TO 7-1 Flashcards
consummatory adjective
\kən-ˈsə-mə-ˌtȯr-ē\
2) of, relating to, or being a response or act (as eating or copulating) that terminates a period of usually goal-directed behavior.
ex) That allowed us to watch participants’ consummatory behavior.
attuned adjective
BrE /əˈtjuːnd/ ; NAmE /əˈtuːnd/
[not before noun] attuned (to somebody/something) familiar with somebody/something so that you can understand or recognize them or it and act in an appropriate way
ex) And when the rich players talked about why they had inevitably won in this rigged game of Monopoly - they talked about what they’d done to buy those different properties and earn their success in the game, and they became far less attuned to all those different features of the situation, including that flip of a coin that had randomly gotten them into that privileged position in the first place.
She wasn’t yet attuned to her baby’s needs.
confederate noun
BrE /kənˈfedərət/ ; NAmE /kənˈfedərət/
1) a person who helps somebody, especially to do something illegal or secret
synonym accomplice
ex) That’s our confederate off to the left posing as a pedestrian.
Rokovssky was his confederate in the assassination plot.
농산물
produce noun
BrE /ˈprɒdjuːs/ ; NAmE /ˈprɑːduːs/ , /ˈproʊduːs/ [uncountable] things that have been made or grown, especially things connected with farming
ex) farm produce
The shop sells only fresh local produce.
It says on the label ‘Produce of France’.
a raw deal
the fact of somebody being treated unfairly
ex) If they’re allowed to get away with this, so many hard-working people are getting a raw deal in the end.
Older workers often get a raw deal.
weary adjective
BrE /ˈwɪəri/ ; NAmE /ˈwɪri/ (wearier, weariest)
- wearyingly
3) weary of something/of doing something (formal) no longer interested in or enthusiastic about something
ex) First comes grief, then outrage and then failed gun-control bills in Congress: the ritual that follows a mass shooting in America is wearyingly familiar.
Students soon grow weary of listening to a parade of historical facts.
warp speed noun
BrE ; NAmE singular
a very fast speed
(From the US television series Star Trek, in which a ‘warp drive’ allowed space travel at speeds faster than the speed of light.)
ex) After 49 people were murdered in Orlando, the cycle hit warp speed.
the Second Amendment
an amendment (= change) to the American Constitution, part of the Bill of Rights, passed in 1791. The Second Amendment gives people the right to bear arms (= to own and carry weapons). This has become an issue because of a number of recent tragic events when one armed person has shot a number of people. There is now much disagreement over what this Amendment actually means. Some people believe it only applies to the military and others that it applies to all citizens. It states: ‘A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.’
ex) There are powerful reasons for pessimism. The vetoes wielded in Congress by those who take an expansive view of gun rights is one. The prevailing interpretation of the Second Amendment is another.
all told
with all people, etc. counted and included
ex) Banned guns can be smuggled across state lines, but such laws do make it slightly harder to kill lots of people in a confined space quickly. All told, 18 states have laws mandating background checks.
There are 52 people coming, all told.
bubble up
to increase and become more obvious
ex) National policy changes often bubble up from the states. In time, gun laws may follow the same trajectory.
Tension could bubble up again at any time.
trajectory noun
BrE /trəˈdʒektəri/ ; NAmE /trəˈdʒektəri/ (pl. trajectories)(specialist)
the curved path of something that has been fired, hit or thrown into the air
ex) National policy changes often bubble up from the states. In time, gun laws may follow the same trajectory.
a missile’s trajectory
(figurative) My career seemed to be on a downward trajectory.
place noun
BrE /pleɪs/ ; NAmE /pleɪs/
7) [singular] place (in something) the role or importance of somebody/something in a particular situation, usually in relation to others
ex) The place of guns in American life is not fixed - which is why the NRA fights every proposed curb.
He is assured of his place in history.
Accurate reporting takes second place to lurid detail.
My father believed that people should know their place (= behave according to their social position).
It’s not your place (= your role) to give advice.
Anecdotes have no place in (= are not acceptable in) an academic essay.
ambulant adjective
BrE /ˈæmbjələnt/ ; NAmE /ˈæmbjələnt/
(also ambulatory)
(medical)
(of a patient) able to walk; not having to stay in bed
ex) In an opinion by Justice Stephen Breyer, the court relied on that earlier decision, Planned Parenthood v. Casey, to invalidate the requirement that abortion clinics meet the strict equipment and staffing standards of ambulatory surgical centers, and that doctors working at those clinics have admitting privileges at local hospitals.
결장경 검사 (대장 내시경)
colonoscopy [kòulənɑ́skəpi] [-nɔ́s-]
Colonoscopy is a test that allows your doctor to look at the inner lining of your large intestine (rectum and colon). He or she uses a thin, flexible tube called a colonoscope to look at the colon. A colonoscopy helps find ulcers, colon polyps, tumors, and areas of inflammation or bleeding.
ex) Texas does not, for instance, impose such standards on many riskier procedures, including colonoscopies, tonsillectomies and liposuction.
편도선 절제술
tonsillectomy [|tɑ:nsə|lektəmi] [|tɒnsə|lektəmi]
Tonsillectomy (ton-sih-LEK-tuh-me) is the surgical removal of the tonsils, two oval-shaped pads of tissue at the back of the throat — one tonsil on each side.
A tonsillectomy was once a common procedure to treat infection and inflammation of the tonsils (tonsillitis). Today, a tonsillectomy is usually performed for sleep-disordered breathing but may still be a treatment when tonsillitis occurs frequently or doesn’t respond to other treatments.
ex) Texas does not, for instance, impose such standards on many riskier procedures, including colonoscopies, tonsillectomies and liposuction.
지방 흡입술
liposuction [|laɪpoʊsʌkʃn;|lɪpoʊsʌkʃn] [|lɪpəʊsʌkʃn;|laɪ-]
Liposuction, also called lipoplasty, liposculpture suction lipectomy or lipo, is a type of cosmetic surgery which breaks up and “sucks” fat from various possible parts of the body, most commonly the abdomen, thighs, buttocks, neck, chin, upper and backs of the arms, calves and back
ex) Texas does not, for instance, impose such standards on many riskier procedures, including colonoscopies, tonsillectomies and liposuction.
dispel verb
BrE /dɪˈspel/ ; NAmE /dɪˈspel/
dispel something to make something, especially a feeling or belief, go away or disappear
ex) If there were any lingering doubt that the point of Texas’ law was to make safe and legal abortions nearly impossible to obtain, it was dispelled by the declarations of top state officials.
His speech dispelled any fears about his health.
(법) 보충 [동의] 의견
concurring opinion [kənkə́:riŋ-]
- concur verb
BrE /kənˈkɜː(r)/ ; NAmE /kənˈkɜːr/
[intransitive, transitive] concur (with somebody) (in something) | concur (with something) | concur (that…) | (+ speech) (formal) to agree
ex) As Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg wrote in a concurring opinion, “it is beyond rational belief” that the law “could genuinely protect the health of women.”
Historians have concurred with each other in this view.
The coroner concurred with this assessment.
polemic noun
BrE /pəˈlemɪk/ ; NAmE /pəˈlemɪk/ (formal)
2) [uncountable] (also polemics [plural]) the practice or skill of arguing strongly for or against something/somebody
ex) Beyond rational belief, perhaps - but not beyond the polemics of Justice Samuel Alito Jr. In a lengthy dissent, Justice Alito, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts Jr. and Justice Clarence Thomas, offered unconvincing explanations for clinic closures.
Her speech was memorable for its polemic rather than its substance.
