TO 7-2 Flashcards
stand/turn something on its head
to make people think about something in a completely different way
ex) I’m talking revolutionary science that turns the world on its head.
flat adverb
BrE /flæt/ ; NAmE /flæt/ (flatter, no superlative)
2) (North American English flat out) (informal) in a definite and direct way
ex) I say “might” because, with revolutionary ideas, most are flat wrong, and even those that are right seldom have the impact that we want them to have.
She told me flat she would not speak to me again.
I made them a reasonable offer but they turned it down flat.
sombre adjective(British English)
(US English somber)
BrE /ˈsɒmbə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈsɑːmbər/
2) sad and serious
synonym melancholy
ex) Ignaz Semmelweis was a somber, compulsively thorough doctor who ran two maternity clinics.
Paul was in a sombre mood.
The year ended on a sombre note.
(수술용) 메스
scalpel noun
BrE /ˈskælpəl/ ; NAmE /ˈskælpəl/
a small sharp knife used by doctors in medical operations
ex) The puzzle went unsolved until he happened to autopsy a doctor who died of an infected scalpel cut.
The surgeon made the first incision with a wide-bladed scalpel.
miasma noun
BrE /miˈæzmə/ ; NAmE /miˈæzmə/ ; BrE /maɪˈæzmə/ ; NAmE /maɪˈæzmə/ countable, usually singular, uncountable
a mass of air that is dirty and smells unpleasant
ex) But the doctors of the day thought he was crazy, because they knew, and had for hundreds of years, that odorous vapors called miasmas caused disease, not these hypothetical particles that you couldn’t see.
A miasma of stale alcohol hung around him.
(figurative) the miasma of depression
회절 (파동이 장애물이나 좁은 틈을 통과할 때 그 뒤편까지 파가 전달되는 현상이다. 이런 회절 현상은 파장이 길수록, 틈이 좁을수록 잘 일어난다. 벽을 사이에 두고 서로 이야기할 때 상대방의 모습을 볼 수는 없지만 목소리는 들을 수 있는 것은 빛은 잘 회절하지 않지만 소리는 잘 회절하기 때문이다. 빛은 소리에 비하여 파장이 훨씬 짧기 때문에 회절하지 않는다. 그러나 통과하는 틈이 아주 좁을 경우에는 빛도 회절한다. AM 전파의 주파수는 대략 1,000㎑ 정도이고 FM 전파의 주파수는 100㎒ 정도이다. 그러므로 AM 전파의 파장은 300m 정도이고 FM 전파의 파장은 3m 정도로 AM 전파의 파장이 훨씬 길다. 이것이 AM 전파가 FM 전파에 비하여 장애물의 영향을 훨씬 덜 받는 이유이다.
빛의 회절 현상 때문에 광학 현미경으로 볼 수 있는 물체의 크기에는 한계가 있다. 너무 작은 물체는 광학 현미경으로도 관측할 수 없다. 우리가 물체를 보기 위해서는 물체로부터 반사한 빛이 우리의 눈으로 들어와야만 한다. 그런데 입사하는 빛의 파장보다 물체가 작으면 빛은 물체에서 반사하는 것이 아니라 회절하여 통과해 버린다. 따라서 물체로부터 반사한 빛에 의하여 만들어지는 상이 없어진다. 또한 현미경의 구경이 작기 때문에 나타나는 회절 현상은 현미경이 맺는 상을 흐리게 한다. 따라서 현미경의 구경에 따라 대상의 세부를 상으로 판별하는 능력인 분해능(分解能)이 달라진다.
빛을 이용하는 광학 현미경이 회절 때문에 지니는 한계를 극복하기 위한 방법으로 파장이 빛보다 훨씬 짧은 전자의 물질파를 이용한다. 전자의 물질파를 이용하여 물체를 확대해 보는 기구가 전자 현미경이다. 망원경의 경우에도 회절 현상이 관측을 방해한다. 지구에서 아주 멀리 떨어져 있는 인접한(좀더 정확히 표현하면 시각이 작은) 두 별이 회절 현상에 의하여 겹쳐 보일 수도 있다. 이런 경우에는 구경이 큰 망원경으로 관찰하면 분리되어 보인다. 이 경우 구경을 크게 하는 것은 슬릿의 폭이 넓을 때 회절이 덜 일어나는 원리를 이용한 것이다.)
diffraction noun
BrE /dɪˈfrækʃn/ ; NAmE /dɪˈfrækʃn/ uncountable
the action or process of breaking up a stream of light into a series of dark or light bands or into the different colours of the spectrum
ex) The diffraction limit is kind of like when you go to a doctor’s office, you can only see so far down, no matter how good glasses you have.
fluoresce verb
/flo͝o(ə)ˈres,flôrˈes/
shine or glow brightly due to fluorescence.
ex) But one of Betzig’s friends figured out how to take a tiny molecule that was smaller than the best microscope could see and get it to light up and fluoresce.
the molecules fluoresce when excited by ultraviolet radiation
lash verb
BrE /læʃ/ ; NAmE /læʃ/
4) [transitive] lash something + adv./prep. to fasten something tightly to something else with ropes
ex) So he lashed together a microscope in his friend’s living room.
