TO 10-1 Flashcards
plagiarism noun
BrE /ˈpleɪdʒərɪzəm/ ; NAmE /ˈpleɪdʒərɪzəm/ uncountable, countable
an act of plagiarizing something; something that has been plagiarized
- plagiarize verb
(British English also -ise)
BrE /ˈpleɪdʒəraɪz/ ; NAmE /ˈpleɪdʒəraɪz/
[transitive, intransitive] plagiarize (something) (disapproving) to copy another person’s ideas, words or work and pretend that they are your own
ex) We have a high-profile journalist caught for plagiarism, a young superstar writer whose book involves so many made up quotes that they’ve pulled it from the shelves; a New York Times exposé on fake book reviews.
There were accusations of plagiarism.
a text full of plagiarisms
exposé noun
BrE /ekˈspəʊzeɪ/ ; NAmE /ˌekspoʊˈzeɪ/
an account of the facts of a situation, especially when these are shocking or have deliberately been kept secret; a story in a newspaper or on television that tells the truth about a person or situation, usually with the intention of shocking or surprising you
ex) We have a high-profile journalist caught for plagiarism, a young superstar writer whose book involves so many made up quotes that they’ve pulled it from the shelves; a New York Times exposé on fake book reviews.
a damning exposé of police corruption
centrality noun
BrE /senˈtræləti/ ; NAmE /senˈtræləti/ uncountable
the fact of being the most important or a very important part of something
ex) It’s this pervasiveness, combined with the centrality to what it means to be a human, the fact that we can tell the truth or make something up, that has fascinated people throughout history.
the centrality of the family as a social institution
공자
Confucius /kənˈfjuːʃəs/
Confucius was an ancient Chinese thinker known for saying wise things.
ex) And we have Confucius in the East who was really concerned with sincerity, not only that you walked the walk or talked the talk, but that you believed in what you were doing.
- Confucian adjective
BrE /kənˈfjuːʃən/ ; NAmE /kənˈfjuːʃən/ [usually before noun]
based on or believing the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius
디오게네스
Diogenes of Sinope (/daɪˈɒdʒəˌniːz/; Greek: Διογένης ὁ Σινωπεύς, Diogenēs ho Sinōpeus) was a Greek philosopher and one of the founders of Cynic philosophy. Also known as Diogenes the Cynic (Ancient Greek: Διογένης ὁ Κυνικός, Diogenēs ho Kunikos), he was born in Sinope (modern-day Sinop, Turkey), an Ionian colony on the Black Sea, in 412 or 404 BC and died at Corinth in 323 BC.
ex) Here we have Diogenes with his lantern. Does anybody know what he was looking for? A single honest man, and he died without finding one back in Greece.
concern verb
BrE /kənˈsɜːn/ ; NAmE /kənˈsɜːrn/
2) concern something (also be concerned with something) to be about something
ex) And we have Confucius in the East who was really concerned with sincerity, not only that you walked the walk or talked the talk, but that you believed in what you were doing.
The story concerns the prince’s efforts to rescue Pamina.
The book is primarily concerned with Soviet-American relations during the Cold War.
This chapter concerns itself with the historical background.
One major difference between these computers concerns the way in which they store information.
dead zone noun
3) a place where a mobile/cell phone does not work because no signal can be received
ex) “Sorry I didn’t respond to you earlier. My battery was dead.” Your battery wasn’t dead. You weren’t in a dead zone.
애매성, 애매모호함
cf. 양가감정
ambiguity noun
BrE /ˌæmbɪˈɡjuːəti/ ; NAmE /ˌæmbɪˈɡjuːəti/ (pl. ambiguities)
1) [uncountable] the state of having more than one possible meaning
ex) They use ambiguity that comes from using technology.
Write clear definitions in order to avoid ambiguity.
A lot of humour depends on ambiguity.
- ambivalence noun
BrE /æmˈbɪvələns/ ; NAmE /æmˈbɪvələns/ [uncountable, singular]ambivalence (about/towards somebody/something)
the fact of having or showing both good and bad feelings about somebody/something
ex) There was ambivalence among church members about women becoming priests.
Many people feel some ambivalence towards television and its effect on our lives.
astroturf
Astroturfing is the practice of masking the sponsors of a message or organization (e.g., political, advertising, religious or public relations) to make it appear as though it originates from and is supported by a grassroots participant(s).
