TO 7-1 Flashcards

Question

~에 대해서 좀 알려주자면

Answer 1

To give you a sense of scale, this is about a mile wide.

Answer 2

(formal) about something; approximately something ex) The smaller ones happen more often, but probably on the order of a millennium, every few centuries or every few thousand years, but it's still something to be aware of. She earns something in the order of £80 000 a year.

Answer 3

1) [singular, uncountable] the destruction of the world ex) Civilization is on the brink of apocalypse. 2) the Apocalypse [singular] the end of the world, as described in the Bible ex) If you've heard about the Mayan 2012 apocalypse, you're going to hear about Apophis, because you're keyed in to all the doomsday networks anyway. 3) [singular] a situation causing very serious damage and destruction ex) an environmental apocalypse

Answer 4

[usually passive] (especially North American English) to make somebody/something suitable or appropriate for a particular purpose synonym gear ex) If you've heard about the Mayan 2012 apocalypse, you're going to hear about Apophis, because you're keyed in to all the doomsday networks anyway. The classes are keyed to the needs of advanced students.

Answer 5

A gravitational keyhole is a tiny region of space where a planet's gravity would alter the orbit of a passing asteroid such that the asteroid would collide with that planet on a given future orbital pass. The word "keyhole" contrasts the large uncertainty of trajectory calculations (between the time of the observations of the asteroid and the first encounter with the planet) with the relatively narrow bundle(s) of critical trajectories. ex) Now the good news is that the odds of it actually passing through this keyhole and hitting us next go-around are one in a million, roughly -- very, very low odds, so I personally am not lying awake at night worrying about this at all.

Answer 6

1) (specialist) a path taken by a plane after an unsuccessful attempt at landing, in order to get into a suitable position to try to land again ex) Now the good news is that the odds of it actually passing through this keyhole and hitting us next go-around are one in a million, roughly -- very, very low odds, so I personally am not lying awake at night worrying about this at all. 2) (North American English, informal) a disagreement or argument

Answer 7

1) (physics) the part of an atom that contains most of its mass and that carries a positive electric charge (원자) 핵 2) (biology) the central part of some cells, containing the genetic material 세포핵 3) the central part of something around which other parts are located or collected 중심, 핵심 ex) In the year 2005, NASA launched a probe (무인 우주 탐사선) called Deep Impact, which slammed into -- slammed a piece of itself into the nucleus of a comet. These paintings will form the nucleus of a new collection.

Answer 8

comet noun BrE /ˈkɒmɪt/ ; NAmE /ˈkɑːmət/ a mass of ice and dust that moves around the sun and looks like a bright star with a tail ex) In the year 2005, NASA launched a probe (무인 우주 탐사선) called Deep Impact, which slammed into -- slammed a piece of itself into the nucleus of a comet.

Answer 9

3) [countable, uncountable] (specialist) the amount by which the measurement of a value can vary without causing problems ex) You shoot a nuclear weapon at this thing, you have to blow it up within a few milliseconds of tolerance or else you'll just miss it. They were working to a tolerance of 0.0001 of a centimetre.

Answer 10

lacking skill when using your hands or when dealing with people synonym clumsy ex) Now we have three years to do something else. And you can hit it again. That's kind of ham-fisted. his ham-fisted efforts to assist her

Answer 11

asteroid noun BrE /ˈæstərɔɪd/ ; NAmE /ˈæstərɔɪd/ any one of the many small planets that go around the sun ex) The little prince who lived on an asteroid, it was called B612.

Answer 12

astronomer noun BrE /əˈstrɒnəmə(r)/ ; NAmE /əˈstrɑːnəmər/ a scientist who studies astronomy (천문학) ex) He created this image for this, and he's actually one of the astronomers who works for them. Astronomers all over the world will be observing the eclipse. Astronomers continue to discover new stars.

Answer 13

You don't land on it, because these things are tumbling end over end.

Answer 14

1) a cloud of something that rises and curves upwards in the air ex) It has a little tiny bit of gravity, but it's enough that it can pull the asteroid, and you have your rockets set up, so you can -- oh, you can barely see it here, but there's rocket plumes -- and you basically, these guys are connected by their own gravity, and if you move the probe very slowly, very, very gently, you can very easily finesse that rock into a safe orbit. a plume of smoke A radioactive plume could reach the city within hours. A great plume of dust and ash rose from the volcano. The waves pounded the rocks, throwing up white plumes of spray.