(법) 반대 의견
dissent noun
BrE /dɪˈsent/ ; NAmE /dɪˈsent/ (formal)
2) [countable] (North American English) a judge’s statement giving reasons why he or she disagrees with a decision made by the other judges in a court case
ex) Beyond rational belief, perhaps - but not beyond the polemics of Justice Samuel Alito Jr. In a lengthy dissent, Justice Alito, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts Jr. and Justice Clarence Thomas, offered unconvincing explanations for clinic closures.
regressive adjective
BrE /rɪˈɡresɪv/ ; NAmE /rɪˈɡresɪv/
1) becoming or making something less advanced
ex) Monday’s ruling should spell the end for many if not most of these regressive, unconstitutional laws.
The policy has been condemned as a regressive step.
height noun
BrE /haɪt/ ; NAmE /haɪt/
5) [singular] the point when something is at its best or strongest
ex) If you took every nuclear weapon ever built at the height of the Cold War, lumped them together and blew them up at the same time, that would be one-millionth of the energy released at that moment.
He is at the height of his career.
She is still at the height of her powers.
I wouldn’t go there in the height of summer.
The fire reached its height around 2 a.m.
The crisis was at its height in May.
crater noun
BrE /ˈkreɪtə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈkreɪtər/
1) a large hole in the top of a volcano
ex) We know it was that big because of the impact it had and the crater it left.
유성 (별똥별)
- 운석
meteor noun
BrE /ˈmiːtiə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈmiːtiər/ ; BrE /ˈmiːtiɔː(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈmiːtiɔːr/
a piece of rock from outer space that makes a bright line across the night sky as it burns up while falling through the earth’s atmosphere
ex) a meteor shower
&&& shooting star noun
BrE ; NAmE
(also falling star)
a small meteor (= a piece of rock in outer space) that travels very fast and burns with a bright light as it enters the earth’s atmosphere
- meteorite noun
BrE /ˈmiːtiəraɪt/ ; NAmE /ˈmiːtiəraɪt/
a piece of rock from outer space that hits the earth’s surface
~에 대해서 좀 알려주자면
To give you a sense of scale, this is about a mile wide.
of/in the order of something(British English)
North American English on the order of
(formal) about something; approximately something
ex) The smaller ones happen more often, but probably on the order of a millennium, every few centuries or every few thousand years, but it’s still something to be aware of.
She earns something in the order of £80 000 a year.
apocalypse noun
BrE /əˈpɒkəlɪps/ ; NAmE /əˈpɑːkəlɪps/
1) [singular, uncountable] the destruction of the world
ex) Civilization is on the brink of apocalypse.
2) the Apocalypse [singular] the end of the world, as described in the Bible
ex) If you’ve heard about the Mayan 2012 apocalypse, you’re going to hear about Apophis, because you’re keyed in to all the doomsday networks anyway.
3) [singular] a situation causing very serious damage and destruction
ex) an environmental apocalypse
Add to my wordlist
key somebody to something | key something to something
[usually passive] (especially North American English) to make somebody/something suitable or appropriate for a particular purpose
synonym gear
ex) If you’ve heard about the Mayan 2012 apocalypse, you’re going to hear about Apophis, because you’re keyed in to all the doomsday networks anyway.
The classes are keyed to the needs of advanced students.
(gravitational) keyhole
A gravitational keyhole is a tiny region of space where a planet’s gravity would alter the orbit of a passing asteroid such that the asteroid would collide with that planet on a given future orbital pass. The word “keyhole” contrasts the large uncertainty of trajectory calculations (between the time of the observations of the asteroid and the first encounter with the planet) with the relatively narrow bundle(s) of critical trajectories.
ex) Now the good news is that the odds of it actually passing through this keyhole and hitting us next go-around are one in a million, roughly – very, very low odds, so I personally am not lying awake at night worrying about this at all.
go-around noun
BrE ; NAmE
(also go-round)
1) (specialist) a path taken by a plane after an unsuccessful attempt at landing, in order to get into a suitable position to try to land again
ex) Now the good news is that the odds of it actually passing through this keyhole and hitting us next go-around are one in a million, roughly – very, very low odds, so I personally am not lying awake at night worrying about this at all.
2) (North American English, informal) a disagreement or argument
nucleus noun
BrE /ˈnjuːkliəs/ ; NAmE /ˈnuːkliəs/ (pl. nuclei BrE /ˈnjuːkliaɪ/ ; NAmE /ˈnuːkliaɪ/ )
1) (physics) the part of an atom that contains most of its mass and that carries a positive electric charge (원자) 핵
2) (biology) the central part of some cells, containing the genetic material 세포핵
3) the central part of something around which other parts are located or collected 중심, 핵심
ex) In the year 2005, NASA launched a probe (무인 우주 탐사선) called Deep Impact, which slammed into – slammed a piece of itself into the nucleus of a comet.
These paintings will form the nucleus of a new collection.
혜성
comet noun
BrE /ˈkɒmɪt/ ; NAmE /ˈkɑːmət/
a mass of ice and dust that moves around the sun and looks like a bright star with a tail
ex) In the year 2005, NASA launched a probe (무인 우주 탐사선) called Deep Impact, which slammed into – slammed a piece of itself into the nucleus of a comet.
tolerance noun
BrE /ˈtɒlərəns/ ; NAmE /ˈtɑːlərəns/
3) [countable, uncountable] (specialist) the amount by which the measurement of a value can vary without causing problems
ex) You shoot a nuclear weapon at this thing, you have to blow it up within a few milliseconds of tolerance or else you’ll just miss it.
They were working to a tolerance of 0.0001 of a centimetre.
ham-fisted adjective
BrE ; NAmE
(North American English also ham-handed)
(informal)
lacking skill when using your hands or when dealing with people
synonym clumsy
ex) Now we have three years to do something else. And you can hit it again. That’s kind of ham-fisted.
his ham-fisted efforts to assist her
소행성
asteroid noun
BrE /ˈæstərɔɪd/ ; NAmE /ˈæstərɔɪd/
any one of the many small planets that go around the sun
ex) The little prince who lived on an asteroid, it was called B612.
천문학자
astronomer noun
BrE /əˈstrɒnəmə(r)/ ; NAmE /əˈstrɑːnəmər/
a scientist who studies astronomy (천문학)
ex) He created this image for this, and he’s actually one of the astronomers who works for them.
Astronomers all over the world will be observing the eclipse.
Astronomers continue to discover new stars.
빙글빙글 돌다
You don’t land on it, because these things are tumbling end over end.
plume noun
BrE /pluːm/ ; NAmE /pluːm/
1) a cloud of something that rises and curves upwards in the air
ex) It has a little tiny bit of gravity, but it’s enough that it can pull the asteroid, and you have your rockets set up, so you can – oh, you can barely see it here, but there’s rocket plumes – and you basically, these guys are connected by their own gravity, and if you move the probe very slowly, very, very gently, you can very easily finesse that rock into a safe orbit.
a plume of smoke
A radioactive plume could reach the city within hours.
A great plume of dust and ash rose from the volcano.
The waves pounded the rocks, throwing up white plumes of spray.
finesse verb
BrE /fɪˈnes/ ; NAmE /fɪˈnes/ (especially North American English)
1) finesse something to deal with something in a way that is clever but slightly dishonest
ex) to finesse a deal
2) finesse something to do something with a lot of skill or style
ex) It has a little tiny bit of gravity, but it’s enough that it can pull the asteroid, and you have your rockets set up, so you can – oh, you can barely see it here, but there’s rocket plumes – and you basically, these guys are connected by their own gravity, and if you move the probe very slowly, very, very gently, you can very easily finesse that rock into a safe orbit.
come forward
to offer your help, services, etc.
ex) But not many people would come forward even if they actually saw what really happened.
Several people came forward with information.
Police have asked witnesses of the accident to come forward.
blot something↔out
1) to cover or hide something completely
ex) Make sure you blot out the number plate or people’s faces that appear on the video.
Clouds blotted out the sun.
2) to deliberately try to forget an unpleasant memory or thought
ex) He tried to blot out the image of Helen’s sad face.
