Extracurricular Lessons 1 Flashcards
ethnographic adjective
BrE /ˌeθnəˈɡræfɪk/ ; NAmE /ˌeθnəˈɡræfɪk/
connected with the scientific description of different races and cultures 민족지적인, 민족지학상의
(ethnography: 민족지학 [명사] 민족학 연구와 관련된 자료를 수집ㆍ기록하는 학문. 주로 미개한 민족의 생활 양상을 조사하여 인류 문화를 구명하는 자료로 이용한다.)
ex) The Mundanity of Excellence: And Ethnographic Report on Stratification and Olympic Swimmers
ethnographic research
plaque noun
BrE /plæk/ , also /plɑːk/ ; NAmE /plæk/
1) [countable] a flat piece of stone, metal, etc., usually with a name and dates on, attached to a wall in memory of a person or an event
ex) There are medals and ribbons and plaques for first place, second, and third; competitions are arranged for the head-to-head meeting of the best competitors in the world; in swimming and track, times are electronically recorded to the hundredth of a second; there are statistics published and rankings announced, every month or every week.
A bronze plaque marks the house where the poet was born.
head-to-head adjective
BrE ; NAmE [only before noun]
in which two people or groups face each other directly in order to decide the result of a disagreement or competition
ex) There are medals and ribbons and plaques for first place, second, and third; competitions are arranged for the head-to-head meeting of the best competitors in the world; in swimming and track, times are electronically recorded to the hundredth of a second; there are statistics published and rankings announced, every month or every week.
a head-to-head battle/clash/contest
longitudinal adjective
BrE /ˌlɒŋɡɪˈtjuːdɪnl/ , /ˌlɒndʒɪˈtjuːdɪnl/ ; NAmE /ˌlɑːndʒəˈtuːdnl/ , /ˌlɔːndʒəˈtuːdnl/ (specialist)
2) concerning the development of something over a period of time
ex) This allows the researcher to conduct true longitudinal research in a few short years.
a longitudinal study of ageing
charter verb
BrE /ˈtʃɑːtə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈtʃɑːrtər/
2) charter something to state officially that a new organization, town or university has been established and has special rights
ex) United States Swimming sanctions the selection process for American teams for international events (the Olympic Games, for example), and charters several thousand amateur swimming clubs around the country with membership of several hundred thousand athletes, by far the majority of whom are children and teenagers.
sanction verb
BrE /ˈsæŋkʃn/ ; NAmE /ˈsæŋkʃn/
1) sanction something (formal) to give permission for something to take place
ex) United States Swimming sanctions the selection process for American teams for international events (the Olympic Games, for example), and charters several thousand amateur swimming clubs around the country with membership of several hundred thousand athletes, by far the majority of whom are children and teenagers.
The government refused to sanction a further cut in interest rates.
meet noun
BrE /miːt/ ; NAmE /miːt/
1) (especially North American English) a sports competition
ex) From January 1983 through August 1984 I attended a series of national and international-class swimming meets conducted by United States Swimming, Inc., the national governing body for the sport.
a track meet
deception noun
BrE /dɪˈsepʃn/ ; NAmE /dɪˈsepʃn/
1) [uncountable] the act of deliberately making somebody believe something that is not true (= of deceiving them)
synonym deceit
ex) It was clear to all involved that I was there as a researcher; no deception was involved at any stage of the research.
a drama full of lies and deception
He was accused of obtaining property by deception.
discrepancy noun
BrE /dɪsˈkrepənsi/ ; NAmE /dɪsˈkrepənsi/ (pl. discrepancies)[countable, uncountable]
- discrepant adjective
UK /dɪˈskrep.ənt/ US /dɪˈskrep.ənt/
a difference between two or more things that should be the same
ex) Observation has covered the span of careers, and I have had the chance to compare not just athletes within a certain level (the view that most coaches have), but between the most discrepant levels as well.
wide discrepancies in prices quoted for the work
What are the reasons for the discrepancy between girls’ and boys’ performance in school?
deviant adjective
BrE /ˈdiːviənt/ ; NAmE /ˈdiːviənt/
- deviant noun
BrE /ˈdiːviənt/ ; NAmE /ˈdiːviənt/
different from what most people consider to be normal and acceptable
ex) Excellence is not, I find, the product of socially deviant personalities.
deviant behaviour/sexuality
- a person who behaves differently from what most people to consider to be normal and acceptable
ex) sexual deviants
oddball noun
BrE /ˈɒdbɔːl/ ; NAmE /ˈɑːdbɔːl/ (informal)
a person who behaves in a strange or unusual way
ex) These swimmers don’t appear to be “oddballs,” nor are they loners (“kids who have given up the normal teenage life.”)
He has always been an oddball.
per se adverb
BrE /ˌpɜː ˈseɪ/ ; NAmE /ˌpɜːr ˈseɪ/ (from Latin)
used meaning ‘by itself’ to show that you are referring to something on its own, rather than in connection with other things
ex) Increased training time, per se, does not make one swim fast; nor does increased “psyching up”, nor does moving the arms faster.
The drug is not harmful per se, but is dangerous when taken with alcohol.
mystify verb
BrE /ˈmɪstɪfaɪ/ ; NAmE /ˈmɪstɪfaɪ/
mystify somebody to make somebody confused because they do not understand something; if someone or something mystifies you, you cannot understand or explain it
synonym baffle
ex) These terms are generally used to mystify the essentially mundane processes of achievement in sports, keeping us away from a realistic analysis of the actual factors creating superlative performances, and protecting us from a sense of responsibility for our own outcomes.
