TO 8-1 Flashcards
plug and chug
put something in and then do a bunch of manual effort to arrive at the result
ex) And so I’m just plugging and chugging through this gargantuan task, and finally, on the 4,000th try, when I’m close to losing my sanity, I find the protein.
gargantuan adjective
BrE /ɡɑːˈɡæntʃuən/ ; NAmE /ɡɑːrˈɡæntʃuən/ [usually before noun]
extremely large
synonym enormous
ex) And so I’m just plugging and chugging through this gargantuan task, and finally, on the 4,000th try, when I’m close to losing my sanity, I find the protein.
a gargantuan appetite/meal
such that
so that: used to express purpose or result
ex) Essentially, I could weave a bunch of these antibodies into a network of carbon nanotubes, such that you have a network that only reacts with one protein, but also, due to the properties of these nanotubes, it will change its electrical properties, based on the amount of protein present.
power such that it was effortless
항체
antibody noun
BrE /ˈæntibɒdi/ ; NAmE /ˈæntibɑːdi/ (pl. antibodies)
a substance that the body produces in the blood to fight disease, or as a reaction when certain substances are put into the body
ex) And while I was sneakily reading this article under my desk in my biology class, we were supposed to be paying attention to these other kind of cool molecules, called antibodies.
그 교수님들은 제 일에 대해 제가 갖고 있는 것만큼의 높은 견해를 갖고 있지 않는 것이 분명했습니다.
Clearly, the professors did not have as high of an opinion of my work as I did.
nail something↔down
2) to reach an agreement or a decision, usually after a lot of discussion
ex) And so then, three months later, I finally nailed down a harsh deadline with this guy, and I get into his lab, I get all excited, and then I sit down, I start opening my mouth and talking, and five seconds later, he calls in another Ph.D.
All the parties seem anxious to nail down a ceasefire.
rapid-fire adjective
BrE ; NAmE [only before noun]
1) (of questions, comments, etc.) spoken very quickly, one after the other
ex) There were 20 Ph.D.s, plus me and the professor crammed into this tiny office space, with them firing these rapid-fire questions at me, trying to sink my procedure.
subject somebody to something | subject something to something
[often passive] to make somebody/something experience, suffer or be affected by something, usually something unpleasant
ex) However, subjecting myself to that interrogation – I answered all their questions, and I guessed on quite a few but I got them right – and I finally landed the lab space I needed.
to be subjected to ridicule
The city was subjected to heavy bombing.
The defence lawyers claimed that the prisoners had been subjected to cruel and degrading treatment.
be rid of somebody/something
(formal) to be free of somebody/something that has been annoying you or that you do not want
ex) And so, hopefully one day, we can all have that one extra uncle, that one mother, that one brother, sister, we can have that one more family member to love. And that our hearts will be rid of that one disease burden that comes from pancreatic, ovarian and lung cancer, and potentially any disease.
She wanted to be rid of her parents and their authority.
I was glad to be rid of the car when I finally sold it.
(British English) He was a nuisance and we’re all well rid of him (= we’ll be much better without him).
duckface selfie
a selfie in which the subject pouts their lips in an exaggerated way
ex) For me, it’s all about looking at the Internet in an entirely new way, to realize that there’s so much more to it than just posting duck-face pictures of yourself online.
Though the duckface selfie looks ridiculous, it actually comes from a very sensible place.
abound verb
BrE /əˈbaʊnd/ ; NAmE /əˈbaʊnd/ [intransitive]
to exist in great numbers or quantities
ex) Athletic accomplishments abound as well.
Stories about his travels abound.
공급이 과잉이다.
Indeed, too much is being put on the market.
조례
ordinance noun
BrE /ˈɔːdɪnəns/ ; NAmE /ˈɔːrdɪnəns/ countable, uncountable
an order or a rule made by a government or somebody in a position of authority
ex) Jeonbuk province and many other local governments have had such ordinances.
~협정에 위배된다.
The court says these rules are in breach of WTO rules.
uproar noun
BrE /ˈʌprɔː(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈʌprɔːr/ [uncountable, singular]
2) a situation in which there is a lot of public criticism and angry argument about something that somebody has said or done
synonym outcry
ex) So the recent ruling is causing a lot of controversy and uproar.
The article caused (an) uproar.
cobble something↔together
to produce something quickly and without great care or effort, so that it can be used but is not perfect
ex) And even the National Assembly is looking to cobble together a bill on this.
The essay was cobbled together from some old notes.
The reforms have been very hastily cobbled together.
bring the house down
to make everyone laugh or cheer, especially at a performance in the theatre
ex) Television shows on interior design are bringing down the house.
strum verb
BrE /strʌm/ ; NAmE /strʌm/
[intransitive, transitive] strum (on) something to play a guitar or similar instrument by moving your fingers up and down across the strings
ex) Behind a partition, Daddy is sitting in a soundproof cubicle, strumming his guitar.
As she sang she strummed on a guitar.
gleefully adverb
BrE /ˈɡliːfəli/ ; NAmE /ˈɡliːfəli/
in a happy way because of something good you have done or something bad that has happened to somebody else
ex) He offers his stunned wife a drink at his new bar, and gleefully shows off his table-football skills.
He gleefully told me about all the different diseases that I could catch.
tap into
1) tap or tap into [TRANSITIVE] if you tap something such as someone’s ability or a supply of information, you use it or get some benefit from it
ex) But it taps into a growing desire among South Koreans to rearrange their private living spaces.
Are you tapping your staff’s full potential?
Several other companies were already tapping this market.
2) tap into something to understand and express something such as people’s beliefs or attitudes
ex) the senator’s ability to tap into the American psyche
solace noun
BrE /ˈsɒləs/ ; NAmE /ˈsɑːləs/ uncountable, singular
a feeling of emotional comfort when you are sad or disappointed; a person or thing that makes you feel better or happier when you are sad or disappointed
synonym comfort
ex) Amid an economic slump, city-dwelling South Koreans are seeking solace in their cramped flats.
He sought solace in the whisky bottle.
She turned to Rob for solace.
His grandchildren were a solace in his old age.
spin-off noun
BrE ; NAmE spin-off (from/of something)
2) a book, a film/movie, a television programme, or an object that is based on a book, film/movie or television series that has been very successful
ex) “Let Me Beautify Your Homs,” which started airing in the spring, is a spin-off of “Let Me In,” a controversial series that offered radical plastic surgery as a cure for misery.
The TV comedy series is a spin-off of the original movie.
spin-off merchandise from the latest Disney movie
The show was so successful that it launched two spin-off series.
revamp verb
BrE /ˌriːˈvæmp/ ; NAmE /ˌriːˈvæmp/
revamp something to make changes to the form of something, usually to improve its appearance
ex) In “Old House, New House,” two teams of experts compete to revamp a celebrity’s house, recreated in a studio.
The company is attempting to revamp its image.
spruce up | spruce up somebody | spruce up something | spruce up yourself | spruce somebody up | spruce something up | spruce yourself up
BrE /spruːs/ ; NAmE /spruːs/
to make somebody/something/yourself clean and neat
ex) In “My Room’s Dignity,” DIY geeks offer tips on how to spruce up dingy studios.
She spruced up for the interview.
The city is sprucing up its museums and galleries.
I spruced myself up before I went out.
jeer noun
BrE /dʒɪə(r)/ ; NAmE /dʒɪr/
[usually plural] a rude remark that somebody shouts at somebody else to show that they do not respect or like them
synonym taunt
ex) The jeers and boos and angry tears of Bernie Sanders die-hards so dominated the first hours of the Democratic National Convention in Philadelphia that it might have seemed doomed to collapse into hostility and chaos on the first day.
He walked on to the stage to be greeted with jeers and whistles.
a jeer at the umpire
boo exclamation,noun
BrE /buː/ ; NAmE /buː/
1) a sound that people make to show that they do not like an actor, speaker, etc.
ex) The jeers and boos and angry tears of Bernie Sanders die-hards so dominated the first hours of the Democratic National Convention in Philadelphia that it might have seemed doomed to collapse into hostility and chaos on the first day.
‘Boo!’ they shouted, ‘Get off!’