She just wanted to sleep and blot out the terrifying events of the day.
despicable adjective
BrE /dɪˈspɪkəbl/ ; NAmE /dɪˈspɪkəbl/ ; BrE /ˈdespɪkəbl/ ; NAmE /ˈdespɪkəbl/ (formal)
very unpleasant or evil
ex) Such despicable acts of crime must be harshly punished.
a despicable act/crime
I hate you! You’re despicable.
a slap on the wrist
(informal) a warning or mild punishment
ex) I believe this is happening because the authorities are giving them a slap on the wrist.
a/the world of good
if something does you a world of good, it makes you feel very happy or healthy
ex) That will do a world of good in terms of people’s health.
A holiday will do them a world of good.
A change of job would do you the world of good.
down at heel adjective
looking less attractive and fashionable than before, usually because of a lack of money
ex) Anger stirred up a winning turnout in the depressed, down-at-heel cities of England.
The town has become very down at heel.
a down-at-heel hotel
from within/without
내부에서/외부에서
ex) If they cannot find a voice within the mainstream, they will make themselves heard from without.
The power structure of the country was being threatened from within.
engender verb
BrE /ɪnˈdʒendə(r)/ ; NAmE /ɪnˈdʒendər/
engender something (formal) to make a feeling or situation exist
ex) It was liberalism’s greatest triumph, but it also engendered a narrow, technocratic politics obsessed by process.
The issue engendered controversy.
problems engendered by the restructuring of the company
The place engendered immediate feelings of friendship and belonging.
technocratic adjective
BrE /ˌteknəˈkrætɪk/ ; NAmE /ˌteknəˈkrætɪk/ [usually before noun]
having or showing expert knowledge in science, engineering, etc. and having a lot of power in politics and/or industry 기술주의의
(cf. technocracy noun
BrE /tekˈnɒkrəsi/ ; NAmE /tekˈnɑːkrəsi/ uncountable, countable —> a social or political system in which people with scientific knowledge have a lot of power
ex) It was liberalism’s greatest triumph, but it also engendered a narrow, technocratic politics obsessed by process.
a technocratic elite/society
a technocratic approach/solution
par excellence adjective
BrE /ˌpɑːr ˈeksəlɑːns/ ; NAmE /ˌpɑːr ˌeksəˈlɑːns/ (from French)
- par excellence adverb
BrE /ˌpɑːr ˈeksəlɑːns/ ; NAmE /ˌpɑːr ˌeksəˈlɑːns/ (from French)
(only used after the noun it describes) better than all the others of the same kind; a very good example of something
ex) The move to a flawed European currency, a technocratic scheme par excellence, led to stagnation and unemployment and is driving Europe apart.
She turned out to be an organizer par excellence.
- in a way that is better than all the others of the same kind; in a way that is a very good example of something
ex) Chemistry was par excellence the laboratory science of the early nineteenth century.
bamboozle verb
BrE /bæmˈbuːzl/ ; NAmE /bæmˈbuːzl/
bamboozle somebody (informal) to confuse somebody, especially by tricking them
ex) Elaborate financial instruments bamboozled regulators, crashed the world economy and ended up with taxpayer-funded bail-outs of banks, and later on, budget cuts.
Karpov bamboozled his opponent with a series of brilliant unexpected moves.
We all wondered how he had managed to bamboozle his way into such a cushy job.
preach verb
BrE /priːtʃ/ ; NAmE /priːtʃ/
2) [transitive, intransitive] to tell people about a particular religion, way of life, system, etc. in order to persuade them to accept it
ex) The right preached meritocratic self-advancement, but failed to win everyone the chance to partake in it.
to preach the word of God
He preached the virtues of capitalism to us.
She preached about the benefits of a healthy lifestyle.
partake verb
BrE /pɑːˈteɪk/ ; NAmE /pɑːrˈteɪk/ (formal)
2) [intransitive] partake (in something) (old-fashioned) to take part in an activity
ex) The right preached meritocratic self-advancement, but failed to win everyone the chance to partake in it.
They preferred not to partake in the social life of the town.
mendacious adjective
BrE /menˈdeɪʃəs/ ; NAmE /menˈdeɪʃəs/ (formal)
not telling the truth
synonym lying
ex) Mendacious campaigning mirrored by partisan media amplified the sense of betrayal.
mendacious press statements
underpinning noun
BrE /ˌʌndəˈpɪnɪŋ/ ; NAmE /ˌʌndərˈpɪnɪŋ/ [countable, uncountable]
1) (formal) something that supports or forms the basis of an argument, a claim, etc.
ex) Less obviously, the intellectual underpinnings of liberalism have been neglected.
the theoretical underpinnings of the study
parrot verb
BrE /ˈpærət/ ; NAmE /ˈpærət/
parrot somebody/something (disapproving) to repeat what somebody else has said without thinking about what it means
ex) When Mr. Trump called for protectionism this week, urging Americans to “take back control,” he was both parroting the Brexiteers and exploiting how almost no politician has been willing to make the full-throated case for trade liberalisation as a boost to prosperity rather than a cost or a concession.
full-throated
(of a voice, laugh, shout, etc) using the full range or power
ex) When Mr. Trump called for protectionism this week, urging Americans to “take back control,” he was both parroting the Brexiteers and exploiting how almost no politician has been willing to make the full-throated case for trade liberalisation as a boost to prosperity rather than a cost or a concession.
full-throated singing
pool verb
BrE /puːl/ ; NAmE /puːl/
pool something to collect money, information, etc. from different people so that it can be used by all of them
ex) While American GDP per person grew by 14% in 2001-15, median wages grew by only 2%.
The students work individually, then pool their ideas in groups of six.
Police forces across the country are pooling resources in order to solve this crime.
strike out
1) to start being independent
ex) But, as Brexit shows, when people feel they do not control their lives or share in the fruits of globalisation, they strike out.
I knew it was time I struck out on my own.
2) (North American English, informal) to fail or be unsuccessful
ex) The movie struck out and didn’t win a single Oscar.
overbearing adjective
BrE /ˌəʊvəˈbeərɪŋ/ ; NAmE /ˌoʊvərˈberɪŋ/ (disapproving)
trying to control other people in an unpleasant way
synonym domineering
ex) The distant, baffling, overbearing EU makes an irresistible target.
an overbearing parent
an overbearing manner
She found him rude and overbearing.
I wasn’t the least impressed or intimidated by her overbearing attitude.
with a vengeance
(informal) to a greater degree than is expected or usual
ex) Now that history has stormed back with a vengeance, liberalism needs to fight its ground all over again.
She set to work with a vengeance.
After two days the infection came back with a vengeance.
After a poor season last year, he’s back with a vengeance.
hector verb
BrE /ˈhektə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈhektər/
hector somebody | + speech (formal) to try to make somebody do something by talking or behaving in an aggressive way
synonym bully
ex) The power of a hectoring, bullying, discriminatory state is a threat to human happiness.
smother verb
BrE /ˈsmʌðə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈsmʌðər/
3) smother something to prevent something from developing or being expressed
synonym stifle
ex) In the 1970s liberals concluded that the embrace of the state had become smothering and oppressive.
to smother a yawn/giggle/grin
The voices of the opposition were effectively smothered.
oppressive adjective
BrE /əˈpresɪv/ ; NAmE /əˈpresɪv/
1) treating people in a cruel and unfair way and not giving them the same freedom, rights, etc. as other people
ex) In the 1970s liberals concluded that the embrace of the state had become smothering and oppressive.
oppressive laws
an oppressive regime
The political situation has grown increasingly oppressive.
aide noun
BrE /eɪd/ ; NAmE /eɪd/
a person who helps another person, especially a politician, in their job
ex) When Margaret Thatcher was prime minister, amid the triumph of Soviet collapse, an aide slipped Mr. Fukuyama’s essay on history into her papers.