Investigators are mystified by the crash, which claimed 104 lives.
They were totally mystified by the girl’s disappearance.
discrete adjective
BrE /dɪˈskriːt/ ; NAmE /dɪˈskriːt/ (formal or specialist)
independent of other things of the same type
synonym separate
ex) This means, in brief, that levels of the sport are qualitatively distinct; that stratification is discrete, not continuous; and that because of these factors, the swimming world is best conceived of not as a single entity but as multiple worlds, each with its own patterns of conduct.
The organisms can be divided into discrete categories.
stratification noun
BrE /ˌstrætɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/ ; NAmE /ˌstrætɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/ uncountable
the division of something into different layers or groups
ex) This means, in brief, that levels of the sport are qualitatively distinct; that stratification is discrete, not continuous; and that because of these factors, the swimming world is best conceived of not as a single entity but as multiple worlds, each with its own patterns of conduct.
social stratification
breaststroke noun
BrE /ˈbreststrəʊk/ ; NAmE /ˈbreststroʊk/ [uncountable, singular]
- butterfly noun
BrE /ˈbʌtəflaɪ/ ; NAmE /ˈbʌtərflaɪ/ (pl. butterflies)
** backstroke noun
BrE /ˈbækstrəʊk/ ; NAmE /ˈbækstroʊk/
(British English also backcrawl)
[uncountable, singular]
*** freestyle noun
BrE /ˈfriːstaɪl/ ; NAmE /ˈfriːstaɪl/ [uncountable]
a style of swimming that you do on your front, moving your arms and legs away from your body and then back towards it in a circle 평영
ex) For a swimmer doing the breaststroke, a qualitative change might be a change from pulling straight back with the arms to sculling them outwards, to the sides; or from lifting oneself up out of the water at the turn to staying low near the water.
to swim breaststroke
a slow breaststroke
- 2) [uncountable] a swimming stroke in which you swim on your front and lift both arms forward at the same time while your legs move up and down together 접영
ex) She was third in the 200m butterfly (= a swimming race).
** a style of swimming in which you lie on your back 배영
ex) Can you do (the) backstroke?
He won the 100 metres backstroke (= the race).
*** a swimming race in which people taking part can use any stroke they want (usually crawl) 자유형
ex) the men’s 400 m freestyle
reciprocity noun
BrE /ˌresɪˈprɒsəti/ ; NAmE /ˌresɪˈprɑːsəti/ uncountable
a situation in which two people, countries, etc. provide the same help or advantages to each other
ex) One is called the norm of reciprocity. If you are nice to someone or you open up to them, they are likely to do the same with you.
hummingbird noun
BrE /ˈhʌmɪŋbɜːd/ ; NAmE /ˈhʌmɪŋbɜːrd/
a small brightly coloured bird that lives in warm countries and that can stay in one place in the air by beating its wings very fast, making a continuous low sound (= a humming sound) 벌새
ex) And all the animals in the forest come out, and they’re transfixed as they watch the forest burning, and they feel very overwhelmed and very powerless, except this one little hummingbird that says, I’m going to do something about this fire.
transfix verb
BrE /trænsˈfɪks/ ; NAmE /trænsˈfɪks/
[usually passive] transfix somebody to make somebody unable to move because they are afraid, surprised, etc.
synonym paralyse
ex) And all the animals in the forest come out, and they’re transfixed as they watch the forest burning, and they feel very overwhelmed and very powerless, except this one little hummingbird that says, I’m going to do something about this fire.
Luisa stood transfixed with shock.
(not) cut it
(informal) to (not) be as good as is expected or needed
ex) Bur the thing that leaps out when you meet him is that he’s a really nice guy. Actually, scratch that. Nice doesn’t cut it. Scott radiates kindness.
He won’t cut it as a professional singer.
radiate verb
BrE /ˈreɪdieɪt/ ; NAmE /ˈreɪdieɪt/
1) [transitive, intransitive] radiate (something) | radiate (from somebody) if a person radiates a particular quality or emotion, or if it radiates from them, people can see it very clearly
ex) Bur the thing that leaps out when you meet him is that he’s a really nice guy. Actually, scratch that. Nice doesn’t cut it. Scott radiates kindness.
He radiated self-confidence and optimism.
the energy that seemed to radiate from her
suite noun
BrE /swiːt/ ; NAmE /swiːt/
3) BUSINESS a set of products
ex) I was discussing the role that childhood vaccines play in saving children’s lives in many parts of the world, and how, you know, for $200 you could probably save a child’s life in a poor country by making sure that she has access to just a suite of childhood vaccines.
a fully integrated suite of training packages
visceral adjective
BrE /ˈvɪsərəl/ ; NAmE /ˈvɪsərəl/
1) (literary) resulting from strong feelings rather than careful thought; relating to basic emotions that you feel strongly and automatically
ex) The child in the pond who’s drowning feels visceral to us and feels like our responsibility in ways that the child halfway around the world does not feel like our responsibility.
visceral fear
She had a visceral dislike of all things foreign.
comic noun
BrE /ˈkɒmɪk/ ; NAmE /ˈkɑːmɪk/
1) an entertainer who makes people laugh by telling jokes or funny stories
synonym comedian
ex) Host Terry Gross interviewed the comic Jim Gaffigan about how being Catholic figures in his comedy.
figure verb
BrE /ˈfɪɡə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈfɪɡjər/
1) [intransitive] to be part of a process, situation, etc. especially an important part
synonym feature
ex) Host Terry Gross interviewed the comic Jim Gaffigan about how being Catholic figures in his comedy.
