TO 6-2 Flashcards
insurmountable adjective
BrE /ˌɪnsəˈmaʊntəbl/ ; NAmE /ˌɪnsərˈmaʊntəbl/ (formal)
(of difficulties, problems, etc.) that cannot be dealt with successfully
synonym insuperable
ex) Hunger, extreme poverty: these often seem like gigantic, insurmountable problems, too big to solve.
The age barrier appeared insurmountable.
They were now faced with seemingly insurmountable technical problems.
lever noun
BrE /ˈliːvə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈlevər/
2) a long piece of wood, metal, etc. used for lifting or opening something by somebody placing one end of it under an object and pushing down on the other end
ex) Archimedes was an ancient Greek thinker, and he taught us that if we lean on the right levers, we can move the world.
We had to use a lever to prise open the window.
stunt verb
BrE /stʌnt/ ; NAmE /stʌnt/
stunt somebody/something to prevent somebody/something from growing or developing as much as they/it should
ex) Amongst the extreme poor, one in three children are permanently stunted from a lifetime of not eating enough.
The constant winds had stunted the growth of plants and bushes.
His illness had not stunted his creativity.
radiate verb
BrE /ˈreɪdieɪt/ ; NAmE /ˈreɪdieɪt/
1) [transitive, intransitive] radiate (something) | radiate (from somebody) if a person radiates a particular quality or emotion, or if it radiates from them, people can see it very clearly
ex) Look at the strength and the will radiating from this woman.
He radiated self-confidence and optimism.
the energy that seemed to radiate from her
smallholder noun
BrE /ˈsmɔːlhəʊldə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈsmɔːlhoʊldər/ (British English)
- smallholding noun
BrE /ˈsmɔːlhəʊldɪŋ/ ; NAmE /ˈsmɔːlhoʊldɪŋ/
a person who owns or rents a small piece of land for farming
ex) There’s just one problem: many smallholder farmers lack access to basic tools and knowledge.
* a small piece of land used for farming
ex) They live on a 13-acre smallholding in Wales.
till verb
BrE /tɪl/ ; NAmE /tɪl/
till something (old use) to prepare and use land for growing crops
ex) Currently, they take a little bit of saved food grain from the prior year, they plant it in the ground and they till it with a manual hand hoe.
호미
hoe noun
BrE /həʊ/ ; NAmE /hoʊ/
a garden tool with a long handle and a blade, used for breaking up soil and removing weeds (= plants growing where they are not wanted)
ex) Currently, they take a little bit of saved food grain from the prior year, they plant it in the ground and they till it with a manual hand hoe.
pollinate verb
BrE /ˈpɒləneɪt/ ; NAmE /ˈpɑːləneɪt/
pollinate something to put pollen into a flower or plant so that it produces seeds
ex) If you naturally pollinate a high-yielding variety together with a drought-resistant variety, you get a hybrid that inherits positive traits from both of its parents.
flowers pollinated by bees/the wind
farm inputs
The resources that are used in farm production, such as chemicals, equipment, feed, seed, and energy
ex) Farm inputs need to be combined with good practice.
at a loss
not knowing what to say or do
ex) The shocking shooting spree by a soldier left the whole country at a loss not long ago.
His comments left me at a loss for words.
I’m at a loss what to do next.
sport verb
BrE /spɔːt/ ; NAmE /spɔːrt/
1) [transitive] sport something to have or wear something in a proud way
synonym wear
ex) A while ago, I saw a young teenager walking on the street, ‘sporting’ tattoos on his arms and legs.
to sport a beard
She was sporting a T-shirt with the company’s logo on it.
booze-up noun
British English, informal
an occasion when people drink a lot of alcohol
ex) When Moon Su-jong, a web designer at a mid-sized South Korean chaebol, or conglomerate, joined a late-night company booze-up and declined alcohol, her bosses guessed that she was pregnant.
berate verb
BrE /bɪˈreɪt/ ; NAmE /bɪˈreɪt/
berate somebody/yourself (formal) to criticize or speak angrily to somebody because you do not approve of something they have done
ex) They berated her for burdening her colleagues, who would have to shoulder her work in her absence, and asked her when she would quit.
She berated herself for being a bad mother.