The speech was greeted with loud boos from the audience.
boos and hisses from the crowd
diehard noun
BrE /ˈdaɪhɑːd/ ; NAmE /ˈdaɪhɑːrd/
a person who strongly opposes change and new ideas
ex) The jeers and boos and angry tears of Bernie Sanders die-hards so dominated the first hours of the Democratic National Convention in Philadelphia that it might have seemed doomed to collapse into hostility and chaos on the first day.
A few diehards are trying to stop the reforms.
dissension noun
BrE /dɪˈsenʃn/ ; NAmE /dɪˈsenʃn/ uncountable
disagreement between people or within a group
ex) But in their unruly way they seem to have managed to rise above dissension, with the help of a succession of speeches on Monday night that together would make a remarkable highlight reel of political exhortation toward unity.
dissension within the government
rise above something
1) to not be affected or limited by problems, insults, etc.
ex) But in their unruly way they seem to have managed to rise above dissension, with the help of a succession of speeches on Monday night that together would make a remarkable highlight reel of political exhortation toward unity.
She had the courage and determination to rise above her physical disability.
He had struggled hard to rise above his humble background.
reel noun
BrE /riːl/ ; NAmE /riːl/
1) (especially British English) (also spool especially in North American English) a round object around which you wind such things as thread, wire or film; a reel together with the film, wire, thread, etc. that is wound around it
ex) But in their unruly way they seem to have managed to rise above dissension, with the help of a succession of speeches on Monday night that together would make a remarkable highlight reel of political exhortation toward unity.
a cotton reel
a reel on a fishing rod
reels of magnetic tape
a new reel of film
The hero was killed in the final reel (= in the final part of the film/movie).
exhortation noun
BrE /ˌeɡzɔːˈteɪʃn/ ; NAmE /ˌeɡzɔːrˈteɪʃn/ [countable, uncountable]exhortation (to do something)(formal)
an act of trying very hard to persuade somebody to do something
ex) But in their unruly way they seem to have managed to rise above dissension, with the help of a succession of speeches on Monday night that together would make a remarkable highlight reel of political exhortation toward unity.
The play becomes a strong exhortation to enjoy life while you still can.
Experience shows that encouragement and exhortation have not produced change.
dejected adjective
BrE /dɪˈdʒektɪd/ ; NAmE /dɪˈdʒektɪd/
unhappy and disappointed
synonym despondent
ex) “Democracy is a little bit messy sometimes,” Bernie Sanders said on Tuesday morning to dejected supporters who were still getting their heads around the hitch in their plans for a November revolution.
She looked so dejected when she lost the game.
fervent adjective
BrE /ˈfɜːvənt/ ; NAmE /ˈfɜːrvənt/ [usually before noun]
having or showing very strong and sincere feelings about something
synonym ardent
ex) But he was fervent in supporting Mrs. Clinton, and the party platform, which he had, through a vigorous campaign, bent toward his own vision of helping working people and the poor.
a fervent admirer/believer/supporter
a fervent belief/hope/desire
ovation noun
BrE /əʊˈveɪʃn/ ; NAmE /oʊˈveɪʃn/
enthusiastic clapping by an audience as a sign of their approval
ex) And yet there in Philadelphia was her once-ferocious adversary, recipient of a warmly sympathetic ovation on Tuesday afternoon, when Representative Tulsi Gabbard of Hawaii put his name in nomination.
to give somebody a huge/rapturous/rousing ovation
The soloist got a ten-minute standing ovation (= in which people stand up from their seats).
pageant noun
BrE /ˈpædʒənt/ ; NAmE /ˈpædʒənt/
1) a public entertainment in which people dress in historical costumes and give performances of scenes from history
ex) They were filming a colourful pageant about Scotland’s past.
2) (North American English) a competition for young women in which their beauty, personal qualities and skills are judged
ex) a beauty pageant
3) pageant (of something) (literary) something that is considered as a series of interesting and different events
ex) They are not just midsummer pageants, the rallies before the homecoming game, where control of the White House involves a periodic governing adjustment a few degrees to the left, right or center.
life’s rich pageant
그는 밥 먹을 때도 도움이 필요하고 옷 입을 때도 도움이 필요하며 그가 지금 어디에 있는지 또는 지금이 몇 시인지조차 알지 못합니다.
He needs help eating, he needs help getting dressed, he doesn’t really know where he is or when it is, and it’s been really, really hard.
전 세계적으로 약 3,500만명의 사람들이 어떠한 종류의 치매를 앓고 있으며 2030년이 되면 그 수가 두 배로 늘어 7,000만이 될 것이라고 합니다.
There’s about 35 million people globally living with some kind of dementia, and by 2030 they’re expecting that to double to 70 million.
모든 일을 제대로 하다.
Or, we decide that we’re going to prevent dementia, and it will never happen to us because we’re going to do everything right and it won’t come and get us.
그는 그가 생각하기에 숫자가 있을 자리라고 생각하는 곳에 숫자를 적어넣을 것입니다.
He’ll put numbers in where he thinks there should be numbers.
왜냐하면 우리가 더 많은 일들에 익숙해지고 우리 손이 기억하는 일들이 많아질 수록, 우리의 뇌가 더 이상 제대로 작동하지 않게 됐을 때에도 우리가 행복을 느끼며 바쁘게 할 수 있는 일들이 많아지기 때문입니다.
Because the more things that are familiar, the more things my hands know how to do, the more things that I can be happy and busy doing when my brain’s not running the show anymore.
저는 정말 순수해서 그게 치매 때문에 발가벗겨 지더라도 살아남을 수 있는 그런 마음이 필요합니다.
I need a heart so pure that if it’s stripped bare by dementia, it will survive.
a far cry from something
a very different experience from something
synonym remote
ex) The country grew just 4.4 percent this summer, a far cry from the 7.7 percent average for the past decade.
All this luxury was a far cry from the poverty of his childhood.
tumble verb
BrE /ˈtʌmbl/ ; NAmE /ˈtʌmbl/
3) [intransitive] to fall rapidly in value or amount
ex) Its currency, the rupee, has tumbled 16 percent against the dollar in the last three months.
The price of oil is still tumbling.
fall short of something
to fail to reach the standard that you expected or need
ex) Until the coalition government led by Prime Minister Manhohan Singh reforms the country’s economy, India will fall far short of its potential.
The hotel fell far short of their expectations.
shortcoming noun
BrE /ˈʃɔːtkʌmɪŋ/ ; NAmE /ˈʃɔːrtkʌmɪŋ/ [usually plural]
a fault in somebody’s character, a plan, a system, etc.
synonym defect
ex) During the global financial boom of the mid-2000s, investors indiscriminately dumped cash into fast-growing countries and India’s shortcomings were easily overlooked.
She made me aware of my own shortcomings.
Despite a number of shortcomings, the project will still go ahead.
thwart verb
BrE /θwɔːt/ ; NAmE /θwɔːrt/ [often passive]
to prevent somebody from doing what they want to do
synonym frustrate
ex) And politics have thwarted reforms in labor and education.
to thwart somebody’s plans
She was thwarted in her attempt to take control of the party.
ineffectual adjective
BrE /ˌɪnɪˈfektʃuəl/ ; NAmE /ˌɪnɪˈfektʃuəl/ (formal)
without the ability to achieve much; weak; not achieving what you want to
ex) Mr. Singh has been an ineffectual leader without much authority.
an ineffectual teacher
an ineffectual attempt to reform the law
breadth noun
BrE /bredθ/ ; NAmE /bredθ/ [uncountable, countable]
1) the distance or measurement from one side to the other; how broad or wide something is
synonym width
ex) She estimated the breadth of the lake to be 500 metres.
2) a wide range (of knowledge, interests, etc.)
ex) Microsoft’s $7.2 billion acquisition of Nokia’s handset and services operations, when the deal closes early next year, will increase the company’s head count by 30 percent and add a big, new hardware unit to a dizzying variety of businesses - an unusual situation in an industry where focus is often prized more than breadth.
He was surprised at her breadth of reading.
The curriculum needs breadth and balance.
a new political leader whose breadth of vision (= willingness to accept new ideas) can persuade others to change
mashup noun
BrE /ˈmæʃʌp/ ; NAmE /ˈmæʃʌp/
a combination of elements from different sources used to create a new song, video, computer file, program, etc.
ex) The company is a mash-up of the business in which competitors like Google, Yahoo, Oracle, Apple and Nintendo specialize, putting an enormous burden on the company’s chief executive, Steven A. Ballmer, who has announced plans to retire within the next 12 months.
a video mashup
Most mashups are simple remixes that DJs have been doing for decades.