White House aides
rallying cry noun
a phrase or an idea that is used to encourage people to support somebody/something
ex) Never take history for granted, she said. Never let up. For liberals today that must be the rallying cry.
adrenaline noun
(also adrenalin)
BrE /əˈdrenəlɪn/ ; NAmE /əˈdrenəlɪn/ [uncountable]
a substance produced in the body when you are excited, afraid or angry. It makes the heart beat faster and increases your energy and ability to move quickly.
ex) Your adrenaline is elevated, and your actions are stemming from these deeply ingrained reflexes, reflexes rooted in a need to protect yourself and your side and to defeat the enemy.
The excitement at the start of a race can really get the adrenaline flowing.
a rush/surge of adrenaline
A shot of adrenaline was given as an antidote to the wasp sting.
ingrained adjective
BrE /ɪnˈɡreɪnd/ ; NAmE /ɪnˈɡreɪnd/
1) ingrained (in somebody/something) (of a habit, an attitude, etc.) that has existed for a long time and is therefore difficult to change
ex) Your adrenaline is elevated, and your actions are stemming from these deeply ingrained reflexes, reflexes rooted in a need to protect yourself and your side and to defeat the enemy.
ingrained prejudices
The belief that we should do our duty is deeply ingrained in most of us.
reflex noun
BrE /ˈriːfleks/ ; NAmE /ˈriːfleks/
an action or a movement of your body that happens naturally in response to something and that you cannot control; something that you do without thinking
ex) Your adrenaline is elevated, and your actions are stemming from these deeply ingrained reflexes, reflexes rooted in a need to protect yourself and your side and to defeat the enemy.
The doctor tested her reflexes.
to have quick/slow reflexes
a reflex response/reaction
Only the goalkeeper’s reflexes (= his ability to react quickly) stopped the ball from going in.
Almost as a reflex action, I grab my pen as the phone rings.
작전 참모
- 육/해/공군 참모 총장
general staff noun
BrE ; NAmE
(also the general staff)
[singular + singular or plural verb]
officers who advise a military leader and help to plan a military operation
ex) It was discovered in 1894 by officers in the French general staff.
* the Army/Navy/Air Force Chief of Staff
converge verb
BrE /kənˈvɜːdʒ/ ; NAmE /kənˈvɜːrdʒ/
3) [intransitive] if ideas, policies, aims, etc. converge, they become very similar or the same
opposite diverge
ex) So they launched a big investigation, and their suspicions quickly converged on this man, Alfred Dreyfus.
sterling adjective
BrE /ˈstɜːlɪŋ/ ; NAmE /ˈstɜːrlɪŋ/
[usually before noun] (formal) of excellent quality
ex) He had a sterling record, no past history of wrongdoing, no motive as fare as they could tell.
He has done sterling work on the finance committee.
My old watch has given me 15 years of sterling service.
She has sterling qualities.
Thanks to all your sterling efforts, we’ve raised over £12 000.
반유대주의 / 반유대주의의 / 반유대주의자
anti-Semitism noun
BrE /ˌænti ˈsemətɪzəm/ ; NAmE /ˌænti ˈsemətɪzəm/ [uncountable]
hatred of Jews; unfair treatment of Jews
- anti-Semitic adjective
BrE /ˌænti səˈmɪtɪk/ ; NAmE /ˌænti səˈmɪtɪk/
that shows hatred of Jews or involves the unfair treatment of Jews
ex) But Dreyfus was the only Jewish officer at that rank in the army, and unfortunately at this time, the French Army was highly anti-Semitic.
anti-Semitic propaganda
** anti-Semite noun
BrE /ˌænti ˈsiːmaɪt/ ; NAmE /ˌænti ˈsiːmaɪt/
a person who hates Jews or treats Jews unfairly
ex) He was a notorious anti-Semite.
incriminating adjective
BrE /ɪnˈkrɪmɪneɪtɪŋ/ ; NAmE /ɪnˈkrɪmɪneɪtɪŋ/ [usually before noun]
that seems to show that somebody has done something wrong or illegal
ex) Next, they went and looked through his personal history for any incriminating details.
incriminating evidence
documents of a potentially incriminating nature
ritualistic adjective
BrE /ˌrɪtʃuəˈlɪstɪk/ ; NAmE /ˌrɪtʃuəˈlɪstɪk/ [usually before noun]
1) connected with the rituals performed as part of a ceremony
ex) Afterwards, they took him out into this public square and ritualistically tore his insignia from his uniform and broke his sword in two.
a ritualistic act of worship
Objects connected with the saint have assumed an almost ritualistic significance.
2) always done or said in the same way, especially when this is not sincere
계급장, 휘장
insignia noun
BrE /ɪnˈsɪɡniə/ ; NAmE /ɪnˈsɪɡniə/ [uncountable + singular or plural verb]
the symbol, badge or sign that shows somebody’s rank or that they are a member of a group or an organization
ex) Afterwards, they took him out into this public square and ritualistically tore his insignia from his uniform and broke his sword in two.
the royal insignia
His uniform bore the insignia of a captain.
paltry adjective
BrE /ˈpɔːltri/ ; NAmE /ˈpɔːltri/ [usually before noun]
1) (of an amount) too small to be considered as important or useful
synonym meagre (especially US English meager)
ex) Which makes you wonder: What does it say about the human mind that we can find such paltry evidence to be compelling enough to convict a man?
This account offers a paltry 1% return on your investment.
a paltry sum
They worked long hours for paltry wages.
반역죄
treason noun
BrE /ˈtriːzn/ ; NAmE /ˈtriːzn/
(also high treason)
[uncountable]
the crime of doing something that could cause danger to your country, such as helping its enemies during a war
ex) Probably most of you have never persecuted a French-Jewish officer for high treason, I assume, but maybe you’ve followed sports or politics, so you might have noticed that when the referee judges that your team committed a foul, for example, you’re highly motivated to find reasons why he’s wrong.
an act of high treason against the English crown
They were charged with treason and sentenced to death.
good call (or bad call)
1) (informal) used to express approval (or criticism) of a person’s decision or suggestion; [countable] (informal) a decision
ex) But if he judges that the other team committed a foul – awesome! That’s a good call, let’s not examine it too closely.
It’s your call!
a good/bad call
That’s a tough call.
tribalism noun
BrE /ˈtraɪbəlɪzəm/ ; NAmE /ˈtraɪbəlɪzəm/ [uncountable]
1) behaviour, attitudes, etc. that are based on being loyal to a tribe or other social group
ex) So, just as soldier mindset is rooted in emotions like defensiveness or tribalism, scout mindset is, too.
itch noun
BrE /ɪtʃ/ ; NAmE /ɪtʃ/
2) [singular] itch (to do something) (informal) a strong desire to do something
ex) They’re more likely to say they feel pleasure when they learn new information or an itch to solve a puzzle.
She has an itch to travel.
the creative itch
show somebody/know/learn the ropes
(informal) to show somebody/know/learn how a particular job should be done
ex) That’s how he ended up learning the ropes of counseling.
2교대/3교대로 일하다
I work on 12-hour/8-hour shifts.
맞벌이/홑벌이
double[dual/two]/single[one]-income family
통화 강/약세
As I see it, that owes much to the winding down of the swine flu epidemic that gripped the whole nation in a panic of sort last year and the dollar getting stronger against the won.
the strengthening/weakening dollar
남에게 뒤지지 않으려고 애쓰다
keep up with the Joneses
(informal, often disapproving) to try to have all the possessions and social achievements that your friends and neighbours have
ex) Plus, the perverted desire of wanting to ‘keep up with the Joneses’ that people over time got to cherish barely making a living, cast out of the well-to-do club of sort played a part.
well-to-do adjective
having a lot of money
synonym rich, wealthy
ex) Plus, the perverted desire of wanting to ‘keep up with the Joneses’ that people over time got to cherish barely making a living, cast out of the well-to-do club of sort played a part.
a well-to-do family
They’re very well-to-do.
