Extracurricular Lessons 1 Flashcards

Question

figure verb | BrE /ˈfɪɡə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈfɪɡjər/

Answer 1

1) [intransitive] to be part of a process, situation, etc. especially an important part synonym feature ex) Host Terry Gross interviewed the comic Jim Gaffigan about how being Catholic figures in his comedy. My feelings about the matter didn't seem to figure at all. Do I still figure in your plans? The question of the peace settlement is likely to figure prominently in the talks. It did not figure high on her list of priorities.

Answer 2

to encourage somebody to do something or support them so that they do it better ex) And in that nod, in that gesture, there was a kind of urging on. She could hear him urging her on as she ran past.

Answer 3

endocrinologist noun BrE /ˌendəʊkrɪˈnɒlədʒɪst/ ; NAmE /ˌendoʊkrəˈnɑːlədʒɪst/ (medical) a doctor who studies the part of medicine concerning the synonym endocrine system and hormones ex) she had tried everything, she told the young doctor, who was training to be an endocrinologist at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York City.

Answer 4

(especially of a woman’s body) having an attractive curved shape ex) She had never been skinny, she continued, but shapely. a shapely young woman a shapely figure

Answer 5

bariatric adjective /bæriˈætrɪk/ relating to the causes and treatment of obesity ex) She was considering bariatric surgery, but she wanted to make sure she wasn't missing something obvious. Bariatric surgical procedures are an option for treating severe obesity. * bariatrics noun the branch of medicine that deals with obesity ex) Many residency programs lacked sufficient experience in bariatrics, necessitating established surgeons to consider re-training and re-vamping of their practice to enter the field.

Answer 6

constipation noun BrE /ˌkɒnstɪˈpeɪʃn/ ; NAmE /ˌkɑːnstɪˈpeɪʃn/ [uncountable] the condition of being unable to get rid of waste material from the bowels easily (= being constipated) ex) Fatigue? Yes, she was always tired. Changes in her hair or skin? No. Constipation? No.

Answer 7

obstructive adjective BrE /əbˈstrʌktɪv/ ; NAmE /əbˈstrʌktɪv/ 2) [only before noun] (medical) connected with a passage, tube, etc. in your body that has become blocked ex) She also had obstructive sleep apnea, a disorder in which the trachea, the tube connecting the lungs with the nose and mouth, collapses during sleep, waking the person many times throughout the night. obstructive lung disease

Answer 8

apnoea noun(British English) (North American English apnea) BrE /æpˈniːə/ ; NAmE /æpˈniːə/ [uncountable](medical) a condition in which somebody stops breathing temporarily, especially while they are sleeping ex) She also had obstructive sleep apnea, a disorder in which the trachea, the tube connecting the lungs with the nose and mouth, collapses during sleep, waking the person many times throughout the night.

Answer 9

trachea noun BrE /trəˈkiːə/ ; NAmE /ˈtreɪkiə/ (pl. tracheas, tracheae BrE /trəˈkiːiː/ ; NAmE /ˈtreɪkiːiː/ )(anatomy) the tube in the throat that carries air to the lungs synonym windpipe ex) She also had obstructive sleep apnea, a disorder in which the trachea, the tube connecting the lungs with the nose and mouth, collapses during sleep, waking the person many times throughout the night.

Answer 10

carpal tunnel syndrome noun BrE /ˌkɑːpl ˈtʌnl sɪndrəʊm/ ; NAmE /ˌkɑːrpl ˈtʌnl sɪndroʊm/ [uncountable](medical) a painful condition of the hand and fingers caused by pressure on a nerve because of repeated movements over a long period ex) She also had back pain, knee pain and carpal-tunnel syndrome.

Answer 11

lipid noun BrE /ˈlɪpɪd/ ; NAmE /ˈlɪpɪd/ (chemistry) any of a group of natural substances which do not dissolve in water, including plant oils and steroids ex) The doctor examined her, then went to get Dr. Donald Smith, an endocrinologist and director of lipids and metabolism at Mount Sinai's cardiovascular institute.

Answer 12

diuretic noun BrE /ˌdaɪjuˈretɪk/ ; NAmE /ˌdaɪjuˈretɪk/ (medical) a substance that causes an increase in the flow of urine ex) Everything was large - her feet, her hands, even her face seemed somehow bigger.