The minister was berated by angry demonstrators as he left the meeting.
shoulder verb
BrE /ˈʃəʊldə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈʃoʊldər/
1) [transitive] shoulder something to accept the responsibility for something
ex) They berated her for burdening her colleagues, who would have to shoulder her work in her absence, and asked her when she would quit.
to shoulder the responsibility/blame for something
women who shoulder the double burden of childcare and full-time work
spunky adjective
BrE /ˈspʌŋki/ ; NAmE /ˈspʌŋki/ (informal)
1) brave and determined; full of enthusiasm
ex) Its spunky protagonist, Mi-so, struggles to combine long, rigid work hours with child care.
She is bright, tough and spunky.
2) (Australian English, informal) sexually attractive
ex) a top babe with a spunky boyfriend
lose out to somebody | lose out to something
(informal) to not get business, etc. that you expected or used to get because somebody/something else has taken it
ex) She loses out on a promotion to a colleague whose mother-in-law looks after her grandchild (South Koreans call this a “mum lifeline”).
Small businesses are losing out to the large chains.
juggle verb
BrE /ˈdʒʌɡl/ ; NAmE /ˈdʒʌɡl/
2) [transitive, intransitive] juggle (something) (with something) to try to deal with two or more important jobs or activities at the same time so that you can fit all of them into your life
ex) Women in South Korea find it hard to juggle family and a career.
Working mothers are used to juggling their jobs, their children’s needs and their housework.
I’m sure I can juggle things around to fit you in.
name and shame
(British English) to publish the names of people or organizations who have done something wrong or illegal
ex) Park Geun-hye, the first woman to lead an east Asian country when she assumed South Korea’s presidency in 2013, has vowed to create 1.7m jobs for women, lift their employment rate by seven percentage points, to 62%, and name and shame companies with too few female employees.
creep verb
BrE /kriːp/ ; NAmE /kriːp/
3) [intransitive] (+ adv./prep.) to move or develop very slowly
ex) The share of working-age South Korean women who have jobs crept above 50% in 2000, and has risen only five percentage points in the past two decades.
Her arms crept around his neck.
A slight feeling of suspicion crept over me.
stubbly adjective
BrE /ˈstʌbli/ ; NAmE /ˈstʌbli/
covered with or consisting of stubble (2) (= the short stiff hairs that grow on a man’s face when he has not shaved recently)
ex) That South Korea now has men’s-rights groups is a sign that women have made advances - the stubblier sex no longer takes its dominance for granted.
a stubbly chin/beard
menial adjective
BrE /ˈmiːniəl/ ; NAmE /ˈmiːniəl/
(usually disapproving) (of work) not skilled or important, and often boring or badly paid
ex) Girls often left school and took menial jobs to support their brothers’ education.
menial jobs/work
menial tasks like cleaning the floor
sideline verb
BrE /ˈsaɪdlaɪn/ ; NAmE /ˈsaɪdlaɪn/ [usually passive]
2) sideline somebody to prevent somebody from having an important part in something that other people are doing
ex) But the workplace has been slow to adapt, and huge numbers of capable female candidates are being overlooked or sidelined.
The vice-president is increasingly being sidelined.
incredulous adjective
BrE /ɪnˈkredjələs/ ; NAmE /ɪnˈkredʒələs/
not willing or not able to believe something; showing an inability to believe something
ex) The boss is incredulous: “Do you think this will end with you? Once you do this, others will follow!” Maybe they will.
‘Here?’ said Kate, incredulous.
an incredulous look
stickler noun
BrE /ˈstɪklə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈstɪklər/
stickler (for something) a person who thinks that a particular quality or type of behaviour is very important and expects other people to think and behave in the same way
ex) Donald Trump is a stickler for words - other people’s words.
a stickler for punctuality
abet verb
BrE /əˈbet/ ; NAmE /əˈbet/
abet somebody to help or encourage somebody to do something wrong
ex) That’s why he figured he could accuse the president of tolerating terrorist attacks - or, he hinted darkly, abetting them.
