Extracurricular Lessons 1 Flashcards
ethnographic adjective
BrE /ˌeθnəˈɡræfɪk/ ; NAmE /ˌeθnəˈɡræfɪk/
connected with the scientific description of different races and cultures 민족지적인, 민족지학상의
(ethnography: 민족지학 [명사] 민족학 연구와 관련된 자료를 수집ㆍ기록하는 학문. 주로 미개한 민족의 생활 양상을 조사하여 인류 문화를 구명하는 자료로 이용한다.)
ex) The Mundanity of Excellence: And Ethnographic Report on Stratification and Olympic Swimmers
ethnographic research
plaque noun
BrE /plæk/ , also /plɑːk/ ; NAmE /plæk/
1) [countable] a flat piece of stone, metal, etc., usually with a name and dates on, attached to a wall in memory of a person or an event
ex) There are medals and ribbons and plaques for first place, second, and third; competitions are arranged for the head-to-head meeting of the best competitors in the world; in swimming and track, times are electronically recorded to the hundredth of a second; there are statistics published and rankings announced, every month or every week.
A bronze plaque marks the house where the poet was born.
head-to-head adjective
BrE ; NAmE [only before noun]
in which two people or groups face each other directly in order to decide the result of a disagreement or competition
ex) There are medals and ribbons and plaques for first place, second, and third; competitions are arranged for the head-to-head meeting of the best competitors in the world; in swimming and track, times are electronically recorded to the hundredth of a second; there are statistics published and rankings announced, every month or every week.
a head-to-head battle/clash/contest
longitudinal adjective
BrE /ˌlɒŋɡɪˈtjuːdɪnl/ , /ˌlɒndʒɪˈtjuːdɪnl/ ; NAmE /ˌlɑːndʒəˈtuːdnl/ , /ˌlɔːndʒəˈtuːdnl/ (specialist)
2) concerning the development of something over a period of time
ex) This allows the researcher to conduct true longitudinal research in a few short years.
a longitudinal study of ageing
charter verb
BrE /ˈtʃɑːtə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈtʃɑːrtər/
2) charter something to state officially that a new organization, town or university has been established and has special rights
ex) United States Swimming sanctions the selection process for American teams for international events (the Olympic Games, for example), and charters several thousand amateur swimming clubs around the country with membership of several hundred thousand athletes, by far the majority of whom are children and teenagers.
sanction verb
BrE /ˈsæŋkʃn/ ; NAmE /ˈsæŋkʃn/
1) sanction something (formal) to give permission for something to take place
ex) United States Swimming sanctions the selection process for American teams for international events (the Olympic Games, for example), and charters several thousand amateur swimming clubs around the country with membership of several hundred thousand athletes, by far the majority of whom are children and teenagers.
The government refused to sanction a further cut in interest rates.
meet noun
BrE /miːt/ ; NAmE /miːt/
1) (especially North American English) a sports competition
ex) From January 1983 through August 1984 I attended a series of national and international-class swimming meets conducted by United States Swimming, Inc., the national governing body for the sport.
a track meet
deception noun
BrE /dɪˈsepʃn/ ; NAmE /dɪˈsepʃn/
1) [uncountable] the act of deliberately making somebody believe something that is not true (= of deceiving them)
synonym deceit
ex) It was clear to all involved that I was there as a researcher; no deception was involved at any stage of the research.
a drama full of lies and deception
He was accused of obtaining property by deception.
discrepancy noun
BrE /dɪsˈkrepənsi/ ; NAmE /dɪsˈkrepənsi/ (pl. discrepancies)[countable, uncountable]
- discrepant adjective
UK /dɪˈskrep.ənt/ US /dɪˈskrep.ənt/
a difference between two or more things that should be the same
ex) Observation has covered the span of careers, and I have had the chance to compare not just athletes within a certain level (the view that most coaches have), but between the most discrepant levels as well.
