noun
(especially US English vigor)
BrE /ˈvɪɡə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈvɪɡər/ [uncountable]
energy, force or enthusiasm
synonym vitality
ex) In the 1920s, as high-achieving Jews began to compete with WASP prep schoolers, Ivy League schools started asking about family background and south vague qualities like “character,” “vigor,” “manliness” and “leadership” to cap Jewish enrollment.
He worked with renewed vigour and determination.
manliness noun
BrE /ˈmænlinəs/ ; NAmE /ˈmænlinəs/ uncountable
the qualities and physical features that are admired or expected in a man
ex) In the 1920s, as high-achieving Jews began to compete with WASP prep schoolers, Ivy League schools started asking about family background and south vague qualities like “character,” “vigor,” “manliness” and “leadership” to cap Jewish enrollment.
He felt she had insulted his manliness.
calamity noun
BrE /kəˈlæməti/ ; NAmE /kəˈlæməti/ countable, uncountable
an event that causes great damage to people’s lives, property, etc.
synonym disaster
ex) Would it be such a calamity if those numbers were reversed?
Sudan suffered a series of calamities during the 1980s.
His financial help saved the magazine from total calamity.
소수자 (사회적 약자) 우대 정책, 차별 철폐 조처
affirmative action noun
BrE ; NAmE (especially North American English)
(usually British English positive discrimination)
[uncountable]
the practice or policy of making sure that a particular number of jobs, etc. are given to people from groups that are often treated unfairly because of their race, sex, etc.
ex) As the journalist Daniel Golden revealed in his 2006 book “The Price of Admission,” far more attention has been devoted to race-conscious affirmative action at public universities (which thee Supreme Court has scaled back and might soon eliminate altogether) than to the special preferences elite universities afford to the children of (overwhelmingly white) donors and alumni.
The City Council implemented the affirmative action hiring plan in response to critics’ charges that the police department did not reflect the city’s racial makeup.
scale something↔down
(also scale something↔back)
- scale something↔up
to reduce the number, size or extent of something
ex) As the journalist Daniel Golden revealed in his 2006 book “The Price of Admission,” far more attention has been devoted to race-conscious affirmative action at public universities (which thee Supreme Court has scaled back and might soon eliminate altogether) than to the special preferences elite universities afford to the children of (overwhelmingly white) donors and alumni.
We are thinking of scaling down our training programmes next year.
The IMF has scaled back its growth forecasts for the next decade.
He was using scaled-down versions of his father’s tools.
- to increase the size or number of something
afford verb
BrE /əˈfɔːd/ ; NAmE /əˈfɔːrd/
1) [no passive] (usually used with can, could or be able to, especially in negative sentences or questions) to have enough money or time to be able to buy or to do something
ex) I can’t afford to buy this.
Can we afford a new car?
None of them could afford £50 for a ticket.
She felt she couldn’t afford any more time off work.
I’d give up work if I could afford it.
We can’t afford to go abroad this summer.
She never took a taxi, even though she could afford to.
He couldn’t afford the money to go on the trip.
2) [no passive] (usually used with can or could, especially in negative sentences and questions) if you say that you can’t afford to do something, you mean that you should not do it because it will cause problems for you if you do
afford to do something We cannot afford to ignore this warning.
ex) (formal) They could ill afford to lose any more staff.
We cannot afford any more delays.
3) (formal) to provide somebody with something
ex) As the journalist Daniel Golden revealed in his 2006 book “The Price of Admission,” far more attention has been devoted to race-conscious affirmative action at public universities (which thee Supreme Court has scaled back and might soon eliminate altogether) than to the special preferences elite universities afford to the children of (overwhelmingly white) donors and alumni.
The tree affords some shelter from the sun.
The legislation aims to afford protection to employees.
The programme affords young people the chance to gain work experience.
thorny adjective
BrE /ˈθɔːni/ ; NAmE /ˈθɔːrni/ (thornier, thorniest)
1) [usually before noun] causing difficulty or disagreement; a thorny issue, problem, subject etc is one that is difficult to deal with
synonym knotty
ex) For middle-class and affluent whites, overachieving Asian-Americans pose thorny questions about privilege and power, merit and opportunity.
the thorny issue of land ownership
Now we come to the thorny question of cost.
a thorny question/issue/problem
There are still some thorny questions to be answered.
They must tackle the thorny issue of refugees to negotiate a final settlement.
outmatch verb
/ˌaʊtˈmætʃ/
be superior to (an opponent or rival)
ex) Some white parents have reportedly shied away from selective public schools that have become “too Asian,” fearing that their children will be outmatched.
flock verb
BrE /flɒk/ ; NAmE /flɑːk/
- 유유상종
[intransitive] to go or gather together somewhere in large numbers
ex) Many whites who can afford it flock to private schools that promote “progressive” educational philosophies, don’t “teach to the test” and offer programs in art and music (but not “Asian instruments,” like piano and violin).
Thousands of people flocked to the beach this weekend.
Huge numbers of birds had flocked together by the lake.
People flocked to hear him speak.
- birds of a feather (flock together)
(saying) people of the same sort (are found together)
teach to the test
to teach students only what is necessary in order to pass a particular test, rather than help them develop a range of skills
ex) Many whites who can afford it flock to private schools that promote “progressive” educational philosophies, don’t “teach to the test” and offer programs in art and music (but not “Asian instruments,” like piano and violin).
virtuoso noun
BrE /ˌvɜːtʃuˈəʊsəʊ/ ; NAmE /ˌvɜːrtʃuˈoʊsoʊ/ ; BrE /ˌvɜːtʃuˈəʊzəʊ/ ; NAmE /ˌvɜːrtʃuˈoʊzoʊ/
(pl. virtuosos, virtuosi BrE /ˌvɜːtʃuˈəʊsiː/ ; NAmE /ˌvɜːrtʃuˈoʊsiː/ ; BrE /ˌvɜːtʃuˈəʊziː/ ; NAmE /ˌvɜːrtʃuˈoʊziː/ )
a person who is extremely skilful at doing something, especially playing a musical instrument
ex) At Northwestern, Asian-American students tell me that they feel ashamed of their identity - that they feel viewed as a faceless bunch of geeks and virtuosos.
a piano virtuoso
faceless adjective
BrE /ˈfeɪsləs/ ; NAmE /ˈfeɪsləs/ usually before noun
having no noticeable characteristics or identity
ex) At Northwestern, Asian-American students tell me that they feel ashamed of their identity - that they feel viewed as a faceless bunch of geeks and virtuosos.
faceless bureaucrats
faceless high-rise apartment blocks
chalk something up to something
(North American English, informal) to consider that something is caused by something
ex) When they succeed, their peers chalk it up to “being Asian.”