My feelings about the matter didn’t seem to figure at all.
Do I still figure in your plans?
The question of the peace settlement is likely to figure prominently in the talks.
It did not figure high on her list of priorities.
urge somebody↔on
to encourage somebody to do something or support them so that they do it better
ex) And in that nod, in that gesture, there was a kind of urging on.
She could hear him urging her on as she ran past.
내분비학자, 내분비전문의
endocrinologist noun
BrE /ˌendəʊkrɪˈnɒlədʒɪst/ ; NAmE /ˌendoʊkrəˈnɑːlədʒɪst/ (medical)
a doctor who studies the part of medicine concerning the synonym endocrine system and hormones
ex) she had tried everything, she told the young doctor, who was training to be an endocrinologist at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York City.
shapely adjective
BrE /ˈʃeɪpli/ ; NAmE /ˈʃeɪpli/
(especially of a woman’s body) having an attractive curved shape
ex) She had never been skinny, she continued, but shapely.
a shapely young woman
a shapely figure
비만 치료의
- 비만학
bariatric adjective
/bæriˈætrɪk/
relating to the causes and treatment of obesity
ex) She was considering bariatric surgery, but she wanted to make sure she wasn’t missing something obvious.
Bariatric surgical procedures are an option for treating severe obesity.
- bariatrics noun
the branch of medicine that deals with obesity
ex) Many residency programs lacked sufficient experience in bariatrics, necessitating established surgeons to consider re-training and re-vamping of their practice to enter the field.
변비
constipation noun
BrE /ˌkɒnstɪˈpeɪʃn/ ; NAmE /ˌkɑːnstɪˈpeɪʃn/ [uncountable]
the condition of being unable to get rid of waste material from the bowels easily (= being constipated)
ex) Fatigue? Yes, she was always tired. Changes in her hair or skin? No. Constipation? No.
(의학) 폐색성의
obstructive adjective
BrE /əbˈstrʌktɪv/ ; NAmE /əbˈstrʌktɪv/
2) [only before noun] (medical) connected with a passage, tube, etc. in your body that has become blocked
ex) She also had obstructive sleep apnea, a disorder in which the trachea, the tube connecting the lungs with the nose and mouth, collapses during sleep, waking the person many times throughout the night.
obstructive lung disease
(병리) 무호흡
apnoea noun(British English)
(North American English apnea)
BrE /æpˈniːə/ ; NAmE /æpˈniːə/ uncountable
a condition in which somebody stops breathing temporarily, especially while they are sleeping
ex) She also had obstructive sleep apnea, a disorder in which the trachea, the tube connecting the lungs with the nose and mouth, collapses during sleep, waking the person many times throughout the night.
(해부) 기관, 기도
trachea noun
BrE /trəˈkiːə/ ; NAmE /ˈtreɪkiə/ (pl. tracheas, tracheae BrE /trəˈkiːiː/ ; NAmE /ˈtreɪkiːiː/ )(anatomy)
the tube in the throat that carries air to the lungs
synonym windpipe
ex) She also had obstructive sleep apnea, a disorder in which the trachea, the tube connecting the lungs with the nose and mouth, collapses during sleep, waking the person many times throughout the night.
(의학) 손목골 [수근골] 증후군, 손목 터널 증후군
carpal tunnel syndrome noun
BrE /ˌkɑːpl ˈtʌnl sɪndrəʊm/ ; NAmE /ˌkɑːrpl ˈtʌnl sɪndroʊm/ uncountable
a painful condition of the hand and fingers caused by pressure on a nerve because of repeated movements over a long period
ex) She also had back pain, knee pain and carpal-tunnel syndrome.
(화학) 지질, 지방질
lipid noun
BrE /ˈlɪpɪd/ ; NAmE /ˈlɪpɪd/ (chemistry)
any of a group of natural substances which do not dissolve in water, including plant oils and steroids
ex) The doctor examined her, then went to get Dr. Donald Smith, an endocrinologist and director of lipids and metabolism at Mount Sinai’s cardiovascular institute.
(의학) 이뇨제
diuretic noun
BrE /ˌdaɪjuˈretɪk/ ; NAmE /ˌdaɪjuˈretɪk/ (medical)
a substance that causes an increase in the flow of urine
ex) Everything was large - her feet, her hands, even her face seemed somehow bigger.
쿠싱병 [증후군]
Cushing’s disease
Cushing’s disease is a cause of Cushing’s syndrome characterised by increased secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the anterior pituitary (secondary hypercortisolism). This is most often as a result of a pituitary adenoma (specifically pituitary basophilism) or due to excess production of hypothalamus CRH (Corticotropin releasing hormone) (tertiary hypercortisolism/hypercorticism) that stimulates the synthesis of cortisol by the adrenal glands. Pituitary adenomas are responsible for 80% of endogenous Cushing’s syndrome,[3] when excluding Cushing’s syndrome from exogenously administered corticosteroids.
ex) The first was Cushing’s disease, caused by overproduction of one of the fight-or-flight hormones, cortisol.