He was abetted in the deception by his wife.
cavalier adjective
BrE /ˌkævəˈlɪə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˌkævəˈlɪr/ [usually before noun]
not caring enough about something important or about the feelings of other people
ex) It’s incredible, and not a little terrifying, that a candidate for president could be that cavalier, but let’s try to figure out what he means.
The government takes a cavalier attitude to the problems of prison overcrowding.
dish something↔up
to offer something to somebody, especially something that is not very good
ex) Trump merely dished up a version of the usual lie propagated by anti-gun control forces, saying that Clinton wants to revoke the Second Amendment.
jingoism noun
BrE /ˈdʒɪŋɡəʊɪzəm/ ; NAmE /ˈdʒɪŋɡoʊɪzəm/ uncountable
a strong belief that your own country is best, especially when this is expressed in support of war with another country
ex) Trump offered his usual stew of fear, jingoism and hatred.
locus noun
BrE /ˈləʊkəs/ ; NAmE /ˈloʊkəs/ (pl. loci BrE /ˈləʊsaɪ/ ; NAmE /ˈloʊsaɪ/ )(specialist or formal)
the exact place where something happens or which is thought to be the centre of something
ex) He repeated his call for “a ban” on Muslim immigration into the United States, expanding it to immigrants from countries that are the locus of terrorism.
bigotry noun
BrE /ˈbɪɡətri/ ; NAmE /ˈbɪɡətri/ [uncountable]
the state of feeling, or the act of expressing, strong, unreasonable beliefs or opinions
ex) Let’s be absolutely clear. This is not just about bigotry.
When religious people show bigotry and intolerance, they are in fact betraying the religion they uphold.
decimate verb
BrE /ˈdesɪmeɪt/ ; NAmE /ˈdesɪmeɪt/
1) [usually passive] decimate something to kill large numbers of animals, plants or people in a particular area
ex) That is how the Turks committed genocide against Armenians in the early 20th century, how the United States government decimated some Native American tribes and how Stalin killed millions of his own citizens.
The rabbit population was decimated by the disease.
exhaustive adjective
BrE /ɪɡˈzɔːstɪv/ ; NAmE /ɪɡˈzɔːstɪv/
including everything possible; very thorough or complete
ex) This is not an exhaustive list; I’m probably missing 307 items.
exhaustive research/tests
This list is not intended to be exhaustive.
reckon with somebody | reckon with something
1) [usually passive] to consider or treat somebody/something as a serious opponent, problem , etc.
ex) Haters are a force to be reckoned with.
They were already a political force to be reckoned with.
But the point is, we have to reckon with the haters.
2) (usually used in negative sentences) to consider something as a possible problem that you should be prepared for
synonym take something into account
ex) I didn’t reckon with getting caught up in so much traffic.
taxonomy noun
BrE /tækˈsɒnəmi/ ; NAmE /tækˈsɑːnəmi/ (pl. taxonomies)
1) [uncountable] the scientific process of classifying things (= arranging them into groups)
ex) So what I’ve done is created a highly scientific Taxonomy of Haters.
plant taxonomy
Petri dish noun
BrE /ˈpetri dɪʃ/ ; NAmE /ˈpetri dɪʃ/ ; BrE /ˈpiːtri dɪʃ/ ; NAmE /ˈpiːtri dɪʃ/
a shallow covered dish used for growing bacteria, etc. in
ex) I basically took all of the haters, I put them in a petri dish, like a scientist, and this is what I found.
garden-variety adjective
BrE ; NAmE (North American English)
(British English common or garden)
[only before noun]
ordinary; with no special features
ex) First off, we have the trolls. These are your garden-variety digital haters.
He is not one of your garden-variety criminals.
bigot noun
BrE /ˈbɪɡət/ ; NAmE /ˈbɪɡət/
a person who has very strong, unreasonable beliefs or opinions about race, religion or politics and who will not listen to or accept the opinions of anyone who disagrees
ex) The next category is the mission-oriented-bigot- whose-group-affiliation- gives-them-cover-for-hating hater.
a religious/racial bigot
stick verb
BrE /stɪk/ ; NAmE /stɪk/
3) [transitive] stick something + adv./prep. (informal) to put something in a place, especially quickly or carelessly
ex) And in that moment of openness, a good social justice comedian can stick in a whole bunch of information, and if they’re really skilled, a rectal exam.