She was the daughter of a respected and well-to-do London merchant.
anything but
definitely not
ex) Properly named as overseas education during session, these tips are anything but.
The hotel was anything but cheap.
It wasn’t cheap. Anything but.
wrench verb
BrE /rentʃ/ ; NAmE /rentʃ/
3) [transitive, intransitive] (formal) to make somebody feel great pain or unhappiness, especially so that they make a sound or cry
ex) Seeing all this, a lot of people may have felt simply wrenched or disadvantaged.
His words wrenched a sob from her.
a wrenching experience
Her words wrenched at my heart.
crop up phrasal verb
to appear or happen, especially when it is not expected
synonym come up (4)
ex) New, more interesting browsers have started cropping up.
His name just cropped up in conversation.
I’ll be late—something’s cropped up at home.
fiddly adjective
BrE /ˈfɪdli/ ; NAmE /ˈfɪdli/ (fiddlier, fiddliest)(British English, informal)
difficult to do or use because small objects are involved
ex) Too many fiddly buttons could scare away novice users.
Changing a fuse is one of those fiddly jobs I hate.
Zips are less fiddly than buttons.
It was very fiddly to do with gloves on.
Stringing the beads looked a bit fiddly.
fiendishly adverb
BrE /ˈfiːndɪʃli/ ; NAmE /ˈfiːndɪʃli/ (informal)
very; extremely
ex) Building a new browser from scratch is a fiendishly difficult and expensive undertaking.
fiendishly clever/complicated
undertaking noun
BrE /ˌʌndəˈteɪkɪŋ/ ; NAmE /ˌʌndərˈteɪkɪŋ/
1) [countable] a task or project, especially one that is important and/or difficult
synonym venture
ex) Building a new browser from scratch is a fiendishly difficult and expensive undertaking.
He is interested in buying the club as a commercial undertaking.
In those days, the trip across country was a dangerous undertaking.
foolhardy adjective
BrE /ˈfuːlhɑːdi/ ; NAmE /ˈfuːlhɑːrdi/ (disapproving)
taking unnecessary risks
synonym reckless
ex) Few venture capitalists are foolhardy enough to invest in a product that needs to take on three of the world’s most powerful tech companies.
It would be foolhardy to sail in weather like this.
insurgent noun
BrE /ɪnˈsɜːdʒənt/ ; NAmE /ɪnˈsɜːrdʒənt/ usually plural
a person fighting against the government or armed forces of their own country
synonym rebel
ex) Insurgents are trying to overcome the obstacles in three ways.
an attack by armed insurgents
apiece adverb
BrE /əˈpiːs/ ; NAmE /əˈpiːs/
(used after a noun or number) having, costing or measuring a particular amount each
ex) Both Vivaldi and Brave say they can break even with a few million users apiece.
Sterling and Walcott scored a goal apiece.
The largest stones weigh over five tonnes apiece
subvert verb
BrE /səbˈvɜːt/ ; NAmE /səbˈvɜːrt/ (formal)
1) [transitive, intransitive] subvert (something) to try to destroy the authority of a political, religious, etc. system by attacking it secretly or indirectly
synonym undermine
ex) Brave is trying to subvert the dominant online-advertising model: it blocks intrusive advertisements such as self-starting videos, replaces them with less irksome ones and shares the revenues with publishers and users.
2) [transitive] subvert something to challenge somebody’s ideas or expectations and make them consider the opposite
synonym undermine
ex) The film subverts notions of male and female identity.
espionage noun
BrE /ˈespiənɑːʒ/ ; NAmE /ˈespiənɑːʒ/ [uncountable]
the activity of secretly getting important political or military information about another country or of finding out another company’s secrets by using spies
synonym spying
ex) They went and searched Dreyfus’s apartment, looking for any signs of espionage.
Some of the commercial activities were a cover for espionage.
She may call it research; I call it industrial espionage.
subversive adjective
BrE /səbˈvɜːsɪv/ ; NAmE /səbˈvɜːrsɪv/
trying or likely to destroy or damage a government or political system by attacking it secretly or indirectly
synonym seditious
ex) Each of you possesses the most powerful, dangerous and subversive trait that natural selection has ever devised.
subversive activities
telemetry noun
BrE /təˈlemətri/ ; NAmE /təˈlemətri/ uncountable
the process of using special equipment to send, receive and measure scientific data over long distances
ex) Instead, when you speak, you’re actually using a form of telemetry not so different from the remote control device for your television.
infrared adjective
BrE /ˌɪnfrəˈred/ ; NAmE /ˌɪnfrəˈred/ (physics)
having or using electromagnetic waves which are longer than those of red light in the spectrum, and which cannot be seen 적외선의 (cf. ultraviolet 자외선의)
ex) It’s just that, whereas that device relies on pulses of infrared light, your language relies on pulses, discrete pulses, of sound.
infrared radiation
an infrared lamp
accost verb
BrE /əˈkɒst/ ; NAmE /əˈkɔːst/ , /əˈkɑːst/
accost somebody (formal) to go up to somebody and speak to them, especially in a way that is rude or threatening
ex) Even today, we know that there are words we cannot use, phrases we cannot say, because if we do so, we might be accosted, jailed, or even killed.
She was accosted in the street by a complete stranger.
puff noun
BrE /pʌf/ ; NAmE /pʌf/
2) [countable] a small amount of air, smoke, etc. that is blown from somewhere
ex) And all of this from a puff or air emanating from our mouths.
a puff of wind
She felt a puff of warm air on her face.
Puffs of white smoke came from the chimney.
Any chance of success seemed to vanish in a puff of smoke (= to disappear quickly).
emanate from something
BrE /ˈeməneɪt/ ; NAmE /ˈeməneɪt/
to come from something or somewhere
synonym issue from
ex) And all of this from a puff or air emanating from our mouths.
The sound of loud music emanated from the building.
The proposal originally emanated from the UN.
termite noun
BrE /ˈtɜːmaɪt/ ; NAmE /ˈtɜːrmaɪt/
an insect that lives in organized groups, mainly in hot countries. Termites do a lot of damage by eating the wood of trees and buildings. 흰개미
ex) But if they really were intelligent, why would they use a stick to extract termites from the ground rather than a shovel?
a termite colony
hubris noun
BrE /ˈhjuːbrɪs/ ; NAmE /ˈhjuːbrɪs/ uncountable
the fact of somebody being too proud. In literature, a character with this pride ignores warnings and laws and this usually results in their downfall and death.
ex) Now this may sound arrogant, or even full of hubris.
He thought he was above the law and was ultimately punished for his hubris.
Scientists may arguably be guilty of hubris in this area.
taint noun
BrE /teɪnt/ ; NAmE /teɪnt/
[usually singular] the effect of something bad or unpleasant that spoils the quality of somebody/something
ex) And even this picture has the suspicious taint of being rigged about it – something from a Banrun & Bailey circus.
to be free from the taint of corruption
trying to save his son from the taint of prison
build on something
- improve on something | improve upon something
to use something as a basis for further progress
ex) We can build on their wisdom.
This study builds on earlier work.
We will continue to build on our previous success.
- to achieve or produce something that is of a better quality than something else
ex) We can improve on others’ ideas.
We’ve certainly improved on last year’s figures.
magic mushroom noun
BrE ; NAmE (British English or becoming old-fashioned, North American English)
(usually North American English, informal shroom BrE /ʃruːm/ , /ʃrʊm/ ; NAmE /ʃruːm/ , /ʃrʊm/ )
a type of mushroom that has an effect like some drugs and that may make people who eat it hallucinate (= see things that are not there)
behove verb
BrE /bɪˈhəʊv/ ; NAmE /bɪˈhoʊv/ (British English)
(North American English behoove BrE /bɪˈhuːv/ ; NAmE /bɪˈhuːv/ )
it behoves somebody to do something
(formal) it is right or necessary for somebody to do something
ex) And it any species that acquired it, it would behoove you to hid your best ideas, lest somebody steal them from you.