Several logs had been lashed together to make a raft.
During the storm everything on deck had to be lashed down.
glob noun
BrE /ɡlɒb/ ; NAmE /ɡlɑːb/ (informal)
a small amount of a liquid or substance in a round shape 방울
ex) For example, those green globs that you see? Those things are called clathrins.
thick globs of paint on the floor
squiggly adjective
BrE /ˈskwɪɡli/ ; NAmE /ˈskwɪɡli/
squiggly lines are drawn or written in a careless way with twists and curls in them
ex) Also, you see those little squiggly wormlike things moving around?
(원자)핵
nucleus noun
BrE /ˈnjuːkliəs/ ; NAmE /ˈnuːkliəs/ (pl. nuclei BrE /ˈnjuːkliaɪ/ ; NAmE /ˈnuːkliaɪ/ )
1) (physics) the part of an atom that contains most of its mass and that carries a positive electric charge
ex) Unfortunately, viruses also climb down those things to get into the cell nucleus to replicate themselves and make you sick
squirm verb
BrE /skwɜːm/ ; NAmE /skwɜːrm/
2) [intransitive] to feel great embarrassment or shame
ex) De Grey definitely has scientists squirming with an interesting idea: we can be immortal.
It made him squirm to think how badly he’d messed up the interview.
crackpot noun
BrE /ˈkrækpɒt/ ; NAmE /ˈkrækpɑːt/ (informal)
a person with strange or crazy ideas
ex) Now, most scientists think he’s a crackpot.
free radical noun
BrE ; NAmE (chemistry)
an atom or group of atoms that has an electron that is not part of a pair, causing it to take part easily in chemical reactions. Free radicals in the body are thought to be one of the causes of diseases such as cancer. 유리기
ex) For example, when we eat, we take in food and we metabolize it, and that throws off what we call free radicals.
rust verb
BrE /rʌst/ ; NAmE /rʌst/
[intransitive, transitive] if metal rusts or something rusts it, it becomes covered with rust
synonym corrode
ex) It’s just like, no, it’s exactly like oxygen binding to iron and making it rust. So you age because you rust out.
old rusting farming implements
Brass doesn’t rust.
The floor of the car had rusted through.
Water had got in and rusted the engine.
mitochondrial adjective
BrE /ˌmaɪtəʊˈkɒndriəl/ ; NAmE /ˌmaɪtoʊˈkɑːndriəl/ (biology)
- mitochondrion noun
BrE /ˌmaɪtəʊˈkɒndriən/ ; NAmE /ˌmaɪtoʊˈkɑːndriən/ (pl. mitochondria BrE /ˌmaɪtəʊˈkɒndriə/ ; NAmE /ˌmaɪtoʊˈkɑːndriə/ )(biology)
connected with mitochondria (= small parts found in most cells, in which the energy in food is released)
ex) For example, one of the reasons we age is that our mitochondrial DNA mutates, and we get kind of old and our cells lose energy.
mitochondrial DNA
- a small part found in most cells, in which the energy in food is released
obscurity noun
BrE /əbˈskjʊərəti/ ; NAmE /əbˈskjʊrəti/ (pl. obscurities)
1) [uncountable] the state in which somebody/something is not well known or has been forgotten
ex) I’ve got to believe, and I do believe, that there’s one of them out there who is working right now in obscurity to rock our lives, and I don’t know about you, but I can’t wait to be rocked.
The actress was only 17 when she was plucked from obscurity and made a star.
He spent most of his life working in obscurity.
musculature noun
BrE /ˈmʌskjələtʃə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈmʌskjələtʃər/ uncountable, singular
the system of muscles in the body or part of the body 근육계
ex) Unless you’re a marathon runner or swimmer, the activity of our musculature is not a big player in calorie consumption.
80대 후반이다 (80대가 훨씬 넘었다).
He is well into his 80s.
시민 운동가
civic activist
책으로 엮어 낼 계획이다.
They are planning to compile those stories into a book.
row2 noun
BrE /raʊ/ ; NAmE /raʊ/ (informal, especially British English)
1) [countable] row (about/over something) a serious disagreement between people, organizations, etc. about something
ex) A row over missile defence tests South Korea’s friendships with America and China.