Answer 13

Cushing's disease Cushing's disease is a cause of Cushing's syndrome characterised by increased secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the anterior pituitary (secondary hypercortisolism). This is most often as a result of a pituitary adenoma (specifically pituitary basophilism) or due to excess production of hypothalamus CRH (Corticotropin releasing hormone) (tertiary hypercortisolism/hypercorticism) that stimulates the synthesis of cortisol by the adrenal glands. Pituitary adenomas are responsible for 80% of endogenous Cushing's syndrome,[3] when excluding Cushing's syndrome from exogenously administered corticosteroids. ex) The first was Cushing's disease, caused by overproduction of one of the fight-or-flight hormones, cortisol.

Answer 14

Fight-or-flight response The fight-or-flight response (also called the fight, flight, freeze, or fawn response in post-traumatic stress disorder, hyperarousal, or the acute stress response) is a physiological reaction that occurs in response to a perceived harmful event, attack, or threat to survival. It was first described by Walter Bradford Cannon. His theory states that animals react to threats with a general discharge of the sympathetic nervous system, priming the animal for fighting or fleeing. More specifically, the adrenal medulla produces a hormonal cascade that results in the secretion of catecholamines, especially norepinephrine and epinephrine. The hormones estrogen, testosterone and cortisol, and the neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin, also affect how organisms react to stress. This response is recognized as the first stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome that regulates stress responses among vertebrates and other organisms. ex) The first was Cushing's disease, caused by overproduction of one of the fight-or-flight hormones, cortisol.

Answer 15

bufflao hump A buffalo hump, which is extra fat around the neck and upper part of the back, is a symptom of Cushing's syndrome. ex) This discrete accumulation of fat, called a buffalo hump, can occur with normal weight gain but is frequently seen in patients with Cushing's.

Answer 16

acromegaly noun [æ̀krəméɡəli] ex) Acromegaly is a rare disease caused by an excess of growth hormone, usually a result of a tumor in the pituitary gland of the brain.

Answer 17

pituitary noun BrE /pɪˈtjuːɪtəri/ ; NAmE /pɪˈtuːəteri/ (also pituitary gland) a small organ at the base of the brain that produces hormones that influence growth and sexual development ex) Acromegaly is a rare disease caused by an excess of growth hormone, usually a result of a tumor in the pituitary gland of the brain.

Answer 18

soft tissue noun BrE ; NAmE [uncountable, countable](anatomy) the parts of the body that are not bone, for example the skin and muscles ex) Flooded with this hormone, soft tissues throughout the body begin to grow.

Answer 19

I was a few years into my practice and had a patient with the same medical problems seen in this patient.

Answer 20

1) [TRANSITIVE] to spread ideas, beliefs etc to a lot of people ex) And in the absence of any intervention, it is the myth and misconception that propagate from generation to generation. This was an idea first propagated by Marx. 2) [TRANSITIVE] to grow new plants from seeds or from pieces cut from an existing plant, or to make a plant produce more plants ex) The plant is readily propagated from leaf cuttings. 3) [INTRANSITIVE/TRANSITIVE] if an animal, cell etc propagates it increases in number by reproduction * ex) A phenomenon that is so significant that the survival and propagation of our species and depends on it. the propagation of the Christian gospel

Answer 21

tract noun BrE /trækt/ ; NAmE /trækt/ 1) (biology) a system of connected organs or tissues along which materials or messages pass ex) Menstrual hygiene is a very important risk factor for reproductive tract infections. the digestive tract a nerve tract

Answer 22

clean and free of bacteria and therefore unlikely to spread disease opposite unhygienic ex) But in India, only 12 percent of girls and women have access to hygienic ways of managing their periods. Food must be prepared in hygienic conditions. The kitchen didn’t look very hygienic.

Answer 23

1) [countable, uncountable] a piece of old, often torn, cloth used especially for cleaning things ex) So when I started getting my periods, I began with using rags. I wiped the window with a damp rag. Use a piece of old rag.