It behoves us to study these findings carefully.
It ill behoves her (= she ought not) to criticize her colleagues.
lest conjunction
BrE /lest/ ; NAmE /lest/ (formal or literary)
1) in order to prevent something from happening
ex) And it any species that acquired it, it would behoove you to hid your best ideas, lest somebody steal them from you.
He gripped his brother’s arm lest he be trampled by the mob.
Lest anyone should doubt my story, I have brought documents to attest to its truth.
Neanderthal noun
BrE /niˈændətɑːl/ ; NAmE /niˈændərtɑːl/
(also neanderthal)
a type of human being who used stone tools and lived in Europe during the early period of human history
ex) Had we chosen this option, sometime around 200,000 years ago, we would probably still be living like the Neanderthals were when we first entered Europe 40,00 years ago.
the days of the Neanderthals
- Homo erectus noun
BrE /ˌhɒməʊ ɪˈrektəs/ , /ˌhəʊməʊ ɪˈrektəs/ ; NAmE /ˌhoʊmoʊ ɪˈrektəs/ uncountable
an early form of human which was able to walk on two legs
ex) Sure enough, their tools were more complicated than those of Homo erectus, but they too showed very little change over the 300,000 years or so that those species, the Neanderthals, lived in Eurasia.
exploit verb
BrE /ɪkˈsplɔɪt/ ; NAmE /ɪkˈsplɔɪt/
3) exploit something to use something well in order to gain as much from it as possible
ex) Just as wings open up this sphere of air for birds to exploit, language opened up the sphere of cooperation for humans to exploit.
She fully exploits the humour of her role in the play.
Teachers should be exploiting computers in education.
arrowhead noun
BrE /ˈærəʊhed/ ; NAmE /ˈæroʊhed/
the sharp pointed end of an arrow
ex) Two other people you know are very good at making the wooden shafts, but they’re hopeless at making the arrowheads.
clunky adjective
BrE /ˈklʌŋki/ ; NAmE /ˈklʌŋki/ (informal)
heavy and awkward
ex) If a prize were to be awarded for the world’s clunkiest prose, the paragraphs of indecipherable text that make up “terms of use” agreements would surely win.
clunky leather shoes
(figurative) The movie is ruined by wooden acting and clunky dialogue.
prose noun
BrE /prəʊz/ ; NAmE /proʊz/ [uncountable]
writing that is not poetry
ex) If a prize were to be awarded for the world’s clunkiest prose, the paragraphs of indecipherable text that make up “terms of use” agreements would surely win.
the author’s clear elegant prose (= style of writing)
I plan out an essay in note form before writing it up in continuous prose.
a passage in prose
indecipherable adjective
BrE /ˌɪndɪˈsaɪfrəbl/ ; NAmE /ˌɪndɪˈsaɪfrəbl/
(of writing or speech) impossible to read or understand
ex) If a prize were to be awarded for the world’s clunkiest prose, the paragraphs of indecipherable text that make up “terms of use” agreements would surely win.
His signature is indecipherable.
There was an indecipherable message on the answering machine.
thicket noun
BrE /ˈθɪkɪt/ ; NAmE /ˈθɪkɪt/
1) a group of bushes or small trees growing closely together
ex) a dense thicket of bamboo
2) a large number of things that are not easy to understand or separate
ex) These legal thickets are designed to protect companies from litigious online shoppers and users of web services.
He spent the morning trying to work his way through a thicket of statistics.
litigious adjective
BrE /lɪˈtɪdʒəs/ ; NAmE /lɪˈtɪdʒəs/ (formal, disapproving)
too ready to take disagreements to court
ex) These legal thickets are designed to protect companies from litigious online shoppers and users of web services.
twist noun
BrE /twɪst/ ; NAmE /twɪst/
2) [countable] an unexpected change or development in a story or situation
ex) But in a new twist, legal disclaimers designed to limit lawsuits are now unleashing litigation.
the twists and turns of his political career
The story has taken another twist.
The disappearance of a vital witness added a new twist to the case.
By a curious twist of fate we met again only a week or so later.
a bizarre twist to the tale
convoluted adjective
BrE /ˈkɒnvəluːtɪd/ ; NAmE /ˈkɑːnvəluːtɪd/
Add to my wordlist
1) extremely complicated and difficult to follow
ex) And the lawsuits accuse companies of illegally limiting lawsuits, a convoluted argument even by the standards of American jurisprudence.
a convoluted argument/explanation
a book with a convoluted plot
I had to negotiate an amazingly convoluted one-way system.
jurisprudence noun
BrE /ˌdʒʊərɪsˈpruːdns/ ; NAmE /ˌdʒʊrɪsˈpruːdns/ uncountable
the scientific study of law
ex) And the lawsuits accuse companies of illegally limiting lawsuits, a convoluted argument even by the standards of American jurisprudence.
a professor of jurisprudence
embolden verb
BrE /ɪmˈbəʊldən/ ; NAmE /ɪmˈboʊldən/
1) [usually passive] (formal) to make somebody feel braver or more confident
ex) A growing number of firms, emboldened by favourable Supreme Court rulings, have adopted clauses that limit class-action suits.
Emboldened by the wine, he went over to introduce himself to her.
With such a majority, the administration was emboldened to introduce radical new policies.
bandwagon noun
BrE /ˈbændwæɡən/ ; NAmE /ˈbændwæɡən/ [usually singular]
- climb/jump on the bandwagon
an activity that more and more people are becoming involved in
ex) The World Cup bandwagon is starting to roll.
* (informal, disapproving) to join others in doing something that is becoming fashionable because you hope to become popular or successful yourself
ex) Even elected officials and candidates in states with higher minimum wages like New York have jumped on the $15 an hour bandwagon.
politicians eager to jump on the environmental bandwagon
stipend noun
BrE /ˈstaɪpend/ ; NAmE /ˈstaɪpend/ (formal)
an amount of money that is paid regularly to somebody, especially a priest, as wages or money to live on
ex) The president and members of Congress from both parties, including House Speaker Paul D. Ryan, have proposed reforms that would extend eligibility to childless individuals over 21 years old and raise stipend levels.
a monthly stipend
(especially North American English) a summer internship with a small stipend
The church pays him an annual stipend of $17 000.
젊은이들이 투표에 많이 나서지는 않았지만 투표를 한 사람들은 잔류를 원했습니다.
Young people didn’t turn out to vote in great numbers, but those that did wanted to remain.
ambivalence noun
BrE /æmˈbɪvələns/ ; NAmE /æmˈbɪvələns/ [uncountable, singular]ambivalence (about/towards somebody/something)
the fact of having or showing both good and bad feelings about somebody/something
ex) Geographically, it was London and Scotland that most strongly committed to being part of the European Union, while in other parts of the country there was very strong ambivalence.
There was ambivalence among church members about women becoming priests.
Many people feel some ambivalence towards television and its effect on our lives.
faultline noun
/ˈfɔːltˌlaɪn/
a crack on the Earth’s surface where layers of rock have become separated from the main layer of rock and where earthquakes sometimes happen
ex) The fault line of contemporary politics is between those that embrace globalization and those that fear globalization.
narrate verb
BrE /nəˈreɪt/ ; NAmE /nəˈreɪt/ , also /ˈnæreɪt/
1) narrate something (formal) to tell a story
synonym relate
ex) And the challenge that comes from that is we need to find a new way to narrate globalization to those people, to recognize that for those people who have not necessarily been to university, who haven’t necessarily grown up with the Internet, that don’t get opportunities to travel, they may be unpersuaded by the narrative that we find persuasive in our often liberal bubbles.
