MO Book 21 - Words 2 Flashcards
sub-Saharan adjective
BrE /ˌsʌb səˈhɑːrən/ ; NAmE /ˌsʌb səˈhɑːrən/ [only before noun]
from or relating to areas in Africa that are south of the Sahara Desert
ex) The biggest numbers are in rural southern Asia and sub-Saharan Africa.
sub-Saharan Africa
electrification noun
BrE /ɪˌlektrɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/ ; NAmE /ɪˌlektrɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/ [uncountable]
the process of changing something so that it works by electricity
ex) In sub-Saharan Africa, a region that, excluding South Africa, uses less electricity than New York state, electrification barely kept pace with population growth.
the electrification of the railway line from Manchester to Preston
telephony noun
BrE /təˈlefəni/ ; NAmE /təˈlefəni/ [uncountable]
the process of sending messages and signals by telephone
ex) Much as mobile telephony has helped the poor leapfrog landlines and bricks-and-mortar banking services, a handful of tech-savvy entrepreneurs are seeking to provide widespread access to clean, cheap energy with local systems, metered and paid for by mobile phone.
leapfrog verb
BrE /ˈliːpfrɒɡ/ ; NAmE /ˈliːpfrɔːɡ/ , /ˈliːpfrɑːɡ/
(leapfrogging, leapfrogged) [transitive, intransitive] leapfrog (somebody/something) to get to a higher position or rank by going past somebody else or by missing out some stages
ex) Much as mobile telephony has helped the poor leapfrog landlines and bricks-and-mortar banking services, a handful of tech-savvy entrepreneurs are seeking to provide widespread access to clean, cheap energy with local systems, metered and paid for by mobile phone.
The win allowed them to leapfrog three teams to gain second place.
Tarmac™ noun
BrE /ˈtɑːmæk/ ; NAmE /ˈtɑːrmæk/ [uncountable]
1) (less frequent tarmacadam BrE /ˌtɑːməˈkædəm/ ; NAmE /ˌtɑːrməˈkædəm/ ) (North American English also blacktop) a black material used for making road surfaces, that consists of small stones mixed with tar
bricks-and-mortar
ADJECTIVE [ONLY BEFORE NOUN] BUSINESS
a bricks-and-mortar business is a traditional business that does not operate on the Internet
ex) Much as mobile telephony has helped the poor leapfrog landlines and bricks-and-mortar banking services, a handful of tech-savvy entrepreneurs are seeking to provide widespread access to clean, cheap energy with local systems, metered and paid for by mobile phone.
vault verb
BrE /vɔːlt/ ; NAmE /vɔːlt/
[intransitive, transitive] to jump over an object in a single movement, using your hands or a pole to push you
ex) They hope to vault electricity grids, harvesting solar energy beamed down onto rooftops rather than using fossil fuels, and connecting it to batteries to store the energy until nightfall.
She vaulted over the gate and ran up the path.
to vault a fence
There’s no way he could have vaulted the fence with that injury.
pylon noun
BrE /ˈpaɪlən/ ; NAmE /ˈpaɪlən/ , also /ˈpaɪlɑːn/
a tall metal structure that is used for carrying electricity wires high above the ground
ex) Beyond the pylons
vicious circle noun
BrE ; NAmE [singular]
- virtuous circle noun
BrE ; NAmE (formal)
a situation in which one problem causes another problem which then makes the first problem worse
ex) This creates a vicious circle in which utilities lose money, reducing the funds available for improving and expanding supply, and further sapping users’ willingness to pay.
* a series of events in which each one seems to increase the good effects of the previous one
tweak verb
BrE /twiːk/ ; NAmE /twiːk/
2) tweak something to make slight changes to a machine, system, etc. to improve it
ex) Across the world efforts are under way to change such attitudes, using technology and attempts to tweak social norms.
I think you’ll have to tweak these figures a little before you show them to the boss.
sap verb
BrE /sæp/ ; NAmE /sæp/
(sapping, sapped) to make something/somebody weaker; to destroy something gradually
ex) This creates a vicious circle in which utilities lose money, reducing the funds available for improving and expanding supply, and further sapping users’ willingness to pay.
The hot sun sapped our energy.
The fever slowly sapped her strength.
Years of failure have sapped him of his confidence.
pilfer verb
BrE /ˈpɪlfə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈpɪlfər/ [intransitive, transitive]
to steal things of little value or in small quantities, especially from the place where you work
ex) Bihar has plenty of generating capacity, but gets paid for little more than half the power it provides. The rest is pilfered, unmetered or unbilled.
He was caught pilfering.
She regularly pilfered stamps from work.
feeder noun
BrE /ˈfiːdə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈfiːdər/
3) a person or thing that supplies something, in particular.
- a device supplying material to a machine.
“the automatic sheet feeder holds up to 10 sheets of paper”
- a tributary stream.
- a branch road or railroad line linking outlying districts with a main communication system.
- a transmission line carrying electricity to a distribution point.
- a school, sports team, etc., from which members move on to one more advanced.
“a feeder school for Florida State University”
ex) The state power company has
proportion noun
BrE /prəˈpɔːʃn/ ; NAmE /prəˈpɔːrʃn/
3) [C or U] the correct or most attractive relationship between the size of different parts of the same thing or between one thing and another
ex) In a few randomly selected areas, it will increase the supply of electricity in proportion to the share of bills that are paid.
Your legs are very much in proportion to (= the right size for) the rest of your body.
His feet seem very small in proportion to his body.
My head was much nearer the camera than the rest of me so I’m all out of proportion.
due adjective
BrE /djuː/ ; NAmE /duː/
2) [not before noun] arranged or expected
ex) Mr. Greenstone thinks that the results of the trial, due later this year, will underscore the need for pre-paid electricity meters for households.
Windows 10 is due (out) in May.
He is due to arrive soon.
When’s the baby due (out)?
The next train is due in five minutes.
(especially North American English) My essay’s due next Friday (= it has to be given to the teacher by then).
Rose is due to start school in January.