It’s a new web service that allows people to create mashups of movies, combining scenes from various films.
폭행 사건
폭행 사건의 가해자/피해자
assault case
offender / aggressor / assailant : victim
추방시키다
deport / kick sb out of the country / evict / expel / banish sb from the country
안타깝게도 몇몇은 현지 법을 잘 몰라서 문제에 휘말리게 됩니다.
Unfortunately, some of them get themselves into trouble
폭행으로 유죄 판결을 받으면 추방되어 해당 국가로의 입국이 불허될 수도 있습니다.
If you get convicted of assault, you can be deported and are not allowed entry into that country again.
영사관
- 영사
The best thing you should do in that case is to go to the consulate.
- consul
riveting adjective
BrE /ˈrɪvɪtɪŋ/ ; NAmE /ˈrɪvɪtɪŋ/ (approving)
so interesting or exciting that it holds your attention completely
synonym engrossing
ex) It was one of Silicon Valley’s most riveting success stories.
As usual, she gave a riveting performance.
(humorous) It was hardly the most riveting of lectures, was it?
Life in a little Norfolk village was hardly riveting.
The play was absolutely riveting!
lark noun
BrE /lɑːk/ ; NAmE /lɑːrk/
1) a small brown bird with a pleasant song [skylark] 종달새, 종다리
2) [usually singular] (informal) a thing that you do for fun or as a joke
ex) The boys didn’t mean any harm—they just did it for a lark.
3) (British English, informal) (used after another noun) an activity that you think is a waste of time or that you do not take seriously
ex) Yahoo began in 1994 as a lark in Stanford’s dormitories, when two students, David Filo and Jerry Yang, assembled their favourite links on a page called “Jerry and David’s Guide to the World Wide Web.”
Perhaps this riding lark would be more fun than she’d thought.
slot noun
BrE /slɒt/ ; NAmE /slɑːt/
2) a position, a time or an opportunity for somebody/something, for example in a list, a programme of events or a series of broadcasts
ex) In the dotcom version of Monopoly, Yahoo got the prime slot.
He has a regular slot on the late-night programme.
Their album has occupied the Number One slot for the past six weeks.
the airport’s take-off and landing slots
churn verb
BrE /tʃɜːn/ ; NAmE /tʃɜːrn/
3) [intransitive, transitive] churn (somebody) (up) to feel or to make somebody feel upset or emotionally confused
ex) Yahoo churned through four chief executives in the three years before the hiring of Marissa Mayer in 2012.
Conflicting emotions churned inside him.
demise noun
BrE /dɪˈmaɪz/ ; NAmE /dɪˈmaɪz/ [singular]
1) the end or failure of an institution, an idea, a company, etc.
ex) Three problems explain the firm’s demise.
2) (formal or humorous) death
ex) his imminent/sudden/sad demise
prevarication noun
BrE /prɪˌværɪˈkeɪʃn/ ; NAmE /prɪˌværɪˈkeɪʃn/ uncountable, countable
the act of not giving a direct answer to a question in order to hide the truth
ex) It could not decide whether search was a “commodity” business to be outsourced or an area worthy of heavy investment; its prevarication allowed Google to rise.
She accused him of prevarication.
The report was full of lies and prevarications.
이중 [다중] 인격 장애
multiple-personality disorder noun BrE ; NAmE (less frequent split-personality disorder) dual personality (psychology)
a rare condition in which a person seems to have one or more different personalities
ex) Ms. Mayer, and the company’s toothless board, did nothing to resolve Yahoo’s split corporate personality.
flop verb
BrE /flɒp/ ; NAmE /flɑːp/
3) [intransitive] (informal) to be a complete failure
ex) Others flopped: Ms. Mayer, for example, bought Tumblr, a social-networking platform, for $1.1 billion in 2013, even though it was about to run out of money.
The play flopped on Broadway.
England flopped in the European Championship.
Many of his ambitious schemes have flopped in the past.
fall through
to not be completed, or not happen
ex) It agreed to buy Facebook for $1 billion, but the deal fell through when Yahoo tried to negotiate down the price.
Our plans fell through because of lack of money.
galling adjective
BrE /ˈɡɔːlɪŋ/ ; NAmE /ˈɡɔːlɪŋ/ [not usually before noun]
(of a situation or fact) making you angry because it is unfair
ex) Most galling of all, Mr. Yang, the chief executive at the time, had the chance to sell Yahoo to Microsoft for around $45 billion in early 2008.
It was galling to have to apologize to a man she hated.
progeny noun
BrE /ˈprɒdʒəni/ ; NAmE /ˈprɑːdʒəni/ plural
a person’s children; the young of animals and plants
ex) This is the third lesson from Yahoo’s demise: founders can often be too attached to their progeny to make the right strategic decisions.
He was surrounded by his numerous progeny.
apprehend verb
BrE /ˌæprɪˈhend/ ; NAmE /ˌæprɪˈhend/ (formal)
1) apprehend somebody (of the police) to catch somebody and arrest them
ex) During the first eight months of this fiscal year, more than 120,700 people from El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras were apprehended along the Mexican border.
The police apprehended an armed suspect near the scene of the crime.
The thief was apprehended in the act of stealing a car.
2) apprehend something (old-fashioned) to understand or recognize something
ex) He was slow to apprehend danger.
raft noun
BrE /rɑːft/ ; NAmE /ræft/
1) a flat structure made of pieces of wood tied together and used as a boat or floating platform 뗏목
2) a small boat made of rubber or plastic that is filled with air
ex) While previous waves of Cuban migrants arrived primarily in rafts, most now arrive on foot across the Mexican border after paying thousands of dollars to human smugglers.
an inflatable raft
3) [usually singular] raft of something (informal) a large number or amount of something
ex) a whole raft of new proposals
박해, 학대
persecution noun
BrE /ˌpɜːsɪˈkjuːʃn/ ; NAmE /ˌpɜːrsɪˈkjuːʃn/ [uncountable, countable]
1) the act of treating somebody in a cruel and unfair way, especially because of their race, religion or political beliefs
ex) Leaders from those countries should encourage President Obama to rescind the current policy and admit only those people who can prove that they face persecution at home.
the victims of religious persecution
They fled to Europe to escape persecution.
insofar as
BrE /ˌɪnsəˈfɑːr əz/ ; NAmE /ˌɪnsəˈfɑːr əz/
in so/as far as
to the degree that
ex) People are always asking me where I come from, and they’re expecting me to say India, and they’re absolutely right insofar as 100 percent of my blood and ancestry does come from India.
That’s the truth, in so far as I know it.
~(국가) 사람이다
Then I’m entirely of that funny little country known as England, except I left England as soon as I completed my undergraduate education, and all the time I was growing up, I was the only kid in all my classes who didn’t begin to look like the classic English heroes represented in our textbooks.
begin verb
BrE /bɪˈɡɪn/ ; NAmE /bɪˈɡɪn/
7) [transitive] not begin to do something to make no attempt to do something or have no chance of doing something
ex) Then I’m entirely of that funny little country known as England, except I left England as soon as I completed my undergraduate education, and all the time I was growing up, I was the only kid in all my classes who didn’t begin to look like the classic English heroes represented in our textbooks.
I can’t begin to thank you enough.
He didn’t even begin to understand my problem.
~비자로 체류하다.
I’ve been there on a tourist visa.
come home to somebody
to become completely clear to somebody, often in a way that is painful
ex) And I’d always felt this way, but it really came home to me, as it were, some years ago when I was climbing up the stairs in my parents’ house in California, and I looked through the living room windows and I saw that we were encircled by 70-foot flames, one of those wildfires that regularly tear through the hills of California and many other such places.
It suddenly came home to him that he was never going to see Julie again.
as it were
used when a speaker is giving his or her own impression of a situation or expressing something in a particular way
ex) And I’d always felt this way, but it really came home to me, as it were, some years ago when I was climbing up the stairs in my parents’ house in California, and I looked through the living room windows and I saw that we were encircled by 70-foot flames, one of those wildfires that regularly tear through the hills of California and many other such places.