Answer 15

1) finesse something to deal with something in a way that is clever but slightly dishonest ex) to finesse a deal 2) finesse something to do something with a lot of skill or style ex) It has a little tiny bit of gravity, but it's enough that it can pull the asteroid, and you have your rockets set up, so you can -- oh, you can barely see it here, but there's rocket plumes -- and you basically, these guys are connected by their own gravity, and if you move the probe very slowly, very, very gently, you can very easily finesse that rock into a safe orbit.

Answer 16

to offer your help, services, etc. ex) But not many people would come forward even if they actually saw what really happened. Several people came forward with information. Police have asked witnesses of the accident to come forward.

Answer 17

1) to cover or hide something completely ex) Make sure you blot out the number plate or people's faces that appear on the video. Clouds blotted out the sun. 2) to deliberately try to forget an unpleasant memory or thought ex) He tried to blot out the image of Helen's sad face. She just wanted to sleep and blot out the terrifying events of the day.

Answer 18

very unpleasant or evil ex) Such despicable acts of crime must be harshly punished. a despicable act/crime I hate you! You're despicable.

Answer 19

(informal) a warning or mild punishment | ex) I believe this is happening because the authorities are giving them a slap on the wrist.

Answer 20

if something does you a world of good, it makes you feel very happy or healthy ex) That will do a world of good in terms of people's health. A holiday will do them a world of good. A change of job would do you the world of good.

Answer 21

looking less attractive and fashionable than before, usually because of a lack of money ex) Anger stirred up a winning turnout in the depressed, down-at-heel cities of England. The town has become very down at heel. a down-at-heel hotel

Answer 22

내부에서/외부에서 ex) If they cannot find a voice within the mainstream, they will make themselves heard from without. The power structure of the country was being threatened from within.

Answer 23

engender something (formal) to make a feeling or situation exist ex) It was liberalism's greatest triumph, but it also engendered a narrow, technocratic politics obsessed by process. The issue engendered controversy. problems engendered by the restructuring of the company The place engendered immediate feelings of friendship and belonging.

Answer 24

having or showing expert knowledge in science, engineering, etc. and having a lot of power in politics and/or industry 기술주의의 (cf. technocracy noun BrE /tekˈnɒkrəsi/ ; NAmE /tekˈnɑːkrəsi/ [uncountable, countable](pl. technocracies) ---> a social or political system in which people with scientific knowledge have a lot of power ex) It was liberalism's greatest triumph, but it also engendered a narrow, technocratic politics obsessed by process. a technocratic elite/society a technocratic approach/solution

Answer 25

(only used after the noun it describes) better than all the others of the same kind; a very good example of something ex) The move to a flawed European currency, a technocratic scheme par excellence, led to stagnation and unemployment and is driving Europe apart. She turned out to be an organizer par excellence. * in a way that is better than all the others of the same kind; in a way that is a very good example of something ex) Chemistry was par excellence the laboratory science of the early nineteenth century.

Answer 26

bamboozle somebody (informal) to confuse somebody, especially by tricking them ex) Elaborate financial instruments bamboozled regulators, crashed the world economy and ended up with taxpayer-funded bail-outs of banks, and later on, budget cuts. Karpov bamboozled his opponent with a series of brilliant unexpected moves. We all wondered how he had managed to bamboozle his way into such a cushy job.

Answer 27

2) [transitive, intransitive] to tell people about a particular religion, way of life, system, etc. in order to persuade them to accept it ex) The right preached meritocratic self-advancement, but failed to win everyone the chance to partake in it. to preach the word of God He preached the virtues of capitalism to us. She preached about the benefits of a healthy lifestyle.

Answer 28

2) [intransitive] partake (in something) (old-fashioned) to take part in an activity ex) The right preached meritocratic self-advancement, but failed to win everyone the chance to partake in it. They preferred not to partake in the social life of the town.

Answer 29

not telling the truth synonym lying ex) Mendacious campaigning mirrored by partisan media amplified the sense of betrayal. mendacious press statements

Answer 30

1) (formal) something that supports or forms the basis of an argument, a claim, etc. ex) Less obviously, the intellectual underpinnings of liberalism have been neglected. the theoretical underpinnings of the study

Answer 31

parrot somebody/something (disapproving) to repeat what somebody else has said without thinking about what it means ex) When Mr. Trump called for protectionism this week, urging Americans to "take back control," he was both parroting the Brexiteers and exploiting how almost no politician has been willing to make the full-throated case for trade liberalisation as a boost to prosperity rather than a cost or a concession.

