TO 8-1 Flashcards
plug and chug
put something in and then do a bunch of manual effort to arrive at the result
ex) And so I’m just plugging and chugging through this gargantuan task, and finally, on the 4,000th try, when I’m close to losing my sanity, I find the protein.
gargantuan adjective
BrE /ɡɑːˈɡæntʃuən/ ; NAmE /ɡɑːrˈɡæntʃuən/ [usually before noun]
extremely large
synonym enormous
ex) And so I’m just plugging and chugging through this gargantuan task, and finally, on the 4,000th try, when I’m close to losing my sanity, I find the protein.
a gargantuan appetite/meal
such that
so that: used to express purpose or result
ex) Essentially, I could weave a bunch of these antibodies into a network of carbon nanotubes, such that you have a network that only reacts with one protein, but also, due to the properties of these nanotubes, it will change its electrical properties, based on the amount of protein present.
power such that it was effortless
항체
antibody noun
BrE /ˈæntibɒdi/ ; NAmE /ˈæntibɑːdi/ (pl. antibodies)
a substance that the body produces in the blood to fight disease, or as a reaction when certain substances are put into the body
ex) And while I was sneakily reading this article under my desk in my biology class, we were supposed to be paying attention to these other kind of cool molecules, called antibodies.
그 교수님들은 제 일에 대해 제가 갖고 있는 것만큼의 높은 견해를 갖고 있지 않는 것이 분명했습니다.
Clearly, the professors did not have as high of an opinion of my work as I did.
nail something↔down
2) to reach an agreement or a decision, usually after a lot of discussion
ex) And so then, three months later, I finally nailed down a harsh deadline with this guy, and I get into his lab, I get all excited, and then I sit down, I start opening my mouth and talking, and five seconds later, he calls in another Ph.D.
All the parties seem anxious to nail down a ceasefire.
rapid-fire adjective
BrE ; NAmE [only before noun]
1) (of questions, comments, etc.) spoken very quickly, one after the other
ex) There were 20 Ph.D.s, plus me and the professor crammed into this tiny office space, with them firing these rapid-fire questions at me, trying to sink my procedure.
subject somebody to something | subject something to something
[often passive] to make somebody/something experience, suffer or be affected by something, usually something unpleasant
ex) However, subjecting myself to that interrogation – I answered all their questions, and I guessed on quite a few but I got them right – and I finally landed the lab space I needed.
to be subjected to ridicule
The city was subjected to heavy bombing.
The defence lawyers claimed that the prisoners had been subjected to cruel and degrading treatment.
be rid of somebody/something
(formal) to be free of somebody/something that has been annoying you or that you do not want
ex) And so, hopefully one day, we can all have that one extra uncle, that one mother, that one brother, sister, we can have that one more family member to love. And that our hearts will be rid of that one disease burden that comes from pancreatic, ovarian and lung cancer, and potentially any disease.
She wanted to be rid of her parents and their authority.
I was glad to be rid of the car when I finally sold it.
(British English) He was a nuisance and we’re all well rid of him (= we’ll be much better without him).
duckface selfie
a selfie in which the subject pouts their lips in an exaggerated way
ex) For me, it’s all about looking at the Internet in an entirely new way, to realize that there’s so much more to it than just posting duck-face pictures of yourself online.
Though the duckface selfie looks ridiculous, it actually comes from a very sensible place.
abound verb
BrE /əˈbaʊnd/ ; NAmE /əˈbaʊnd/ [intransitive]
to exist in great numbers or quantities
ex) Athletic accomplishments abound as well.
Stories about his travels abound.
공급이 과잉이다.
Indeed, too much is being put on the market.
조례
ordinance noun
BrE /ˈɔːdɪnəns/ ; NAmE /ˈɔːrdɪnəns/ countable, uncountable
an order or a rule made by a government or somebody in a position of authority
ex) Jeonbuk province and many other local governments have had such ordinances.
~협정에 위배된다.
The court says these rules are in breach of WTO rules.
uproar noun
BrE /ˈʌprɔː(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈʌprɔːr/ [uncountable, singular]
2) a situation in which there is a lot of public criticism and angry argument about something that somebody has said or done
synonym outcry
ex) So the recent ruling is causing a lot of controversy and uproar.