Answer 24

1) (of skin or cloth) rough ex) Due to repeated washing the rags would become coarse, and I would often get rashes and infections using them. coarse hands/linen

Answer 25

seclude yourself/somebody (from somebody/something) (formal) to keep yourself/somebody away from contact with other people ex) They are not allowed to take baths during periods, and in some households they are even secluded from other family members. The monks secluded themselves from the rest of society. She spent the morning secluded in her office.

Answer 26

2) cramps [plural] severe pain in the stomach; pains that a woman sometimes gets during her period ex) He was astonished to know that girls get painful cramps and we bleed every month.

Answer 27

2) [often passive] enact something (formal) to perform a play or act a part in a play ex) So we decided to create a comic book, where the cartoon characters would enact these stories and educate girls about menstruation in a fun and engaging way. scenes from history enacted by local residents

Answer 28

very unpleasant; making you feel very sad or upset ex) What Secretary of State John Kerry called his "gut-wrenching" visit to the Hiroshima war memorial on Monday served several purposes.

Answer 29

becoming weaker, more tired, or less enthusiastic ex) But he should be prepared to offer some tangible new initiative to keep alive his flagging vision of a nuclear-free world.

Answer 30

1) deploy somebody/something (specialist) to move soldiers or weapons into a position where they are ready for military action ex) He has achieved some important measures, most notably the 2015 Iran nuclear deal, which has significantly curbed Iran's ability to develop a nuclear weapon, and the 22010 New Start treaty mandating cuts in the number of strategic nuclear warheads deployed by the United States and Russia to 1,550 warheads each. 2 000 troops were deployed in the area. At least 5 000 missiles were deployed along the border. Tanks were deployed effectively during the long campaign.

Answer 31

stymie somebody/something (informal) to prevent somebody from doing something that they have planned or want to do; to prevent something from happening synonym foil ex) More progress, however, has been stymied in part because Russia, led by an increasingly aggressive Vladimir Putin, has thwarted talks on further nuclear arms reductions. He found himself stymied by an old opponent. Financial difficulties have stymied the company’s growth.

Answer 32

to prevent somebody from doing what they want to do synonym frustrate ex) More progress, however, has been stymied in part because Russia, led by an increasingly aggressive Vladimir Putin, has thwarted talks on further nuclear arms reductions. to thwart somebody’s plans She was thwarted in her attempt to take control of the party.

Answer 33

computer-generated imagery ex) First of all, there's this one scene I can talk about. Hopefully I can. It's a CGI thing. The movie ‘Dinosaur’ combines CGI animation with live-action location shots.

Answer 34

standing ovation * ovation noun BrE /əʊˈveɪʃn/ ; NAmE /oʊˈveɪʃn/ enthusiastic clapping by an audience as a sign of their approval ex) I loved it so much I was giving a standing ovation. to give somebody a huge/rapturous/rousing ovation The soloist got a ten-minute standing ovation (= in which people stand up from their seats).

Answer 35

11) [intransitive, transitive] when a machine rolls or somebody rolls it, it operates ex) You know when you're standing around set for hours you think of dumb stuff to say, and sometimes you say it when they're rolling. They had to repeat the scene because the cameras weren't rolling. Roll the cameras!

Answer 36

1) a metal glove worn as part of a suit of armour by soldiers in the Middle Ages

Answer 37

1) [transitive] forge something to put a lot of effort into making something successful or strong so that it will last ex) We call it finding meaning, but we might better call it forging meaning. a move to forge new links between management and workers Strategic alliances are being forged with major European companies. She forged a new career in the music business. They forged a lead in the first 30 minutes of the game.

Answer 38

already decided or planned by God or by fate synonym predestined ex) "People always give us these little sayings like, 'God doesn't give you any more than you can handle,' but children like ours are not preordained as a gift. Is everything we do preordained? They seemed preordained to meet.

Answer 39

queer, fairy, homo, fag, dipshit, queer banger, fudge packer, etc... etc... ex) When I was in seventh grade, one of the kids on m school bus nicknamed me "Percy" as a shorthand for my demeanor, and sometimes, he and his cohort would chant that provocation the entire school bus ride, 45 minutes up, 45 minutes back, "Percy! Percy! Percy! Percy!"