Answer 32

(of a voice, laugh, shout, etc) using the full range or power ex) When Mr. Trump called for protectionism this week, urging Americans to "take back control," he was both parroting the Brexiteers and exploiting how almost no politician has been willing to make the full-throated case for trade liberalisation as a boost to prosperity rather than a cost or a concession. full-throated singing

Answer 33

pool something to collect money, information, etc. from different people so that it can be used by all of them ex) While American GDP per person grew by 14% in 2001-15, median wages grew by only 2%. The students work individually, then pool their ideas in groups of six. Police forces across the country are pooling resources in order to solve this crime.

Answer 34

1) to start being independent ex) But, as Brexit shows, when people feel they do not control their lives or share in the fruits of globalisation, they strike out. I knew it was time I struck out on my own. 2) (North American English, informal) to fail or be unsuccessful ex) The movie struck out and didn't win a single Oscar.

Answer 35

trying to control other people in an unpleasant way synonym domineering ex) The distant, baffling, overbearing EU makes an irresistible target. an overbearing parent an overbearing manner She found him rude and overbearing. I wasn’t the least impressed or intimidated by her overbearing attitude.

Answer 36

(informal) to a greater degree than is expected or usual ex) Now that history has stormed back with a vengeance, liberalism needs to fight its ground all over again. She set to work with a vengeance. After two days the infection came back with a vengeance. After a poor season last year, he’s back with a vengeance.

Answer 37

hector somebody | + speech (formal) to try to make somebody do something by talking or behaving in an aggressive way synonym bully ex) The power of a hectoring, bullying, discriminatory state is a threat to human happiness.

Answer 38

3) smother something to prevent something from developing or being expressed synonym stifle ex) In the 1970s liberals concluded that the embrace of the state had become smothering and oppressive. to smother a yawn/giggle/grin The voices of the opposition were effectively smothered.

Answer 39

1) treating people in a cruel and unfair way and not giving them the same freedom, rights, etc. as other people ex) In the 1970s liberals concluded that the embrace of the state had become smothering and oppressive. oppressive laws an oppressive regime The political situation has grown increasingly oppressive.

Answer 40

a person who helps another person, especially a politician, in their job ex) When Margaret Thatcher was prime minister, amid the triumph of Soviet collapse, an aide slipped Mr. Fukuyama's essay on history into her papers. White House aides

Answer 41

a phrase or an idea that is used to encourage people to support somebody/something ex) Never take history for granted, she said. Never let up. For liberals today that must be the rallying cry.

Answer 42

a substance produced in the body when you are excited, afraid or angry. It makes the heart beat faster and increases your energy and ability to move quickly. ex) Your adrenaline is elevated, and your actions are stemming from these deeply ingrained reflexes, reflexes rooted in a need to protect yourself and your side and to defeat the enemy. The excitement at the start of a race can really get the adrenaline flowing. a rush/surge of adrenaline A shot of adrenaline was given as an antidote to the wasp sting.

Answer 43

1) ingrained (in somebody/something) (of a habit, an attitude, etc.) that has existed for a long time and is therefore difficult to change ex) Your adrenaline is elevated, and your actions are stemming from these deeply ingrained reflexes, reflexes rooted in a need to protect yourself and your side and to defeat the enemy. ingrained prejudices The belief that we should do our duty is deeply ingrained in most of us.

Answer 44

an action or a movement of your body that happens naturally in response to something and that you cannot control; something that you do without thinking ex) Your adrenaline is elevated, and your actions are stemming from these deeply ingrained reflexes, reflexes rooted in a need to protect yourself and your side and to defeat the enemy. The doctor tested her reflexes. to have quick/slow reflexes a reflex response/reaction Only the goalkeeper's reflexes (= his ability to react quickly) stopped the ball from going in. Almost as a reflex action, I grab my pen as the phone rings.

Answer 45

general staff noun BrE ; NAmE (also the general staff) [singular + singular or plural verb] officers who advise a military leader and help to plan a military operation ex) It was discovered in 1894 by officers in the French general staff. * the Army/Navy/Air Force Chief of Staff

Answer 46

3) [intransitive] if ideas, policies, aims, etc. converge, they become very similar or the same opposite diverge ex) So they launched a big investigation, and their suspicions quickly converged on this man, Alfred Dreyfus.