The article caused (an) uproar.
cobble something↔together
to produce something quickly and without great care or effort, so that it can be used but is not perfect
ex) And even the National Assembly is looking to cobble together a bill on this.
The essay was cobbled together from some old notes.
The reforms have been very hastily cobbled together.
bring the house down
to make everyone laugh or cheer, especially at a performance in the theatre
ex) Television shows on interior design are bringing down the house.
strum verb
BrE /strʌm/ ; NAmE /strʌm/
[intransitive, transitive] strum (on) something to play a guitar or similar instrument by moving your fingers up and down across the strings
ex) Behind a partition, Daddy is sitting in a soundproof cubicle, strumming his guitar.
As she sang she strummed on a guitar.
gleefully adverb
BrE /ˈɡliːfəli/ ; NAmE /ˈɡliːfəli/
in a happy way because of something good you have done or something bad that has happened to somebody else
ex) He offers his stunned wife a drink at his new bar, and gleefully shows off his table-football skills.
He gleefully told me about all the different diseases that I could catch.
tap into
1) tap or tap into [TRANSITIVE] if you tap something such as someone’s ability or a supply of information, you use it or get some benefit from it
ex) But it taps into a growing desire among South Koreans to rearrange their private living spaces.
Are you tapping your staff’s full potential?
Several other companies were already tapping this market.
2) tap into something to understand and express something such as people’s beliefs or attitudes
ex) the senator’s ability to tap into the American psyche
solace noun
BrE /ˈsɒləs/ ; NAmE /ˈsɑːləs/ uncountable, singular
a feeling of emotional comfort when you are sad or disappointed; a person or thing that makes you feel better or happier when you are sad or disappointed
synonym comfort
ex) Amid an economic slump, city-dwelling South Koreans are seeking solace in their cramped flats.
He sought solace in the whisky bottle.
She turned to Rob for solace.
His grandchildren were a solace in his old age.
spin-off noun
BrE ; NAmE spin-off (from/of something)
2) a book, a film/movie, a television programme, or an object that is based on a book, film/movie or television series that has been very successful
ex) “Let Me Beautify Your Homs,” which started airing in the spring, is a spin-off of “Let Me In,” a controversial series that offered radical plastic surgery as a cure for misery.
The TV comedy series is a spin-off of the original movie.
spin-off merchandise from the latest Disney movie
The show was so successful that it launched two spin-off series.
revamp verb
BrE /ˌriːˈvæmp/ ; NAmE /ˌriːˈvæmp/
revamp something to make changes to the form of something, usually to improve its appearance
ex) In “Old House, New House,” two teams of experts compete to revamp a celebrity’s house, recreated in a studio.
The company is attempting to revamp its image.
spruce up | spruce up somebody | spruce up something | spruce up yourself | spruce somebody up | spruce something up | spruce yourself up
BrE /spruːs/ ; NAmE /spruːs/
to make somebody/something/yourself clean and neat
ex) In “My Room’s Dignity,” DIY geeks offer tips on how to spruce up dingy studios.
She spruced up for the interview.
The city is sprucing up its museums and galleries.
I spruced myself up before I went out.
jeer noun
BrE /dʒɪə(r)/ ; NAmE /dʒɪr/
[usually plural] a rude remark that somebody shouts at somebody else to show that they do not respect or like them
synonym taunt
ex) The jeers and boos and angry tears of Bernie Sanders die-hards so dominated the first hours of the Democratic National Convention in Philadelphia that it might have seemed doomed to collapse into hostility and chaos on the first day.
He walked on to the stage to be greeted with jeers and whistles.
a jeer at the umpire
boo exclamation,noun
BrE /buː/ ; NAmE /buː/
1) a sound that people make to show that they do not like an actor, speaker, etc.
ex) The jeers and boos and angry tears of Bernie Sanders die-hards so dominated the first hours of the Democratic National Convention in Philadelphia that it might have seemed doomed to collapse into hostility and chaos on the first day.
‘Boo!’ they shouted, ‘Get off!’