(심리) 투쟁 도주 반응, 싸움 혹은 도피 반응
Fight-or-flight response
The fight-or-flight response (also called the fight, flight, freeze, or fawn response in post-traumatic stress disorder, hyperarousal, or the acute stress response) is a physiological reaction that occurs in response to a perceived harmful event, attack, or threat to survival. It was first described by Walter Bradford Cannon. His theory states that animals react to threats with a general discharge of the sympathetic nervous system, priming the animal for fighting or fleeing. More specifically, the adrenal medulla produces a hormonal cascade that results in the secretion of catecholamines, especially norepinephrine and epinephrine. The hormones estrogen, testosterone and cortisol, and the neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin, also affect how organisms react to stress.
This response is recognized as the first stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome that regulates stress responses among vertebrates and other organisms.
ex) The first was Cushing’s disease, caused by overproduction of one of the fight-or-flight hormones, cortisol.
물소혹변형
bufflao hump
A buffalo hump, which is extra fat around the neck and upper part of the back, is a symptom of Cushing’s syndrome.
ex) This discrete accumulation of fat, called a buffalo hump, can occur with normal weight gain but is frequently seen in patients with Cushing’s.
(병리) 말단 비대증, 첨단 거대증, 선단 비대증, 말단 거대증
acromegaly noun
[æ̀krəméɡəli]
ex) Acromegaly is a rare disease caused by an excess of growth hormone, usually a result of a tumor in the pituitary gland of the brain.
(해부) 뇌하수체
pituitary noun
BrE /pɪˈtjuːɪtəri/ ; NAmE /pɪˈtuːəteri/
(also pituitary gland)
a small organ at the base of the brain that produces hormones that influence growth and sexual development
ex) Acromegaly is a rare disease caused by an excess of growth hormone, usually a result of a tumor in the pituitary gland of the brain.
(해부) 연조직, 연부 조직
soft tissue noun
BrE ; NAmE uncountable, countable
the parts of the body that are not bone, for example the skin and muscles
ex) Flooded with this hormone, soft tissues throughout the body begin to grow.
의사가 된 지 몇 년 남짓할 때였을 그 때, 지금 이 환자와 똑같은 의학적 문제를 가진 환자를 만났었다.
I was a few years into my practice and had a patient with the same medical problems seen in this patient.
propagate verb
BrE /ˈprɒpəɡeɪt/ ; NAmE /ˈprɑːpəɡeɪt/
- propagation noun
BrE /ˌprɒpəˈɡeɪʃn/ ; NAmE /ˌprɑːpəˈɡeɪʃn/ [uncountable]
1) [TRANSITIVE] to spread ideas, beliefs etc to a lot of people
ex) And in the absence of any intervention, it is the myth and misconception that propagate from generation to generation.
This was an idea first propagated by Marx.
2) [TRANSITIVE] to grow new plants from seeds or from pieces cut from an existing plant, or to make a plant produce more plants
ex) The plant is readily propagated from leaf cuttings.
3) [INTRANSITIVE/TRANSITIVE] if an animal, cell etc propagates it increases in number by reproduction
* ex) A phenomenon that is so significant that the survival and propagation of our species and depends on it.
the propagation of the Christian gospel
(생물) ~관, ~계
tract noun
BrE /trækt/ ; NAmE /trækt/
1) (biology) a system of connected organs or tissues along which materials or messages pass
ex) Menstrual hygiene is a very important risk factor for reproductive tract infections.
the digestive tract
a nerve tract
hygienic adjective
BrE /haɪˈdʒiːnɪk/ ; NAmE usually /haɪˈdʒenɪk/ , /haɪˈdʒiːnɪk/
clean and free of bacteria and therefore unlikely to spread disease
opposite unhygienic
ex) But in India, only 12 percent of girls and women have access to hygienic ways of managing their periods.
Food must be prepared in hygienic conditions.
The kitchen didn’t look very hygienic.
rag noun
BrE /ræɡ/ ; NAmE /ræɡ/
1) [countable, uncountable] a piece of old, often torn, cloth used especially for cleaning things
ex) So when I started getting my periods, I began with using rags.
I wiped the window with a damp rag.
Use a piece of old rag.
coarse adjective
BrE /kɔːs/ ; NAmE /kɔːrs/ (coarser, coarsest)
1) (of skin or cloth) rough
ex) Due to repeated washing the rags would become coarse, and I would often get rashes and infections using them.
coarse hands/linen
seclude verb
BrE /sɪˈkluːd/ ; NAmE /sɪˈkluːd/
seclude yourself/somebody (from somebody/something) (formal) to keep yourself/somebody away from contact with other people
ex) They are not allowed to take baths during periods, and in some households they are even secluded from other family members.
The monks secluded themselves from the rest of society.