- AstroTurf™ noun
BrE /ˈæstrəʊtɜːf/ ; NAmE /ˈæstroʊtɜːrf/ [uncountable]
an artificial surface that looks like grass, for playing sports on
ex) Chinese Water Army refers to thousands of people in China that are paid small amounts of money to produce content. In North America, we call this Astroturfing, and Astroturfing is very common now.
knock/throw somebody for a loop
(North American English, informal) to shock or surprise somebody
ex) And it really throws people for a loop because we think, well, there’s no nonverbal cues, so why don’t you lie more?
The result of the election knocked most people for a loop.
내 친구들이 그렇게 잘나고 그렇게 멋진 인생을 산다고? 말도 안 돼.
My friends, no way they can be that cool and have good of a life.
사선의, 대각선의
diagonal adjective
BrE /daɪˈæɡənl/ ; NAmE /daɪˈæɡənl/
(of a straight line) at an angle; joining two opposite sides of something at an angle
diagonal stripes
ex) Along the y-axis, the vertical axis, is how tall they actually were. That diagonal line is the truth line.
10분의 9인치
(수치) 엄청 올렸네
In fact, they lied about their height about nine tenths of an inch, what we say in the lab as “strong rounding up.”
blow somebody↔away (informal, especially North American English)
2) to impress somebody a lot or to make them very happy
ex) But the research over the last 50 years says there’s actually no reliable cue to deception, which blew me away, and it’s one of the hard lessons that I learned when I was customs officer.
dilate verb
BrE /daɪˈleɪt/ ; NAmE /daɪˈleɪt/ [intransitive, transitive]
to become or to make something larger, wider or more open
opposite contract
ex) Some situations, yes – high stakes, maybe their pupils dilate, their pitch goes up, their body movements change a little bit, but not all the time, not for everybody, it’s not reliable.
Her eyes dilated with fear.
dilated pupils/nostrils
Red wine can help to dilate blood vessels.
Horses sometimes dilate their nostrils when anxious.
The patient’s pupils were dilated.
utterance noun
BrE /ˈʌtərəns/ ; NAmE /ˈʌtərəns/ (formal)
1) [uncountable] the act of expressing something in words
ex) to give utterance to your thoughts
2) [countable] something that you say
ex) So what that means is that all the people before there was any writing, every word that they ever said, every utterance disappeared.
one of her few recorded public utterances
evanescent adjective
BrE /ˌiːvəˈnesnt/ ; NAmE usually /ˌevəˈnesnt/ , /ˌiːvəˈnesnt/ (literary)
disappearing quickly from sight or memory
ex) So what that means is that all the people before there was any writing, every word that they ever said, every utterance disappeared. No trace. Evanescent. Gone.
Talk is evanescent, writing leaves footprints.
flux noun
BrE /flʌks/ ; NAmE /flʌks/
1) [uncountable] continuous movement and change
ex) We’re entering this amazing period of flux in human evolution where we’ve evolved to speak in a way in which our words disappear, but we’re in an environment where we’re recording everything.
Our society is in a state of flux.
2) [countable, usually singular, uncountable] (specialist) a flow; an act of flowing
ex) a flux of neutrons
아리스토텔레스가 말하기를 행복이 “최고선” 이며 모든 다른 것들이 지향하는 궁극의 목적이라고 했습니다.
Aristotle called happiness “the chief good,” the end towards which all other things aim.
disentangle verb
BrE /ˌdɪsɪnˈtæŋɡl/ ; NAmE /ˌdɪsɪnˈtæŋɡl/
1) disentangle something (from something) to separate different arguments, ideas, etc. that have become confused
ex) How could we ever disentangle these two possibilities?
It’s not easy to disentangle the truth from the official statistics.
It is important to disentangle all the factors that may be causing your stress.
trying to disentangle fact from fiction
트럭이 바로 뒤에 쫓아오고 있어서 피할 수가 없었다.
But I was going at 80km an hour, and I saw a truck coming right behind me. I couldn’t steer clear of it.
혹, 튀어나온 부분
One of the tires had a huge hump on it.
시야에 들어오다
come into sight
come within sight
고속도로 주행 중에 타이어 펑크났으면 어쩔뻔 했을까.
What if I was driving on a highway, and the tire went flat?
하나로 통일시키는 건 옛날에나 그랬지.
One-size-fits-all has become a thing of the past.
아이들 머리 길이 단속하는 것은 아무런 도움이 되질 않아.
Checking the length of kids’ hair serves no purpose.
짧은 머리가 학교나 학생 자신들에게 대체 무슨 도움이 되는 거야?
What good does short hair do to the school or students themselves?
청소년들은 한창 외모에 관심갖기 시작할 때지.