The speech was greeted with loud boos from the audience.
boos and hisses from the crowd
diehard noun
BrE /ˈdaɪhɑːd/ ; NAmE /ˈdaɪhɑːrd/
a person who strongly opposes change and new ideas
ex) The jeers and boos and angry tears of Bernie Sanders die-hards so dominated the first hours of the Democratic National Convention in Philadelphia that it might have seemed doomed to collapse into hostility and chaos on the first day.
A few diehards are trying to stop the reforms.
dissension noun
BrE /dɪˈsenʃn/ ; NAmE /dɪˈsenʃn/ uncountable
disagreement between people or within a group
ex) But in their unruly way they seem to have managed to rise above dissension, with the help of a succession of speeches on Monday night that together would make a remarkable highlight reel of political exhortation toward unity.
dissension within the government
rise above something
1) to not be affected or limited by problems, insults, etc.
ex) But in their unruly way they seem to have managed to rise above dissension, with the help of a succession of speeches on Monday night that together would make a remarkable highlight reel of political exhortation toward unity.
She had the courage and determination to rise above her physical disability.
He had struggled hard to rise above his humble background.
reel noun
BrE /riːl/ ; NAmE /riːl/
1) (especially British English) (also spool especially in North American English) a round object around which you wind such things as thread, wire or film; a reel together with the film, wire, thread, etc. that is wound around it
ex) But in their unruly way they seem to have managed to rise above dissension, with the help of a succession of speeches on Monday night that together would make a remarkable highlight reel of political exhortation toward unity.
a cotton reel
a reel on a fishing rod
reels of magnetic tape
a new reel of film
The hero was killed in the final reel (= in the final part of the film/movie).
exhortation noun
BrE /ˌeɡzɔːˈteɪʃn/ ; NAmE /ˌeɡzɔːrˈteɪʃn/ [countable, uncountable]exhortation (to do something)(formal)
an act of trying very hard to persuade somebody to do something
ex) But in their unruly way they seem to have managed to rise above dissension, with the help of a succession of speeches on Monday night that together would make a remarkable highlight reel of political exhortation toward unity.
The play becomes a strong exhortation to enjoy life while you still can.
Experience shows that encouragement and exhortation have not produced change.
dejected adjective
BrE /dɪˈdʒektɪd/ ; NAmE /dɪˈdʒektɪd/
unhappy and disappointed
synonym despondent
ex) “Democracy is a little bit messy sometimes,” Bernie Sanders said on Tuesday morning to dejected supporters who were still getting their heads around the hitch in their plans for a November revolution.
She looked so dejected when she lost the game.
fervent adjective
BrE /ˈfɜːvənt/ ; NAmE /ˈfɜːrvənt/ [usually before noun]
having or showing very strong and sincere feelings about something
synonym ardent
ex) But he was fervent in supporting Mrs. Clinton, and the party platform, which he had, through a vigorous campaign, bent toward his own vision of helping working people and the poor.
a fervent admirer/believer/supporter
a fervent belief/hope/desire
ovation noun
BrE /əʊˈveɪʃn/ ; NAmE /oʊˈveɪʃn/
enthusiastic clapping by an audience as a sign of their approval
ex) And yet there in Philadelphia was her once-ferocious adversary, recipient of a warmly sympathetic ovation on Tuesday afternoon, when Representative Tulsi Gabbard of Hawaii put his name in nomination.
to give somebody a huge/rapturous/rousing ovation
The soloist got a ten-minute standing ovation (= in which people stand up from their seats).
pageant noun
BrE /ˈpædʒənt/ ; NAmE /ˈpædʒənt/
1) a public entertainment in which people dress in historical costumes and give performances of scenes from history
ex) They were filming a colourful pageant about Scotland’s past.
2) (North American English) a competition for young women in which their beauty, personal qualities and skills are judged
ex) a beauty pageant
3) pageant (of something) (literary) something that is considered as a series of interesting and different events
ex) They are not just midsummer pageants, the rallies before the homecoming game, where control of the White House involves a periodic governing adjustment a few degrees to the left, right or center.
life’s rich pageant
그는 밥 먹을 때도 도움이 필요하고 옷 입을 때도 도움이 필요하며 그가 지금 어디에 있는지 또는 지금이 몇 시인지조차 알지 못합니다.
He needs help eating, he needs help getting dressed, he doesn’t really know where he is or when it is, and it’s been really, really hard.