wide discrepancies in prices quoted for the work
What are the reasons for the discrepancy between girls’ and boys’ performance in school?
deviant adjective
BrE /ˈdiːviənt/ ; NAmE /ˈdiːviənt/
- deviant noun
BrE /ˈdiːviənt/ ; NAmE /ˈdiːviənt/
different from what most people consider to be normal and acceptable
ex) Excellence is not, I find, the product of socially deviant personalities.
deviant behaviour/sexuality
- a person who behaves differently from what most people to consider to be normal and acceptable
ex) sexual deviants
oddball noun
BrE /ˈɒdbɔːl/ ; NAmE /ˈɑːdbɔːl/ (informal)
a person who behaves in a strange or unusual way
ex) These swimmers don’t appear to be “oddballs,” nor are they loners (“kids who have given up the normal teenage life.”)
He has always been an oddball.
per se adverb
BrE /ˌpɜː ˈseɪ/ ; NAmE /ˌpɜːr ˈseɪ/ (from Latin)
used meaning ‘by itself’ to show that you are referring to something on its own, rather than in connection with other things
ex) Increased training time, per se, does not make one swim fast; nor does increased “psyching up”, nor does moving the arms faster.
The drug is not harmful per se, but is dangerous when taken with alcohol.
mystify verb
BrE /ˈmɪstɪfaɪ/ ; NAmE /ˈmɪstɪfaɪ/
mystify somebody to make somebody confused because they do not understand something; if someone or something mystifies you, you cannot understand or explain it
synonym baffle
ex) These terms are generally used to mystify the essentially mundane processes of achievement in sports, keeping us away from a realistic analysis of the actual factors creating superlative performances, and protecting us from a sense of responsibility for our own outcomes.
Investigators are mystified by the crash, which claimed 104 lives.
They were totally mystified by the girl’s disappearance.
discrete adjective
BrE /dɪˈskriːt/ ; NAmE /dɪˈskriːt/ (formal or specialist)
independent of other things of the same type
synonym separate
ex) This means, in brief, that levels of the sport are qualitatively distinct; that stratification is discrete, not continuous; and that because of these factors, the swimming world is best conceived of not as a single entity but as multiple worlds, each with its own patterns of conduct.
The organisms can be divided into discrete categories.
stratification noun
BrE /ˌstrætɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/ ; NAmE /ˌstrætɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/ uncountable
the division of something into different layers or groups
ex) This means, in brief, that levels of the sport are qualitatively distinct; that stratification is discrete, not continuous; and that because of these factors, the swimming world is best conceived of not as a single entity but as multiple worlds, each with its own patterns of conduct.
social stratification
breaststroke noun
BrE /ˈbreststrəʊk/ ; NAmE /ˈbreststroʊk/ [uncountable, singular]
- butterfly noun
BrE /ˈbʌtəflaɪ/ ; NAmE /ˈbʌtərflaɪ/ (pl. butterflies)
** backstroke noun
BrE /ˈbækstrəʊk/ ; NAmE /ˈbækstroʊk/
(British English also backcrawl)
[uncountable, singular]
*** freestyle noun
BrE /ˈfriːstaɪl/ ; NAmE /ˈfriːstaɪl/ [uncountable]
a style of swimming that you do on your front, moving your arms and legs away from your body and then back towards it in a circle 평영
ex) For a swimmer doing the breaststroke, a qualitative change might be a change from pulling straight back with the arms to sculling them outwards, to the sides; or from lifting oneself up out of the water at the turn to staying low near the water.
to swim breaststroke
a slow breaststroke
- 2) [uncountable] a swimming stroke in which you swim on your front and lift both arms forward at the same time while your legs move up and down together 접영
ex) She was third in the 200m butterfly (= a swimming race).
** a style of swimming in which you lie on your back 배영
ex) Can you do (the) backstroke?
He won the 100 metres backstroke (= the race).