Teachers must put the brakes on, as it were, when they notice students looking puzzled.
날 때부터 자기한테 주어진 ~를 갖고 태어나서 거기서 벗어나지 못하다.
Because when my grandparents were born, they pretty much had their sense of home, their sense of community, even their sense of enmity, assigned to them at birth, and didn’t have much change of stepping outside of that.
어느 정도는요~
after a fashion
to some extent, but not very well
ex) I can play the piano, after a fashion.
‘Do you speak French?’ ‘After a fashion.’
fashion verb
BrE /ˈfæʃn/ ; NAmE /ˈfæʃn/
to make or shape something, especially with your hands
ex) And nowadays, at least some of us can choose our sense of home, create our sense of community, fashion our sense of self, and in so doing maybe step a little beyond some of the black and white divisions of our grandparents’ age.
She fashioned a pot from the clay.
She fashioned the clay into a pot.
in so doing
thereby; because of this; due to this
ex) And nowadays, at least some of us can choose our sense of home, create our sense of community, fashion our sense of self, and in so doing maybe step a little beyond some of the black and white divisions of our grandparents’ age.
novel adjective
BrE /ˈnɒvl/ ; NAmE /ˈnɑːvl/
(often approving) different from anything known before; new, interesting and often seeming slightly strange
ex) The evidence is from a novel experiment involving mice and humans that is part of a growing fascination with gut bacteria and their role in health and diseases like irritable bowel syndrome and Crohn’s disease.
a novel feature
Job-sharing is still a novel concept and it will take a while for employers to get used to it.
The plan sounded rather novel.
It was an American who came up with the novel idea of drive-in restaurants.
fecal adjective(North American English)
(British English faecal)
BrE /ˈfiːkl/ ; NAmE /ˈfiːkl/ [only before noun]
connected with feces (=똥, 배설물)
ex) “This is not a study that says humans will have a different body weight” if they get a fecal transplant, he said.
fecal matter
feces noun(North American English)
(British English faeces)
BrE /ˈfiːsiːz/ ; NAmE /ˈfiːsiːz/ plural
solid waste material that leaves the body through the anus
synonym excrement
ex) He wants to figure out which bacteria are responsible for the effect so that, eventually, people can be given pure mixtures of bacteria instead of feces.
oxycontin noun
/ˌäksēˈkän(t)in/
(trademark) a synthetic analgesic drug that is similar to morphine in its effects and subject to abuse and addiction.
ex) White women are more likely than black women to “smoke and drink and abuse prescription drugs like OxyContin and street drugs like meth,” but it’s unclear why that’s the case.
street drug (informal)
a drug sold illegally and used for its mood-altering, stimulant, or sedative effects
ex) White women are more likely than black women to “smoke and drink and abuse prescription drugs like OxyContin and street drugs like meth,” but it’s unclear why that’s the case.
Well known as an animal tranquilizer, ketamine is also used as an illicit street drug called ‘special K.’
hypothesize verb
(British English also -ise)
BrE /haɪˈpɒθəsaɪz/ ; NAmE /haɪˈpɑːθəsaɪz/
- posit verb
BrE /ˈpɒzɪt/ ; NAmE /ˈpɑːzɪt/
[transitive, intransitive] hypothesize (something) | hypothesize that… (formal) to suggest a way of explaining something when you do not definitely know about it; to form a hypothesis
ex) As one researcher hypothesized, jobs could connect women to social networks and even give them a “sense of purpose” that could help extend their lives, but as Potts notes, that’s a pretty “squishy” justification that hasn’t been fully explored.
The causes can be hypothesized but not proved.
We can only hypothesize that the cases we know about are typical.
Let us try to hypothesize a particular market situation.
There are particular problems that arise when hypothesizing about the origins of the universe.
- posit something | posit that… (formal) to suggest or accept that something is true so that it can be used as the basis for an argument or discussion
synonym postulate
ex) Most religions posit the existence of life after death.
She posits that ideas of gender are socially constructed.
They were forced to modify the political premises on which the regime was posited.
squishy adjective
BrE /ˈskwɪʃi/ ; NAmE /ˈskwɪʃi/ (informal)
soft and wet; rather soft, often softer than it should be
ex) As one researcher hypothesized, jobs could connect women to social networks and even give them a “sense of purpose” that could help extend their lives, but as Potts notes, that’s a pretty “squishy” justification that hasn’t been fully explored.
The crowd pelted the speakers with squishy tomatoes.
The leaves were soft and squishy underfoot.
봄철에 중국에서 황사 바람이 불어온다.
blow in | blow into something
(informal) to arrive or enter a place suddenly
ex) After all, the fine dust storms blow in from China during spring.
Look who’s just blown in!
Have you heard who’s blown into town?
~때문에 사람들의 우려가 커지고 있다.
A new book called ‘The Vegetarian Myth’ is having a lot of people worried.
정제된 (소금, 설탕, 곡식 등)
refined adjective
BrE /rɪˈfaɪnd/ ; NAmE /rɪˈfaɪnd/
1) [usually before noun] (of a substance) made pure by having other substances taken out of it
ex) She talks about refined sugar and grains.
refined sugar
빻은 쌀이나 도정된 쌀은 별로 건강한 음식이 아니다. 과일이나 야채도 가공 과정을 거치면 원래 갖고 있는 여러가지 건강에 좋은 것들을 잃게 된다.
Ground and polished rice are not considered very healthy. Even fruits and vegetables lose much of their health benefits once they’re processed.
이수인씨는 성주군청 근처에 여당인 새누리당 탈당을 원하는 시민들을 위한 임시 스탠드 운영 인원을 배치했습니다.
Near the Seongju county office, Lee Soo-in mans a makeshift stand for citizens wanting to renounce their affiliation to the ruling Saenuri party.
man verb
BrE /mæn/ ; NAmE /mæn/
(manning, manned) man something to work at a place or be in charge of a place or a machine; to supply people to work somewhere
synonym crew, staff
ex) Near the Seongju county office, Lee Soo-in mans a makeshift stand for citizens wanting to renounce their affiliation to the ruling Saenuri party.
Soldiers manned barricades around the city.
The telephones are manned 24 hours a day by volunteers.
dither verb
BrE /ˈdɪðə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈdɪðər/
[intransitive] to hesitate about what to do because you are unable to decide
ex) Fearful of upsetting China, South Korea had long dithered over whether to add the sophisticated system – which could shoot down incoming North Korean ballistic missiles above the atmosphere – to its crop of Patriot batteries, which destroy missiles at lower altitudes.
Stop dithering and get on with it.
She was dithering over what to wear.
snoop verb
BrE /snuːp/ ; NAmE /snuːp/
[intransitive] (informal, disapproving) to find out private things about somebody, especially by looking secretly around a place
ex) It says that the system’s powerful radar might be used to snoop on China.
Someone’s been snooping around my apartment.
journalists snooping on politicians
그렇지만 정작 박근혜 정부를 곤란하게 만든 건 국내 반발의 강도였습니다.
Yet it is the intensity of protests at home that has wrong-footed Ms. Park’s administration.
wrong-foot verb
wrong-foot somebody (British English) to put somebody in a difficult or embarrassing situation by doing something that they do not expect
ex) Yet it is the intensity of protests at home that has wrong-footed Ms. Park’s administration.
It was an attempt to wrong-foot the opposition.
His low pass wrong-footed the other team’s defence.
irradiation noun
BrE /ɪˌreɪdiˈeɪʃn/ ; NAmE /ɪˌreɪdiˈeɪʃn/ uncountable
the process of treating food with gamma radiation in order to preserve it
- Radiation and irradiation are two terms used to describe processes of transferring energy to and from an object. The main difference between radiation and irradiation is that the term radiation refers to many different processes of transferring energy including the transfer of energy via electromagnetic waves or the emission of particles during nuclear decay, whereas irradiation refers more specifically to the process by which an object may be exposed to radiation.
ex) Residents in Seongju and nearby appear to fear irradiation from THAAD’s electromagnetic waves more than the (real) threat of nukes from North Korea – which has lately promised, with signature bombast, to turn Seongju into “a sea of fire” and “a pile of ash.”
festoon verb
BrE /feˈstuːn/ ; NAmE /feˈstuːn/
[usually passive] festoon somebody/something (with something) to decorate somebody/something with flowers, coloured paper, etc., often as part of a celebration
ex) The town is festooned with protest banners: “Opposed to THAAD with our lives” and “We must not pass the waves on to our young.”