The band’s first album is due for release later this month.
top something↔off/up
1) to fill a container that already has some liquid in it with more liquid
ex) Top it up/off!
Top the car up/off with oil before you set off.
Top the oil up/off before you set off.
Can I top your glass up/off (= give you some more to drink)?
Fill the glass half full with beer and top it up/off with lemonade.
2) to increase the amount of something to the level you want or need
ex) These are similar to coin-fed meters in low-income housing in the developed world, but can be topped up by mobile phone, rather than cash.
She relies on tips to top up her wages.
(British English) I need to top up my mobile phone (= pay more money so you can make more calls).
Sunbeds are the ideal way to keep your tan topped up.
go so/as far as to…
to be willing to go to extreme or surprising limits in dealing with something; to be extreme in talking about or doing something
ex) About 38% of electricity was “lost” because of illegal hook-ups or non-payments; some big businesses went as far as flying in Indian engineers to rig their meters.
They went so far as to threaten violence if we did not pay them.
I wouldn’t go as far as to say that he’s a liar (= but I think he may be slightly dishonest).
In June 2009 he went so far as to offer his resignation.
rig verb
BrE /rɪɡ/ ; NAmE /rɪɡ/ [usually passive]
1) rig something to arrange or influence something in a dishonest way in order to get the result that you want
synonym fix
ex) About 38% of electricity was “lost” because of illegal hook-ups or non-payments; some big businesses went as far as flying in Indian engineers to rig their meters.
He said the election had been rigged.
A commission was appointed to ensure the lottery was not rigged.
to rig the market (= to cause an artificial rise or fall in prices, in order to make a profit)
a rigged match
tamper with something
to make changes to something without permission, especially in order to damage it
synonym interfere with
ex) By making payments easier for clients and installing an automated system that detects when a meter is tampered with, the firm has brought that share down to 18.5%.
Someone had obviously tampered with the brakes of my car.
pedigree noun
BrE /ˈpedɪɡriː/ ; NAmE /ˈpedɪɡriː/
2) [COUNTABLE] all the past experiences or achievements of someone or something, especially when this shows that they are good or successful
ex) Though Uganda’s government promises that eventually electricity will be rolled out to everyone, starting with regions where jobs are likely to be created is an idea with a good pedigree.
The law firm’s pedigree is impeccable.
삼각주
delta noun
BrE /ˈdeltə/ ; NAmE /ˈdeltə/
1) the fourth letter of the Greek alphabet (Δ, δ)
2) an area of land, shaped like a triangle, where a river has split into several smaller rivers before entering the sea
ex) Vietnam launched its post-war electrification in the rice-growing regions of the Red river and Mekong river deltas, helping the country to become one of Asia’s biggest rice exporters.
the Nile Delta
be at/on the receiving end (of something)
(informal) to be the person that an action, etc. is directed at, especially an unpleasant one
ex) It would not be a hope of just those on the receiving end of charitable giving that more and more people give a serious thought to the cause of donation.
She found herself on the receiving end of a great deal of criticism.
perk something↔up
- perk up | perk somebody↔up
2) (informal) to make something more interesting, more attractive, etc.
synonym liven up
ex) These places ‘perk up’ donated goods and sell them for charity.
to perk resume
ideas for perking up bland food
Stencilling is a cheap and easy way to perk up old furniture.
- (informal) to become or to make somebody become more cheerful or lively, especially after they have been ill/sick or sad
synonym brighten
ex) Hey, you are all perked up now?
He soon perked up when his friends arrived.
수금지화목토천해명
My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Nine Pizzas.
Mercury - Venus - Earth - Mars - Jupiter - Saturn - Uranus - Neptune - Plato
대류권
- 성층권
** 중간권
*** 열권
** 이온층 (전리층)
[atmospheric layers]
the troposphere noun
BrE /ˈtrɒpəsfɪə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈtroʊpəsfɪr/ , /ˈtrɑːpəsfɪr/ singular
the lowest layer of the earth’s atmosphere, between the surface of the earth and about 6–10 kilometres above the surface
- stratosphere noun
BrE /ˈstrætəsfɪə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈstrætəsfɪr/
the stratosphere
[singular]
the layer of the earth’s atmosphere between about 10 and 50 kilometres above the surface of the earth
ex) Before NASA had its Mercury 7 astronauts, the Air Force was launching its own team into the stratosphere in balloons.
** mesosphere noun
BrE /ˈmezəsfɪə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈmezəsfɪr/ ; BrE /ˈmiːzəsfɪə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈmiːzəsfɪr/ [usually singular]
the part of the earth’s atmosphere which is between 50 and 80 kilometres from the ground, between the stratosphere and the thermosphere
*** the thermosphere noun
BrE /ˈθɜːməsfɪə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈθɜːrməsfɪr/ singular
the region of the atmosphere above the mesosphere
** ionosphere noun
BrE /aɪˈɒnəsfɪə(r)/ ; NAmE /aɪˈɑːnəsfɪr/
the ionosphere
[singular]
a layer of the earth’s atmosphere between about 80 and 1 000 kilometres above the surface of the earth, that reflects radio waves around the earth
glamour noun
(North American English also glamor)
BrE /ˈɡlæmə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈɡlæmər/ [uncountable]
1) the attractive and exciting quality that makes a person, a job or a place seem special, often because of wealth or status
ex) Without the glamour or the budget of NASA, these early space scientists and test pilots performed extreme experiments that helped pave the way for the Mercury crew.
hopeful young actors and actresses dazzled by the glamour of Hollywood
Now that she’s a flight attendant, foreign travel has lost its glamour for her.
2) physical beauty that also suggests wealth or success
ex) Ireland’s top fashion model added a touch of glamour to the event.
phenomenal adjective
BrE /fəˈnɒmɪnl/ ; NAmE /fəˈnɑːmɪnl/
very great or impressive
synonym extraordinary
ex) So I’m there, and I’m standing up and I’m looking up at the horizon, I had this phenomenal, beautiful view.
The product has been a phenomenal success.
The company has seen phenomenal growth.