Answer 40

2) [uncountable, countable, usually singular] shorthand (for something) a shorter way of saying or referring to something, which may not be as accurate as the more complicated way of saying it\ ex) When I was in seventh grade, one of the kids on m school bus nicknamed me "Percy" as a shorthand for my demeanor, and sometimes, he and his cohort would chant that provocation the entire school bus ride, 45 minutes up, 45 minutes back, "Percy! Percy! Percy! Percy!"

Answer 41

2) (disapproving) a member of a group of people who support another person ex) When I was in seventh grade, one of the kids on m school bus nicknamed me "Percy" as a shorthand for my demeanor, and sometimes, he and his cohort would chant that provocation the entire school bus ride, 45 minutes up, 45 minutes back, "Percy! Percy! Percy! Percy!" Robinson and his cohorts were soon ejected from the hall. The director made his entrance followed by his cohort of technicians and production assistants.

Answer 42

connected with feces (대변) ex) When I was in eighth grade, our science teacher told us that all male homosexuals develop fecal incontinence because of the trauma to their anal sphincter. fecal matter (대변)

Answer 43

incontinence noun BrE /ɪnˈkɒntɪnəns/ ; NAmE /ɪnˈkɑːntɪnəns/ [uncountable] the lack of ability to control the bladder and bowels opposite continence ex) When I was in eighth grade, our science teacher told us that all male homosexuals develop fecal incontinence because of the trauma to their anal sphincter.

Answer 44

sphincter noun BrE /ˈsfɪŋktə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈsfɪŋktər/ (anatomy) a ring of muscle that surrounds an opening in the body and can contract to close it ex) When I was in eighth grade, our science teacher told us that all male homosexuals develop fecal incontinence because of the trauma to their anal sphincter. the anal sphincter

Answer 45

showing respect for the person you are speaking to ex) In Korea, etiquette is extremely important and can be shown in many ways, such as honorific language and body gestures. an honorific title

Answer 46

a remark that seems to express admiration but could also be understood as an insult ex) Back-handed compliments are not really compliments, in fact they are sly criticisms disguised as humour and flattery. * backhanded adjective BrE /ˌbækˈhændɪd/ ; NAmE /ˌbækˈhændɪd/ having a meaning that is not directly or clearly expressed, or that is not intended

Answer 47

1) (disapproving) acting or done in a secret or dishonest way, often intending to trick people synonym cunning ex) Back-handed compliments are not really compliments, in fact they are sly criticisms disguised as humour and flattery. a sly political move (humorous) You sly old devil! How long have you known? She’s a sly one—never lets on what she’s thinking.

Answer 48

2) [intransitive] condescend to somebody to behave towards somebody as though you are more important and more intelligent than they are ex) Some people may highlight obvious faults to improve them, some may be maliciously trying to condescend others, while others may be unaware of the effect of their words. When giving a talk, be careful not to condescend to your audience.

Answer 49

to make very slow progress, especially with difficult or boring work synonym slog ex) Plodding on year after year with that same old soul? Yawnsville.

Answer 50

3) (especially North American English) a type, category or opinion ex) Most Americans of every stripe still want to get married. politicians of every stripe commentators of all political stripes She's an educator of a very different stripe. They are not all of one stripe.

Answer 51

boring and always the same synonym dull, tedious ex) And if they can't, their marriage will be more disappointing to them than a humdrum marriage was to prior generations, because they've been promised so much more. a humdrum existence/job/life the use of computers to perform humdrum tasks the humdrum business of making money

Answer 52

[intransitive, transitive] procreate (something) (formal) to produce children or baby animals synonym reproduce ex) Matrimony used to be an institution people entered out of custom, duty or a need to procreate.

Answer 53

[uncountable, countable] (formal) an attempt to do something, especially something new or difficult ex) Now that it's become a technology-assisted endeavor that has been delayed until conditions are at their most optimal, it needs to deliver better-quality benefits. Please make every endeavour to arrive on time. advances in the field of scientific endeavour The manager is expected to use his or her best endeavours to promote the artist's career. The public bombarded the company with complaints in an endeavour to have the price increases revoked.

Answer 54

1) of very high quality and causing great admiration ex) "Couples who have made it all the way later into life have found it to be a peak experience, a sublime experience to be together," says Karl Pillemer, a Cornell University gerontologist who did an intensive survey of 700 elderly people for his book 30 lessons for Loving. sublime beauty a sublime combination of flavours The location of the hotel is sublime.