The streets were festooned with banners and lights.
rumor has it that ~
Rumor has it’ is an expression used when suggesting you might have heard something or read about something that is taking place now or in the future. A rumor is not a fact.
ex) Rumour has it that no one wants to marry a Seongju bride.
quell verb
BrE /kwel/ ; NAmE /kwel/ (formal)
1) quell something/somebody to stop something such as violent behaviour or protests
ex) Extra police were called in to quell the disturbances.
(figurative) She started to giggle, but Bob quelled her with a look.
2) quell something to stop or reduce strong or unpleasant feelings
synonym calm
ex) South Korea has tried to quell panic by measuring what waves are emitted from its existing anti-missile systems, as well as from a THAAD battery at an American base in Guam.
to quell your fears
pelt verb
BrE /pelt/ ; NAmE /pelt/
1) [transitive] pelt somebody (with something) to attack somebody by throwing things at them
ex) Protesters pelted them with eggs and water bottles.
The children pelted him with snowballs.
We were pelted with rotten tomatoes.
2) [intransitive] pelt (down) (of rain) to fall very heavily
ex) By now the rain was pelting down.
I drove home with the rain pelting through the window.
Raindrops the size of golf balls were pelting down on her.
3) [intransitive] + adv./prep. (informal) to run somewhere very fast
synonym dash
ex) We pelted down the hill after the car.
zeal noun
BrE /ziːl/ ; NAmE /ziːl/
[uncountable, countable] zeal (for/in something) (formal) great energy or enthusiasm connected with something that you feel strongly about
ex) Such zeal is common in South Korea’s young, raucous democracy.
her missionary/reforming/religious/political zeal
raucous adjective
BrE /ˈrɔːkəs/ ; NAmE /ˈrɔːkəs/
Add to my wordlist
sounding loud and rough
ex) Such zeal is common in South Korea’s young, raucous democracy.
raucous laughter
a raucous voice
a group of raucous young men
They grew more and more raucous as the evening went on.
eviction noun
BrE /ɪˈvɪkʃn/ ; NAmE /ɪˈvɪkʃn/ [uncountable, countable]eviction (from something)
the act of forcing somebody to leave a house or land, especially when you have the legal right to do so
ex) These went ahead, but not without delays, ugly evictions and compensation.
to face eviction from your home
heavy-handed adjective
1) not showing a sympathetic understanding of the feelings of other people
ex) Katharine Moon of the Brookings Institution, a think-tank in Washington DC, says state heavy-handedness has repeatedly irked local communities, particularly when it suggests the bilateral military alliance takes precedence over their livelihoods and self-governance.
a heavy-handed approach
scoff verb
BrE /skɒf/ ; NAmE /skɔːf/ , /skɑːf/
1) [intransitive, transitive] scoff (at somebody/something) | + speech to talk about somebody/something in a way that makes it clear that you think they are stupid or ridiculous
synonym mock
ex) Though small leftist outfits that resent its 28,000 troops and champion engagement with North Korea have rallied against THAAD in the capital, Seoul, they have managed to mobilise only a few hundred people. For now Seongju’s conservative protesters scoff at joining forces.
He scoffed at our amateurish attempts.
Don’t scoff—she’s absolutely right.
tack verb
BrE /tæk/ ; NAmE /tæk/
1) [transitive] tack something + adv./prep. to fasten something in place with a tack (압정) or tacks
synonym nail
ex) A group of elderly local women – anti-THAAD badges tacked to their flowery pink pyjamas – recently pulled an enormous portrait of Ms. Park from the wall of their community centre, which stands not far from where some of her ancestors are buried.
The carpet was tacked to the floor.
2) [transitive] tack something (+ adv./prep.) to fasten pieces of cloth together temporarily with long loose stitches before sewing them finally
ex) She tacked the sleeve of the blouse into the armhole.
3) [intransitive] (specialist) to change the direction of a sailing boat so that the wind blows onto the sails from the opposite side; to do this several times in order to travel in the direction that the wind is coming from
reel verb
BrE /riːl/ ; NAmE /riːl/
2) [intransitive] reel (at/from/with something) to feel very shocked or upset about something
ex) Her party is still reeling from the loss of its majority in legislative elections in April – the first time for a ruling party in 16 years.
I was still reeling from the shock.
비준, 재가, 인가, 승인, 추인
ratification noun
BrE /ˌrætɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/ ; NAmE /ˌrætɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/ [uncountable]
the act or process of making an agreement officially valid by voting for or signing it
ex) Two minor opposition parties are drafting a resolution demanding that THAAD require parliamentary ratification.
The agreement is subject to ratification by the Senate.
pollster noun
BrE /ˈpəʊlstə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈpoʊlstər/
a person who makes or asks the questions in an opinion poll
ex) In a survey of South Koreans by Realmeter, a pollster, only a third agreed that deployment should not require MPs’ approval.
Pollsters predicted a victory for the government.
fervour noun
(especially US English fervor)
BrE /ˈfɜːvə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈfɜːrvər/ [uncountable]
very strong feelings about something
synonym enthusiasm
ex) Choi Jong-kun of Yonsei University, in Seoul, thinks that presidential hopefuls will build election platforms on the promise of postponement. Perhaps by then some of the fervour will have cooled.
She kissed him with unusual fervour.
religious/patriotic fervour
방화범
arsonist noun
BrE /ˈɑːsənɪst/ ; NAmE /ˈɑːrsənɪst/
a person who commits the crime of arson
ex) My classmate got an arsonist for her first client.
kick the can down the road
US (informal) put off confronting a difficult issue or making an important decision, typically on a continuing basis.
ex) With the funny stories that Alex would bring to session, it was easy for me just to nod my head while we kicked the can down the road.
I appreciate that he doesn’t want to raise taxes, but sooner or later you have to stop kicking the can down the road.
knucklehead noun
BrE /ˈnʌklhed/ ; NAmE /ˈnʌklhed/ (North American English, informal)
a person who behaves in a stupid way
ex) I said, “Sure, she’s dating down, she’s sleeping with a knucklehead, but it’s not like she’s going to marry the guy.”
Anybody but a complete knucklehead could do the job.
downtime noun
BrE /ˈdaʊntaɪm/ ; NAmE /ˈdaʊntaɪm/ [uncountable]
1) the time during which a machine, especially a computer, is not working
cf. uptime: the time during which a machine, especially a computer, is working
2) (especially North American English) the time when somebody stops working and is able to relax
ex) Yes, people settle down later than they used to, but that didn’t make Alex’s 20s a developmental downtime.
Everyone needs a little downtime.
기하급수적으로
2) (formal) (of a rate of increase) becoming faster and faster
ex) We know that the first 10 years of a career has an exponential impact on how much money you’re going to earn.
exponential growth/increase
cap off
finish or complete, as with some decisive action
ex) We know that the brain caps off its second and last growth spurt in your 20s as it rewires itself for adulthood, which means that whatever it is you want to change about yourself, now is the time to change it.
He capped off the meeting with a radical proposal.
inordinate adjective
BrE /ɪnˈɔːdɪnət/ ; NAmE /ɪnˈɔːrdɪnət/ (formal)
far more than is usual or expected
synonym excessive
ex) It’s a time when your ordinary, day-to-day life has an inordinate impact on who you will become.
They spent an inordinate amount of time and money on the production.
The strike has led to inordinate delays.
flippant adjective
BrE /ˈflɪpənt/ ; NAmE /ˈflɪpənt/
(informal flip)
showing that you do not take something as seriously as other people think you should
ex) Okay, now that sounds a little flip, but make no mistake, the stakes are very high.
a flippant answer/attitude`
Sorry, I didn’t mean to sound flippant.
You can’t afford to be flippant about such matters.
이 말을 내뱉지 않기 위해 안간힘을 써야했다.