The response to the appeal has been phenomenal.
precipice noun
BrE /ˈpresəpɪs/ ; NAmE /ˈpresəpɪs/
a very steep side of a high cliff, mountain or rock
ex) You are standing on the precipice, you are about to do something that no man had ever done before.
(figurative) The country was now on the edge of a precipice (= very close to disaster).
aloft adverb
BrE /əˈlɒft/ ; NAmE /əˈlɔːft/ (formal)
high in the air
ex) But then as you look aloft about 10 or 15 degrees, the sky starts to get darker and darker.
She held the glass aloft.
hurtle verb
BrE /ˈhɜːtl/ ; NAmE /ˈhɜːrtl/
[intransitive] + adv./prep. to move very fast in a particular direction
ex) What it that like, to go at that speed, hurtling towards the earth?
A runaway car came hurtling towards us.
velocity noun
BrE /vəˈlɒsəti/ ; NAmE /vəˈlɑːsəti/ uncountable, countable
1) (specialist) the speed of something in a particular direction
ex) And after about 20 seconds, I reached terminal velocity, which in my case was about 614 miles an hour.
the velocity of light
to gain/lose velocity
a high-velocity rifle
항공 모함
aircraft carrier noun
a large ship that carries aircraft which use it as a base to land on and take off from
ejector seat noun
BrE /iˈdʒektə siːt/ ; NAmE /iˈdʒektər siːt/
(also US English ejection seat)
a seat that allows a pilot to be thrown out of an aircraft in an emergency
ex) As a matter of fact, this small 5-foot diameter parachute that we used to stabilize my freefall is still being used today in every ejection seat in the world.
The pilot was saved by the ejector seat.
ditch verb
BrE /dɪtʃ/ ; NAmE /dɪtʃ/
1) [transitive] ditch something/somebody (informal) to get rid of something/somebody because you no longer want or need it/them
ex) If Donald Trump wins the nomination he is likely to ditch half a century of Republican thinking on foreign policy.
The new road building programme has been ditched.
He ditched his girlfriend.
nebulous adjective
BrE /ˈnebjələs/ ; NAmE /ˈnebjələs/ (formal)
- nebula noun
BrE /ˈnebjələ/ ; NAmE /ˈnebjələ/ (pl. nebulae BrE /ˈnebjəliː/ ; NAmE /ˈnebjəliː/ )(astronomy)
not clear
synonym vague
ex) The third signalling mechanism is the most nebulous but the most useful, and happens when contenders let slip some remark that betrays their deepest prejudices and gut instincts.
a nebulous concept
- a mass of dust or gas that can be seen in the night sky, often appearing very bright; a bright area in the night sky caused by a large cloud of stars that are far away 성운
contender noun
BrE /kənˈtendə(r)/ ; NAmE /kənˈtendər/
a person who takes part in a competition or tries to win something
ex) The third signalling mechanism is the most nebulous but the most useful, and happens when contenders let slip some remark that betrays their deepest prejudices and gut instincts.
a contender for a gold medal in the Olympics
a leading/serious/strong contender for the party leadership
let slip something
to give somebody information that is supposed to be secret
ex) The third signalling mechanism is the most nebulous but the most useful, and happens when contenders let slip some remark that betrays their deepest prejudices and gut instincts.
I happened to let it slip that he had given me £1 000 for the car.
She tried not to let slip what she knew.
betray verb
BrE /bɪˈtreɪ/ ; NAmE /bɪˈtreɪ/
4) to tell somebody or make them aware of a piece of information, a feeling, etc., usually without meaning to
synonym give away
ex) The third signalling mechanism is the most nebulous but the most useful, and happens when contenders let slip some remark that betrays their deepest prejudices and gut instincts.
His voice betrayed the worry he was trying to hide.
She was terrified of saying something that would make her betray herself (= show her feelings or who she was).
gut adjective
BrE /ɡʌt/ ; NAmE /ɡʌt/
[only before noun] based on feelings and emotions rather than thought and reason
ex) The third signalling mechanism is the most nebulous but the most useful, and happens when contenders let slip some remark that betrays their deepest prejudices and gut instincts.
a gut feeling/reaction
You have to work on gut instinct.
bumper sticker noun
a sign with a message on it that people stick on the bumper of their car
ex) He has offered such bumper sticker slogans as “Bomb the shit out ISIS,” and dodged questions about his preferred sources of geopolitical advice, recently declaring: “I’m speaking with myself, number one, because I have a very good brain.”
Their bumper sticker says, “Make Love, Not War.”
speechifying noun
BrE /ˈspiːtʃɪfaɪɪŋ/ ; NAmE /ˈspiːtʃɪfaɪɪŋ/ uncountable
the act of making speeches in a very formal way, trying to sound important
ex) On March 21st, however, the Republican front-runner visited Washington, DC for a day of traditional foreign-policy shin-stroking and speechifying.
pander to somebody | pander to something
(disapproving) to do what somebody wants, or try to please them, especially when this is not acceptable or reasonable
ex) Mr. Trump’s AIPAC speech, which unusually for him he read from a prepared text, was a mixture of pandering, implausible bluster and contradictory promises.
to pander to somebody’s wishes
The speech was pandering to racial prejudice.
He refuses to pander to the latest fashions.
bluster noun
BrE /ˈblʌstə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈblʌstər/ [uncountable]
talk that is aggressive and threatening, but has little effect
ex) Mr. Trump’s AIPAC speech, which unusually for him he read from a prepared text, was a mixture of pandering, implausible bluster and contradictory promises.
I wasn’t frightened by what he said—it was all bluster.
regime noun
BrE /reɪˈʒiːm/ ; NAmE /reɪˈʒiːm/
2) a method or system of organizing or managing something
ex) He said he would “dismantle the disastrous deal” struck by President Barack Obama to curb Iran’s nuclear ambitions, then seemed to say that he would enforce it, or perhaps the sanctions regime that preceded it, “like you’ve never seen a contract enforced before, folks, believe me.”