She spent the morning secluded in her office.
cramp noun
BrE /kræmp/ ; NAmE /kræmp/
2) cramps [plural] severe pain in the stomach; pains that a woman sometimes gets during her period
ex) He was astonished to know that girls get painful cramps and we bleed every month.
enact verb
BrE /ɪˈnækt/ ; NAmE /ɪˈnækt/
2) [often passive] enact something (formal) to perform a play or act a part in a play
ex) So we decided to create a comic book, where the cartoon characters would enact these stories and educate girls about menstruation in a fun and engaging way.
scenes from history enacted by local residents
gut-wrenching adjective
informal
very unpleasant; making you feel very sad or upset
ex) What Secretary of State John Kerry called his “gut-wrenching” visit to the Hiroshima war memorial on Monday served several purposes.
flagging adjective
/ˈflæɡɪŋ/
becoming weaker, more tired, or less enthusiastic
ex) But he should be prepared to offer some tangible new initiative to keep alive his flagging vision of a nuclear-free world.
deploy verb
BrE /dɪˈplɔɪ/ ; NAmE /dɪˈplɔɪ/
1) deploy somebody/something (specialist) to move soldiers or weapons into a position where they are ready for military action
ex) He has achieved some important measures, most notably the 2015 Iran nuclear deal, which has significantly curbed Iran’s ability to develop a nuclear weapon, and the 22010 New Start treaty mandating cuts in the number of strategic nuclear warheads deployed by the United States and Russia to 1,550 warheads each.
2 000 troops were deployed in the area.
At least 5 000 missiles were deployed along the border.
Tanks were deployed effectively during the long campaign.
stymie verb
BrE /ˈstaɪmi/ ; NAmE /ˈstaɪmi/
stymie somebody/something (informal) to prevent somebody from doing something that they have planned or want to do; to prevent something from happening
synonym foil
ex) More progress, however, has been stymied in part because Russia, led by an increasingly aggressive Vladimir Putin, has thwarted talks on further nuclear arms reductions.
He found himself stymied by an old opponent.
Financial difficulties have stymied the company’s growth.
thwart verb
BrE /θwɔːt/ ; NAmE /θwɔːrt/ [often passive]
to prevent somebody from doing what they want to do
synonym frustrate
ex) More progress, however, has been stymied in part because Russia, led by an increasingly aggressive Vladimir Putin, has thwarted talks on further nuclear arms reductions.
to thwart somebody’s plans
She was thwarted in her attempt to take control of the party.
CGI abbreviation
BrE /ˌsiː dʒiː ˈaɪ/ ; NAmE /ˌsiː dʒiː ˈaɪ/
computer-generated imagery
ex) First of all, there’s this one scene I can talk about. Hopefully I can. It’s a CGI thing.
The movie ‘Dinosaur’ combines CGI animation with live-action location shots.
기립 박수
standing ovation
- ovation noun
BrE /əʊˈveɪʃn/ ; NAmE /oʊˈveɪʃn/
enthusiastic clapping by an audience as a sign of their approval
ex) I loved it so much I was giving a standing ovation.
to give somebody a huge/rapturous/rousing ovation
The soloist got a ten-minute standing ovation (= in which people stand up from their seats).
roll verb
BrE /rəʊl/ ; NAmE /roʊl/
11) [intransitive, transitive] when a machine rolls or somebody rolls it, it operates
ex) You know when you’re standing around set for hours you think of dumb stuff to say, and sometimes you say it when they’re rolling.
They had to repeat the scene because the cameras weren’t rolling.
Roll the cameras!
gauntlet noun
BrE /ˈɡɔːntlət/ ; NAmE /ˈɡɔːntlət/
1) a metal glove worn as part of a suit of armour by soldiers in the Middle Ages
forge verb
BrE /fɔːdʒ/ ; NAmE /fɔːrdʒ/
1) [transitive] forge something to put a lot of effort into making something successful or strong so that it will last
ex) We call it finding meaning, but we might better call it forging meaning.
a move to forge new links between management and workers
Strategic alliances are being forged with major European companies.
She forged a new career in the music business.
They forged a lead in the first 30 minutes of the game.
preordained adjective
BrE /ˌpriːɔːˈdeɪnd/ ; NAmE /ˌpriːɔːrˈdeɪnd/ (formal)
already decided or planned by God or by fate
synonym predestined
ex) “People always give us these little sayings like, ‘God doesn’t give you any more than you can handle,’ but children like ours are not preordained as a gift.
Is everything we do preordained?
They seemed preordained to meet.
percy noun
queer, fairy, homo, fag, dipshit, queer banger, fudge packer, etc… etc…
ex) When I was in seventh grade, one of the kids on m school bus nicknamed me “Percy” as a shorthand for my demeanor, and sometimes, he and his cohort would chant that provocation the entire school bus ride, 45 minutes up, 45 minutes back, “Percy! Percy! Percy! Percy!”
shorthand noun
BrE /ˈʃɔːthænd/ ; NAmE /ˈʃɔːrthænd/
2) [uncountable, countable, usually singular] shorthand (for something) a shorter way of saying or referring to something, which may not be as accurate as the more complicated way of saying it\
ex) When I was in seventh grade, one of the kids on m school bus nicknamed me “Percy” as a shorthand for my demeanor, and sometimes, he and his cohort would chant that provocation the entire school bus ride, 45 minutes up, 45 minutes back, “Percy! Percy! Percy! Percy!”
cohort noun
BrE /ˈkəʊhɔːt/ ; NAmE /ˈkoʊhɔːrt/ [countable + singular or plural verb]
2) (disapproving) a member of a group of people who support another person
ex) When I was in seventh grade, one of the kids on m school bus nicknamed me “Percy” as a shorthand for my demeanor, and sometimes, he and his cohort would chant that provocation the entire school bus ride, 45 minutes up, 45 minutes back, “Percy! Percy! Percy! Percy!”