She entertained them by narrating her adventures in Africa.
The story is narrated in flashback.
peddle verb
BrE /ˈpedl/ ; NAmE /ˈpedl/
2) peddle something to spread an idea or story in order to get people to accept it
ex) In the Leave vote, a minority have peddled the politics of fear and hatred, creating lies and mistrust around, for instance, the idea that the vote on Europe could reduce the number of refugees and asylum-seekers coming to Europe, when the vote on leaving had nothing to do with immigration from outside the European Union.
to peddle malicious gossip
This line (= publicly stated opinion) is being peddled by all the government spokesmen.
establishment noun
BrE /ɪˈstæblɪʃmənt/ ; NAmE /ɪˈstæblɪʃmənt/
2) (also the Establishment) [singular + singular or plural verb] (often disapproving) the people in a society or a profession who have influence and power and who usually do not support change
ex) But for a significant majority of the Leave voters the concern was disillusionment with the political establishment.
the medical/military/political, etc. establishment
young people rebelling against the Establishment
orthodox Establishment views
redistributive adjective
BrE /ˌriːdɪˈstrɪbjətɪv/ ; NAmE /ˌriːdɪˈstrɪbjətɪv/
having the effect of sharing something out among people in a different way
ex) But globalization also has redistributive effects. It creates winners and losers.
the debate over redistributive tax policies
antagonistic adjective
BrE /ænˌtæɡəˈnɪstɪk/ ; NAmE /ænˌtæɡəˈnɪstɪk/
antagonistic (to/toward(s) somebody/something) (formal) showing or feeling opposition
synonym hostile
ex) Bigotry and ignorance are the ugly face of exclusionary and antagonistic globalization.
Marx saw these issues in terms of antagonistic class relationships.
The interview made her antagonistic towards journalists.
craze noun
BrE /kreɪz/ ; NAmE /kreɪz/
- frenzy noun
BrE /ˈfrenzi/ ; NAmE /ˈfrenzi/ countable, usually singular, uncountable
craze (for something) an enthusiastic interest in something that is shared by many people but that usually does not last very long; a thing that people have a craze for
synonym fad
ex) the latest fitness craze to sweep the country
- frenzy (of something) a state of great activity and strong emotion that is often violent or frightening and not under control
in a frenzy of activity/excitement/violence
ex) The speaker worked the crowd up into a frenzy.
an outbreak of patriotic frenzy
a killing frenzy
She tore the letter open in a frenzy.
boisterous adjective
BrE /ˈbɔɪstərəs/ ; NAmE /ˈbɔɪstərəs/
(of people, animals or behaviour) noisy and full of life and energy
ex) The boisterous crowd, many wearing foam hot-dog hats and waving American flags, chanted “Brooklyn!” and “USA!” as they watched him attempt to take back the coveted mustard belt.
It was a challenge, keeping ten boisterous seven-year-olds amused.
The children and the dogs raced out of the house to give me a boisterous welcome.
loquacious adjective
BrE /ləˈkweɪʃəs/ ; NAmE /ləˈkweɪʃəs/ (formal)
talking a lot
synonym talkative
ex) George Shea, the event’s loquacious master of ceremonies and head of Major League Eating, explained that this was more than sport.
He is particularly loquacious on the topic of politics.
master of ceremonies noun
BrE /ˌmɑːstər əv ˈserəməniz/ ; NAmE /ˌmæstər əv ˈserəmoʊniz/
(abbreviation MC)
a person who introduces guests or entertainers at a formal occasion
ex) George Shea, the event’s loquacious master of ceremonies and head of Major League Eating, explained that this was more than sport.
가재
crayfish noun
BrE /ˈkreɪfɪʃ/ ; NAmE /ˈkreɪfɪʃ/ (especially British English)
(also crawfish North American English, British English)
countable, uncountable
an animal like a small lobster, that lives in rivers and lakes and can be eaten, or one like a large lobster, that lives in the sea and can be eaten
ex) In coastal areas, crawfish and oyster-eating competitions were more common.
spoilsport noun
BrE /ˈspɔɪlspɔːt/ ; NAmE /ˈspɔɪlspɔːrt/ (informal)
a person who spoils other people’s enjoyment, for example by not taking part in an activity or by trying to stop other people from doing it
ex) Spoilsport scholars decry speed-eating as a self-destructive form of behaviour.
Don’t be such a spoilsport!
decry verb
BrE /dɪˈkraɪ/ ; NAmE /dɪˈkraɪ/
decry somebody/something (as something) (formal) to strongly criticize somebody/something, especially publicly
synonym condemn
ex) Spoilsport scholars decry speed-eating as a self-destructive form of behaviour.
The measures were decried as useless.
portly adjective
BrE /ˈpɔːtli/ ; NAmE /ˈpɔːrtli/ [usually before noun]
(especially of an older man) rather fat
synonym stout
ex) No longer do Nathan’s employees cajole portly passers-by to enter the contest.
The waiter was a portly middle-aged man.
regurgitation noun
BrE /rɪˌɡɜːdʒɪˈteɪʃn/ ; NAmE /rɪˌɡɜːrdʒɪˈteɪʃn/
1) [uncountable] (formal) the act of bringing food that has been swallowed back up into the mouth again
ex) Mr. Stonie, meanwhile, studies nutrition to understand better how his body works. A “reversal of fortune,” i.e., regurgitation, means disqualification.
If regurgitation becomes severe, surgery might be required.
guzzle verb
BrE /ˈɡʌzl/ ; NAmE /ˈɡʌzl/
[transitive, intransitive] guzzle (something) (informal, usually disapproving) to drink something quickly and in large amounts. In British English it also means to eat food quickly and in large amounts.
ex) Nearly all competitors use a version of the techniques pioneered by Takeru Kobayashi, a Japanese hot-dog guzzler.
The kids seem to be guzzling soft drinks all day.
(figurative) My car guzzles fuel.
gyrate verb
BrE /dʒaɪˈreɪt/ ; NAmE /ˈdʒaɪreɪt/ [intransitive, transitive]
to move around in circles; to make something, especially a part of your body, move around
ex) This, coupled with shaking and gyrating, helped a 112lb man consume nearly 8lb of bread and sausage.
They began gyrating to the music.
The leaves gyrated slowly to the ground.
As the lead singer gyrated his hips, the crowd screamed wildly.
wolf verb
BrE /wʊlf/ ; NAmE /wʊlf/
wolf something (down) (informal) to eat food very quickly, especially by putting a lot of it in your mouth at once
synonym gobble
ex) He took back the mustard belt by wolfing down 70 dogs and buns in ten minutes.
급성림프구성백혈병
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, also known as acute lymphocytic leukemia or acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL), is an acute form of leukemia, or cancer of the white blood cells, characterized by the overproduction and accumulation of cancerous, immature white blood cells, known as lymphoblasts. In persons with ALL, lymphoblasts are overproduced in the bone marrow and continuously multiply, causing damage and death by inhibiting the production of normal cells (such as red and white blood cells and platelets) in the bone marrow and by spreading (infiltrating) to other organs. ALL is most common in childhood, with a peak incidence at 2–5 years of age and another peak in old age.
ex) Let’s start with leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, ALL, the most common cancer of children.
avert verb
BrE /əˈvɜːt/ ; NAmE /əˈvɜːrt/
1) avert something to prevent something bad or dangerous from happening
ex) Today, we’ve seen a 63 percent reduction in mortality from heart disease – remarkably, 1.1 million deaths averted every year.
A disaster was narrowly averted.
He did his best to avert suspicion.