Our tax regime is one of the most favourable in Europe.
jangle verb
BrE /ˈdʒæŋɡl/ ; NAmE /ˈdʒæŋɡl/
1) [intransitive, transitive] to make an unpleasant sound, like two pieces of metal hitting each other; to make something do this
ex) The shop bell jangled loudly.
The band is known for its distinctive jangling guitar sound.
He jangled the keys in his pocket.
2) [intransitive, transitive] jangle (something) if your nerves jangle, or if somebody/something jangles them, you feel anxious or upset
ex) In recent months Mr. Trump has set nerves jangling among conservative supporters of Israel by suggesting he would be “neutral” in efforts to broker peace between Israel and the Palestinians.
She was suddenly wide awake, her nerves jangling.
broker verb
BrE /ˈbrəʊkə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈbroʊkər/
broker something to arrange the details of an agreement, especially between different countries
ex) In recent months Mr. Trump has set nerves jangling among conservative supporters of Israel by suggesting he would be “neutral” in efforts to broker peace between Israel and the Palestinians.
a peace plan brokered by the UN
Efforts to broker a compromise solution failed.
cast verb
BrE /kɑːst/ ; NAmE /kæst/
9) [transitive] to describe or present somebody/yourself in a particular way
ex) When speaking to AIPAC he cast himself as sternly pro-Israeli, citing his role as Grand Marshal of the 2004 “Salute to Israel” parade in New York and his daughter’s conversion to Judaism after marriage as evidence.
He cast himself as the innocent victim of a hate campaign.
The press were quick to cast her in the role of the ‘other woman’.
fudge verb
BrE /fʌdʒ/ ; NAmE /fʌdʒ/
[transitive, intransitive] fudge (on) something (rather informal) to avoid giving clear and accurate information, or a clear answer
ex)) Months after angering a gathering of Jewish Republicans by fudging his views on the status of Jerusalem, Mr. Trump bowed to conservative pressure and pledged that he would move the American embassy to that divided city, calling it “the eternal capital of the Jewish people.”
I asked how long he was staying, but he fudged the answer.
Politicians are often very clever at fudging the issue.
refrain noun
BrE /rɪˈfreɪn/ ; NAmE /rɪˈfreɪn/
1) a comment or complaint that is often repeated
ex) Yet Mr. Trump also brought his constant campaign-trail refrain about being a dealmaker offering America as a broker between Israel and the Palestinians.
Complaints about poor food in schools have become a familiar refrain.
The protest began with a small group, but then the others took up the refrain.
2) the part of a song or a poem that is repeated after each verse
shibboleth noun
BrE /ˈʃɪbəleθ/ ; NAmE /ˈʃɪbəleθ/ (formal)
1) an old idea, principle or phrase that is no longer accepted by many people as important or appropriate to modern life
ex) the crumbling of old political shibboleths
2) a custom, word, etc. that distinguishes one group of people from another
ex) Even suggesting that Israel might have to give anything up in the name of peace involves challenging conservative shibboleths.
align yourself with somebody | align yourself with something
to publicly support an organization, a set of opinions or a person that you agree with
ex) In recent years, Republicans have aligned themselves with the views of Binyamin Netanyahu, the Israeli prime minister, in suggesting that Israel should not be prodded to engage in talks, because the Palestinian side has shown no sincerity or seriousness as a potential partner for peace.
Newspapers traditionally align themselves with one political party.
prod verb
BrE /prɒd/ ; NAmE /prɑːd/
2) [transitive] prod somebody (into something/into doing something) to try to make somebody do something, especially when they are unwilling
ex) In recent years, Republicans have aligned themselves with the views of Binyamin Netanyahu, the Israeli prime minister, in suggesting that Israel should not be prodded to engage in talks, because the Palestinian side has shown no sincerity or seriousness as a potential partner for peace.
She finally prodded him into action.
cast/shed/throw light on something
to make a problem, etc. easier to understand
ex) The little-known advisers named by Mr. Trump shed only limited light on his views.
Recent research has thrown new light on the causes of the disease.
감찰관
inspector general noun
an official in charge of inspecting a particular institution or activity
ex) They include Joseph Schmitz, a Pentagon inspector general under George W. Bush; Walid Phares, a Lebanese Christian academic who has in the past advised warlords in Lebanon; J. Keith Kellogg Jr., a retired army lieutenant-general and former chief operating officer for the Coalition Provisional Authority in Baghdad.
Lebanese noun,adjective
BrE /ˌlebəˈniːz/ ; NAmE /ˌlebəˈniːz/
(a person) from Lebanon
ex) They include Joseph Schmitz, a Pentagon inspector general under George W. Bush; Walid Phares, a Lebanese Christian academic who has in the past advised warlords in Lebanon; J. Keith Kellogg Jr., a retired army lieutenant-general and former chief operating officer for the Coalition Provisional Authority in Baghdad.
warlord noun
BrE /ˈwɔːlɔːd/ ; NAmE /ˈwɔːrlɔːrd/ (disapproving)
the leader of a military group that is not official and that fights against other groups within a country or an area
ex) They include Joseph Schmitz, a Pentagon inspector general under George W. Bush; Walid Phares, a Lebanese Christian academic who has in the past advised warlords in Lebanon; J. Keith Kellogg Jr., a retired army lieutenant-general and former chief operating officer for the Coalition Provisional Authority in Baghdad.
aside noun
BrE /əˈsaɪd/ ; NAmE /əˈsaɪd/
3) a remark that is not directly connected with the main subject that is being discussed
ex) Where Mr. Trump was more revealing was in comments and asides that pointed to his deep instincts on foreign policy - instincts which mark a sharp break with recent Republican orthodoxy.
As an aside, ~~~ (이건 여담인데~)
I mention it only as an aside.
orthodoxy noun
BrE /ˈɔːθədɒksi/ ; NAmE /ˈɔːrθədɑːksi/ (pl. orthodoxies)
1) [countable, uncountable] (formal) an idea or view that is generally accepted
ex) Where Mr. Trump was more revealing was in comments and asides that pointed to his deep instincts on foreign policy - instincts which mark a sharp break with recent Republican orthodoxy.
an economist arguing against the current financial orthodoxy
a speech that challenges prevailing economic orthodoxy
no holds barred
with no rules or limits on what somebody is allowed to do
ex) Appealing to Americans who want to feel safe from Islamic extremism but who wonder what almost 15 years of intervention in the Islamic world has achieved, Mr. Trump has spent months promoting an America First policy of unleashing no-holds-barred violence, including torture, against foes in the Middle East, while shunning nation-building far from home.