We can chalk that win up to a lot of luck.
overhaul noun
BrE /ˈəʊvəhɔːl/ ; NAmE /ˈoʊvərhɔːl/
an examination of a machine or system, including doing repairs on it or making changes to it
ex) Since the 1965 overhaul of immigration law, the United States has lured millions of highly educated, ambitious immigrants from places like Taiwan, South Korea and India.
a complete/major overhaul
A radical overhaul of the tax system is necessary.
outperform verb
BrE /ˌaʊtpəˈfɔːm/ ; NAmE /ˌaʊtpərˈfɔːrm/
outperform somebody/something to achieve better results than somebody/something
ex) We welcomed these immigrants precisely because they outperformed and overachieved.
The company has consistently outperformed its larger rivals.
overachieve verb
BrE /ˌəʊvərəˈtʃiːv/ ; NAmE /ˌoʊvərəˈtʃiːv/
1) [intransitive] to do better than expected in your studies or work
2) [intransitive] to try too hard to be successful in your work
ex) We welcomed these immigrants precisely because they outperformed and overachieved.
stigmatize verb
(British English also -ise)
BrE /ˈstɪɡmətaɪz/ ; NAmE /ˈstɪɡmətaɪz/
[usually passive] stigmatize somebody/something (formal) to treat somebody in a way that makes them feel that they are very bad or unimportant
ex) Yet now we are stigmatizing their children for inheriting their parents’ work ethic and faith in a good education. How self-defeating.
self-defeating adjective
causing more problems and difficulties instead of solving them; not achieving what you wanted to achieve but having an opposite effect
ex) Yet now we are stigmatizing their children for inheriting their parents’ work ethic and faith in a good education. How self-defeating.
Paying children too much attention when they misbehave can be self-defeating.
It becomes self-defeating to go on wrangling about tactics.
pernicious adjective
BrE /pəˈnɪʃəs/ ; NAmE /pərˈnɪʃəs/ (formal)
having a very harmful effect on somebody/something, especially in a way that is gradual and not easily noticed
ex) Nor do I endorse the law professor Amy Chua’s pernicious “Tiger Mother” stereotype, which has set back Asian kids by attributing their successes to overzealous (and even pathological) parenting rather than individual effort.
the pernicious influence of TV violence on children
Ageism is equally as offensive and pernicious as sexism.
overzealous adjective
BrE /ˌəʊvəˈzeləs/ ; NAmE /ˌoʊvərˈzeləs/
showing too much energy or enthusiasm
ex) Nor do I endorse the law professor Amy Chua’s pernicious “Tiger Mother” stereotype, which has set back Asian kids by attributing their successes to overzealous (and even pathological) parenting rather than individual effort.
An overzealous fan ran onto the stage during the concert.
magnet school noun
North American English
a school in a large city that offers extra courses in some subjects in order to attract students from other areas of the city
ex) It is noteworthy that many high-achieving kids at selective public magnet schools are children of working-class immigrants, not well-educated professionals.
stellar adjective
BrE /ˈstelə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈstelər/ [usually before noun]
2) (informal) excellent; a stellar performance, achievement, piece of work etc is extremely good
ex) We want to fill our top universities with students of exceptional and wide-ranging talent, not just stellar test takers.
a stellar performance
cap verb
BrE /kæp/ ; NAmE /kæp/
2) [T often passive] to put a limit on the amount of money that can be charged or spent in connection with a particular activity
ex) In the 1920s, as high-achieving Jews began to compete with WASP prep schoolers, Ivy League schools started asking about family background and south vague qualities like “character,” “vigor,” “manliness” and “leadership” to cap Jewish enrollment.
High spending councils have all been (rate/charge) capped.
Our mortgage is capped at 8.75 percent for five years.
valedictorian noun
BrE /ˌvælɪdɪkˈtɔːriən/ ; NAmE /ˌvælɪdɪkˈtɔːriən/ (North American English)
the student who has the highest marks/grades in a particular group of students and who gives the valedictory speech at a graduation ceremony
ex) I suspect that in too many college admissions offices, a white Intel Science Talent Search finalist who is a valedictorian and the concertmaster of her high school orchestra would stand out as exceptional, while an Asian-American with the same resume (and socioeconomic background) would not.
악장
concertmaster noun
BrE /ˈkɒnsətmɑːstə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈkɑːnsərtmæsmɑːstər/ (especially North American English)
(British English also leader)
the most important violin player in an orchestra
ex) I suspect that in too many college admissions offices, a white Intel Science Talent Search finalist who is a valedictorian and the concertmaster of her high school orchestra would stand out as exceptional, while an Asian-American with the same resume (and socioeconomic background) would not.
fool’s errand noun [singular]
a task that has no hope of being done successfully
ex) If our most renowned schools set implicit quotas for high-achieving Asian-Americans, we are sending a message to all students that hard work and good grades may be a fool’s errand.