Adolescents are the ones who begin to care more about how they look.
딴 데 볼 것도 없이 필리핀 사정만 보면 알 수 있습니다.
If you need evidence, look no further than the Philippines.
쌀 부족으로 인한 부족분을 메울 수 있는 대체 작물을 개발해야 한다.
What’s urgently needed is to come up with crops other than rice that can pick up the slack left by the rice shortages.
eloquently adverb
BrE /ˈeləkwəntli/ ; NAmE /ˈeləkwəntli/
1) in a way that uses language and expresses your opinions well, especially when you are speaking in public
ex) John Bright, a newly elected MP, spoke eloquently on the merits of abolishing duties on imported food, echoing arguments made in The Economist, a fledgling newspaper.
She spoke eloquently on the subject.
fledgling noun
(British English also fledgeling)
BrE /ˈfledʒlɪŋ/ ; NAmE /ˈfledʒlɪŋ/
2) (usually before another noun) a person, an organization or a system that is new and without experience
ex) John Bright, a newly elected MP, spoke eloquently on the merits of abolishing duties on imported food, echoing arguments made in The Economist, a fledgling newspaper.
fledgling democracies
(선거, 정당 지지 등을 위한) 유세를 하다
canvass verb
BrE /ˈkænvəs/ ; NAmE /ˈkænvəs/
1) [intransitive, transitive] to ask somebody to support a particular person, political party, etc., especially by going around an area and talking to people
ex) Mr. Bright told his audience that when canvassing, he had explained “how stonemasons, shoemakers, carpenters and every kind of artisan suffered if the trade of the country was restricted.” His speech in Liverpool was roundly cheered.
He spent the whole month canvassing for votes.
Party workers are busy canvassing local residents.
석수, 석공
stonemason noun
BrE /ˈstəʊnmeɪsn/ ; NAmE /ˈstoʊnmeɪsn/
a person whose job is cutting and preparing stone for buildings
ex) Mr. Bright told his audience that when canvassing, he had explained “how stonemasons, shoemakers, carpenters and every kind of artisan suffered if the trade of the country was restricted.” His speech in Liverpool was roundly cheered.
roundly adverb
BrE /ˈraʊndli/ ; NAmE /ˈraʊndli/
strongly or by a large number of people
ex) Mr. Bright told his audience that when canvassing, he had explained “how stonemasons, shoemakers, carpenters and every kind of artisan suffered if the trade of the country was restricted.” His speech in Liverpool was roundly cheered.
The report has been roundly criticized.
They were roundly defeated (= they lost by a large number of points).
~의 신임을 떨어뜨리며
To her discredit, Hilary Clinton now denounces the TPP, a pact she helped negotiate.
맹비난하다
3) [transitive] slam somebody/something (used especially in newspapers) to criticize somebody/something very strongly
ex) Big businesses are slammed for using foreign boltholes to dodge taxes.
The government has been slammed for failing to take firm action against drinking and driving.
bolthole noun
BrE /ˈbəʊlthəʊl/ ; NAmE /ˈboʊlthoʊl/ (British English)
a place that you can escape to, for example when you are in a difficult situation; a place where you can hide or where you can go in order to be alone
ex) Big businesses are slammed for using foreign boltholes to dodge taxes.
He felt he needed a bolthole where he could get away from the pressures of city life.
이것보다 더 틀릴 수도 없다.
The idea that globalisation is a scam that benefits only corporations and the rick could scarcely be more wrong.
그에 반해 보호주의는 소비자들에게 해악이 되고 노동자들에게도 도움이 되는 게 거의 없다.
Protectionism, by contrast, hurts consumers and does little for workers.
뒤늦게서야 깨달은 것은,
With hindsight, politicians in Britain were too blithe about the pressures that migration from new EU member states in eastern Europe brought to bear on public services.
blithe adjective
BrE /blaɪð/ ; NAmE /blaɪð/ [usually before noun]
1) (disapproving) showing you do not care or are not anxious about what you are doing
ex) With hindsight, politicians in Britain were too blithe about the pressures that migration from new EU member states in eastern Europe brought to bear on public services.
He drove with blithe disregard for the rules of the road.
bring something to bear (on somebody/something)
(formal) to use energy, pressure, influence, etc. to try to achieve something or make somebody do something
ex) With hindsight, politicians in Britain were too blithe about the pressures that migration from new EU member states in eastern Europe brought to bear on public services.
We must bring all our energies to bear upon the task.