There will be no holds barred in his interview with the president this evening.
They can say anything they like, no holds barred.
the demand for a no-holds-barred investigation
gripe noun
BrE /ɡraɪp/ ; NAmE /ɡraɪp/
(informal) a complaint about something
ex) Asked about how to counter Chinese aggression in the South China Sea and Asia, Mr. Trump again voiced long-standing gripes about how such allies as Japan and South Korea only pay for some of the costs of American bases in the region.
My only gripe about the hotel was the food.
The main gripe has to be the lack of space for luggage.
jut verb
BrE /dʒʌt/ ; NAmE /dʒʌt/ [intransitive, transitive]
to stick out further than the surrounding surface, objects, etc.; to make something stick out
synonym protrude, project
ex) Supporters love his message of chin-jutting, heavily armed isolationism.
A big piece of rock was jutting out of the surface.
A row of small windows jutted out from the roof.
A rocky headland jutted into the sea.
a jutting chin
She jutted her chin out stubbornly.
pin something↔down
to explain or understand something exactly
ex) It may be frustratingly hard to pin the Republican front-runner down on how, precisely, he would deal with the world.
The cause of the disease is difficult to pin down precisely.
doom and gloom, gloom and doom
a general feeling of having lost all hope, and of pessimism (= expecting things to go badly)
ex) Now that we hear such gloom and doom from a state-run agency, the stark reality starts to bite big time.
Despite the obvious setbacks, it is not all doom and gloom for the England team.
bite verb
BrE /baɪt/ ; NAmE /baɪt/
4) [intransitive] to have an unpleasant effect
ex) Now that we hear such gloom and doom from a state-run agency, the stark reality starts to bite big time.
The recession is beginning to bite.
big time adverb
BrE ; NAmE (informal)
on a large scale; to a great extent
ex) Now that we hear such gloom and doom from a state-run agency, the stark reality starts to bite big time.
This time they’ve messed up big time!
of your own making
(of a problem, difficulty, etc.) created by you rather than by somebody/something else
ex) In fact, the whole mess is mostly not of our own making.
roustabout noun
BrE /ˈraʊstəbaʊt/ ; NAmE /ˈraʊstəbaʊt/ (especially North American English)
a man with no special skills who does temporary work, for example on an oil rig or in a circus
ex) She worked as a roustabout on a drilling site.
fire-retardant adjective
BrE /ˈfaɪə rɪˌtɑːdənt/ ; NAmE /ˈfaɪər rɪˌtɑːrdənt/
(also flame-retardant)
[usually before noun]
- retard noun
BrE /ˈriːtɑːd/ ; NAmE /ˈriːtɑːrd/ (taboo, slang)
that makes a fire burn more slowly
ex) I wore FRCs, which are flame-retardant clothing so it covers everything from your ankles to your hands.
The chair had fire-retardant covers.
- an offensive way of describing somebody who is not intelligent or who has not developed normally
hard hat noun
BrE ; NAmE
a hat worn by building workers, etc. to protect their heads
ex) She also wore steel-toed boots, safety glasses, a hardhat.
covet verb
BrE /ˈkʌvət/ ; NAmE /ˈkʌvət/
covet something (formal) to want something very much, especially something that belongs to somebody else
ex) This sort of internship is coveted. It’s like a gold star on a resume.
He had long coveted the chance to work with a famous musician.
They are this year’s winners of the coveted trophy (= that everyone would like to win).
roughneck noun
BrE /ˈrʌfnek/ ; NAmE /ˈrʌfnek/ (informal)
- redneck noun
BrE /ˈrednek/ ; NAmE /ˈrednek/ (informal)
1) (especially North American English) a man who is noisy, rude and aggressive
2) a man who works on an oil rig
ex) A little difficult sometimes to think well, this is what I learned in class, and then the roughneck would say well, this is how it actually works.
* an offensive word for a person who lives in a country area of the US, has little education and has strong conservative political opinions
마취과 전문의
anaesthesiologist noun
(especially US English anesthesiologist)
BrE /ˌænəsˌθiːziˈɒlədʒɪst/ ; NAmE /ˌænəsˌθiːziˈɑːlədʒɪst/
a doctor who studies the use of anaesthetics
ex) One of my students who went on to become an anesthesiologist - he says you’d be amazed at how the blood flowing through a capillary is similar to oil flowing through a pipeline.
모세 혈관
capillary noun
BrE /kəˈpɪləri/ ; NAmE /ˈkæpəleri/ (pl. capillaries)(anatomy)
any of the smallest tubes in the body that carry blood
ex) One of my students who went on to become an anesthesiologist - he says you’d be amazed at how the blood flowing through a capillary is similar to oil flowing through a pipeline.
sting noun
BrE /stɪŋ/ ; NAmE /stɪŋ/
4) [countable] a clever secret plan by the police to catch criminals
ex) The FBI is involved in a dramatic international sting.
a sting operation to catch heroin dealers in Detroit
dirty bomb noun
a bomb which contains radioactive material
ex) The raid, as you can see, was caught on tape, smugglers with links to Russia were taken down, accused of trying to sell nuclear material to ISIS, discovered in the front seat of that car, hazardous material that could be used to make a dirty bomb.
takedown noun
2) (informal) a police raid or arrest
ex) The raid, as you can see, was caught on tape, smugglers with links to Russia were taken down, accused of trying to sell nuclear material to ISIS, discovered in the front seat of that car, hazardous material that could be used to make a dirty bomb.