He sent me on a fool’s errand.
armchair adjective
BrE /ˈɑːmtʃeə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈɑːrmtʃer/
[only before noun] knowing about a subject through books and television, rather than by doing it for yourself
ex) And while no official diagnosis has been made public, armchair diagnosticians have been quick to assert that keeping guns from getting into the hands of people with mental illness would help solve the problem of gun homicides.
an armchair critic/traveller
a generation of armchair athletes who prefer to watch sports on TV rather than play
assert verb
BrE /əˈsɜːt/ ; NAmE /əˈsɜːrt/
1) to state clearly and firmly that something is true
ex) And while no official diagnosis has been made public, armchair diagnosticians have been quick to assert that keeping guns from getting into the hands of people with mental illness would help solve the problem of gun homicides.
She continued to assert that she was innocent.
She continued to assert her innocence.
The German Chancellor was anxious to assert his government’s commitment to further European unity.
‘That is wrong,’ he asserted.
It is commonly asserted that older people prefer to receive care from family members.
(소지가 가능한 권총 등의) 화기
firearm noun
BrE /ˈfaɪərɑːm/ ; NAmE /ˈfaɪərɑːrm/ (formal)
a gun that can be carried; a gun, especially a small gun that you hold in one hand
ex) The more realistic discussion is, “How do we target people with mental illness who use firearms?”
The police were issued with firearms.
유행 [전염] 병학(상)의
- 역학, 전염병학
** 역학자, 유행 [전염] 병학자
epidemiological adjective
BrE /ˌepɪˌdiːmiəˈlɒdʒɪkl/ ; NAmE /ˌepɪˌdiːmiəˈlɑːdʒɪkl/
connected with the scientific study of the spread and control of diseases
ex) But there is overwhelming epidemiological evidence that the vast majority of people with psychiatric disorders do not commit violent acts.
epidemiological studies/data/evidence
- epidemiology noun
BrE /ˌepɪˌdiːmiˈɒlədʒi/ ; NAmE /ˌepɪˌdiːmiˈɑːlədʒi/ [uncountable]
the scientific study of the spread and control of diseases
** epidemiologist noun
BrE /ˌepɪˌdiːmiˈɒlədʒɪst/ ; NAmE /ˌepɪˌdiːmiˈɑːlədʒɪst/
a scientist who studies the spread and control of diseases
조현병, 정신 분열병[증]
schizophrenia noun
BrE /ˌskɪtsəˈfriːniə/ ; NAmE /ˌskɪtsəˈfriːniə/ [uncountable]
a mental illness in which a person becomes unable to link thought, emotion and behaviour, leading to withdrawal from reality and personal relationships
ex) One of the largest studies, the National Institute of Mental Health’s Epidemiologic Catchment Area study, which followed nearly 18,000 subjects, found that the lifetime prevalence of violence among people with serious mental illness - like schizophrenia and bipolar disorder - was 16 percent, compared with 7 percent among people without any mental disorder.
bear verb
BrE /beə(r)/ ; NAmE /ber/
8) [transitive] bear somebody/something (old-fashioned or formal) to carry somebody/something, especially while moving
ex) Even the Supreme Court, which in 2008 strongly affirmed a broad right to bear arms, at the same time endorsed prohibitions on gun ownership “by felons and the mentally ill.”
three kings bearing gifts
인종 청소
ethnic cleansing noun
[uncountable]
(used especially in news reports) the policy of forcing the people of a particular race or religion to leave an area or a country
ex) All the speakers at the conference condemned the so-called ‘ethnic cleansing’.
He described the tragic plight of the victims of ethnic cleansing.
florid adjective
BrE /ˈflɒrɪd/ ; NAmE /ˈflɔːrɪd/ , /ˈflɑːrɪd/
1) (of a person’s face) red
a florid complexion
2) (usually disapproving) having too much decoration or detail
ex) florid language
a florid style of painting
- floridly adverb
BrE /ˈflɒrɪdli/ ; NAmE /ˈflɔːrɪdli/ , /ˈflɑːrɪdli/ (usually disapproving)
ex) Most of these killers are young men who are not floridly psychotic. They tend to be paranoid loners who hold a grudge and are full of rage.
grudge noun
BrE /ɡrʌdʒ/ ; NAmE /ɡrʌdʒ/
grudge (against somebody) a feeling of anger or dislike towards somebody because of something bad they have done to you in the past
ex) Most of these killers are young men who are not floridly psychotic. They tend to be paranoid loners who hold a grudge and are full of rage.
I bear him no grudge.
He has a grudge against the world.
She has harboured a grudge against me for years.
I don’t hold any grudges now.
He’s a man with a grudge.
England beat New Zealand in a grudge match (= a match where there is strong dislike between the teams).
(신상에) 딱 부합하다
fit the profile
ex) Even though we know from large-scale epidemiologic studies like the E.C.A. study that a young psychotic male who is intoxicated with alcohol and has a history of involuntary commitment is at a high risk of violence, most individuals who fit this profile are harmless.
음주 운전
- DWI (Driving While Intoxicated)
- DUI (Driving Under Influence)
- drunk driving
- drinking and driving
운에 맡기는 것 (그냥 찍는 것)보다 더 나을 게 없어요.
Psychiatrists, using clinical judgment, are not much better than chance at predicting which individual patients will do something violent and which will not.
after the fact
after something has happened or been done, when it is too late to prevent it or change it
ex) You can profile the perpetrators after the fact and you’ll get a description of troubled young men, which also matches the description of thousands of other troubled young men who would never do something like this.
On some vital decisions employees were only informed after the fact.
perp noun
BrE /pɜːp/ ; NAmE /pɜːrp/ (North American English, informal)
perpetrator noun
BrE /ˈpɜːpətreɪtə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈpɜːrpətreɪtər/
(also North American English, informal perp)
a person who commits a crime or does something that is wrong or evil
ex) The perp stole a police car and got away.
말이 쉽지 하는 건 어렵다
be easier said than done
(saying) to be much more difficult to do than to talk about
ex) Even if clinicians could predict violence perfectly, keeping guns from people with mental illness is easier said than done.
‘Why don’t you get yourself a job?’ ‘That’s easier said than done.’