A row has broken out over education.
줄다리기
tug of war noun
BrE ; NAmE [singular, uncountable]
1) a sporting event in which two teams pull at opposite ends of a rope until one team drags the other over a line on the ground
2) a situation in which two people or groups try very hard to get or keep the same thing
ex) In South Korea economic forces and security policy seem to be in a tug-of-war: commercial ties with China are ever more important, yet the country relies for its defence on an alliance with the United States.
After the divorce they became involved in an emotional tug of war over the children.
tread/walk a tightrope
to be in a difficult situation in which you do not have much freedom of action and need to be extremely careful about what you do
ex) As the Korea Times, an English-language newspaper, put it this week: “South Korea is walking a tightrope.”
The government is walking a difficult tightrope in wanting to reduce interest rates without pushing up inflation.
be at odds (with something)
to be different from something, when the two things should be the same
synonym conflict
ex) South Korea, close to both, at times finds itself at odds with one or the other.
These findings are at odds with what is going on in the rest of the country.
projectile noun
BrE /prəˈdʒektaɪl/ ; NAmE /prəˈdʒektl/ (formal or specialist)
1) an object, such as a bullet, that is fired from a gun or other weapon
ex) Last year it conducted 19 missile tests involving at least 111 projectiles.
erratic adjective
BrE /ɪˈrætɪk/ ; NAmE /ɪˈrætɪk/
(often disapproving) not happening at regular times; not following any plan or regular pattern; that you cannot rely on
synonym unpredictable
ex) But it remains the only country capable, in theory, of exerting any restraining influence on his erratic regime.
The electricity supply here is quite erratic.
She had learnt to live with his sudden changes of mood and erratic behaviour.
Mary is a gifted but erratic player (= she does not always play well).
Irrigation measures will be necessary in areas of erratic rainfall.
their increasingly erratic policy decisions
indigenous adjective
BrE /ɪnˈdɪdʒənəs/ ; NAmE /ɪnˈdɪdʒənəs/ (formal)
belonging to a particular place rather than coming to it from somewhere else
synonym native
ex) Some in South Korea advocate another system, developed indigenously.
the indigenous peoples/languages of the area
The kangaroo is indigenous to Australia.
ostensible adjective
BrE /ɒˈstensəbl/ ; NAmE /ɑːˈstensəbl/ only before noun
seeming or stated to be real or true, when this is perhaps not the case
synonym apparent
ex) Experts dismiss its ostensible worries about its purpose: the intrusiveness of the radar, and the “interoperability” of the system – i.e., the fear that it might be linked up with those already deployed in Japan and Guam, and that it might eventually even be rolled out in India, encircling China.
The ostensible reason for his absence was illness.
interoperability noun
BrE /ˌɪntərˌɒpərəˈbɪləti/ ; NAmE /ˌɪntərˌɑːpərəˈbɪləti/ uncountable
1) interoperability (between/with something) the ability of computer systems or programs to exchange information
ex) Experts dismiss its ostensible worries about its purpose: the intrusiveness of the radar, and the “interoperability” of the system – i.e., the fear that it might be linked up with those already deployed in Japan and Guam, and that it might eventually even be rolled out in India, encircling China.
This new feature should ensure greater interoperability between devices.
2) interoperability (between/with somebody/something) the ability of military equipment or groups to work together
ex) They need to achieve higher levels of interoperability with allies.
encircle verb
BrE /ɪnˈsɜːkl/ ; NAmE /ɪnˈsɜːrkl/
encircle somebody/something (formal) to surround somebody/something completely in a circle
ex) Experts dismiss its ostensible worries about its purpose: the intrusiveness of the radar, and the “interoperability” of the system – i.e., the fear that it might be linked up with those already deployed in Japan and Guam, and that it might eventually even be rolled out in India, encircling China.
Jack’s arms encircled her waist.
The island is encircled by a coral reef.
Snow covered the encircling hills.
antagonize verb
(British English also -ise)
BrE /ænˈtæɡənaɪz/ ; NAmE /ænˈtæɡənaɪz/
antagonize somebody to do something to make somebody angry with you
ex) If so, it seems to have overplayed its hand, antagonising South Korea by bullying it – just as America blundered when it tried to stop its allies joining the AIIB.
Not wishing to antagonize her further, he said no more.
overplay your hand
to spoil your chance of success by judging your position to be stronger than it really is
ex) If so, it seems to have overplayed its hand, antagonising South Korea by bullying it – just as America blundered when it tried to stop its allies joining the AIIB.
clout noun
BrE /klaʊt/ ; NAmE /klaʊt/
1) [uncountable] power and influence
political/financial clout
ex) The moral seems to be that China’s economic clout can win it commercial acquiescence, but that when it comes to arm-wrestling over matters of national security, America still has the muscle.