Answer 55

gerontologist noun BrE /ˌdʒerɒnˈtɒlədʒɪst/ ; NAmE /ˌdʒerənˈtɑːlədʒɪst/ (especially North American English) a person who studies the process of people growing old ex) "Couples who have made it all the way later into life have found it to be a peak experience, a sublime experience to be together," says Karl Pillemer, a Cornell University gerontologist who did an intensive survey of 700 elderly people for his book 30 lessons for Loving.

Answer 56

to continue playing in a competition or sports contest until the end ex) And in an era when it's both harder and less necessary to stay together, the trick is figuring out how to go the distance so you can reap the surprisingly rich rewards. Nobody thought he would last 15 rounds, but he went the full distance.

Answer 57

1) [transitive] reap something to obtain something, especially something good, as a direct result of something that you have done ex) And in an era when it's both harder and less necessary to stay together, the trick is figuring out how to go the distance so you can reap the surprisingly rich rewards. They are now reaping the rewards of all their hard work.

Answer 58

a collection of facts, drawings and photographs on a particular subject, especially in a book ex) "The promise you make is not just to be faithful and true and to stay married, but to try and bring out the best in each other," says Lisa Grunwald, who with her husband Stephen Adler put together a historical compendium of marriage, The Marriage Book, in 2015.

Answer 59

to cause someone to feel pressure or stress ex) "To try and understand, really deeply understand what the other one wants and hold her feet or his feet to the fire and say 'O.K., this is great but remember, this is what you wanted and don't let go of that dream'" I think reporters really should hold the president's feet to the fire about this issue.

Answer 60

1) (formal) to think or say that something is not important or not true synonym dismiss ex) Child rearing has long been discounted as the main reason for marrying, and yet married couples today are encouraged to engage in it more intensively than before. We cannot discount the possibility of further strikes. The news reports were being discounted as propaganda.

Answer 61

not pleasant, in a way that prevents you from liking somebody/something ex) "Being married is like sharing a basement with a fellow hostage; after five years there are very few off-putting things you won't know about each other," writes Tim Dowling in How to Be a Husband. I find his manner very off-putting. The noise was extremely off-putting.

Answer 62

1) a serious disagreement between people that stops their relationship from continuing synonym breach, division ex) Unhappy couples often split at a later stage because they've waited until their kids have left: the empty-nest divorce. But it may be that it was the demands of child rearing that first caused the rift. The rift within the party deepened. Efforts to heal the rift between the two countries have failed.

Answer 63

(of liquids, etc.) clear synonym transparent ex) Singledom looks less like murky waters and more like limpid ocean. limpid eyes/water She gave him a look of limpid honesty.

Answer 64

needing great effort; causing trouble or worry synonym taxing ex) Mediators are making divorce cheaper and less onerous. an onerous duty/task/responsibility

Answer 65

[uncountable, countable, usually singular] a period of hard work or effort ex) For those who can stay the course, indicators that a long marriage is worth the slog continue to mount. Writing the book took ten months of hard slog. It was a long slog to the top of the mountain.

Answer 66

(of a person) believing strongly in a particular religion and obeying its laws and practices ex) And the devout, by a slim but significant margin, get divorced slightly less often than people for whom faith is not a big deal. a devout Christian/Muslim

Answer 67

(informal) to get married | ex) But what's the trick once you're hitched?

Answer 68

that must exist or happen before something else can happen or be done prerequisite knowledge ex) Vulnerability is a prerequisite for intimacy.

Answer 69

1) [singular] (informal) an activity that is tiring or boring and takes a lot of time ex) Without intimacy, commitment is a grind. And without commitment, the whole enterprise goes pear-shaped. the daily grind of family life It's a long grind to the top of that particular profession.

Answer 70

(British English, informal) if things go pear-shaped, they go wrong ex) Without intimacy, commitment is a grind. And without commitment, the whole enterprise goes pear-shaped.

Answer 71

1) antidote (to something) a substance that controls the effects of a poison or disease ex) There is no known antidote to the poison. 2) antidote (to something) anything that takes away the effects of something unpleasant ex) How to avoid it? There are two main antidotes. The first, obvious as it sounds, is to figure out what specifically makes your partner feel loved. A Mediterranean cruise was the perfect antidote to a long cold winter.