나중에 후회하는 것 보다 조심하는 게 낫다
better safe than sorry
(saying) used to say that it is wiser to be too careful than to act too quickly and do something you may later wish you had not
늦게라도 하는 게 안 하는 것보다 낫다
better late than never
(saying) used especially when you, or somebody else, arrive/arrives late, or when something such as success happens late, to say that this is better than not coming or happening at all
undeterred adjective
BrE /ˌʌndɪˈtɜːd/ ; NAmE /ˌʌndɪˈtɜːrd/
if somebody is undeterred by something, they do not allow it to stop them from doing something
ex) There are a lot of people who are undeterred by these laws.
lay/get your hands on something
to find or get something; to manage to obtain something
ex) Yet he managed to get his hands on guns - his mother’s - anyway.
I know their address is here somewhere, but I can’t lay my hands on it right now.
I couldn’t lay my hands on a copy of the book.
Do you know where I can get my hands on a second-hand television?
outwardly adverb
BrE /ˈaʊtwədli/ ; NAmE /ˈaʊtwərdli/
on the surface; in appearance
opposite inwardly
ex) But the sad and frightening truth is that the vast majority of homicides are carried out by outwardly normal people in the grip of all too ordinary human aggression to whom we provide nearly unfettered access to deadly force.
Though badly frightened, she remained outwardly composed.
Outwardly, the couple seemed perfectly happy.
in the grip of something
experiencing something unpleasant that cannot be stopped; to be in a difficult or unpleasant situation
ex) But the sad and frightening truth is that the vast majority of homicides are carried out by outwardly normal people in the grip of all too ordinary human aggression to whom we provide nearly unfettered access to deadly force.
a country in the grip of recession
The country was in the grip of an economic crisis.
The forest is still in the grip of winter.
vis-à-vis preposition
BrE /ˌviːz ɑː ˈviː/ ; NAmE /ˌviːz ɑː ˈviː/ (from French)
1) in relation to
ex) Keeping on ultra-hard line vis-a-vis the North would only give the people on this land a false sense of security.
Britain’s role vis-à-vis the United States
2) in comparison with
ex) It was felt that the company had an unfair advantage vis-à-vis smaller companies elsewhere.
Our students’ marks are quite good vis-à-vis the national averages.
unfettered adjective
BrE /ʌnˈfetəd/ ; NAmE /ʌnˈfetərd/ (formal)
not controlled or restricted
ex) But the sad and frightening truth is that the vast majority of homicides are carried out by outwardly normal people in the grip of all too ordinary human aggression to whom we provide nearly unfettered access to deadly force.
Unfettered freedom of expression hurts more people than it contributes to a more democratic society.
an unfettered free market
unfettered by regulations
open-plan adjective
an open-plan building or area does not have inside walls dividing it up into rooms
ex) Off-screen, in your open-plan office, crosstalk about a colleague’s preschooler might lure you away, or a co-worker may stop by your desk for a quick question.
an open-plan office
crosstalk noun
BrE /ˈkrɒstɔːk/ ; NAmE /ˈkrɔːstɔːk/ uncountable
a situation in which a communications system is picking up the wrong signals
Crosstalk is a disturbance caused by the electric or magnetic fields of one telecommunication signal affecting a signal in an adjacent circuit. In an telephone circuit, crosstalk can result in your hearing part of a voice conversation from another circuit.
ex) Off-screen, in your open-plan office, crosstalk about a colleague’s preschooler might lure you away, or a co-worker may stop by your desk for a quick question.
lure someone or something away (from someone or something)
to entice or draw someone away from someone or something.
ex) Off-screen, in your open-plan office, crosstalk about a colleague’s preschooler might lure you away, or a co-worker may stop by your desk for a quick question.
Do you think we could lure her away from her present employment?
They were not able to lure away many of the employees of the other companies.
frazzled adjective
BrE /ˈfræzld/ ; NAmE /ˈfræzld/ (informal)
tired and easily annoyed; extremely tired, annoyed, and unable to deal with things
ex) Distraction at the office is hardly new, but as screens multiply and managers push frazzled workers to do more with less, companies say the problem is worsening and is affecting business.
They finally arrived home, hot and frazzled.
custom-built adjective
BrE ; NAmE
(also custom especially in North American English)
designed and built for a particular person
ex) Even though digital technology has led to significant productivity increases, the modern workday seems custom-built to destroy individual focus.
insulation noun
BrE /ˌɪnsjuˈleɪʃn/ ; NAmE /ˌɪnsəˈleɪʃn/ [uncountable]
the act of protecting something with a material that prevents heat, sound, electricity, etc. from passing through; the materials used for this
ex) Open-plan offices and an emphasis on collaborative work leave workers with little insulation from colleagues’ chatter.
Better insulation of your home will help to reduce heating bills.
foam insulation
chatter noun
BrE /ˈtʃætə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈtʃætər/ [uncountable]
- chit-chat noun
BrE ; NAmE uncountable
1) continuous rapid talk about things that are not important
ex) Open-plan offices and an emphasis on collaborative work leave workers with little insulation from colleagues’ chatter.
Jane’s constant chatter was beginning to annoy him.
idle chatter
- conversation about things that are not important
synonym chat
ex) We spent the afternoon in idle chit-chat.
scramble verb
BrE /ˈskræmbl/ ; NAmE /ˈskræmbl/
3) [transitive] to manage to achieve something with difficulty, or in a hurry, without much control
ex) A ceaseless tide of meetings and internal emails means that workers increasingly scramble to get their “real work” done on the margins, early in the morning or late in the evening.
Cork scrambled a 1–0 win over Monaghan.
Rooney managed to scramble the ball into the net.
tide noun
BrE /taɪd/ ; NAmE /taɪd/
3) [countable, usually singular] a large amount of something unpleasant that is increasing and is difficult to control
ex) A ceaseless tide of meetings and internal emails means that workers increasingly scramble to get their “real work” done on the margins, early in the morning or late in the evening.