전 세계적으로 약 3,500만명의 사람들이 어떠한 종류의 치매를 앓고 있으며 2030년이 되면 그 수가 두 배로 늘어 7,000만이 될 것이라고 합니다.
There’s about 35 million people globally living with some kind of dementia, and by 2030 they’re expecting that to double to 70 million.
모든 일을 제대로 하다.
Or, we decide that we’re going to prevent dementia, and it will never happen to us because we’re going to do everything right and it won’t come and get us.
그는 그가 생각하기에 숫자가 있을 자리라고 생각하는 곳에 숫자를 적어넣을 것입니다.
He’ll put numbers in where he thinks there should be numbers.
왜냐하면 우리가 더 많은 일들에 익숙해지고 우리 손이 기억하는 일들이 많아질 수록, 우리의 뇌가 더 이상 제대로 작동하지 않게 됐을 때에도 우리가 행복을 느끼며 바쁘게 할 수 있는 일들이 많아지기 때문입니다.
Because the more things that are familiar, the more things my hands know how to do, the more things that I can be happy and busy doing when my brain’s not running the show anymore.
저는 정말 순수해서 그게 치매 때문에 발가벗겨 지더라도 살아남을 수 있는 그런 마음이 필요합니다.
I need a heart so pure that if it’s stripped bare by dementia, it will survive.
a far cry from something
a very different experience from something
synonym remote
ex) The country grew just 4.4 percent this summer, a far cry from the 7.7 percent average for the past decade.
All this luxury was a far cry from the poverty of his childhood.
tumble verb
BrE /ˈtʌmbl/ ; NAmE /ˈtʌmbl/
3) [intransitive] to fall rapidly in value or amount
ex) Its currency, the rupee, has tumbled 16 percent against the dollar in the last three months.
The price of oil is still tumbling.
fall short of something
to fail to reach the standard that you expected or need
ex) Until the coalition government led by Prime Minister Manhohan Singh reforms the country’s economy, India will fall far short of its potential.
The hotel fell far short of their expectations.
shortcoming noun
BrE /ˈʃɔːtkʌmɪŋ/ ; NAmE /ˈʃɔːrtkʌmɪŋ/ [usually plural]
a fault in somebody’s character, a plan, a system, etc.
synonym defect
ex) During the global financial boom of the mid-2000s, investors indiscriminately dumped cash into fast-growing countries and India’s shortcomings were easily overlooked.
She made me aware of my own shortcomings.
Despite a number of shortcomings, the project will still go ahead.
thwart verb
BrE /θwɔːt/ ; NAmE /θwɔːrt/ [often passive]
to prevent somebody from doing what they want to do
synonym frustrate
ex) And politics have thwarted reforms in labor and education.
to thwart somebody’s plans
She was thwarted in her attempt to take control of the party.
ineffectual adjective
BrE /ˌɪnɪˈfektʃuəl/ ; NAmE /ˌɪnɪˈfektʃuəl/ (formal)
without the ability to achieve much; weak; not achieving what you want to
ex) Mr. Singh has been an ineffectual leader without much authority.
an ineffectual teacher
an ineffectual attempt to reform the law
breadth noun
BrE /bredθ/ ; NAmE /bredθ/ [uncountable, countable]
1) the distance or measurement from one side to the other; how broad or wide something is
synonym width
ex) She estimated the breadth of the lake to be 500 metres.
2) a wide range (of knowledge, interests, etc.)
ex) Microsoft’s $7.2 billion acquisition of Nokia’s handset and services operations, when the deal closes early next year, will increase the company’s head count by 30 percent and add a big, new hardware unit to a dizzying variety of businesses - an unusual situation in an industry where focus is often prized more than breadth.
He was surprised at her breadth of reading.
The curriculum needs breadth and balance.
a new political leader whose breadth of vision (= willingness to accept new ideas) can persuade others to change
mashup noun
BrE /ˈmæʃʌp/ ; NAmE /ˈmæʃʌp/
a combination of elements from different sources used to create a new song, video, computer file, program, etc.
ex) The company is a mash-up of the business in which competitors like Google, Yahoo, Oracle, Apple and Nintendo specialize, putting an enormous burden on the company’s chief executive, Steven A. Ballmer, who has announced plans to retire within the next 12 months.
a video mashup
Most mashups are simple remixes that DJs have been doing for decades.