Now in that moment, it took everything I had not to say, “I will.”
beget verb
BrE /bɪˈɡet/ ; NAmE /bɪˈɡet/
present simple I / you / we / they beget BrE /bɪˈɡet/ ; NAmE /bɪˈɡet/
he / she / it begets BrE /bɪˈɡets/ ; NAmE /bɪˈɡets/
past simple begot BrE /bɪˈɡɒt/ ; NAmE /bɪˈɡɑːt/
past participle begot BrE /bɪˈɡɒt/ ; NAmE /bɪˈɡɑːt/
-ing form begetting BrE /bɪˈɡetɪŋ/ ; NAmE /bɪˈɡetɪŋ/
* In sense 1 begat BrE /bɪˈɡæt/ ; NAmE /bɪˈɡæt/ is used for the past tense, and begotten BrE /bɪˈɡɒtn/ ; NAmE /bɪˈɡɑːtn/ is used for the past participle.
1) (old use, for example in the Bible) beget somebody to become the father of a child
ex) Isaac begat Jacob.
2) beget something (formal or old-fashioned) to make something happen
ex) I didn’t know the future of Emma’s career, and no one knows the future of work, but I do know this: Identity capital begets identity capital.
Violence begets violence.
wary adjective
BrE /ˈweəri/ ; NAmE /ˈweri/ (warier, wariest)
careful when dealing with somebody/something because you think that there may be a danger or problem
synonym cautious
ex) Every time Fashion Week returns to the city, the subways crowded with long-legged adolescents with stylish shoes and wary eyes, I can’t help but think about myself at age 14.
Be wary of strangers who offer you a ride.
She was wary of getting involved with him.
He gave her a wary look.
The police will need to keep a wary eye on this area of town (= watch it carefully, in case there is trouble).
make-believe noun
[uncountable]
1) (disapproving) imagining or pretending things to be different or more exciting than they really are
synonym fantasy
ex) I remember being excited by this incredible land of make-believe, a land where women ruled.
They live in a world of make-believe.
2) imagining that something is real, or that you are somebody else, for example in a child’s game
‘Let’s play make-believe,’ said Sam.
unapologetically adverb
BrE /ˌʌnəˌpɒləˈdʒetɪkli/ ; NAmE /ˌʌnəˌpɑːləˈdʒetɪkli/
without saying or showing that you are sorry about something, even in situations in which other people might expect you to
ex) It was feminism at work, with female lead characters who were unapologetically powerful and sexy.
The movie was unapologetically romantic.
He unapologetically defended the accuracy of the poll results.
kick (some) ass/butt(slang, especially North American English)
1) to act in a way that is aggressive or full of energy
2) to succeed or win in an impressive way
ex) During my time on the show, on six episodes from the fourth to the fifth seasons, I kicked butt.
languish verb
BrE /ˈlæŋɡwɪʃ/ ; NAmE /ˈlæŋɡwɪʃ/ (formal)
2) [intransitive] to become weaker or fail to make progress
ex) Hundreds of thousands of children languish in orphanages.
The share price languished at 102p.
pittance noun
BrE /ˈpɪtns/ ; NAmE /ˈpɪtns/ [usually singular]
a very small amount of money that somebody receives, for example as a wage, and that is hardly enough to live on
ex) In post-civil-war Guatemala middlemen paid poor women a pittance to get pregnant repeatedly – or simply stole babies and sold them.
to pay somebody a pittance
to work for a pittance
She could barely survive on the pittance she received as a pension.
exodus noun
BrE /ˈeksədəs/ ; NAmE /ˈeksədəs/
[singular] exodus (from…) (to…) (formal or humorous) a situation in which many people leave a place at the same time
ex) As countries have implemented the Hague Adoption Convention, passed in the wake of the Romanian exodus, they have stamped out the worst cases.
the mass exodus from Paris to the country in the summer
The play was so awful that there was a general exodus from the theatre at the interval.
smidgen noun
(also smidge, smidgeon, smidgin)
BrE /ˈsmɪdʒən/ ; NAmE /ˈsmɪdʒən/
[singular] smidgen (of something) (informal) a small piece or amount of something
ex) No one cares for you a smidge.
‘Sugar?’ ‘Just a smidgen.’
휴전
truce noun
BrE /truːs/ ; NAmE /truːs/
an agreement between enemies or opponents to stop fighting for an agreed period of time; the period of time that this lasts
ex) China’s Didi Chuxing and America’s Uber declare a truce in their ride-hailing war.
to call/break a truce
forerunner noun
BrE /ˈfɔːrʌnə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈfɔːrʌnər/
forerunner (of somebody/something) a person or thing that came before and influenced somebody/something else that is similar; a sign of what is going to happen
ex) Over the past several years Uber, an American ride-hailing firm, has lost a fortune competing in China with Didi Chuxing, an inventive local rival, and its forerunners.
Country music was undoubtedly one of the forerunners of rock and roll.
He is recognized as the forerunner of all modern-day British Prime Ministers.
An early penalty goal proved the forerunner of a disastrous performance by Scotland.
brash adjective
BrE /bræʃ/ ; NAmE /bræʃ/ (disapproving)
1) confident in an aggressive way
ex) The brash Silicon Valley giant has done what seemed unthinkable just a few weeks ago: surrendered.
Beneath his brash exterior, he’s still a little boy inside.
flat-footed adjective
1) without naturally raised curves (= arches) under the feet 평발인
2) (especially North American English) not prepared for what is going to happen
ex) Critics of Uber’s record in China say the American firm was both late to the market and sometimes flat-footed as it tried to adapt.
They were caught flat-footed by the attack.
queasy adjective
BrE /ˈkwiːzi/ ; NAmE /ˈkwiːzi/
1) feeling sick; wanting to vomit
synonym nauseous
ex) Travelling by boat makes me queasy.
His stomach still felt queasy and he was grateful for the fresh air.
2) slightly nervous or worried about something
ex) But it was Uber’s investors who had been growing particularly queasy about the bloodbath in China.
Now she’d arrived she felt queasy inside.
bloodbath noun
BrE /ˈblʌdbɑːθ/ ; NAmE /ˈblʌdbæθ/ [singular]
a situation in which many people are killed violently
synonym massacre
ex) But it was Uber’s investors who had been growing particularly queasy about the bloodbath in China.
They have threatened a bloodbath if he does not resign.
dilute verb
BrE /daɪˈluːt/ , also /daɪˈljuːt/ ; NAmE /daɪˈluːt/
1) dilute something (with something) to make a liquid weaker by adding water or another liquid to it
synonym water down
ex) The paint can be diluted with water to make a lighter shade.
2) dilute something to make something weaker or less effective
synonym water down
ex) A long fight in China could have drained its resources and forced it to raise more money, diluting their stake.
Large classes dilute the quality of education that children receive.
tuppence noun
(also twopence)
BrE /ˈtʌpəns/ ; NAmE /ˈtʌpəns/ uncountable
the sum of two pence
ex) The stake in Didi should rise in value, and Uber can take a share of Chinese growth without having to spend another tuppence there.
carve something↔up
(disapproving) to divide a company, an area of land, etc. into smaller parts in order to share it between people
ex) There are whispers that Didi and Uber are quickly moving forward with plans to carve up the world between them.
They have been accused of carving up the industry for their own benefit.
whisper noun
BrE /ˈwɪspə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈwɪspər/
3) a piece of news that is spread by being talked about but may not be true
synonym rumour
ex) There are whispers that Didi and Uber are quickly moving forward with plans to carve up the world between them.
I’ve heard whispers that he’s leaving.
predate verb
BrE /ˌpriːˈdeɪt/ ; NAmE /ˌpriːˈdeɪt/
(also antedate)
predate something to be built or formed, or to happen, at an earlier date than something else in the past
opposite post-date
ex) Speculation that predated this week’s news, that Lyft could be sold, has grown stronger still.
Few of the town’s fine buildings predate the earthquake of 1755.
underdog noun
BrE /ˈʌndədɒɡ/ ; NAmE /ˈʌndərdɔːɡ/ , /ˈʌndərdɑːɡ/
a person, team, country, etc. that is thought to be in a weaker position than others and therefore not likely to be successful, win a competition, etc.
opposite overdog
ex) Because the underdog in ride-hailing markets typically needs subsidies more than the dominant firm, the new regime would have harmed it most had it stayed the course in China.
Before the game we were definitely the underdogs.