There is anxiety about the rising tide of crime.
Measures have been taken to stem the tide of pornography (= stop it from getting worse).
margin noun
BrE /ˈmɑːdʒɪn/ ; NAmE /ˈmɑːrdʒən/ [countable]
4) [usually singular] an extra amount of something such as time, space, money, etc. that you include in order to make sure that something is successful
ex) A ceaseless tide of meetings and internal emails means that workers increasingly scramble to get their “real work” done on the margins, early in the morning or late in the evening.
a safety margin
The narrow gateway left me little margin for error as I reversed the car.
Wide safety margins had been set.
There’s no margin for error – we have to win.
이렇게 집중 못하게 하는 게 너무 많아서 매일 일 끝내는 것조차 너무 힘들다.
At most companies, it’s a struggle “to get work done on a daily basis, with all these things coming at you,” she says.
throw someone off the track
2) Fig. to cause one to lose one’s place in the sequence of things.
ex) Once thrown off track, it can take some 23 minutes for a worker to return to the original task, says Gloria Mark, a professor of informatics at the University of California, Irvine, who studies digital distraction.
The interruption threw me off the track for a moment, but I soon got started again with my presentation.
Don’t let little things throw you off the track. Concentrate on what you’re doing.
tackle verb
BrE /ˈtækl/ ; NAmE /ˈtækl/
1) [transitive] tackle something to make a determined effort to deal with a difficult problem or situation
ex) Some are limiting internal emails - with one company moving to ban them entirely - while others are reducing the number of projects workers can tackle at a time.
The government is determined to tackle inflation.
I think I’ll tackle the repairs next weekend.
Firefighters tackled a blaze in a garage last night.
squeeze in somebody | squeeze in something | squeeze somebody in | squeeze something in
to give time to somebody/something, although you are very busy
ex) Last year, Jamey Jacobs, a divisional vice president at Abbott Vascular, a unit of health-care company Abbott Laboratories, learned that his 200 employees had grown stressed trying to squeeze in more heads-down, focused work amid the daily thrum of email and meetings.
If you come this afternoon the doctor will try to squeeze you in.
I’ll try and squeeze in another hour’s work before I go out.
get your head down (informal)
- heads-down
to direct all your efforts into the particular task you are involved in
ex) I’m going to get my head down and try and finish this report before I go home today.
* ex) Last year, Jamey Jacobs, a divisional vice president at Abbott Vascular, a unit of health-care company Abbott Laboratories, learned that his 200 employees had grown stressed trying to squeeze in more heads-down, focused work amid the daily thrum of email and meetings.
thrum noun
[S] /θrʌm/
a continuous low sound; a hair, fiber, or threadlike leaf on a plant; also : a tuft or fringe of such structures
ex) Last year, Jamey Jacobs, a divisional vice president at Abbott Vascular, a unit of health-care company Abbott Laboratories, learned that his 200 employees had grown stressed trying to squeeze in more heads-down, focused work amid the daily thrum of email and meetings.
the steady thrum of horses galloping
obliterate verb
BrE /əˈblɪtəreɪt/ ; NAmE /əˈblɪtəreɪt/
[often passive] obliterate something to remove all signs of something, either by destroying or covering it completely
ex) At meetings, attendees were often checking email, trying to multitask and in the process obliterating their focus.
If it ever tries again to test such a dirty weapon, I’m telling you, we will ‘obliterate’ that little country from the face of the earth.
The building was completely obliterated by the bomb.
The snow had obliterated their footprints.
Everything that happened that night was obliterated from his memory.
disappear/vanish off the face of the earth
also be wiped off the face of the earth
to disappear completely
ex) If it ever tries again to test such a dirty weapon, I’m telling you, we will ‘obliterate’ that little country from the face of the earth.
The whole tribe seems to have disappeared off the face of the earth.
Keep looking—they can’t just have vanished off the face of the earth.
지구
the third rock from the sun
oft- prefix
BrE /ɒft/ ; NAmE /ɔːft/ , /ɑːft/
(in adjectives) often
ex) Part of the solution for Mr. Jacobs’s team was that oft-forgotten piece of office technology: the telephone.
an oft-repeated claim
dictate verb
BrE /dɪkˈteɪt/ ; NAmE /ˈdɪkteɪt/
3) [transitive, intransitive] to control or influence how something happens
synonym determine
ex) The pair instructted workers to let the importance and complexity of their message dictate whether to use cellphones, office phones or email.
When we take our vacations is very much dictated by Greg’s work schedule.
It’s generally your job that dictates where you live now.
The social conventions of the day dictated that she should remain at home with her parents.
merit verb
BrE /ˈmerɪt/ ; NAmE /ˈmerɪt/
(not used in the progressive tenses) merit (doing) something (formal) to do something to deserve praise, attention, etc.
synonym deserve
ex) Truly urgent messages and complex issues merited phone calls or in-person conversations, while email was reserved for messages that could wait.
He claims that their success was not merited.
The case does not merit further investigation.
wait verb
BrE /weɪt/ ; NAmE /weɪt/
4) [intransitive] to be left to be dealt with at a later time because it is not urgent
ex) Truly urgent messages and complex issues merited phone calls or in-person conversations, while email was reserved for messages that could wait.
A: Hey, Park. Come over here and please type these for me.
B: But I’ve got to get this done first.
A: That can wait. Come!
I’ve got some calls to make but they can wait until tomorrow.
I’m afraid this can’t wait. It’s very important.
log verb
BrE /lɒɡ/ ; NAmE /lɔːɡ/ , /lɑːɡ/
1) log something to put information in an official record or write a record of events
synonym record
ex) Workers now pick up the phone more, logging fewer internal emails and say they’ve got clarity on what’s urgent and what’s not, although Mr. Jacobs says staff still have to stay current with emails from clients or co-workers outside the group.