Pressure was brought to bear on us to finish the work on time.
the ebb and flow (of something/somebody)
the repeated, often regular, movement from one state to another; the repeated change in level, numbers or amount
ex) And although there are no street protests about the speed and fickleness in the tides of short-term capital, its ebb and flow across borders have often proved damaging, not least in the euro zone’s debt-ridden countries.
the ebb and flow of the seasons
She sat in silence enjoying the ebb and flow of conversation.
He had known her long enough to recognize the ebb and flow of her moods.
signatory noun
BrE /ˈsɪɡnətri/ ; NAmE /ˈsɪɡnətɔːri/ (pl. signatories)
signatory (to/of something) (formal) a person, a country or an organization that has signed an official agreement 서명인, 조인국
ex) Many see the rules that bind signatories to trade pacts as an affront to democracy.
a signatory of the Declaration of Independence
Many countries are signatories to/of the Berne Convention.
affront noun
BrE /əˈfrʌnt/ ; NAmE /əˈfrʌnt/
[usually singular] affront (to somebody/something) a remark or an action that insults or offends somebody/something
ex) Many see the rules that bind signatories to trade pacts as an affront to democracy.
His speech was an affront to many in the local community.
This remark caused affront to many people.
harem noun
BrE /ˈhɑːriːm/ , /ˈhɑːrəm/ ; NAmE /ˈhærəm/
1) the women or wives belonging to a rich man, especially in some Muslim societies in the past
2) the separate part of a traditional Muslim house where the women live
ex) And you’ve got to a lot of cows, a lot of goats, a lot of money, a lot of land, in order to build a harem.
primitive adjective
BrE /ˈprɪmətɪv/ ; NAmE /ˈprɪmətɪv/
4) [usually before noun] (of a feeling or a desire) very strong and not based on reason, as if from the earliest period of human life
ex) Unchained from the great threat of pregnancy and social ruin, women could finally express their primitive and primal sexuality.
a primitive instinct
primal adjective
BrE /ˈpraɪml/ ; NAmE /ˈpraɪml/ only before noun
connected with the earliest origins of life; very basic
synonym primeval
ex) Unchained from the great threat of pregnancy and social ruin, women could finally express their primitive and primal sexuality.
the primal hunter-gatherer
a primal urge/fear
parade verb
BrE /pəˈreɪd/ ; NAmE /pəˈreɪd/
5) [intransitive, transitive] to pretend to be, or to make somebody/something seem to be, good or important when they are not
ex) When you sit down in a bar, in a coffee house, on a park bench, your ancient brain snaps into action like a sleeping cat awakened, and you smile and laugh and listen and parade the way our ancestors did 100,000 years ago.
myth parading as fact
He paraded himself as a loyal supporter of the party.
대인 관계 기술
people skill
People skills are patterns of behavior and behavior interactions, among people; it is an umbrella term for skills under three related set of abilities: personal effectiveness, interaction skills, and intercession skills. This is an area of exploration about how a person behaves and how they are perceived irrespective of their thinking and feeling.
ex) They go for somebody who’s high estrogen, somebody who’s got very good verbal skills and people skills, who’s very intuitive and who’s very nurturing and emotionally expressive.
- people person noun
BrE ; NAmE (informal)
a person who enjoys, and is good at, being with and talking to other people
inaction noun
BrE /ɪnˈækʃn/ ; NAmE /ɪnˈækʃn/ uncountable
lack of action; the state of doing nothing about a situation or a problem
ex) We feel guilty about our silence and inaction yet our awkwardness keeps us muzzled.
The police were accused of inaction in the face of a possible attack.
They have accused the government of inaction on the issue of railway safety.
hew verb
BrE /hjuː/ ; NAmE /hjuː/
present simple I / you / we / they hew BrE /hjuː/ ; NAmE /hjuː/
he / she / it hews BrE /hjuːz/ ; NAmE /hjuːz/
past simple hewed BrE /hjuːd/ ; NAmE /hjuːd/
past participle hewed BrE /hjuːd/ ; NAmE /hjuːd/
past simple hewn BrE /hjuːn/ ; NAmE /hjuːn/
past participle hewn BrE /hjuːn/ ; NAmE /hjuːn/
-ing form hewing BrE /ˈhjuːɪŋ/ ; NAmE /ˈhjuːɪŋ/
2) (formal) to make or shape something large by cutting; to shape (something) by cutting with a sharp tool (such as an ax)
ex) We are losing what we have known, what thousands of years of human experience have hewn into effective and vital practices.
roughly hewn timber frames
The statues were hewn out of solid rock.