*** a swimming race in which people taking part can use any stroke they want (usually crawl) 자유형
ex) the men’s 400 m freestyle
reciprocity noun
BrE /ˌresɪˈprɒsəti/ ; NAmE /ˌresɪˈprɑːsəti/ uncountable
a situation in which two people, countries, etc. provide the same help or advantages to each other
ex) One is called the norm of reciprocity. If you are nice to someone or you open up to them, they are likely to do the same with you.
hummingbird noun
BrE /ˈhʌmɪŋbɜːd/ ; NAmE /ˈhʌmɪŋbɜːrd/
a small brightly coloured bird that lives in warm countries and that can stay in one place in the air by beating its wings very fast, making a continuous low sound (= a humming sound) 벌새
ex) And all the animals in the forest come out, and they’re transfixed as they watch the forest burning, and they feel very overwhelmed and very powerless, except this one little hummingbird that says, I’m going to do something about this fire.
transfix verb
BrE /trænsˈfɪks/ ; NAmE /trænsˈfɪks/
[usually passive] transfix somebody to make somebody unable to move because they are afraid, surprised, etc.
synonym paralyse
ex) And all the animals in the forest come out, and they’re transfixed as they watch the forest burning, and they feel very overwhelmed and very powerless, except this one little hummingbird that says, I’m going to do something about this fire.
Luisa stood transfixed with shock.
(not) cut it
(informal) to (not) be as good as is expected or needed
ex) Bur the thing that leaps out when you meet him is that he’s a really nice guy. Actually, scratch that. Nice doesn’t cut it. Scott radiates kindness.
He won’t cut it as a professional singer.
radiate verb
BrE /ˈreɪdieɪt/ ; NAmE /ˈreɪdieɪt/
1) [transitive, intransitive] radiate (something) | radiate (from somebody) if a person radiates a particular quality or emotion, or if it radiates from them, people can see it very clearly
ex) Bur the thing that leaps out when you meet him is that he’s a really nice guy. Actually, scratch that. Nice doesn’t cut it. Scott radiates kindness.
He radiated self-confidence and optimism.
the energy that seemed to radiate from her
suite noun
BrE /swiːt/ ; NAmE /swiːt/
3) BUSINESS a set of products
ex) I was discussing the role that childhood vaccines play in saving children’s lives in many parts of the world, and how, you know, for $200 you could probably save a child’s life in a poor country by making sure that she has access to just a suite of childhood vaccines.
a fully integrated suite of training packages
visceral adjective
BrE /ˈvɪsərəl/ ; NAmE /ˈvɪsərəl/
1) (literary) resulting from strong feelings rather than careful thought; relating to basic emotions that you feel strongly and automatically
ex) The child in the pond who’s drowning feels visceral to us and feels like our responsibility in ways that the child halfway around the world does not feel like our responsibility.
visceral fear
She had a visceral dislike of all things foreign.
comic noun
BrE /ˈkɒmɪk/ ; NAmE /ˈkɑːmɪk/
1) an entertainer who makes people laugh by telling jokes or funny stories
synonym comedian
ex) Host Terry Gross interviewed the comic Jim Gaffigan about how being Catholic figures in his comedy.
figure verb
BrE /ˈfɪɡə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈfɪɡjər/
1) [intransitive] to be part of a process, situation, etc. especially an important part
synonym feature
ex) Host Terry Gross interviewed the comic Jim Gaffigan about how being Catholic figures in his comedy.
My feelings about the matter didn’t seem to figure at all.
Do I still figure in your plans?
The question of the peace settlement is likely to figure prominently in the talks.
It did not figure high on her list of priorities.
urge somebody↔on
to encourage somebody to do something or support them so that they do it better
ex) And in that nod, in that gesture, there was a kind of urging on.
She could hear him urging her on as she ran past.