The police log all phone calls.
institute verb
BrE /ˈɪnstɪtjuːt/ ; NAmE /ˈɪnstɪtuːt/
institute something (formal) to introduce a system, policy, etc. or start a process
ex) Ms. Roberson of eBay recently instituted a no-device policy during some team meetings, a change that she says has made gatherings more efficient.
to institute criminal proceedings against somebody
The new management intends to institute a number of changes.
monotony noun
BrE /məˈnɒtəni/ ; NAmE /məˈnɑːtəni/ [uncountable]
- monotonous adjective
BrE /məˈnɒtənəs/ ; NAmE /məˈnɑːtənəs/
** monotone noun
BrE /ˈmɒnətəʊn/ ; NAmE /ˈmɑːnətoʊn/
boring lack of variety
ex) Other studies have found that occasional, undemanding distractions, such as surfing the Web, can help increase creativity and reduce workplace monotony, which may help boost alertness.
She watches television to relieve the monotony of everyday life.
- never changing and therefore boring
synonym dull, repetitious
ex) a monotonous voice/diet/routine
monotonous work
New secretaries came and went with monotonous regularity.
** [singular] a dull sound or way of speaking in which the tone and volume remain the same and therefore seem boring
ex) He spoke in a flat monotone.
block something↔out
2) to stop yourself from thinking about or remembering something unpleasant
ex) So earlier this fall, managers decided to pilot a program allowing employees to block out several hours a week for heads-down work.
Over the years she had tried to block out that part of her life.
He had always managed to block out the incident.
feasibility noun
BrE /ˌfiːzəˈbɪləti/ ; NAmE /ˌfiːzəˈbɪləti/ [uncountable]
the quality of being possible and likely to be achieved
synonym practicability
ex) a feasibility study on the proposed new airport
I doubt the feasibility of the plan.
catch up on something
1) to spend extra time doing something because you have not done it earlier; to do something that should have been done before
ex) Already, at least one employee has developed a patent application in those hours, while others have caught up on the work they’re unable to get to during frenetic workdays, says Linda April, a managers in the group.
I have a lot of work to catch up on.
The deadline’s tomorrow. How are we ever going to catch up in time?
I just want to go home and catch up on some sleep.
Staff are struggling to catch up with the backlog.
frenetic adjective
BrE /frəˈnetɪk/ ; NAmE /frəˈnetɪk/
involving a lot of energy and activity in a way that is not organized
ex) Already, at least one employee has developed a patent application in those hours, while others have caught up on the work they’re unable to get to during frenetic workdays, says Linda April, a managers in the group.
a scene of frenetic activity
to live at a frenetic pace
Liverpool scored two goals in a frenetic final ten minutes.
She rushed from city to city at a frenetic pace.
tame verb
BrE /teɪm/ ; NAmE /teɪm/
3) to bring something under control
ex) Dozens of software firms have deceloped products to tame worker inboxes, ranging from task-management software to programs that screen and sort email, but their effectiveness is limited without organizational change.
a government programme to tame inflation
take somebody↔on
2) [no passive] to play against somebody in a game or contest; to fight against somebody; to begin to perform or deal with
ex) Perhaps no company has taken on the email problem with as much relish as Atos, a global IT services company based outside of Paris, with 74,000 employees.
to take somebody on at tennis
The rebels took on the entire Roman army.
relish noun
BrE /ˈrelɪʃ/ ; NAmE /ˈrelɪʃ/
1) [uncountable] great enjoyment or pleasure
ex) Perhaps no company has taken on the email problem with as much relish as Atos, a global IT services company based outside of Paris, with 74,000 employees.
She savoured the moment with obvious relish.
manifesto noun
BrE /ˌmænɪˈfestəʊ/ ; NAmE /ˌmænɪˈfestoʊ/ (pl. manifestos)
- manifest verb
BrE /ˈmænɪfest/ ; NAmE /ˈmænɪfest/ (formal)
a written statement in which a group of people, especially a political party, explain their beliefs and say what they will do if they win an election
ex) Atos says it’s too early to say whether the experiment is a success, but in an anti-email manifesto posted on the company’s website, CEO Thierry Breton compares his company’s efforts to reduce digital clutter to “measures to reduce environmental pollution after the industrial revolution.”
an election manifesto
the party manifesto
- 1) manifest something (in something) to show something clearly, especially a feeling, an attitude or a quality
synonym demonstrate
ex) His ‘enmity’ against such a rigid work environment was clearly manifested today in the form of a ‘violence’ against his boss. He was so mad, he beat up his boss.
Social tensions were manifested in the recent political crisis.
enmity noun
BrE /ˈenməti/ ; NAmE /ˈenməti/ uncountable, countable
feelings of hatred towards somebody
ex) His ‘enmity’ against such a rigid work environment was clearly manifested today in the form of a ‘violence’ against his boss. He was so mad, he beat up his boss.
personal enmities and political conflicts
Her action earned her the enmity of two or three colleagues.
the traditional problem of the enmity between Protestants and Catholics
clutter noun
BrE /ˈklʌtə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈklʌtər/
[uncountable, singular] (disapproving) a lot of things in an untidy state, especially things that are not necessary or are not being used; a state of confusion
synonym mess
ex) Atos says it’s too early to say whether the experiment is a success, but in an anti-email manifesto posted on the company’s website, CEO Thierry Breton compares his company’s efforts to reduce digital clutter to “measures to reduce environmental pollution after the industrial revolution.”
There’s always so much clutter on your desk!
There was a clutter of bottles and tubes on the shelf.
on task [on-task] adjective
concentrating or focusing on what is to be done
ex) Office workers aren’t the only ones struggling to stay on-task.
Kids need to stay on task in the classroom.
- Stay focused!
toggle verb
BrE /ˈtɒɡl/ ; NAmE /ˈtɑːɡl/
[intransitive, transitive] (computing) to press a key or set of keys on a computer keyboard in order to turn a feature on or off, or to move from one program, etc. to another; to move from one computer operation or program to another and back again by using a particular key or command (=instruction)
ex) At Robins Air Force Base, in Georgia, fewer than half of planes were being repaired on time by the Warner Robins Air Logistics Complex because employees were working on too many planes at once and toggling between too many tasks on each.