Robinson and his cohorts were soon ejected from the hall.
The director made his entrance followed by his cohort of technicians and production assistants.
fecal adjective(North American English)
(British English faecal)
BrE /ˈfiːkl/ ; NAmE /ˈfiːkl/ [only before noun]
connected with feces (대변)
ex) When I was in eighth grade, our science teacher told us that all male homosexuals develop fecal incontinence because of the trauma to their anal sphincter.
fecal matter (대변)
실금
incontinence noun
BrE /ɪnˈkɒntɪnəns/ ; NAmE /ɪnˈkɑːntɪnəns/ [uncountable]
the lack of ability to control the bladder and bowels
opposite continence
ex) When I was in eighth grade, our science teacher told us that all male homosexuals develop fecal incontinence because of the trauma to their anal sphincter.
괄약근
sphincter noun
BrE /ˈsfɪŋktə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈsfɪŋktər/ (anatomy)
a ring of muscle that surrounds an opening in the body and can contract to close it
ex) When I was in eighth grade, our science teacher told us that all male homosexuals develop fecal incontinence because of the trauma to their anal sphincter.
the anal sphincter
honorific adjective
BrE /ˌɒnəˈrɪfɪk/ ; NAmE /ˌɑːnəˈrɪfɪk/ (formal)
showing respect for the person you are speaking to
ex) In Korea, etiquette is extremely important and can be shown in many ways, such as honorific language and body gestures.
an honorific title
a backhanded compliment
North American English also left-handed compliment
a remark that seems to express admiration but could also be understood as an insult
ex) Back-handed compliments are not really compliments, in fact they are sly criticisms disguised as humour and flattery.
- backhanded adjective
BrE /ˌbækˈhændɪd/ ; NAmE /ˌbækˈhændɪd/
having a meaning that is not directly or clearly expressed, or that is not intended
sly adjective
BrE /slaɪ/ ; NAmE /slaɪ/
1) (disapproving) acting or done in a secret or dishonest way, often intending to trick people
synonym cunning
ex) Back-handed compliments are not really compliments, in fact they are sly criticisms disguised as humour and flattery.
a sly political move
(humorous) You sly old devil! How long have you known?
She’s a sly one—never lets on what she’s thinking.
condescend verb
BrE /ˌkɒndɪˈsend/ ; NAmE /ˌkɑːndɪˈsend/
2) [intransitive] condescend to somebody to behave towards somebody as though you are more important and more intelligent than they are
ex) Some people may highlight obvious faults to improve them, some may be maliciously trying to condescend others, while others may be unaware of the effect of their words.
When giving a talk, be careful not to condescend to your audience.
plod on | plod along
to make very slow progress, especially with difficult or boring work
synonym slog
ex) Plodding on year after year with that same old soul? Yawnsville.
stripe noun
BrE /straɪp/ ; NAmE /straɪp/
3) (especially North American English) a type, category or opinion
ex) Most Americans of every stripe still want to get married.
politicians of every stripe
commentators of all political stripes
She’s an educator of a very different stripe.
They are not all of one stripe.
humdrum adjective
BrE /ˈhʌmdrʌm/ ; NAmE /ˈhʌmdrʌm/
boring and always the same
synonym dull, tedious
ex) And if they can’t, their marriage will be more disappointing to them than a humdrum marriage was to prior generations, because they’ve been promised so much more.
a humdrum existence/job/life
the use of computers to perform humdrum tasks
the humdrum business of making money
procreate verb
BrE /ˈprəʊkrieɪt/ ; NAmE /ˈproʊkrieɪt/
[intransitive, transitive] procreate (something) (formal) to produce children or baby animals
synonym reproduce
ex) Matrimony used to be an institution people entered out of custom, duty or a need to procreate.
endeavour noun
(especially US English endeavor)
BrE /ɪnˈdevə(r)/ ; NAmE /ɪnˈdevər/
[uncountable, countable] (formal) an attempt to do something, especially something new or difficult
ex) Now that it’s become a technology-assisted endeavor that has been delayed until conditions are at their most optimal, it needs to deliver better-quality benefits.
Please make every endeavour to arrive on time.
advances in the field of scientific endeavour
The manager is expected to use his or her best endeavours to promote the artist’s career.
The public bombarded the company with complaints in an endeavour to have the price increases revoked.
sublime adjective
BrE /səˈblaɪm/ ; NAmE /səˈblaɪm/
1) of very high quality and causing great admiration
ex) “Couples who have made it all the way later into life have found it to be a peak experience, a sublime experience to be together,” says Karl Pillemer, a Cornell University gerontologist who did an intensive survey of 700 elderly people for his book 30 lessons for Loving.
sublime beauty
a sublime combination of flavours
The location of the hotel is sublime.
노인학자
gerontologist noun
BrE /ˌdʒerɒnˈtɒlədʒɪst/ ; NAmE /ˌdʒerənˈtɑːlədʒɪst/ (especially North American English)
a person who studies the process of people growing old
ex) “Couples who have made it all the way later into life have found it to be a peak experience, a sublime experience to be together,” says Karl Pillemer, a Cornell University gerontologist who did an intensive survey of 700 elderly people for his book 30 lessons for Loving.
go the (full) distance
to continue playing in a competition or sports contest until the end
ex) And in an era when it’s both harder and less necessary to stay together, the trick is figuring out how to go the distance so you can reap the surprisingly rich rewards.