Answer 72

extremely happy or excited ex) We have this mythological idea that we will find a soul mate and have these euphoric feelings forever. My euphoric mood could not last. His parents were less than euphoric about the news of his engagement.

Answer 73

to become encouraged ex) If all that discipline sounds a bit dreary, take heart, because the regimen includes bedroom calisthenics.

Answer 74

physical exercises intended to develop a strong and attractive body ex) If all that discipline sounds a bit dreary, take hear, because the regimen includes bedroom calisthenics.

Answer 75

existing separately from other people, events, etc. when there should be a connection ex) Sex, of course, does not occur in a vacuum (unless that's the way both partners like it). This kind of decision cannot ever be made in a vacuum.

Answer 76

4) (formal) a large number of things falling or coming quickly at the same time ex) The cascade of hormones that rains down on humans when they first fall in love, while completely necessary and wonderful, can sometimes blind individuals to their poor choices. He crashed to the ground in a cascade of oil cans.

Answer 77

2) if something happens under somebody’s nose, they do not notice it even though it is not being done secretly ex) There's a site about what to wear with the Black Cement. It's been right under your nose for decades and you never looked down. The police didn't know the drugs ring was operating right under their noses.

Answer 78

to obtain something (=get hold of something) ex) So I thought, I wonder if I could get ahold of some sneaker data, just to play with for my own amusement. I finally got ahold of that novel you said I should read. * to communicate with someone (=get hold of somebody) ex) I'm trying to get ahold of everyone to tell them the party is at 9 tomorrow.

Answer 79

2) [transitive] spawn something (often disapproving) to cause something to develop or be produced ex) So an unregulated 1.2 billion dollar industry that thrives as much on the street as it does online, and has spawned fundamental financial services for sneakers? The band's album spawned a string of hit singles.

Answer 80

For one's benefit or advantage, as in It's obviously in their interest to increase profits, or Is this policy in the interest of the townspeople? or I suspect it's in your own best interest to quit now. ex) If Nike wanted to kill the resell market, they could do so tomorrow, all they have to do is release more shoes. But we certainly don't want them to, nor is it in their best interest.

Answer 81

[uncountable] (informal, disapproving) advertisements and discussion on television, radio, etc. telling the public about a product and about how good or important it is ex) They sell millions of shoes to millions of people for 60 dollars. And sneakerheads are the ones who drive the marketing and the hype and the PR and the brand cachet, and enable Nike to sell millions of $60 sneakers. marketing/media hype Don't believe all the hype—the book isn't that good.

Answer 82

(informal, disapproving) to advertise something a lot and exaggerate its good qualities, in order to get a lot of public attention for it ex) For 15 years Nike has propped up an artificial commodities market, with a Facebook-level hyped IPO every single weekend. This week his much hyped new movie opens in London. The meeting was hyped up in the media as an important event.

Answer 83

initial public offering (the act of selling shares in a company for the first time) ex) For 15 years Nike has propped up an artificial commodities market, with a Facebook-level hyped IPO every single weekend.

Answer 84

a reduction in price ex) And what if it wasn't just sneakers, but any similar product, like watches and handbags and women's shoes, and any collectible, any seasonal item and any markdown item? a markdown of 20%

Answer 85

Many victims of domestic violence grow up to become abusive parents themselves.

Answer 86

[intransitive, transitive] ruminate (on/over/about something) | + speech (formal) to think deeply about something synonym ponder ex) We are expected to just "get over" psychological wounds -- when as anyone who's ever ruminated over rejection or agonized over a failure knows only too well, emotional injuries can be just as crippling as physical ones.

Answer 87

(formal) including everything ex) Pay attention to emotional pain -- recognize it when it happens and work to treat it before it feels all-encompassing. The risks detailed here are not all-encompassing.

Answer 88

1) [intransitive] brood (over/on/about something) to think a lot about something that makes you annoyed, anxious or upset ex) When you replay distressing events in your minds without seeking new insight or trying to solve a problem, you're just brooding, and that, especially when it becomes habitual, can lead to deeper psychological pain. You're not still brooding over what he said, are you?