Stick your bags down there.
He stuck his hands in his pockets and strolled off.
Can you stick this on the noticeboard?
Peter stuck his head around the door and said, ‘Coffee, anyone?’
(informal) Stick ‘em up! (= Put your hands above your head—I have a gun!)
encase verb
BrE /ɪnˈkeɪs/ ; NAmE /ɪnˈkeɪs/
Verb Forms
[often passive] encase something (in something) (formal) to surround or cover something completely, especially to protect it
ex) Three, it’s funny but sneaky, like you could be hearing an interesting treatise on income inequality, that’s encased in a really sophisticated poop joke.
The reactor is encased in concrete and steel.
His upper body was completely encased in bandages.
treatise noun
BrE /ˈtriːtɪs/ ; NAmE /ˈtriːtɪs/ ; BrE /ˈtriːtɪz/ ; NAmE /ˈtriːtɪz/
treatise (on something) (formal) a long and serious piece of writing on a particular subject
ex) Three, it’s funny but sneaky, like you could be hearing an interesting treatise on income inequality, that’s encased in a really sophisticated poop joke.
‘A Treatise of Human Nature’ by David Hume
Any of these questions would deserve a lengthy treatise, perhaps even a small book.
muzzie noun
(plural muzzies)
(slang, offensive, religious slur) a Muslim
ex) And we went around the country to places like Alabama, Arizona, Tennessee, Georgia – places where they love the Muzzies – and we did stand-up shows.
dirtbag noun
/ˈdərtbæɡ/ (informal)
a dirty or very unpleasant person
ex) So basically, what I’m saying is a couple of dirt-bag comedians took on a major New York City agency and the comedians won.
take somebody↔on
2) [no passive] to play against somebody in a game or contest; to fight against somebody
ex) So basically, what I’m saying is a couple of dirt-bag comedians took on a major New York City agency and the comedians won.
to take somebody on at tennis
The rebels took on the entire Roman army.
indulge verb
BrE /ɪnˈdʌldʒ/ ; NAmE /ɪnˈdʌldʒ/
3) [transitive] to be too generous in allowing somebody to have or do whatever they like
ex) The bank managers would indulge us for 30-45 seconds before calling security.
She did not believe in indulging the children with presents.
His questions were annoying but it was easier to indulge him than try and protest.
Her father had always indulged her every whim.
squeal verb
BrE /skwiːl/ ; NAmE /skwiːl/
1) [intransitive] to make a long, high sound
ex) Security would come out, brandish their weapons, and then we would squeal with fear and run away, because – and this is the last rule of social justice comedy – sometimes it makes you want to take a dump in your pants.
The pigs were squealing.
The car squealed to a halt.
Children were running around squealing with excitement.
have/take a dump
to pass the contents of the bowels out of the body
ex) Security would come out, brandish their weapons, and then we would squeal with fear and run away, because – and this is the last rule of social justice comedy – sometimes it makes you want to take a dump in your pants.
분수에 맞는/맞지 않는 생활을 하다
live beyond/within your means
live on more/less money than you have or earn
수입[자산] 조사
means test
field verb
BrE /fiːld/ ; NAmE /fiːld/
4) [transitive] field something to receive and deal with questions or comments
ex) But, after publishing a video about the economics of marriage, he was surprised to field criticism online from a character called “Turd Flinging Monkey.”
The BBC had to field more than 300 phone calls after last night’s programme.
gynocentric adjective
/ˌɡīnəˈsentrik/
centered on or concerned exclusively with women; taking a female (or specifically a feminist) point of view.
ex) Better to eschew “gynocentric” conventions in favour of self-sovereignty, the logic goes.
turd noun
BrE /tɜːd/ ; NAmE /tɜːrd/ (taboo, slang)
1) a lump of solid waste from the bowels
ex) But, after publishing a video about the economics of marriage, he was surprised to field criticism online from a character called “Turd Flinging Monkey.”
dog turds
2) an offensive word for an unpleasant person
manosphere
The manosphere (portmanteau of man and blogosphere) or androsphere (from the Greek “aner” meaning “man”) is a name given to a loose and informal network of blogs, websites, and internet commentators that focus on issues relating to men and masculinity, often in opposition to feminism or as a male counterpart to it.