He toggled between the two windows.
This key toggles various views of the data.
await verb
BrE /əˈweɪt/ ; NAmE /əˈweɪt/ (formal)
1) await somebody/something to wait for somebody/something
ex) Apple Inc. awaits a judge’s decision on its request for additional damages against Samsung Electronics Co. for patent infringement after the iPhone maker lost its bid to block U.S. sales on 26 of the Galaxy maker’s devices.
He is in custody awaiting trial.
Her latest novel is eagerly awaited.
infringement noun
BrE /ɪnˈfrɪndʒmənt/ ; NAmE /ɪnˈfrɪndʒmənt/ uncountable, countable
2) an act of limiting somebody’s legal rights
ex) Apple Inc. awaits a judge’s decision on its request for additional damages against Samsung Electronics Co. for patent infringement after the iPhone maker lost its bid to block U.S. sales on 26 of the Galaxy maker’s devices.
an infringement of liberty
bid1 noun
BrE /bɪd/ ; NAmE /bɪd/
3) (used especially in newspapers) an effort to do something or to obtain something
ex) Apple Inc. awaits a judge’s decision on its request for additional damages against Samsung Electronics Co. for patent infringement after the iPhone maker lost its bid to block U.S. sales on 26 of the Galaxy maker’s devices.
a bid for power
a desperate bid to escape from his attackers
establish verb
BrE /ɪˈstæblɪʃ/ ; NAmE /ɪˈstæblɪʃ/
5) to discover or prove the facts of a situation; to discover, prove, or decide that something is true
synonym ascertain
ex) Apple failed to establish that consumer demand for Samsung products was driven by technology it stole, U.S. District Judge Lucy H. Koh in San Jose, California, said in her Dec. 17 ruling.
Apple’s evidence doesn’t establish that its three design patents cover a feature that drives customer demand, Koh said.
“Though evident that Samsung attempted to copy certain Apple features may offer some limited support for Apple’s theory, it does not establish that those features actually drove consumer demand,” she said.
The cause of death has not yet been established.
We have established that you were present that afternoon.
I was never able to establish whether she was telling the truth.
Townsend’s work firmly established the links between unemployment and poverty.
Police are still trying to establish the cause of the accident.
They have established that his injuries were caused by a fall.
We need to establish where she was at the time of the shooting.
It has since been established that the horse was drugged.
injunction noun
BrE /ɪnˈdʒʌŋkʃn/ ; NAmE /ɪnˈdʒʌŋkʃn/
- restraining order noun
1) an official order given by a court which demands that something must or must not be done
ex) “There’s not going to be any knockout punches between these two competitors,” Carl Howe, a Yankee Group analyst, said in a phone interview. “Injunctions can be knockouts. This is going to be a war of money.”
to seek/obtain an injunction
The court granted an injunction against the defendants.
- restraining order (against somebody) (especially North American English) an official order given by a judge which demands that something must or must not be done. A restraining order does not require a trial in court but only lasts for a limited period of time.
slavishly adverb
BrE /ˈsleɪvɪʃli/ ; NAmE /ˈsleɪvɪʃli/ (disapproving)
in a way that follows or copies somebody/something exactly without having any original thought at all
ex) Samsung and Apple, the world’s two biggest smartphone makers, have each scored victories in their patent disputes fought over four continents since Apple accused Asia’s biggest electronics maker of “slavishly copying” its devices.
You don’t need to stick slavishly to the recipe.
antitrust adjective
BrE /ˌæntiˈtrʌst/ ; NAmE /ˌæntiˈtrʌst/ [only before noun]
(of laws) preventing companies or groups of companies from controlling prices unfairly
ex) Hours after Koh’s ruling on the sales ban, Samsung, which faces an antitrust probe by European regulators, said it will halt efforts to block sales of Apple products in Europe.
probe noun
BrE /prəʊb/ ; NAmE /proʊb/
1) probe (into something) (used especially in newspapers) a thorough and careful investigation of something
ex) Hours after Koh’s ruling on the sales ban, Samsung, which faces an antitrust probe by European regulators, said it will halt efforts to block sales of Apple products in Europe.
a police probe into the financial affairs of the company
Arson probe after three die at home.
development noun
BrE /dɪˈveləpmənt/ ; NAmE /dɪˈveləpmənt/
3) [countable] a new event or stage that is likely to affect what happens in a continuing situation
ex) The developments in the U.S. and Europe may move the companies closer to settling their global litigation.
Now to the latest developments in Egypt.
the latest developments in the war
Are there further developments in the investigation?
litigation noun
BrE /ˌlɪtɪˈɡeɪʃn/ ; NAmE /ˌlɪtɪˈɡeɪʃn/ uncountable
- lawsuit noun
BrE /ˈlɔːsuːt/ , also /ˈlɔːsjuːt/ ; NAmE /ˈlɔːsuːt/
(also suit)
** trial noun
BrE /ˈtraɪəl/ ; NAmE /ˈtraɪəl/
the process of making or defending a claim in court
ex) The developments in the U.S. and Europe may move the companies closer to settling their global litigation.
The company has been in litigation with its previous auditors for a full year.
to run the risk of litigation
- a claim or complaint against somebody that a person or an organization can make in court
ex) He filed a lawsuit against his record company.
** [uncountable, countable] a formal examination of evidence in court by a judge and often a jury, to decide if somebody accused of a crime is guilty or not
ex) a murder trial
He’s on trial for murder.
She will stand trial/go on trial for fraud.
The men were arrested but not brought to trial.
The case never came to trial.
She is awaiting trial on corruption charges.
He did not receive a fair trial.
She was detained without trial.