It’s a new web service that allows people to create mashups of movies, combining scenes from various films.
폭행 사건
폭행 사건의 가해자/피해자
assault case
offender / aggressor / assailant : victim
추방시키다
deport / kick sb out of the country / evict / expel / banish sb from the country
안타깝게도 몇몇은 현지 법을 잘 몰라서 문제에 휘말리게 됩니다.
Unfortunately, some of them get themselves into trouble
폭행으로 유죄 판결을 받으면 추방되어 해당 국가로의 입국이 불허될 수도 있습니다.
If you get convicted of assault, you can be deported and are not allowed entry into that country again.
영사관
- 영사
The best thing you should do in that case is to go to the consulate.
- consul
riveting adjective
BrE /ˈrɪvɪtɪŋ/ ; NAmE /ˈrɪvɪtɪŋ/ (approving)
so interesting or exciting that it holds your attention completely
synonym engrossing
ex) It was one of Silicon Valley’s most riveting success stories.
As usual, she gave a riveting performance.
(humorous) It was hardly the most riveting of lectures, was it?
Life in a little Norfolk village was hardly riveting.
The play was absolutely riveting!
lark noun
BrE /lɑːk/ ; NAmE /lɑːrk/
1) a small brown bird with a pleasant song [skylark] 종달새, 종다리
2) [usually singular] (informal) a thing that you do for fun or as a joke
ex) The boys didn’t mean any harm—they just did it for a lark.
3) (British English, informal) (used after another noun) an activity that you think is a waste of time or that you do not take seriously
ex) Yahoo began in 1994 as a lark in Stanford’s dormitories, when two students, David Filo and Jerry Yang, assembled their favourite links on a page called “Jerry and David’s Guide to the World Wide Web.”
Perhaps this riding lark would be more fun than she’d thought.
slot noun
BrE /slɒt/ ; NAmE /slɑːt/
2) a position, a time or an opportunity for somebody/something, for example in a list, a programme of events or a series of broadcasts
ex) In the dotcom version of Monopoly, Yahoo got the prime slot.
He has a regular slot on the late-night programme.
Their album has occupied the Number One slot for the past six weeks.
the airport’s take-off and landing slots
churn verb
BrE /tʃɜːn/ ; NAmE /tʃɜːrn/
3) [intransitive, transitive] churn (somebody) (up) to feel or to make somebody feel upset or emotionally confused
ex) Yahoo churned through four chief executives in the three years before the hiring of Marissa Mayer in 2012.
Conflicting emotions churned inside him.
demise noun
BrE /dɪˈmaɪz/ ; NAmE /dɪˈmaɪz/ [singular]
1) the end or failure of an institution, an idea, a company, etc.
ex) Three problems explain the firm’s demise.
2) (formal or humorous) death
ex) his imminent/sudden/sad demise
prevarication noun
BrE /prɪˌværɪˈkeɪʃn/ ; NAmE /prɪˌværɪˈkeɪʃn/ uncountable, countable
the act of not giving a direct answer to a question in order to hide the truth
ex) It could not decide whether search was a “commodity” business to be outsourced or an area worthy of heavy investment; its prevarication allowed Google to rise.
She accused him of prevarication.
The report was full of lies and prevarications.
이중 [다중] 인격 장애
multiple-personality disorder noun BrE ; NAmE (less frequent split-personality disorder) dual personality (psychology)
a rare condition in which a person seems to have one or more different personalities
ex) Ms. Mayer, and the company’s toothless board, did nothing to resolve Yahoo’s split corporate personality.
flop verb
BrE /flɒp/ ; NAmE /flɑːp/
3) [intransitive] (informal) to be a complete failure
ex) Others flopped: Ms. Mayer, for example, bought Tumblr, a social-networking platform, for $1.1 billion in 2013, even though it was about to run out of money.
The play flopped on Broadway.
England flopped in the European Championship.
Many of his ambitious schemes have flopped in the past.
fall through
to not be completed, or not happen
ex) It agreed to buy Facebook for $1 billion, but the deal fell through when Yahoo tried to negotiate down the price.