ex) “Save a male and stop a wedding” is an unregistered trademark of MGTOW.com, one of many websites and blogs that form the manosphere, a diffuse and nebulous corner of the internet.
diffuse adjective
BrE /dɪˈfjuːs/ ; NAmE /dɪˈfjuːs/
1) spread over a wide area
ex) “Save a male and stop a wedding” is an unregistered trademark of MGTOW.com, one of many websites and blogs that form the manosphere, a diffuse and nebulous corner of the internet.
diffuse light
a diffuse community
nebulous adjective
BrE /ˈnebjələs/ ; NAmE /ˈnebjələs/ (formal)
not clear
synonym vague
ex) “Save a male and stop a wedding” is an unregistered trademark of MGTOW.com, one of many websites and blogs that form the manosphere, a diffuse and nebulous corner of the internet.
a nebulous concept
a raw deal
the fact of somebody being treated unfairly
ex) The groups sometimes overlap and sometimes feud; their aims range from fighting for fathers’ rights in family courts, where they believe men get raw deals, to trading in tips about how to seduce women.
Older workers often get a raw deal.
ire noun
BrE /ˈaɪə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈaɪər/ uncountable
anger
synonym wrath
ex) One keyboard Don Juan, Roosh V, has won fame (and ire) for publisihng books like “Day Bang: How to Casually Pick up Girls During the Day” and “Bang Poland: How To Make Love With Polish Girls in Poland.”
to arouse/raise/provoke the ire of local residents
(US English) to draw the ire of local residents
The plans provoked the ire of the conservationists.
bang noun
BrE /bæŋ/ ; NAmE /bæŋ/
5) (taboo, slang) an act of sexual intercourse
ex) One keyboard Don Juan, Roosh V, has won fame (and ire) for publisihng books like “Day Bang: How to Casually Pick up Girls During the Day” and “Bang Poland: How To Make Love With Polish Girls in Poland.”
사기꾼
conman noun
BrE /ˈkɒnmæn/ ; NAmE /ˈkɑːnmæn/ (pl. conmen BrE /ˈkɒnmen/ ; NAmE /ˈkɑːnmen/ )(informal)
con artist
a man who tricks others into giving him money, etc.
ex) The screenplay focuses on the friendship between a dim-witted stud and a petty conman.
snap verb
BrE /snæp/ ; NAmE /snæp/
3) [transitive, intransitive] to speak or say something in an impatient, usually angry, voice
ex) When Mr. Elam inquired why, he says his male and female colleagues snapped at him.
‘Don’t just stand there,’ she snapped.
I was tempted to snap back angrily at him.
He snapped a reply.
simian adjective
BrE /ˈsɪmiən/ ; NAmE /ˈsɪmiən/ (specialist)
like a monkey or an ape; connected with monkeys or apes
ex) For his part, Mr. Wilcox, the simian provoker and professor, thinks the movement is related to the decline of the traditional family unit.
simian arms
a simian virus
retort verb
BrE /rɪˈtɔːt/ ; NAmE /rɪˈtɔːrt/
to reply quickly to a comment, in an angry, offended or humorous way
ex) Mr. Elam retorts that Mr. Wilcox’s view are sexist towards men.
‘Don’t be ridiculous!’ Pat retorted angrily.
‘How dare you!’ he retorted angrily.
Sam retorted that it was my fault as much as his.
woman up
1) Be a courageous and strong mature woman by appropriately taking action and responsibility.
ex) “You would never tell a woman to ‘woman up’ and get married if she didn’t want to. But that’s what he’s telling men to do.”
indignantly adverb
BrE /ɪnˈdɪɡnəntli/ ; NAmE /ɪnˈdɪɡnəntli/
in an angry or surprised way because you think that you have been treated unfairly
ex) The hen picked herself up, shook her feathers indignantly and walked back to the barn.