Answer 47

[usually before noun] (formal) of excellent quality ex) He had a sterling record, no past history of wrongdoing, no motive as fare as they could tell. He has done sterling work on the finance committee. My old watch has given me 15 years of sterling service. She has sterling qualities. Thanks to all your sterling efforts, we’ve raised over £12 000.

Answer 48

anti-Semitism noun BrE /ˌænti ˈsemətɪzəm/ ; NAmE /ˌænti ˈsemətɪzəm/ [uncountable] hatred of Jews; unfair treatment of Jews * anti-Semitic adjective BrE /ˌænti səˈmɪtɪk/ ; NAmE /ˌænti səˈmɪtɪk/ that shows hatred of Jews or involves the unfair treatment of Jews ex) But Dreyfus was the only Jewish officer at that rank in the army, and unfortunately at this time, the French Army was highly anti-Semitic. anti-Semitic propaganda ** anti-Semite noun BrE /ˌænti ˈsiːmaɪt/ ; NAmE /ˌænti ˈsiːmaɪt/ a person who hates Jews or treats Jews unfairly ex) He was a notorious anti-Semite.

Answer 49

that seems to show that somebody has done something wrong or illegal ex) Next, they went and looked through his personal history for any incriminating details. incriminating evidence documents of a potentially incriminating nature

Answer 50

1) connected with the rituals performed as part of a ceremony ex) Afterwards, they took him out into this public square and ritualistically tore his insignia from his uniform and broke his sword in two. a ritualistic act of worship Objects connected with the saint have assumed an almost ritualistic significance. 2) always done or said in the same way, especially when this is not sincere

Answer 51

insignia noun BrE /ɪnˈsɪɡniə/ ; NAmE /ɪnˈsɪɡniə/ [uncountable + singular or plural verb] the symbol, badge or sign that shows somebody’s rank or that they are a member of a group or an organization ex) Afterwards, they took him out into this public square and ritualistically tore his insignia from his uniform and broke his sword in two. the royal insignia His uniform bore the insignia of a captain.

Answer 52

1) (of an amount) too small to be considered as important or useful synonym meagre (especially US English meager) ex) Which makes you wonder: What does it say about the human mind that we can find such paltry evidence to be compelling enough to convict a man? This account offers a paltry 1% return on your investment. a paltry sum They worked long hours for paltry wages.

Answer 53

treason noun BrE /ˈtriːzn/ ; NAmE /ˈtriːzn/ (also high treason) [uncountable] the crime of doing something that could cause danger to your country, such as helping its enemies during a war ex) Probably most of you have never persecuted a French-Jewish officer for high treason, I assume, but maybe you've followed sports or politics, so you might have noticed that when the referee judges that your team committed a foul, for example, you're highly motivated to find reasons why he's wrong. an act of high treason against the English crown They were charged with treason and sentenced to death.

Answer 54

1) (informal) used to express approval (or criticism) of a person's decision or suggestion; [countable] (informal) a decision ex) But if he judges that the other team committed a foul -- awesome! That's a good call, let's not examine it too closely. It's your call! a good/bad call That's a tough call.

Answer 55

1) behaviour, attitudes, etc. that are based on being loyal to a tribe or other social group ex) So, just as soldier mindset is rooted in emotions like defensiveness or tribalism, scout mindset is, too.

Answer 56

2) [singular] itch (to do something) (informal) a strong desire to do something ex) They're more likely to say they feel pleasure when they learn new information or an itch to solve a puzzle. She has an itch to travel. the creative itch

Answer 57

(informal) to show somebody/know/learn how a particular job should be done ex) That's how he ended up learning the ropes of counseling.

Answer 58

I work on 12-hour/8-hour shifts.

Answer 59

double[dual/two]/single[one]-income family

Answer 60

As I see it, that owes much to the winding down of the swine flu epidemic that gripped the whole nation in a panic of sort last year and the dollar getting stronger against the won. the strengthening/weakening dollar

Answer 61

keep up with the Joneses (informal, often disapproving) to try to have all the possessions and social achievements that your friends and neighbours have ex) Plus, the perverted desire of wanting to 'keep up with the Joneses' that people over time got to cherish barely making a living, cast out of the well-to-do club of sort played a part.