Our plans fell through because of lack of money.
galling adjective
BrE /ˈɡɔːlɪŋ/ ; NAmE /ˈɡɔːlɪŋ/ [not usually before noun]
(of a situation or fact) making you angry because it is unfair
ex) Most galling of all, Mr. Yang, the chief executive at the time, had the chance to sell Yahoo to Microsoft for around $45 billion in early 2008.
It was galling to have to apologize to a man she hated.
progeny noun
BrE /ˈprɒdʒəni/ ; NAmE /ˈprɑːdʒəni/ plural
a person’s children; the young of animals and plants
ex) This is the third lesson from Yahoo’s demise: founders can often be too attached to their progeny to make the right strategic decisions.
He was surrounded by his numerous progeny.
apprehend verb
BrE /ˌæprɪˈhend/ ; NAmE /ˌæprɪˈhend/ (formal)
1) apprehend somebody (of the police) to catch somebody and arrest them
ex) During the first eight months of this fiscal year, more than 120,700 people from El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras were apprehended along the Mexican border.
The police apprehended an armed suspect near the scene of the crime.
The thief was apprehended in the act of stealing a car.
2) apprehend something (old-fashioned) to understand or recognize something
ex) He was slow to apprehend danger.
raft noun
BrE /rɑːft/ ; NAmE /ræft/
1) a flat structure made of pieces of wood tied together and used as a boat or floating platform 뗏목
2) a small boat made of rubber or plastic that is filled with air
ex) While previous waves of Cuban migrants arrived primarily in rafts, most now arrive on foot across the Mexican border after paying thousands of dollars to human smugglers.
an inflatable raft
3) [usually singular] raft of something (informal) a large number or amount of something
ex) a whole raft of new proposals
박해, 학대
persecution noun
BrE /ˌpɜːsɪˈkjuːʃn/ ; NAmE /ˌpɜːrsɪˈkjuːʃn/ [uncountable, countable]
1) the act of treating somebody in a cruel and unfair way, especially because of their race, religion or political beliefs
ex) Leaders from those countries should encourage President Obama to rescind the current policy and admit only those people who can prove that they face persecution at home.
the victims of religious persecution
They fled to Europe to escape persecution.
insofar as
BrE /ˌɪnsəˈfɑːr əz/ ; NAmE /ˌɪnsəˈfɑːr əz/
in so/as far as
to the degree that
ex) People are always asking me where I come from, and they’re expecting me to say India, and they’re absolutely right insofar as 100 percent of my blood and ancestry does come from India.
That’s the truth, in so far as I know it.
~(국가) 사람이다
Then I’m entirely of that funny little country known as England, except I left England as soon as I completed my undergraduate education, and all the time I was growing up, I was the only kid in all my classes who didn’t begin to look like the classic English heroes represented in our textbooks.
begin verb
BrE /bɪˈɡɪn/ ; NAmE /bɪˈɡɪn/
7) [transitive] not begin to do something to make no attempt to do something or have no chance of doing something
ex) Then I’m entirely of that funny little country known as England, except I left England as soon as I completed my undergraduate education, and all the time I was growing up, I was the only kid in all my classes who didn’t begin to look like the classic English heroes represented in our textbooks.
I can’t begin to thank you enough.
He didn’t even begin to understand my problem.
~비자로 체류하다.
I’ve been there on a tourist visa.
come home to somebody
to become completely clear to somebody, often in a way that is painful
ex) And I’d always felt this way, but it really came home to me, as it were, some years ago when I was climbing up the stairs in my parents’ house in California, and I looked through the living room windows and I saw that we were encircled by 70-foot flames, one of those wildfires that regularly tear through the hills of California and many other such places.
It suddenly came home to him that he was never going to see Julie again.
as it were
used when a speaker is giving his or her own impression of a situation or expressing something in a particular way
ex) And I’d always felt this way, but it really came home to me, as it were, some years ago when I was climbing up the stairs in my parents’ house in California, and I looked through the living room windows and I saw that we were encircled by 70-foot flames, one of those wildfires that regularly tear through the hills of California and many other such places.
Teachers must put the brakes on, as it were, when they notice students looking puzzled.