‘I’m certainly not asking him!’ she retorted indignantly.
carnage noun
BrE /ˈkɑːnɪdʒ/ ; NAmE /ˈkɑːrnɪdʒ/ [uncountable]
the violent killing of a large number of people
synonym slaughter
ex) If we’re trying to prevent carnage like that of Orlando, we need to be vigilant not only about infiltration by the Islamic State, and not only about American citizens poisoned into committing acts of terrorism.
a scene of carnage
the carnage of the First World War
How can we reduce the carnage on our roads?
infiltration noun
BrE /ˌɪnfɪlˈtreɪʃn/ ; NAmE /ˌɪnfɪlˈtreɪʃn/ [uncountable]
1) infiltration (of somebody) (into something) the act of entering a place or an organization secretly, especially in order to get information that can be used against it
ex) If we’re trying to prevent carnage like that of Orlando, we need to be vigilant not only about infiltration by the Islamic State, and not only about American citizens poisoned into committing acts of terrorism.
the infiltration of terrorists from across the border
acolyte noun
BrE /ˈækəlaɪt/ ; NAmE /ˈækəlaɪt/
1) (formal) a person who follows and helps a leader
ex) We empower ISIS when we permit acolytes like the Orlando killer, investigated repeatedly as a terrorist threat, to buy a Sig Sauer MCX and a Glock 17 handgun on consecutive days.
the Emperor’s faithful acolytes
wellspring noun
BrE /ˈwelsprɪŋ/ ; NAmE /ˈwelsprɪŋ/ (literary)
a supply or source of a particular quality, especially one that never ends
ex) But it is important to hold accountable Gulf states like Saudi Arabia that are wellsprings of religious zealotry, intolerance and fanaticism.
zealotry noun
BrE /ˈzelətri/ ; NAmE /ˈzelətri/ uncountable
- zealot noun
BrE /ˈzelət/ ; NAmE /ˈzelət/ (often disapproving)
the attitude or behaviour of a zealot
religious zealotry
- a person who is extremely enthusiastic about something, especially religion or politics
synonym fanatic
ex) But it is important to hold accountable Gulf states like Saudi Arabia that are wellsprings of religious zealotry, intolerance and fanaticism.
slip away
to stop existing; to disappear or die
ex) But I feel like I kind of have to, because these days, it feels like little bits of my time kind of slip away from me, and when that happens, it feels like parts of my life are slipping away.
Their support gradually slipped away.
bulldoze verb
BrE /ˈbʊldəʊz/ ; NAmE /ˈbʊldoʊz/
2) [TRANSITIVE] INFORMAL to force someone to do something that they do not really want to do by being very determined and ignoring what they do to oppose you
ex) That’s what we’re doing all the time, bulldozing each other’s attention, left and right.
abrasive adjective
BrE /əˈbreɪsɪv/ ; NAmE /əˈbreɪsɪv/
- abrasion noun
BrE /əˈbreɪʒn/ ; NAmE /əˈbreɪʒn/ (specialist)
2) (of a person or their manner) rude and unkind; acting in a way that may hurt other people’s feelings
ex) He joked in our conversation that what if, instead of a spell check, you had a compassion check, meaning, you might highlight a word that might be accidentally abrasive – perceived as abrasive by someone else.
an abrasive style/tone/comment
Throughout his career he was known for his abrasive manner.
- 1) [countable] a damaged area of the skin where it has been rubbed against something hard and rough
ex) He suffered cuts and abrasions to the face.
2) [uncountable] damage to a surface caused by rubbing something very hard against it
ex) Diamonds have extreme resistance to abrasion.
subtract verb
BrE /səbˈtrækt/ ; NAmE /səbˈtrækt/
[transitive, intransitive] subtract (something) (from something) to take a number or an amount away from another number or amount
synonym take (12)
opposite add
ex) And they subtract from those positive hours the amount of time people spent on the website, because that’s a cost to people’s lives.
6 subtracted from 9 is 3
If you subtract 6 from 9, you get 3.
orchestrate verb
BrE /ˈɔːkɪstreɪt/ ; NAmE /ˈɔːrkɪstreɪt/
2) orchestrate something to organize a complicated plan or event very carefully or secretly
synonym stage-manage
ex) And what you were left with is something they refer to as “net orchestrated conviviality,” or, really, just a net “Good Times” created.
a carefully orchestrated publicity campaign
The group is accused of orchestrating violence at demonstrations.