They hewed a path through the forest.
The cave has been hewn out of the hillside.
intersperse verb
BrE /ˌɪntəˈspɜːs/ ; NAmE /ˌɪntərˈspɜːrs/
be interspersed with/in something to put something in something else or among or between other things
ex) It wasn’t anything her friend said; it was having the chance to tell the stories, to dwell on the details where her cherished moments had gotten interspersed with her regrets.
Lectures will be interspersed with practical demonstrations.
Interspersed in the narrative are the personal stories of several important women architects.
a scattering of alpine flowers interspersed among crags of weathered rock
a series of short films, liberally interspersed with commercial breaks
travail noun
BrE /ˈtræveɪl/ ; NAmE /ˈtræveɪl/ ; BrE /trəˈveɪl/ ; NAmE /trəˈveɪl/ uncountable, plural
an unpleasant experience or situation that involves a lot of hard work, difficulties and/or suffering
ex) By phone or in person, we have to be willing to enter into another’s travail, to feel what is there - not to try to fix it or to say something wise but just to take it in and to trust in the power of this kind of presence.
the travails of life in post-war Britain
interlude noun
BrE /ˈɪntəluːd/ ; NAmE /ˈɪntərluːd/
1) a period of time between two events during which something different happens
ex) I think back on awful interludes of my own and how reassuring it was to have another person occupy that desolate place along with me, to sit with me and breathe the same air.
a romantic interlude (= a short romantic relationship)
Apart from a brief interlude of peace, the war lasted nine years.
desolate adjective
BrE /ˈdesələt/ ; NAmE /ˈdesələt/
1) (of a place) empty and without people, making you feel sad or frightened
ex) I think back on awful interludes of my own and how reassuring it was to have another person occupy that desolate place along with me, to sit with me and breathe the same air.
a bleak and desolate landscape
2) very lonely and unhappy
synonym forlorn
ex) The thought that her husband did not want the baby made her feel utterly desolate.
befall verb
BrE /bɪˈfɔːl/ ; NAmE /bɪˈfɔːl/
present simple I / you / we / they befall BrE /bɪˈfɔːl/ ; NAmE /bɪˈfɔːl/
he / she / it befalls BrE /bɪˈfɔːlz/ ; NAmE /bɪˈfɔːlz/
past simple befell BrE /bɪˈfel/ ; NAmE /bɪˈfel/
past participle befallen BrE /bɪˈfɔːlən/ ; NAmE /bɪˈfɔːlən/
-ing form befalling BrE /bɪˈfɔːlɪŋ/ ; NAmE /bɪˈfɔːlɪŋ/
something befalls somebody (used only in the third person) (literary) (of something unpleasant) to happen to somebody
ex) It has taken me years to honor my speechlessness, to accept that the silence that has befallen me usually means something.
They were unaware of the fate that was to befall them.
trite adjective
BrE /traɪt/ ; NAmE /traɪt/
(of a remark, an opinion, etc.) dull and boring because it has been expressed so many times before; not original
synonym banal
ex) If I can’t find the right words, if everything I might say seems trite or widely off the mark, I remind myself that the situation may be beyond words and that this just might be the right time for listening.
be off the mark
not to be accurate in a guess, statement, etc.
ex) If I can’t find the right words, if everything I might say seems trite or widely off the mark, I remind myself that the situation may be beyond words and that this just might be the right time for listening.
No, you’re way off the mark.
이미 급속한 확산세를 보이고 있었다.
National statistics reveal that the average American is fifteen pounds (or more) heavier than in the 1980s and 90s, when obesity was already at epidemic proportions.
하지만 우리가 속담에도 나오는 그 군살을 없애기 위해 뭘하든 제대로 되진 않습니다.
But whatever we’re doing to battle the proverbial bulge, isn’t working for us.
spout verb
BrE /spaʊt/ ; NAmE /spaʊt/
3) [intransitive, transitive] (informal, disapproving) to speak a lot about something; to repeat something in a boring or annoying way
ex) Some of the classic healthy eating rules that nutritionists have been spouting to home cooks for decades are similar: “Don’t go food shopping when you’re hungry.” and “Make a grocery list at home, and stick to it when you get to the supermarket.”
He’s always spouting off about being a vegetarian.
What are you spouting on about now?
He could spout poetry for hours.
She could do nothing but spout insults.
The article was full of the usual clichés spouted by fashion editors.
병역 기피자
draft dodger noun
BrE ; NAmE (North American English, disapproving)
a person who illegally tries to avoid doing military service
- dodge the draft