내분비학자, 내분비전문의
endocrinologist noun
BrE /ˌendəʊkrɪˈnɒlədʒɪst/ ; NAmE /ˌendoʊkrəˈnɑːlədʒɪst/ (medical)
a doctor who studies the part of medicine concerning the synonym endocrine system and hormones
ex) she had tried everything, she told the young doctor, who was training to be an endocrinologist at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York City.
shapely adjective
BrE /ˈʃeɪpli/ ; NAmE /ˈʃeɪpli/
(especially of a woman’s body) having an attractive curved shape
ex) She had never been skinny, she continued, but shapely.
a shapely young woman
a shapely figure
비만 치료의
- 비만학
bariatric adjective
/bæriˈætrɪk/
relating to the causes and treatment of obesity
ex) She was considering bariatric surgery, but she wanted to make sure she wasn’t missing something obvious.
Bariatric surgical procedures are an option for treating severe obesity.
- bariatrics noun
the branch of medicine that deals with obesity
ex) Many residency programs lacked sufficient experience in bariatrics, necessitating established surgeons to consider re-training and re-vamping of their practice to enter the field.
변비
constipation noun
BrE /ˌkɒnstɪˈpeɪʃn/ ; NAmE /ˌkɑːnstɪˈpeɪʃn/ [uncountable]
the condition of being unable to get rid of waste material from the bowels easily (= being constipated)
ex) Fatigue? Yes, she was always tired. Changes in her hair or skin? No. Constipation? No.
(의학) 폐색성의
obstructive adjective
BrE /əbˈstrʌktɪv/ ; NAmE /əbˈstrʌktɪv/
2) [only before noun] (medical) connected with a passage, tube, etc. in your body that has become blocked
ex) She also had obstructive sleep apnea, a disorder in which the trachea, the tube connecting the lungs with the nose and mouth, collapses during sleep, waking the person many times throughout the night.
obstructive lung disease
(병리) 무호흡
apnoea noun(British English)
(North American English apnea)
BrE /æpˈniːə/ ; NAmE /æpˈniːə/ uncountable
a condition in which somebody stops breathing temporarily, especially while they are sleeping
ex) She also had obstructive sleep apnea, a disorder in which the trachea, the tube connecting the lungs with the nose and mouth, collapses during sleep, waking the person many times throughout the night.
(해부) 기관, 기도
trachea noun
BrE /trəˈkiːə/ ; NAmE /ˈtreɪkiə/ (pl. tracheas, tracheae BrE /trəˈkiːiː/ ; NAmE /ˈtreɪkiːiː/ )(anatomy)
the tube in the throat that carries air to the lungs
synonym windpipe
ex) She also had obstructive sleep apnea, a disorder in which the trachea, the tube connecting the lungs with the nose and mouth, collapses during sleep, waking the person many times throughout the night.
(의학) 손목골 [수근골] 증후군, 손목 터널 증후군
carpal tunnel syndrome noun
BrE /ˌkɑːpl ˈtʌnl sɪndrəʊm/ ; NAmE /ˌkɑːrpl ˈtʌnl sɪndroʊm/ uncountable
a painful condition of the hand and fingers caused by pressure on a nerve because of repeated movements over a long period
ex) She also had back pain, knee pain and carpal-tunnel syndrome.
(화학) 지질, 지방질
lipid noun
BrE /ˈlɪpɪd/ ; NAmE /ˈlɪpɪd/ (chemistry)
any of a group of natural substances which do not dissolve in water, including plant oils and steroids
ex) The doctor examined her, then went to get Dr. Donald Smith, an endocrinologist and director of lipids and metabolism at Mount Sinai’s cardiovascular institute.
(의학) 이뇨제
diuretic noun
BrE /ˌdaɪjuˈretɪk/ ; NAmE /ˌdaɪjuˈretɪk/ (medical)
a substance that causes an increase in the flow of urine
ex) Everything was large - her feet, her hands, even her face seemed somehow bigger.