I knew his opinion carried a lot of clout with them.
acquiescence noun
BrE /ˌækwiˈesns/ ; NAmE /ˌækwiˈesns/ uncountable
the fact of being willing to do what somebody wants and to accept their opinions, even if you are not sure that they are right
ex) The moral seems to be that China’s economic clout can win it commercial acquiescence, but that when it comes to arm-wrestling over matters of national security, America still has the muscle.
There was general acquiescence in the UN sanctions.
유대목 동물
marsupial noun
BrE /mɑːˈsuːpiəl/ ; NAmE /mɑːrˈsuːpiəl/
any animal that carries its young in a pocket of skin (called a pouch) on the mother’s stomach. Kangaroos and koalas are marsupials.
ex) If we look across many, many different species of animals, not just us primates, but also including other mammals, birds, even marsupials like kangaroos and wombats, it turns out that there’s a relationship between how long a childhood a species has and how big their brains are compared to their bodies and how smart and flexible they are.
wombat noun
BrE /ˈwɒmbæt/ ; NAmE /ˈwɑːmbæt/
an Australian animal like a small bear, that carries its young in a pouch (= a pocket of skin) on the front of the mother’s body
ex) If we look across many, many different species of animals, not just us primates, but also including other mammals, birds, even marsupials like kangaroos and wombats, it turns out that there’s a relationship between how long a childhood a species has and how big their brains are compared to their bodies and how smart and flexible they are.
까마기과
Corvidae is a cosmopolitan family of oscine passerine birds that contains the crows, ravens, rooks, jackdaws, jays, magpies, treepies, choughs, and nutcrackers. In common English, they are known as the crow family, or, more technically, corvids. Over 120 species are described. The genus Corvus, including the jackdaws, crows, and ravens, makes up over a third of the entire family.
They are considered the most intelligent of the birds, and among the most intelligent of all animals, having demonstrated self-awareness in mirror tests (European magpies) and tool-making ability (crows, rooks)—skills until recently regarded as solely the province of humans and a few other higher mammals. Their total brain-to-body mass ratio is equal to that of great apes and cetaceans, and only slightly lower than in humans.
ex) And crows and other corvidae, ravens, rooks and so forth, are incredibly smart birds.
큰까마귀
raven noun
BrE /ˈreɪvn/ ; NAmE /ˈreɪvn/
a large bird of the crow family, with shiny black feathers and a rough unpleasant cry
ex) And crows and other corvidae, ravens, rooks and so forth, are incredibly smart birds.
A raven sat in the tree and cawed.
떼까마귀
rook noun
BrE /rʊk/ ; NAmE /rʊk/
1) a large black bird of the crow family. Rooks build their nests in groups at the tops of trees.
fledgling noun
(British English also fledgeling)
BrE /ˈfledʒlɪŋ/ ; NAmE /ˈfledʒlɪŋ/
1) a young bird that has just learnt to fly
ex) Well it turns out that the babies, the New Caledonian crow babies, are fledglings.
mastodon noun
[mǽstədɑ̀n]
1) a massive, elephantlike mammal of the genus Mammut (Mastodon), that flourished worldwide from the Miocene through the Pleistocene epochs and, in North America, into recent times, having long, curved upper tusks and, in the male, short lower tusks.
ex) So you don’t want to have the mastodon charging at you and be saying to yourself, “A slingshot or maybe a spear might work. Which would actually be better?” You want to know all that before the mastodons actually show up.
make for something
2) to help to make something possible
ex) Ms. deGuzman’s video makes for some discomfiting viewing.
Constant arguing doesn’t make for a happy marriage.
discomfit verb
BrE /dɪsˈkʌmfɪt/ ; NAmE /dɪsˈkʌmfɪt/
[often passive] discomfit somebody (literary) to make somebody feel confused or embarrassed
ex) Ms. deGuzman’s video makes for some discomfiting viewing.
He was not noticeably discomfited by the request.
muse verb
BrE /mjuːz/ ; NAmE /mjuːz/ (formal)
1) [intransitive] muse (about/on/over/upon something) to think carefully about something for a time, ignoring what is happening around you
synonym ponder
ex) I sat quietly, musing on the events of the day.
2) [transitive] + speech | muse that… to say something to yourself in a way that shows you are thinking carefully about it
ex) Ms. deGuzman mused that, like it or not, experiencing life through a four-inch screen could be the new norm.
‘I wonder why?’ she mused.
번잡스런 도시의 분주함과 소음에서 벗어나
You get away from the crowded city’s hurry and noise.