In politics, he was a champion of the underdog (= always fought for the rights of weaker people).
stay the course
to continue doing something until it has finished or been completed, even though it is difficult
ex) Because the underdog in ride-hailing markets typically needs subsidies more than the dominant firm, the new regime would have harmed it most had it stayed the course in China.
Very few of the trainees have stayed the course.
tartly adverb
BrE /ˈtɑːtli/ ; NAmE /ˈtɑːrtli/
in a quick and unkind way
synonym sharply (1)
ex) The Ministry of Commerce on August 2nd tartly rejected Didi’s claim that the deal was not subject to anti-trust scrutiny.
‘Too late!’ said my mother tartly.
quasi- combining form
BrE /ˈkweɪzaɪ/ ; NAmE /ˈkweɪzaɪ/ ; BrE /ˈkweɪsaɪ/ ; NAmE /ˈkweɪsaɪ/ ; BrE /ˈkwɑːzi/ ; NAmE /ˈkwɑːzi/ (in adjectives and nouns)
1) that appears to be something but is not really so
ex) a quasi-scientific explanation
2) partly; almost
ex) But the government has also allowed lots of big mergers and quasi-monopolies in various sectors of the internet already.
a quasi-official body
penchant noun
BrE /ˈpɒ̃ʃɒ̃/ ; NAmE /ˈpentʃənt/
penchant for something a special liking for something
synonym fondness
ex) It has a penchant for national champions, and Didi, after digesting its chief foe in China, will certainly be one.
She has a penchant for champagne.
go to bat for somebody
(North American English, informal) to give somebody help and support
ex) “I’m a breast cancer survivor,” and it was okay to talk about it. And then physicians have gone to bat.
Yentl Syndrome
The Yentl Syndrome refers to the different course of action that heart attacks usually follow for women than for men. This is a problem because much of medical research has focused primarily on symptoms of male heart attacks, and many women have died due to misdiagnosis because their symptoms present differently.
- The name is taken from the 1983 film Yentl starring Barbra Streisand in which her character plays the role of a male in order to receive the education she desires. The phrase was coined in a 1991 academic paper by Dr. Bernadine Healy titled “The Yentl syndrome.”
ex) And right around that time, in the 1980’s, that we saw women and heart disease deaths going up, up, up, up, up, she wrote an editorial in the New England Journal of Medicine and said, the Yentl syndrome.
호르몬 대체 요법
HRT noun
BrE /ˌeɪtʃ ɑː ˈtiː/ ; NAmE /ˌeɪtʃ ɑːr ˈtiː/ [uncountable]
the abbreviation for ‘hormone replacement therapy’ (medical treatment for women going through the menopause in which hormones are added to the body)
ex) It told us about hormone replacement therapy. It’s informed us about osteoporosis.
women taking hormone replacement therapy
골다공증
osteoporosis noun
BrE /ˌɒstiəʊpəˈrəʊsɪs/ ; NAmE /ˌɑːstioʊpəˈroʊsɪs/
(also brittle bone disease)
uncountable
a condition in which the bones become weak and are easily broken, usually when people get older or because they do not eat enough of certain substances
ex) It told us about hormone replacement therapy. It’s informed us about osteoporosis.
국소 빈혈, 허혈
ischaemia
(North American English ischemia BrE /ɪˈskiːmiə/ ; NAmE /ɪˈskiːmiə/ )
uncountable
the situation when the supply of blood to an organ or part of the body, especially the heart muscles, is less than is needed
ex) Why are more and more women dying of ischemic heart disease? 국소 빈혈성 [허혈성] 심장 `질병
심전도
ECG noun
BrE /ˌiː siː ˈdʒiː/ ; NAmE /ˌiː siː ˈdʒiː/
(North American English also EKG)
the abbreviation for ‘electrocardiogram [electrokardiogramme]’ (a medical test that measures and records electrical activity of the heart)
ex) Some women have those heart attacks, but a whole bunch of women have this kind of heart attack, where it erodes, doesn’t completely fill with clot, symptoms are subtle, EKG findings are different – female-pattern.
focal adjective
BrE /ˈfəʊkl/ ; NAmE /ˈfoʊkl/ [only before noun]
central; very important; connected with or providing a focus
ex) When we watch people become obese, where do men get fat? Right here, it’s just a focal – right there.
The Student Liaison Officer acts as a focal point for student political activity.
The focal symbol of sovereignty is, of course, the crown.
rumpy pumpy noun
BrE /ˌrʌmpi ˈpʌmpi/ ; NAmE /ˌrʌmpi ˈpʌmpi/ uncountable
the physical activity of sex
혈관 조영도
angiogram noun
/ˈanjēəˌɡram/
an X-ray photograph of blood or lymph vessels, made by angiography.
ex) And if you did that angiogram, which is the red, you can see the man’s disease.
modality noun
BrE /məʊˈdæləti/ ; NAmE /moʊˈdæləti/ (pl. modalities)
3) [countable] (biology) the kind of senses that the body uses to experience things
ex) This was the only modality that can see the inner lining of the heart.
the visual and auditory modalities
obstruction noun
BrE /əbˈstrʌkʃn/ ; NAmE /əbˈstrʌkʃn/
4) [countable, uncountable] (medical) something that blocks a passage or tube in your body; a medical condition resulting from this
synonym blockage
ex) The syndrome, the female-pattern now is called microvascular coronary dysfunction, or obstruction.
He had an operation to remove an obstruction in his throat.
bowel/intestinal obstruction
thallium scan
A thallium scan is a test that uses a radioactive substance (known as a tracer) to produce images of the heart muscle. When combined with an exercise test, the thallium scan helps determine if areas of the heart do not receive enough blood.
ex) So unlike the CAT scans, X-rays, thalliums, for women whose breast is in the way of looking at the heart, every time we order something that has even a small amount of radiation, we say, “Do we really need that test?”
저는 제가 진짜로 만날 그런 사람들이 보고 싶을 때 페이스북을 합니다.
I check Facebook when I am missing those with whom I would rather have real contact.
도축 [도살]장
slaughterhouse
제일 더운 날 (복중, 삼복더위 때)
dog days noun
[plural]
the hottest period of the year
the dog days of summer
문제 삼지 않는다.
But we don’t take issue with that.
make headway
to make progress, especially when this is slow or difficult
ex) Amazon is struggling to make headway.
We are making little headway with the negotiations.
The boat was unable to make much headway against the tide.
Some headway has been made towards restoring the balance of power.
capitulation noun
BrE /kəˌpɪtʃuˈleɪʃn/ ; NAmE /kəˌpɪtʃuˈleɪʃn/ [countable, uncountable]
1) capitulation (to somebody/something) the act of accepting that you have been defeated by an enemy or opponent
synonym surrender (1)
ex) For many, the lessons of this latest capitulation are clear.
a humiliating/shameful capitulation
cosset verb
BrE /ˈkɒsɪt/ ; NAmE /ˈkɑːsɪt/
present simple I / you / we / they cosset BrE /ˈkɒsɪt/ ; NAmE /ˈkɑːsɪt/
he / she / it cossets BrE /ˈkɒsɪts/ ; NAmE /ˈkɑːsɪts/
past simple cosseted BrE /ˈkɒsɪtɪd/ ; NAmE /ˈkɑːsɪtɪd/
past participle cosseted BrE /ˈkɒsɪtɪd/ ; NAmE /ˈkɑːsɪtɪd/
-ing form cosseting BrE /ˈkɒsɪtɪŋ/ ; NAmE /ˈkɑːsɪtɪŋ/
cosset somebody (often disapproving) to treat somebody with a lot of care and give them a lot of attention, sometimes too much
synonym pamper
ex) In short, China is closed, its firms are cosseted and their talent is for mimicry.
As a child, she had been spoiled and cosseted.
mimicry noun
BrE /ˈmɪmɪkri/ ; NAmE /ˈmɪmɪkri/ [uncountable]
the action or skill of being able to copy the voice, movements, etc. of others
ex) In short, China is closed, its firms are cosseted and their talent is for mimicry.
a talent for mimicry
Parrots specialize in vocal mimicry.
make hay while the sun shines
(saying) to make good use of opportunities, good conditions, etc. while they last
ex) Now Didi, whose forerunner firms were founded in 2012, three years after Uber introduced ride-hailing, can make hay.
hobble verb
BrE /ˈhɒbl/ ; NAmE /ˈhɑːbl/
3) [transitive] hobble something to make it more difficult for somebody to do something or for something to happen
ex) The usual story about the isolated nature of the Chinese market is that foreign firms are either blocked altogether or hobbled by regulators.