세슘
cesium (North American English)
(British English caesium) BrE /ˈsiːziəm/ ; NAmE /ˈsiːziəm/ noun
[uncountable] (symbol Cs) a chemical element. Cesium is a soft silver-white metal that reacts strongly in water, used in photoelectric cells.
ex) Criminal gangs with access to nuclear material from Russia, like the men arrested here, prepared to sell ISIS these packets of uranium and radioactive cesium to build a dirty bomb targeting America.
diversion noun
BrE /daɪˈvɜːʃn/ ; NAmE /daɪˈvɜːrʒn/
1) [countable, uncountable] the act of changing the direction that somebody/something is following, or what something is used for
ex) But the Moldovan cases underscore the fact that Russia’s nuclear stockpiles are extremely vulnerable to theft and diversion.
a river diversion project
We made a short diversion to go and look at the castle.
the diversion of funds from the public to the private sector of industry
kindred noun
BrE /ˈkɪndrəd/ ; NAmE /ˈkɪndrəd/ (old-fashioned or formal)
- kin noun
BrE /kɪn/ ; NAmE /kɪn/ plural
** kinship noun
BrE /ˈkɪnʃɪp/ ; NAmE /ˈkɪnʃɪp/ (formal)
1) [plural] your family and relatives
2) [uncountable] the fact of being related to another person
ex) kindred spirits
ties of kindred
- your family or your relatives
ex) Marriage between close kin is prohibited.
** 1) [uncountable] the fact of being related in a family
ex) the ties of kinship
2) [uncountable, singular] a feeling of being close to somebody because you have similar origins or attitudes
ex) We tend to feel kinship with those who share the same values.
심금을 울리다
strike/touch a chord (with somebody)
to say or do something that makes people feel sympathy or enthusiasm
ex) A bestselling film on a subject shunned by most producers strikes a chord.
The speaker had obviously struck a chord with his audience.
huddle verb
BrE /ˈhʌdl/ ; NAmE /ˈhʌdl/
1) [intransitive] huddle (up/together) (+ adv./prep.) (of people or animals) to gather closely together, usually because of cold or fear
ex) We huddled together for warmth.
They all huddled around the fire.
People huddled up close to each other.
2) [intransitive] huddle (up) (+ adv./prep.) to hold your arms and legs close to your body, usually because you are cold or frightened
ex) “I heard we are all going to a shoe factory,” says one of the terrified teenage girls in the film hopefully, huddled on the floor of a train bound for north-eastern China in 1943.
I huddled under a blanket on the floor.
captive adjective
BrE /ˈkæptɪv/ ; NAmE /ˈkæptɪv/
1) kept as a prisoner or in a confined space; unable to escape
ex) In pastel linen dresses, and recently taken from their homes by soldiers of the Japanese imperial army, the captive girls will soon be beaten and raped repeatedly in a “comfort station,” one of the hundreds of military brothels that were set up to cater to soldiers in Japanese-occupied territory during the second world war.
captive animals
They were taken captive by masked gunmen.
captive breeding (= the breeding of wild animals in zoos, etc.)
She was held captive in a castle.
brothel noun
BrE /ˈbrɒθl/ ; NAmE /ˈbrɑːθl/ , /ˈbrɔːθl/
(also bordello especially in North American English)
a house where people pay to have sex with prostitutes
ex) In pastel linen dresses, and recently taken from their homes by soldiers of the Japanese imperial army, the captive girls will soon be beaten and raped repeatedly in a “comfort station,” one of the hundreds of military brothels that were set up to cater to soldiers in Japanese-occupied territory during the second world war.
shrill adjective
BrE /ʃrɪl/ ; NAmE /ʃrɪl/ (shriller, shrillest)
1) (of sounds or voices) very high and loud, in an unpleasant way
synonym piercing
ex) There the shrill voices of historical revisionists, who dispute that women were coerced - there were, after all, also volunteers from Japan and elsewhere - have grown louder in recent years.
a shrill voice
The PE teacher’s shrill voice rang out across the school fields.
2) loud and determined but often unreasonable
ex) shrill demands/protests
수정론자, 수정주의자
revisionist noun
BrE /rɪˈvɪʒənɪst/ ; NAmE /rɪˈvɪʒənɪst/ (politics, often disapproving)
a person who wants to change a political system, especially Marxism, because they do not agree with its main ideas or practices
ex) There the shrill voices of historical revisionists, who dispute that women were coerced - there were, after all, also volunteers from Japan and elsewhere - have grown louder in recent years.
bourgeois revisionists
dispute verb
BrE /dɪˈspjuːt/ ; NAmE /dɪˈspjuːt/
1) [transitive] to question whether something is true and valid
ex) There the shrill voices of historical revisionists, who dispute that women were coerced - there were, after all, also volunteers from Japan and elsewhere - have grown louder in recent years.
These figures have been disputed.
to dispute a decision/claim
The family wanted to dispute the will.
No one is disputing that there is a problem.
It is disputed whether the law applies in this case.
unscrupulous adjective
BrE /ʌnˈskruːpjələs/ ; NAmE /ʌnˈskruːpjələs/
without moral principles; not honest or fair
synonym unprincipled
opposite scrupulous
ex) And then not all South Koreans acknowledge that much of the recruitment was carried out by Korean community leaders and unscrupulous operators.
unscrupulous methods
In his desire for power, he has become completely unscrupulous.
The new law will give unscrupulous landlords an easy way of getting rid of people.
brute noun
BrE /bruːt/ ; NAmE /bruːt/
1) (sometimes humorous) a man who treats people in an unkind, cruel way
ex) It is true that most of the Japanese soldiers are depicted as brutes, as with nearly all South Korean films about Japan’s colonial occupation of Korea.
His father was a drunken brute.
You’ve forgotten my birthday again, you brute!
an ugly brute
jarring adjective
/ˈdʒɑːrɪŋ/
3) a jarring noise is unpleasant and starts suddenly and unexpectedly
ex) South Korean blockbusters typically cast Koreans with jarringly bad accents in Japanese villains’ roles.
villain noun
BrE /ˈvɪlən/ ; NAmE /ˈvɪlən/
1) the main bad character in a story, play, etc.
ex) South Korean blockbusters typically cast Koreans with jarringly bad accents in Japanese villains’ roles.