Parker was committed for trial yesterday at Southwark Crown Court.
posturing noun
BrE /ˈpɒstʃərɪŋ/ ; NAmE /ˈpɑːstʃərɪŋ/ uncountable, countable
- posture verb
BrE /ˈpɒstʃə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈpɑːstʃər/
behaviour that is not natural or sincere but is intended to attract attention or to have a particular effect
ex) All this court stuff is just posturing.
political posturing
- [intransitive] posture (as something) (formal) to pretend to be something that you are not by saying and doing things in order to impress or trick people
award verb
BrE /əˈwɔːd/ ; NAmE /əˈwɔːrd/
[transitive] to make an official decision to give something to somebody as a payment, prize, etc.
ex) Apple urged Koh to approve the sales ban and award additional damages because Samsung took market share from Apple by “deliberately copying the iPhone design,” according to a court filing.
The judges awarded equal points to both finalists.
The judges awarded both finalists equal points.
He was awarded damages of £50 000.
hamper verb
BrE /ˈhæmpə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈhæmpər/
[often passive] hamper somebody/something to prevent somebody from easily doing or achieving something
synonym hinder
ex) Sullivan said that while the jury’s calculations were precise, the nine-member panel was hampered by a verdict form that, against Samsung’s wishes, wasn’t “particularized” enough to permit jurors to properly arrive at damages on a product-by-product basis.
Our efforts were severely hampered by a lack of money.
juror noun
BrE /ˈdʒʊərə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈdʒʊrər/
a member of a jury
ex) Sullivan said that while the jury’s calculations were precise, the nine-member panel was hampered by a verdict form that, against Samsung’s wishes, wasn’t “particularized” enough to permit jurors to properly arrive at damages on a product-by-product basis.
reverse engineering noun
BrE ; NAmE [uncountable]
the copying of another company’s product after examining it carefully to find out how it is made
ex) “You should reverse engineer” to make sure the damages are “causally connected to the evidence,” Sullivan told the judge.
causally adverb
BrE /ˈkɔːzəli/ ; NAmE /ˈkɔːzəli/ (formal)
in a way in which one thing causes another to happen
ex) “You should reverse engineer” to make sure the damages are “causally connected to the evidence,” Sullivan told the judge.
Are the two factors causally connected?
uphold verb
BrE /ʌpˈhəʊld/ ; NAmE /ʌpˈhoʊld/
- overturn verb
BrE /ˌəʊvəˈtɜːn/ ; NAmE /ˌoʊvərˈtɜːrn/
2) uphold something (especially of a court of law) to agree that a previous decision was correct or that a request is reasonable
ex) “If there is enough evidence in the record to justify that damage award then that verdict should be upheld,” Harold McElhinny, a lawyer for Apple, argued to the judge.
to uphold a conviction/an appeal/a complaint
- [transitive] overturn something to officially decide that a legal decision, etc. is not correct, and to make it no longer valid
ex) “The final ruling on the penalty isn’t likely to be overturned,” Lee said.
to overturn a decision/conviction/verdict
His sentence was overturned by the appeal court.
vow verbvow verb
BrE /vaʊ/ ; NAmE /vaʊ/
BrE /vaʊ/ ; NAmE /vaʊ/
to promise that you will do something
ex) Jobs later vowed to wage “thermonuclear war” to prove that phones running on Google Inc.’s Android operating system copy the iPhone. Samsung devices use Android.
The president has vowed to help the earthquake victims.
I vowed that I would never gamble again.
열핵의, 원차핵 융합 반응의
thermonuclear adjective
BrE /ˌθɜːməʊˈnjuːkliə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˌθɜːrmoʊˈnuːkliər/
connected with nuclear reactions that only happen at very high temperatures
ex) Jobs later vowed to wage “thermonuclear war” to prove that phones running on Google Inc.’s Android operating system copy the iPhone. Samsung devices use Android.
a thermonuclear reaction
~O/S에서 구동됨
Jobs later vowed to wage “thermonuclear war” to prove that phones running on Google Inc.’s Android operating system copy the iPhone. Samsung devices use Android.
flick noun
BrE /flɪk/ ; NAmE /flɪk/
2) [singular] a flick through something a quick look through the pages of a book, magazine, etc.
synonym flip
ex) Apple doesn’t have patents for certain iPhone features, such as the general concept of a two-finger pinch or flick.
I had a flick through the catalogue while I was waiting.
fevered adjective
BrE /ˈfiːvəd/ ; NAmE /ˈfiːvərd/ [only before noun]
1) showing great excitement or worry
ex) “For many years now, our nation’s leaders have engaged in fevered debates on higher education, yet lawmakers shy away from taking action on one issue that prevents thousands of young people from living lives of promise, let alone realizing their college dreams,” the presidents wrote in the letter. “That issue is gun safety.”
fevered excitement/speculation
a fevered imagination/mind (= that imagines strange things)
탄창
- ammunition noun
BrE /ˌæmjuˈnɪʃn/ ; NAmE /ˌæmjuˈnɪʃn/ [uncountable]
** magazine noun
BrE /ˌmæɡəˈziːn/ ; NAmE /ˈmæɡəziːn/
ammunition magazine
ex) Among the goals in the letter: a ban on semi-automatic assault weapons and high-capacity ammunition magazines; consumer safety standards for guns, such as safety locks; and a requirement for background checks for those who buy firearms from unlicensed sellers at gun shows.
* 1) a supply of bullets, etc. to be fired from guns
ex) The bandits escaped with a rifle and 120 rounds of ammunition.
They issued live ammunition to the troops.
A few of the men had run out of ammunition.
** 3) the part of a gun that holds the bullets before they are fired
signer noun
BrE /ˈsaɪnə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈsaɪnər/
1) a person who signs a document, letter, etc.
ex) As of Monday morning, I couldn’t find any signers from the U.S. News list of the top 20 national universities, except for Susan Fuhrman of Teachers College at Columbia University.
the signers of the petition
a big noise/shot/name
an important person
ex) But many big-name universities were not on the list.
A lot of big names showed up at the gallery opening.
a big name in local politics