쿠싱병 [증후군]
Cushing’s disease
Cushing’s disease is a cause of Cushing’s syndrome characterised by increased secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the anterior pituitary (secondary hypercortisolism). This is most often as a result of a pituitary adenoma (specifically pituitary basophilism) or due to excess production of hypothalamus CRH (Corticotropin releasing hormone) (tertiary hypercortisolism/hypercorticism) that stimulates the synthesis of cortisol by the adrenal glands. Pituitary adenomas are responsible for 80% of endogenous Cushing’s syndrome,[3] when excluding Cushing’s syndrome from exogenously administered corticosteroids.
ex) The first was Cushing’s disease, caused by overproduction of one of the fight-or-flight hormones, cortisol.
(심리) 투쟁 도주 반응, 싸움 혹은 도피 반응
Fight-or-flight response
The fight-or-flight response (also called the fight, flight, freeze, or fawn response in post-traumatic stress disorder, hyperarousal, or the acute stress response) is a physiological reaction that occurs in response to a perceived harmful event, attack, or threat to survival. It was first described by Walter Bradford Cannon. His theory states that animals react to threats with a general discharge of the sympathetic nervous system, priming the animal for fighting or fleeing. More specifically, the adrenal medulla produces a hormonal cascade that results in the secretion of catecholamines, especially norepinephrine and epinephrine. The hormones estrogen, testosterone and cortisol, and the neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin, also affect how organisms react to stress.
This response is recognized as the first stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome that regulates stress responses among vertebrates and other organisms.
ex) The first was Cushing’s disease, caused by overproduction of one of the fight-or-flight hormones, cortisol.
물소혹변형
bufflao hump
A buffalo hump, which is extra fat around the neck and upper part of the back, is a symptom of Cushing’s syndrome.
ex) This discrete accumulation of fat, called a buffalo hump, can occur with normal weight gain but is frequently seen in patients with Cushing’s.
(병리) 말단 비대증, 첨단 거대증, 선단 비대증, 말단 거대증
acromegaly noun
[æ̀krəméɡəli]
ex) Acromegaly is a rare disease caused by an excess of growth hormone, usually a result of a tumor in the pituitary gland of the brain.
(해부) 뇌하수체
pituitary noun
BrE /pɪˈtjuːɪtəri/ ; NAmE /pɪˈtuːəteri/
(also pituitary gland)
a small organ at the base of the brain that produces hormones that influence growth and sexual development
ex) Acromegaly is a rare disease caused by an excess of growth hormone, usually a result of a tumor in the pituitary gland of the brain.
(해부) 연조직, 연부 조직
soft tissue noun
BrE ; NAmE uncountable, countable
the parts of the body that are not bone, for example the skin and muscles
ex) Flooded with this hormone, soft tissues throughout the body begin to grow.
의사가 된 지 몇 년 남짓할 때였을 그 때, 지금 이 환자와 똑같은 의학적 문제를 가진 환자를 만났었다.
I was a few years into my practice and had a patient with the same medical problems seen in this patient.
propagate verb
BrE /ˈprɒpəɡeɪt/ ; NAmE /ˈprɑːpəɡeɪt/
- propagation noun
BrE /ˌprɒpəˈɡeɪʃn/ ; NAmE /ˌprɑːpəˈɡeɪʃn/ [uncountable]
1) [TRANSITIVE] to spread ideas, beliefs etc to a lot of people
ex) And in the absence of any intervention, it is the myth and misconception that propagate from generation to generation.
This was an idea first propagated by Marx.
2) [TRANSITIVE] to grow new plants from seeds or from pieces cut from an existing plant, or to make a plant produce more plants
ex) The plant is readily propagated from leaf cuttings.
3) [INTRANSITIVE/TRANSITIVE] if an animal, cell etc propagates it increases in number by reproduction
* ex) A phenomenon that is so significant that the survival and propagation of our species and depends on it.
the propagation of the Christian gospel