He often plays the part of the villain.
smear verb
BrE /smɪə(r)/ ; NAmE /smɪr/
3) [transitive] smear somebody/something to damage somebody’s reputation by saying unpleasant things about them that are not true
synonym slander
ex) Right-wing groups in Japan have tried to smear such actors online.
The story was an attempt to smear the party leader.
feature film noun
a main film/movie with a story, rather than a documentary, etc.
ex) The film has had over 3m viewers since it opened a month ago, a remarkable success for an independent feature film in South Korea.
make amends (to somebody) (for something/for doing something)
to do something for somebody in order to show that you are sorry for something wrong or unfair that you have done
synonym make up for something
ex) A deal struck in December between the governments of South Korea and Japan to make amends to Korean women forced into prostitution has revived interest in their plight.
She tried to make amends for what she had said to her mother by buying her some flowers.
The team is desperate to make amends for two successive defeats.
close to the bone
(informal) (of a remark, joke, story, etc.) so honest or clearly expressed that it is likely to cause offence to some people
ex) For others, it is all too close to the bone still.
His comments about her size were a bit close to the bone.
Some of the sex scenes in the play were judged by critics to be too close to the bone.
steeple noun
BrE /ˈstiːpl/ ; NAmE /ˈstiːpl/
a tall pointed tower on the roof of a church, often with a spire on it
ex) steeples for sale
sell up | sell something↔up
(especially British English) to sell your home, possessions, business, etc., usually because you are leaving the country or retiring
ex) Churches sell up, without completely selling out.
sell out | sell out to somebody | sell out to something
1) (disapproving) to change or give up your beliefs or principles
ex) Churches sell up, without completely selling out.
He’s a talented screenwriter who has sold out to TV soap operas.
moonlight verb
BrE /ˈmuːnlaɪt/ ; NAmE /ˈmuːnlaɪt/
(moonlighted, moonlighted) [intransitive] (informal) to have a second job that you do secretly, usually without paying tax on the extra money that you earn
ex) When Kurt Marx founded a Lutheran church in 1953 in Vancouver, he moonlighted as a carpenter to earn the salary that his tiny congregation of German immigrants could not pay.
He spent years moonlighting as a cab driver.
congregation noun
BrE /ˌkɒŋɡrɪˈɡeɪʃn/ ; NAmE /ˌkɑːŋɡrɪˈɡeɪʃn/ [countable + singular or plural verb]
1) a group of people who are gathered together in a church to worship God, not including the priest and choir
ex) When Kurt Marx founded a Lutheran church in 1953 in Vancouver, he moonlighted as a carpenter to earn the salary that his tiny congregation of German immigrants could not pay.
The congregation stood to sing the hymn.
2) a group of people who regularly attend a particular place of worship
minister verb
BrE /ˈmɪnɪstə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈmɪnɪstər/
2) act as a minister of religion
ex) By the late 1960s Oakridge Lutheran Church ministered to hundreds with services in German.
십일조
tithe noun
BrE /taɪð/ ; NAmE /taɪð/
1) (in the past) a tenth of the goods that somebody produced or the money that they earned, that was paid as a tax to support the Church
2) (in some Christian Churches today) a tenth of a person’s income, that they give to the Church
dilapidated adjective
BrE /dɪˈlæpɪdeɪtɪd/ ; NAmE /dɪˈlæpɪdeɪtɪd/
(of furniture and buildings) old and in very bad condition
synonym ramshackle
ex) But the property the church occupies is now worth a fortune. A dilapidated bungalow a few clocks away is on the market for C$2.7m ($2m).
The old house was in a somewhat dilapidated condition.
cash in (on something)
(disapproving) to gain an advantage for yourself from a situation, especially in a way that other people think is wrong or immoral
ex) A dilapidated bungalow a few clocks away is on the market for C$2.7m ($2m). So Oakridge Lutheran is cashing in.
The film studio is being accused of cashing in on the singer’s death.
brisk adjective
BrE /brɪsk/ ; NAmE /brɪsk/ (brisker, briskest)
1) quick; busy
ex) Sales of church property happen in many places, but business is especially brisk in Canada’s western metropolis.
a brisk walk
to set off at a brisk pace
Ice-cream vendors were doing a brisk trade (= selling a lot of ice cream).
We went for a brisk walk before lunch.
쾌락 [향락] 주의
hedonism noun
BrE /ˈhiːdənɪzəm/ ; NAmE /ˈhiːdənɪzəm/ [uncountable]
the belief that pleasure is the most important thing in life
ex) West-coast hedonism may be a third factor, suggests David Ley, a geographer at the University of British Columbia.
pew noun
BrE /pjuː/ ; NAmE /pjuː/
a long wooden seat in a church
ex) Pews in churches with European roots are emptying faster than those in other parts of Canada.
예배당, 교회
house[place] of worship
A place of worship is a specially designed structure or consecrated space where individuals or a group of people such as a congregation come to perform acts of devotion, veneration, or religious study. A building constructed or used for this purpose is sometimes called a house of worship.
ex) All this makes Vancouver’s sacred-property market “unique,” says Leonardo Di Francesco of Churchrealtors.com, which has sold more than 100 houses of worship over the past two decades.
burgeoning adjective
BrE /ˈbɜːdʒənɪŋ/ ; NAmE /ˈbɜːrdʒənɪŋ/ (formal)
beginning to grow or develop rapidly
ex) Often the buyers are burgeoning Asian communities, in part because it is hard to get permission to rezone church property for secular use.
a burgeoning population
burgeoning demand
monastery noun
BrE /ˈmɒnəstri/ ; NAmE /ˈmɑːnəsteri/ (pl. monasteries)
A monastery is a building or complex of buildings comprising the domestic quarters and workplaces of monastics, monks or nuns, whether living in communities or alone (hermits). A monastery generally includes a place reserved for prayer which may be a chapel, church or temple, and may also serve as an oratory.