Nobody thought he would last 15 rounds, but he went the full distance.
reap verb
BrE /riːp/ ; NAmE /riːp/
1) [transitive] reap something to obtain something, especially something good, as a direct result of something that you have done
ex) And in an era when it’s both harder and less necessary to stay together, the trick is figuring out how to go the distance so you can reap the surprisingly rich rewards.
They are now reaping the rewards of all their hard work.
compendium noun
BrE /kəmˈpendiəm/ ; NAmE /kəmˈpendiəm/ (pl. compendia BrE /kəmˈpendiə/ ; NAmE /kəmˈpendiə/ , compendiums)
a collection of facts, drawings and photographs on a particular subject, especially in a book
ex) “The promise you make is not just to be faithful and true and to stay married, but to try and bring out the best in each other,” says Lisa Grunwald, who with her husband Stephen Adler put together a historical compendium of marriage, The Marriage Book, in 2015.
hold somebody’s feet to the fire
also: put somebody’s feet to the fire
to cause someone to feel pressure or stress
ex) “To try and understand, really deeply understand what the other one wants and hold her feet or his feet to the fire and say ‘O.K., this is great but remember, this is what you wanted and don’t let go of that dream’”
I think reporters really should hold the president’s feet to the fire about this issue.
discount verb
BrE /dɪsˈkaʊnt/ ; NAmE /dɪsˈkaʊnt/ , also /ˈdɪskaʊnt/
1) (formal) to think or say that something is not important or not true
synonym dismiss
ex) Child rearing has long been discounted as the main reason for marrying, and yet married couples today are encouraged to engage in it more intensively than before.
We cannot discount the possibility of further strikes.
The news reports were being discounted as propaganda.
off-putting adjective
BrE /ˈɒf pʊtɪŋ/ ; NAmE /ˈɔːf pʊtɪŋ/ , /ˈɑːf pʊtɪŋ/ (informal, especially British English)
not pleasant, in a way that prevents you from liking somebody/something
ex) “Being married is like sharing a basement with a fellow hostage; after five years there are very few off-putting things you won’t know about each other,” writes Tim Dowling in How to Be a Husband.
I find his manner very off-putting.
The noise was extremely off-putting.
rift noun
BrE /rɪft/ ; NAmE /rɪft/
1) a serious disagreement between people that stops their relationship from continuing
synonym breach, division
ex) Unhappy couples often split at a later stage because they’ve waited until their kids have left: the empty-nest divorce. But it may be that it was the demands of child rearing that first caused the rift.
The rift within the party deepened.
Efforts to heal the rift between the two countries have failed.
limpid adjective
BrE /ˈlɪmpɪd/ ; NAmE /ˈlɪmpɪd/ (literary)
(of liquids, etc.) clear
synonym transparent
ex) Singledom looks less like murky waters and more like limpid ocean.
limpid eyes/water
She gave him a look of limpid honesty.
onerous adjective
BrE /ˈəʊnərəs/ ; NAmE /ˈɑːnərəs/ , /ˈoʊnərəs/ (formal)
needing great effort; causing trouble or worry
synonym taxing
ex) Mediators are making divorce cheaper and less onerous.
an onerous duty/task/responsibility
slog noun
BrE /slɒɡ/ ; NAmE /slɑːɡ/
[uncountable, countable, usually singular] a period of hard work or effort
ex) For those who can stay the course, indicators that a long marriage is worth the slog continue to mount.
Writing the book took ten months of hard slog.
It was a long slog to the top of the mountain.
devout adjective
BrE /dɪˈvaʊt/ ; NAmE /dɪˈvaʊt/
(of a person) believing strongly in a particular religion and obeying its laws and practices
ex) And the devout, by a slim but significant margin, get divorced slightly less often than people for whom faith is not a big deal.
a devout Christian/Muslim
get hitched
(informal) to get married
ex) But what’s the trick once you’re hitched?
prerequisite adjective
BrE /ˌpriːˈrekwəzɪt/ ; NAmE /ˌpriːˈrekwəzɪt/ only before noun
that must exist or happen before something else can happen or be done
prerequisite knowledge
ex) Vulnerability is a prerequisite for intimacy.
grind noun
BrE /ɡraɪnd/ ; NAmE /ɡraɪnd/
1) [singular] (informal) an activity that is tiring or boring and takes a lot of time
ex) Without intimacy, commitment is a grind. And without commitment, the whole enterprise goes pear-shaped.
the daily grind of family life
It’s a long grind to the top of that particular profession.
go pear-shaped
(British English, informal) if things go pear-shaped, they go wrong
ex) Without intimacy, commitment is a grind. And without commitment, the whole enterprise goes pear-shaped.
antidote noun
BrE /ˈæntidəʊt/ ; NAmE /ˈæntidoʊt/
1) antidote (to something) a substance that controls the effects of a poison or disease
ex) There is no known antidote to the poison.
2) antidote (to something) anything that takes away the effects of something unpleasant
ex) How to avoid it? There are two main antidotes. The first, obvious as it sounds, is to figure out what specifically makes your partner feel loved.