Answer 62

having a lot of money synonym rich, wealthy ex) Plus, the perverted desire of wanting to 'keep up with the Joneses' that people over time got to cherish barely making a living, cast out of the well-to-do club of sort played a part. a well-to-do family They're very well-to-do. She was the daughter of a respected and well-to-do London merchant.

Answer 63

definitely not ex) Properly named as overseas education during session, these tips are anything but. The hotel was anything but cheap. It wasn't cheap. Anything but.

Answer 64

3) [transitive, intransitive] (formal) to make somebody feel great pain or unhappiness, especially so that they make a sound or cry ex) Seeing all this, a lot of people may have felt simply wrenched or disadvantaged. His words wrenched a sob from her. a wrenching experience Her words wrenched at my heart.

Answer 65

to appear or happen, especially when it is not expected synonym come up (4) ex) New, more interesting browsers have started cropping up. His name just cropped up in conversation. I'll be late—something's cropped up at home.

Answer 66

difficult to do or use because small objects are involved ex) Too many fiddly buttons could scare away novice users. Changing a fuse is one of those fiddly jobs I hate. Zips are less fiddly than buttons. It was very fiddly to do with gloves on. Stringing the beads looked a bit fiddly.

Answer 67

very; extremely ex) Building a new browser from scratch is a fiendishly difficult and expensive undertaking. fiendishly clever/complicated

Answer 68

1) [countable] a task or project, especially one that is important and/or difficult synonym venture ex) Building a new browser from scratch is a fiendishly difficult and expensive undertaking. He is interested in buying the club as a commercial undertaking. In those days, the trip across country was a dangerous undertaking.

Answer 69

taking unnecessary risks synonym reckless ex) Few venture capitalists are foolhardy enough to invest in a product that needs to take on three of the world's most powerful tech companies. It would be foolhardy to sail in weather like this.

Answer 70

a person fighting against the government or armed forces of their own country synonym rebel ex) Insurgents are trying to overcome the obstacles in three ways. an attack by armed insurgents

Answer 71

(used after a noun or number) having, costing or measuring a particular amount each ex) Both Vivaldi and Brave say they can break even with a few million users apiece. Sterling and Walcott scored a goal apiece. The largest stones weigh over five tonnes apiece

Answer 72

1) [transitive, intransitive] subvert (something) to try to destroy the authority of a political, religious, etc. system by attacking it secretly or indirectly synonym undermine ex) Brave is trying to subvert the dominant online-advertising model: it blocks intrusive advertisements such as self-starting videos, replaces them with less irksome ones and shares the revenues with publishers and users. 2) [transitive] subvert something to challenge somebody’s ideas or expectations and make them consider the opposite synonym undermine ex) The film subverts notions of male and female identity.

Answer 73

the activity of secretly getting important political or military information about another country or of finding out another company’s secrets by using spies synonym spying ex) They went and searched Dreyfus's apartment, looking for any signs of espionage. Some of the commercial activities were a cover for espionage. She may call it research; I call it industrial espionage.

Answer 74

trying or likely to destroy or damage a government or political system by attacking it secretly or indirectly synonym seditious ex) Each of you possesses the most powerful, dangerous and subversive trait that natural selection has ever devised. subversive activities

Answer 75

the process of using special equipment to send, receive and measure scientific data over long distances ex) Instead, when you speak, you're actually using a form of telemetry not so different from the remote control device for your television.

Answer 76

having or using electromagnetic waves which are longer than those of red light in the spectrum, and which cannot be seen 적외선의 (cf. ultraviolet 자외선의) ex) It's just that, whereas that device relies on pulses of infrared light, your language relies on pulses, discrete pulses, of sound. infrared radiation an infrared lamp

Answer 77

accost somebody (formal) to go up to somebody and speak to them, especially in a way that is rude or threatening ex) Even today, we know that there are words we cannot use, phrases we cannot say, because if we do so, we might be accosted, jailed, or even killed. She was accosted in the street by a complete stranger.

Answer 78

2) [countable] a small amount of air, smoke, etc. that is blown from somewhere ex) And all of this from a puff or air emanating from our mouths. a puff of wind She felt a puff of warm air on her face. Puffs of white smoke came from the chimney. Any chance of success seemed to vanish in a puff of smoke (= to disappear quickly).

Answer 79

to come from something or somewhere synonym issue from ex) And all of this from a puff or air emanating from our mouths. The sound of loud music emanated from the building. The proposal originally emanated from the UN.