ex) Terrorised by drug addicts, the nuns of the Gold Buddha Monastery in Vancouver’s seedy Downtown Eastside district sought safer quarters.
quarter noun
BrE /ˈkwɔːtə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈkwɔːrtər/
4) [countable, usually singular] a district or part of a town
ex) Terrorised by drug addicts, the nuns of the Gold Buddha Monastery in Vancouver’s seedy Downtown Eastside district sought safer quarters.
the Latin quarter
the historic quarter of the city
seedy adjective
BrE /ˈsiːdi/ ; NAmE /ˈsiːdi/ (seedier, seediest)(disapproving)
dirty and unpleasant, possibly connected with immoral or illegal activities
ex) Terrorised by drug addicts, the nuns of the Gold Buddha Monastery in Vancouver’s seedy Downtown Eastside district sought safer quarters.
a seedy bar
the seedy world of prostitution
a seedy-looking man
dwarf verb
BrE /dwɔːf/ ; NAmE /dwɔːrf/
dwarf something to make something seem small or unimportant compared with something else
ex) That will be dwarfed by a 56-storey tower with 300 condominiums.
The old houses were dwarfed by the huge new tower blocks.
effectively adverb
BrE /ɪˈfektɪvli/ ; NAmE /ɪˈfektɪvli/
2) used when you are saying what the facts of a situation are
ex) And adding to the concern is the fact that since the first of the year, Russia has effectively stopped all cooperation with the US to track down and stop the so-called loose nukes.
He was very polite but effectively he was telling me that I had no chance of getting the job.
The government has now effectively ruled out tax cuts.
won’t be long
If you say that someone won’t be long, you mean that you think they will arrive or be back soon. If you say that it won’t be long before something happens, you mean that you think it will happen soon.
ex) But with all the cash ISIS has and its evil intentions, officials fear it won’t be long before those smugglers come knocking on the ISIS’s door.
‘What’s happened to her?’ ‘I’m sure she won’t be long.’
If every tune from Radiohead is as good as this one it, it can’t be long before they are household names.
a close call/shave
(informal) a situation in which you only just manage to avoid an accident, etc.
ex) Now, to Syria, a major escalation by Russia and an apparent close call with the US plane after Russia stepped up its aerial assault.
순항 미사일
cruise missile noun
a large weapon with a warhead that flies close to the ground and is guided by its own computer to an exact place
ex) More than 25 cruise missiles fired from 900 miles away into Syria.
change courseown up | own up to doing something | own up to something
to admit that you are responsible for something bad or wrong
synonym confess
ex) When the US makes a mistake, we own up to it, we apologize.
I’m still waiting for someone to own up to the breakages.
Why don’t you just own up and hope she forgives you?
fiendish adjective
BrE /ˈfiːndɪʃ/ ; NAmE /ˈfiːndɪʃ/ [usually before noun]
- fiendishly adverb
BrE /ˈfiːndɪʃli/ ; NAmE /ˈfiːndɪʃli/ (informal)
1) cruel and unpleasant
ex) a fiendish act
shrieks of fiendish laughter
2) (informal) extremely clever and complicated, often in an unpleasant way
ex) a puzzle of fiendish complexity
a fiendish plan
3) (informal) extremely difficult
ex) a fiendish problem
* very; extremely
ex) Despite tough-looking new sanctions, punishing the gangster state will remain fiendishly difficult.
fiendishly clever/complicated
inaugural adjective
BrE /ɪˈnɔːɡjərəl/ ; NAmE /ɪˈnɔːɡjərəl/ [only before noun]
(of an official speech, meeting, etc.) first, and marking the beginning of something important, for example the time when a new leader or parliament starts work, when a new organization is formed or when something is used for the first time
ex) “Swift and tough” was how America described a resolution passed by the UN after North Korea’s inaugural atomic test in 2006.
the President’s inaugural address
the professor’s inaugural lecture
the inaugural meeting of the geographical society
the inaugural flight of the space shuttle
chug verb
BrE /tʃʌɡ/ ; NAmE /tʃʌɡ/
2) to describe how you go somewhere
ex) Yet despite further such resolutions, the North’s bomb-building programme chugs along.
guise noun
BrE /ɡaɪz/ ; NAmE /ɡaɪz/
a way in which somebody/something appears, often in a way that is different from usual or that hides the truth about them/it
ex) That was followed on February 7th by a long-range missile test (in the guise of a rocket sending a satellite into space), after which South Korea and America agreed to begin formal talks about the possibility of installing an American missile-defence system in the South.
His speech presented racist ideas under the guise of nationalism.
The story appears in different guises in different cultures.
She had been invited to the conference in her guise as a professional counsellor.
ore noun
BrE /ɔː(r)/ ; NAmE /ɔːr/ [uncountable, countable]
rock, earth, etc. from which metal can be obtained
ex) It receives most of North Korea’s exports of minerals, including coal, gold, titanium and iron ore; in 2014 they made up half of the North’s $2.8 billion worth of sales to the country, according to South Korean figures.
iron ore
ore smelted with charcoal
smelting the ore with charcoal
pamper verb
BrE /ˈpæmpə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈpæmpər/
pamper somebody (sometimes disapproving) to take care of somebody very well and make them feel as comfortable as possible
synonym cosset
Pamper yourself with our new range of beauty treatments.
a spoilt and pampered child
put on a show
치장하다, 가장하다(=pretend)
ex) It is possible that they may simply put on a show of doing so.
potent adjective
BrE /ˈpəʊtnt/ ; NAmE /ˈpoʊtnt/
2) powerful
ex) But perhaps the most potent provisions of the UN resolution are those that require, and no longer simply encourage, countries to sniff out suspicious North Korean activity.
a potent force
sniff out somebody | sniff out something | sniff somebody out | sniff something out
1) to discover or find somebody/something by using your sense of smell
ex) The dogs are trained to sniff out drugs.
2) (informal) to discover or find somebody/something by looking
ex) But perhaps the most potent provisions of the UN resolution are those that require, and no longer simply encourage, countries to sniff out suspicious North Korean activity.
Journalists are good at sniffing out a scandal.