Our work is hobbled by the amount of bureaucracy involved.
subpar adjective
BrE /ˌsʌbˈpɑː(r)/ ; NAmE /ˌsʌbˈpɑːr/ (especially North American English)
below a level of quality that is usual or expected
ex) The government has indeed restricted competition in some areas – which is why China has subpar clones of Western firms, such as Baidu in search or Renren, an ailing knock-off of Facebook.
a subpar performance
impenetrable adjective
BrE /ɪmˈpenɪtrəbl/ ; NAmE /ɪmˈpenɪtrəbl/
1) that cannot be entered, passed through or seen through
opposite penetrable
ex) But China is not as impenetrable as its critics suggest.
an impenetrable jungle
impenetrable darkness
valiant adjective
BrE /ˈvæliənt/ ; NAmE /ˈvæliənt/ (especially literary)
very brave and determined, especially in a difficult situation
synonym courageous
ex) And Uber made a valiant effort to establish itself in China, the world’s largest ride-hailing market: a 17.7% stake in Didi is not a bad consolation prize.
valiant warriors
She made a valiant attempt not to laugh.
The firefighters made valiant efforts to save them, but were beaten back by the flames.
cut-throat adjective
[usually before noun]
(of an activity) in which people compete with each other in aggressive and unfair ways
ex) Ride-hailing, like many online businesses, is a cut-throat, winner-takes-all market: Didi itself is the product of a 2015 merger of two local firms.
the cut-throat world of politics
get/keep somebody onside
(British English) to get/keep somebody’s support
ex) Didi understood the local culture, integrated better with social-media platforms and got taxi drivers onside by incorporating them into its app from the beginning.
The party needs to keep the major national newspapers onside if it’s going to win the next election.
call time (on something)
(British English) to say or decide that it is time for something to finish
ex) In outlawing subsidies, the regulators called time on a fight the American firm had already lost.
riposte noun
BrE /rɪˈpɒst/ ; NAmE /rɪˈpoʊst/ (formal)
1) a quick and clever reply, especially to criticism
synonym retort
ex) a witty riposte
2) a course of action that takes place in response to something that has happened
ex) WeChat is the best riposte to the condescending, widely held belief that Chinese internet firms are merely imitators of Western ones, and cannot innovate themselves.
The US delivered an early riposte to the air attack.
condescending adjective
BrE /ˌkɒndɪˈsendɪŋ/ ; NAmE /ˌkɑːndɪˈsendɪŋ/
behaving as though you are more important and more intelligent than other people
ex) WeChat is the best riposte to the condescending, widely held belief that Chinese internet firms are merely imitators of Western ones, and cannot innovate themselves.
He has a condescending attitude towards women.
Her tone of voice was always so condescending.
He looked around and made some condescending remark.
She ignored his condescending tone.
편의성과 시장 지배 사이에서 어떻게 균형을 맞출 것인가가 이러한 디지털 시대의 규제 기관들에게 주어진 중요한 문제입니다.
How to strike the balance between convenience and dominance is the great question for regulators in the digital age.
개척자, 선구자
trailblazer noun
BrE /ˈtreɪlbleɪzə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈtreɪlbleɪzər/
a person who is the first to do or discover something and so makes it possible for others to follow
ex) If China’s tech trailblazers aim to become truly global champions, then competition is their friend.
a trailblazer in the field of genetic engineering
- blaze a trail
to be the first to do or to discover something that others follow
ex) The department is blazing a trail in the field of laser surgery.
점액, 끈적끈적한 물질
slime noun
BrE /slaɪm/ ; NAmE /slaɪm/ [uncountable]
any unpleasant thick liquid substance
ex) In Florida, green slime infests beaches, in large part because failure to upgrade an 80-year-old dike or to purchase more land as a runoff area is forcing the Army Corps of Engineers to release polluted water from Lake Okeechobee.
The pond was full of mud and green slime.
Snails and slugs leave a trail of slime.
- slimy adjective
BrE /ˈslaɪmi/ ; NAmE /ˈslaɪmi/ (slimier, slimiest)
1) like or covered with slime
ex) thick slimy mud
The walls were black, cold and slimy.
2) (informal, disapproving) (of a person or their manner) polite and extremely friendly in a way that is not sincere or honest
infest verb
BrE /ɪnˈfest/ ; NAmE /ɪnˈfest/
[usually passive] infest something (especially of insects or animals such as rats) to exist in large numbers in a particular place, often causing damage or disease
ex) In Florida, green slime infests beaches, in large part because failure to upgrade an 80-year-old dike or to purchase more land as a runoff area is forcing the Army Corps of Engineers to release polluted water from Lake Okeechobee.
shark-infested waters
The kitchen was infested with ants.
These parasites infest the gills of freshwater fish.
제방, 둑
dyke noun
(also dike)
BrE /daɪk/ ; NAmE /daɪk/
1) a long thick wall that is built to stop water flooding onto a low area of land, especially from the sea
ex) In Florida, green slime infests beaches, in large part because failure to upgrade an 80-year-old dike or to purchase more land as a runoff area is forcing the Army Corps of Engineers to release polluted water from Lake Okeechobee.
run-off
2) [uncountable, countable] rain, water or other liquid that runs off land into streams and rivers
ex) In Florida, green slime infests beaches, in large part because failure to upgrade an 80-year-old dike or to purchase more land as a runoff area is forcing the Army Corps of Engineers to release polluted water from Lake Okeechobee.
Agricultural run-off containing pesticides is polluting the river.
육군공병
The United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE),[5] also sometimes shortened to CoE is a U.S. federal agency under the Department of Defense and a major Army command made up of some 37,000 civilian and military personnel, making it one of the world’s largest public engineering, design, and construction management agencies. Although generally associated with dams, canals and flood protection in the United States, USACE is involved in a wide range of public works throughout the world.
ex) In Florida, green slime infests beaches, in large part because failure to upgrade an 80-year-old dike or to purchase more land as a runoff area is forcing the Army Corps of Engineers to release polluted water from Lake Okeechobee.
intone verb
BrE /ɪnˈtəʊn/ ; NAmE /ɪnˈtoʊn/
intone something | + speech (formal) to say something in a slow and serious voice without much expression
ex) People who say this usually like to cite big numbers – “Our debt is 19 trillion dollars,” they intone in their best Dr. Evil voice.
The priest intoned the final prayer.
proposition noun
BrE /ˌprɒpəˈzɪʃn/ ; NAmE /ˌprɑːpəˈzɪʃn/
4) (formal) a statement that expresses an opinion
ex) A large part of our political class is committed to the proposition that any and all government efforts to improve our lives are doomed to failure – a proposition that turns into a self-fulfilling prophecy then these people are actually in office.
Her assessment is based on the proposition that power corrupts.
turn your back on somebody/something
2) to reject somebody/something that you have previously been connected with
ex) But to hold that view you have to turn your back on our own history: American greatness was in large part created by government investment or private investment shaped by public support, from the Erie Canal, to the transcontinental railroads, to the Interstate Highway System.
She turned her back on them when they needed her.
Some newspapers have turned their backs on discussion and argument.
harp on (about something) | harp on something
to keep talking about something in a boring or annoying way
ex) As for the constant harping on individual failures, all large organizations, private businesses very much included, engage in some projects that don’t work out.
Don’t keep harping on about my age!
He is always harping on about the war.
fixated adjective
BrE /fɪkˈseɪtɪd/ ; NAmE /fɪkˈseɪtɪd/
[not before noun] fixated (on somebody/something) always thinking and talking about somebody/something in a way that is not normal
ex) Five years ago the Beltway crowd was fixated on debt and deficits as the great evils.
He is fixated on things that remind him of his childhood.
초토화 (전술/정책)
scorched earth policy
(in a war) a policy of destroying anything in a particular area that may be useful to the enemy
ex) The bad news is that even if Hillary Clinton wins, she may well face the same kind of scorched-earth Republican opposition President Obama faced from day one.