A Mediterranean cruise was the perfect antidote to a long cold winter.
euphoric adjective
BrE /juːˈfɒrɪk/ ; NAmE /juːˈfɔːrɪk/
extremely happy or excited
ex) We have this mythological idea that we will find a soul mate and have these euphoric feelings forever.
My euphoric mood could not last.
His parents were less than euphoric about the news of his engagement.
take heart
to become encouraged
ex) If all that discipline sounds a bit dreary, take heart, because the regimen includes bedroom calisthenics.
callisthenics noun(British English)
(North American English calisthenics)
BrE /ˌkælɪsˈθenɪks/ ; NAmE /ˌkælɪsˈθenɪks/ [uncountable + singular or plural verb]
physical exercises intended to develop a strong and attractive body
ex) If all that discipline sounds a bit dreary, take hear, because the regimen includes bedroom calisthenics.
in a vacuum
existing separately from other people, events, etc. when there should be a connection
ex) Sex, of course, does not occur in a vacuum (unless that’s the way both partners like it).
This kind of decision cannot ever be made in a vacuum.
cascade noun
BrE /kæˈskeɪd/ ; NAmE /kæˈskeɪd/
4) (formal) a large number of things falling or coming quickly at the same time
ex) The cascade of hormones that rains down on humans when they first fall in love, while completely necessary and wonderful, can sometimes blind individuals to their poor choices.
He crashed to the ground in a cascade of oil cans.
under somebody’s nose(informal)
2) if something happens under somebody’s nose, they do not notice it even though it is not being done secretly
ex) There’s a site about what to wear with the Black Cement. It’s been right under your nose for decades and you never looked down.
The police didn’t know the drugs ring was operating right under their noses.
get ahold of something
(spoken)
- get ahold of somebody
(spoken)
to obtain something (=get hold of something)
ex) So I thought, I wonder if I could get ahold of some sneaker data, just to play with for my own amusement.
I finally got ahold of that novel you said I should read.
- to communicate with someone (=get hold of somebody)
ex) I’m trying to get ahold of everyone to tell them the party is at 9 tomorrow.
spawn
verb
BrE /spɔːn/
; NAmE /spɔːn/
2) [transitive] spawn something (often disapproving) to cause something to develop or be produced
ex) So an unregulated 1.2 billion dollar industry that thrives as much on the street as it does online, and has spawned fundamental financial services for sneakers?
The band’s album spawned a string of hit singles.
in one’s interest
in the interest of one ; in one’s own interest ; in one’s best interest
For one’s benefit or advantage, as in It’s obviously in their interest to increase profits, or Is this policy in the interest of the townspeople? or I suspect it’s in your own best interest to quit now.
ex) If Nike wanted to kill the resell market, they could do so tomorrow, all they have to do is release more shoes. But we certainly don’t want them to, nor is it in their best interest.
hype
noun
BrE /haɪp/
; NAmE /haɪp/
[uncountable] (informal, disapproving) advertisements and discussion on television, radio, etc. telling the public about a product and about how good or important it is
ex) They sell millions of shoes to millions of people for 60 dollars. And sneakerheads are the ones who drive the marketing and the hype and the PR and the brand cachet, and enable Nike to sell millions of $60 sneakers.
marketing/media hype
Don’t believe all the hype—the book isn’t that good.
hype
verb
BrE /haɪp/
; NAmE /haɪp/
(informal, disapproving) to advertise something a lot and exaggerate its good qualities, in order to get a lot of public attention for it
ex) For 15 years Nike has propped up an artificial commodities market, with a Facebook-level hyped IPO every single weekend.
This week his much hyped new movie opens in London.
The meeting was hyped up in the media as an important event.
IPO
abbreviation
BrE /ˌaɪ piː ˈəʊ/
; NAmE /ˈoʊ/
(business)
initial public offering (the act of selling shares in a company for the first time)
ex) For 15 years Nike has propped up an artificial commodities market, with a Facebook-level hyped IPO every single weekend.
markdown
noun
BrE /ˈmɑːkdaʊn/
; NAmE /ˈmɑːrkdaʊn/
[usually singular]
a reduction in price
ex) And what if it wasn’t just sneakers, but any similar product, like watches and handbags and women’s shoes, and any collectible, any seasonal item and any markdown item?
a markdown of 20%
자기 자신 또한 ~로 자라난다.
Many victims of domestic violence grow up to become abusive parents themselves.
ruminate verb
BrE /ˈruːmɪneɪt/ ; NAmE /ˈruːmɪneɪt/
[intransitive, transitive] ruminate (on/over/about something) | + speech (formal) to think deeply about something
synonym ponder
ex) We are expected to just “get over” psychological wounds – when as anyone who’s ever ruminated over rejection or agonized over a failure knows only too well, emotional injuries can be just as crippling as physical ones.
all-encompassing adjective
BrE /ɪnˈkʌmpəs/ ; NAmE /ɪnˈkʌmpəs/
(formal) including everything
ex) Pay attention to emotional pain – recognize it when it happens and work to treat it before it feels all-encompassing.
The risks detailed here are not all-encompassing.
brood verb
BrE /bruːd/ ; NAmE /bruːd/
1) [intransitive] brood (over/on/about something) to think a lot about something that makes you annoyed, anxious or upset
ex) When you replay distressing events in your minds without seeking new insight or trying to solve a problem, you’re just brooding, and that, especially when it becomes habitual, can lead to deeper psychological pain.
You’re not still brooding over what he said, are you?