Talks are taking place in an attempt to avert a strike.
per se adverb
BrE /ˌpɜː ˈseɪ/ ; NAmE /ˌpɜːr ˈseɪ/ (from Latin)
used meaning ‘by itself’ to show that you are referring to something on its own, rather than in connection with other things
ex) Let’s talk about one other story which has to do with suicide. Now this is, of course, not a disease, per se.
The drug is not harmful per se, but is dangerous when taken with alcohol.
fatality noun
BrE /fəˈtæləti/ ; NAmE /fəˈtæləti/ (pl. fatalities)
1) [countable] a death that is caused in an accident or a war, or by violence or disease
ex) It’s kind of an extraordinary story when you realize that this is twice as common as homicide and actually more common as a source of death than traffic fatalities in this country.
Several people were injured, but there were no fatalities.
a campaign to reduce the number of fatalities on the roads
경계선 성격장애
Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a pattern of abnormal behavior characterized by extreme fear of abandonment; unstable relationships with other people, sense of self, or emotions; feelings of emptiness; frequent dangerous behavior; and self-harm.
ex) Now, when we talk about suicide, there is also a medical contribution here, because 90 percent of suicides are related to a mental illness: depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, anorexia, borderline personality.
metric noun
[métrik]
a system or standard for measuring something
ex) If you look at disability, it’s kind of a metric that nobody would think of except an economist, except it’s one way of trying to capture what is lost in terms of disability from medical causes, and as you can see, virtually 30 percent of all disability from all medical causes can be attributed to mental disorders, neuropsychiatric syndromes.
Email marketers said their biggest success metric was click-through rates.
Metrics can be deceiving, and they can often be spun to tell you what you want to be told.
morbidity noun
BrE /mɔːˈbɪdəti/ ; NAmE /mɔːrˈbɪdəti/ [uncountable]
1) (medical) the number of people who have a particular disease
ex) But what really drives these numbers, this high morbidity, and to some extent the high mortality, is the fact that these start very early in life.
The programme aims to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with these chronic diseases.
the malaria morbidity rate
환원주의
reductionism noun
BrE /rɪˈdʌkʃənɪzəm/ ; NAmE /rɪˈdʌkʃənɪzəm/ uncountable
the belief that complicated things can be explained by considering them as a combination of simple parts
ex) When we talk about the brain, it is anything but unidimensional or simplistic or reductionistic.
강박병, 강박 장애, 강박 신경증
OCD noun
BrE /ˌəʊ siː ˈdiː/ ; NAmE /ˌoʊ siː ˈdiː/ [uncountable]
the abbreviation for ‘obsessive compulsive disorder’ (a mental disorder in which somebody feels they have to repeat certain actions or activities to get rid of fears or unpleasant thoughts)
ex) Now, already in the case of the brain disorders that I’ve been talking to you about, depression, obsessive compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, while we don’t have an in-depth understanding of how they are abnormally processed or what the brain is doing in these illnesses, we have been able to already identify some of the connectional differences, or some of the ways in which the circuitry is different for people who have these disorders.
to suffer from OCD
connectome noun
A connectome is a comprehensive map of neural connections in the brain, and may be thought of as its “wiring diagram”. More broadly, a connectome would include the mapping of all neural connections within an organism’s nervous system.
ex) Now, already in the case of the brain disorders that I’ve been talking to you about, depression, obsessive compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, while we don’t have an in-depth understanding of how they are abnormally processed or what the brain is doing in these illnesses, we have been able to already identify some of the connectional differences, or some of the ways in which the circuitry is different for people who have these disorders. We call this the human connectome, and you can think about the connectome sort of as the wiring diagram of the brain.
심근 경색
/ˌmaɪəʊkɑː(r)diəl ɪnˈfɑː(r)kʃən/ Myocardial infarction (MI) or acute myocardial infarction (AMI), commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow stops to a part of the heart causing damage to the heart muscle. The most common symptom is chest pain or discomfort which may travel into the shoulder, arm, back, neck, or jaw. Often it is in the center or left side of the chest and lasts for more than a few minutes. The discomfort may occasionally feel like heartburn. Other symptoms may include shortness of breath, nausea, feeling faint, a cold sweat, or feeling tired. About 30% of people have atypical symptoms, with women more likely than men to present atypically. Among those over 75 years old, about 5% have had an MI with little or no history of symptoms. An MI may cause heart failure, an irregular heartbeat, or cardiac arrest.
ex) You could, if you want, compare this to, on the one hand, a myocardial infarction, a heart attack, where you have dead tissue in the heart, versus an arrhythmia, where the organ simply isn’t functioning because of the communication problems within it.
부정맥
[əríðmiə,ei-]
The term “arrhythmia” refers to any change from the normal sequence of electrical impulses. The electrical impulses may happen too fast, too slowly, or erratically – causing the heart to beat too fast, too slowly, or erratically. When the heart doesn’t beat properly, it can’t pump blood effectively. When the heart doesn’t pump blood effectively, the lungs, brain and all other organs can’t work properly and may shut down or be damaged.
ex) You could, if you want, compare this to, on the one hand, a myocardial infarction, a heart attack, where you have dead tissue in the heart, versus an arrhythmia, where the organ simply isn’t functioning because of the communication problems within it.
hallucination noun
BrE /həˌluːsɪˈneɪʃn/ ; NAmE /həˌluːsɪˈneɪʃn/
1) [countable, uncountable] the fact of seeming to see or hear somebody/something that is not really there, especially because of illness or drugs
ex) And it’s important, if you try to model this, you can think about normal development as a loss of cortical mass, loss of cortical gray matter, and what’s happening in schizophrenia is that you overshoot that mark, and at some point, when you overshoot, you cross a threshold, and it’s that threshold where we say, this is a person who has this disease, because they have the behavioral symptoms hallucinations and delusions.
to have hallucinations
High temperatures can cause hallucination.
She was admitted to hospital suffering from hallucinations.
octogenarian noun
BrE /ˌɒktədʒəˈneəriən/ ; NAmE /ˌɑːktədʒəˈneriən/
a person between 80 and 89 years old
ex) There may be a new market for video games: octogenarians.
pick out somebody | pick out something | pick somebody out | pick something out
2) to recognize somebody/something from among other people or things
ex) Brain scientists have discovered that swerving around cars while simultaneously picking out road signs in a video game can improve the short-term memory and long-term focus of older adults.
See if you can pick me out in this photo.
We couldn’t pick out any familiar landmarks.
tinker verb
BrE /ˈtɪŋkə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈtɪŋkər/
[intransitive] tinker (with something) to make small changes to something in order to repair or improve it, especially in a way that may not be helpful
ex) Further supporting the findings, the researchers were able to measure and show changes in brain wave activity, suggesting that this research could help understand what neurological mechanisms should and could be tinkered with to improve memory and attention.
He’s in the garage tinkering with his bike.
The password will prevent others from tinkering with your data.
The government is merely tinkering at the edges of a much wider problem.
off-the-shelf adjective
BrE ; NAmE [only before noun]
(of a product) that can be bought immediately and does not have to be specially designed or ordered
ex) Previous studies show that heavy use of certain off-the-shelf, intense shooting games can lead to improvements in a user’s ability to ignore distractions, and even learn.
off-the-shelf software packages
마약 중독자
drug addict, junkie, pothead (대마초), crackhead (코카인), dopehead, druggy[druggie], drugster
next to preposition
BrE /ˈnekst tu/ ; NAmE /ˈnekst tu/
3) almost
ex) It’s next to impossible for addicts to get clean on their own.
Charles knew next to nothing about farming.
The horse came next to last (= the one before the last one) in the race.
tap (into)
4) tap or tap into [TRANSITIVE] if you tap something such as someone’s ability or a supply of information, you use it or get some benefit from it
ex) You burn fossil fuels or use hydropower. Or you can tap into the wind or solar power.
Are you tapping your staff’s full potential?
Several other companies were already tapping this market.