Answer 80

an insect that lives in organized groups, mainly in hot countries. Termites do a lot of damage by eating the wood of trees and buildings. 흰개미 ex) But if they really were intelligent, why would they use a stick to extract termites from the ground rather than a shovel? a termite colony

Answer 81

the fact of somebody being too proud. In literature, a character with this pride ignores warnings and laws and this usually results in their downfall and death. ex) Now this may sound arrogant, or even full of hubris. He thought he was above the law and was ultimately punished for his hubris. Scientists may arguably be guilty of hubris in this area.

Answer 82

[usually singular] the effect of something bad or unpleasant that spoils the quality of somebody/something ex) And even this picture has the suspicious taint of being rigged about it -- something from a Banrun & Bailey circus. to be free from the taint of corruption trying to save his son from the taint of prison

Answer 83

to use something as a basis for further progress ex) We can build on their wisdom. This study builds on earlier work. We will continue to build on our previous success. * to achieve or produce something that is of a better quality than something else ex) We can improve on others' ideas. We've certainly improved on last year's figures.

Answer 84

a type of mushroom that has an effect like some drugs and that may make people who eat it hallucinate (= see things that are not there)

Answer 85

(formal) it is right or necessary for somebody to do something ex) And it any species that acquired it, it would behoove you to hid your best ideas, lest somebody steal them from you. It behoves us to study these findings carefully. It ill behoves her (= she ought not) to criticize her colleagues.

Answer 86

1) in order to prevent something from happening ex) And it any species that acquired it, it would behoove you to hid your best ideas, lest somebody steal them from you. He gripped his brother's arm lest he be trampled by the mob. Lest anyone should doubt my story, I have brought documents to attest to its truth.

Answer 87

a type of human being who used stone tools and lived in Europe during the early period of human history ex) Had we chosen this option, sometime around 200,000 years ago, we would probably still be living like the Neanderthals were when we first entered Europe 40,00 years ago. the days of the Neanderthals * Homo erectus noun BrE /ˌhɒməʊ ɪˈrektəs/ , /ˌhəʊməʊ ɪˈrektəs/ ; NAmE /ˌhoʊmoʊ ɪˈrektəs/ [uncountable](from Latin, specialist) an early form of human which was able to walk on two legs ex) Sure enough, their tools were more complicated than those of Homo erectus, but they too showed very little change over the 300,000 years or so that those species, the Neanderthals, lived in Eurasia.

Answer 88

3) exploit something to use something well in order to gain as much from it as possible ex) Just as wings open up this sphere of air for birds to exploit, language opened up the sphere of cooperation for humans to exploit. She fully exploits the humour of her role in the play. Teachers should be exploiting computers in education.

Answer 89

the sharp pointed end of an arrow ex) Two other people you know are very good at making the wooden shafts, but they're hopeless at making the arrowheads.

Answer 90

heavy and awkward ex) If a prize were to be awarded for the world's clunkiest prose, the paragraphs of indecipherable text that make up "terms of use" agreements would surely win. clunky leather shoes (figurative) The movie is ruined by wooden acting and clunky dialogue.

Answer 91

writing that is not poetry ex) If a prize were to be awarded for the world's clunkiest prose, the paragraphs of indecipherable text that make up "terms of use" agreements would surely win. the author’s clear elegant prose (= style of writing) I plan out an essay in note form before writing it up in continuous prose. a passage in prose

Answer 92

(of writing or speech) impossible to read or understand ex) If a prize were to be awarded for the world's clunkiest prose, the paragraphs of indecipherable text that make up "terms of use" agreements would surely win. His signature is indecipherable. There was an indecipherable message on the answering machine.

Answer 93

1) a group of bushes or small trees growing closely together ex) a dense thicket of bamboo 2) a large number of things that are not easy to understand or separate ex) These legal thickets are designed to protect companies from litigious online shoppers and users of web services. He spent the morning trying to work his way through a thicket of statistics.

Answer 94

too ready to take disagreements to court ex) These legal thickets are designed to protect companies from litigious online shoppers and users of web services.

Answer 95

2) [countable] an unexpected change or development in a story or situation ex) But in a new twist, legal disclaimers designed to limit lawsuits are now unleashing litigation. the twists and turns of his political career The story has taken another twist. The disappearance of a vital witness added a new twist to the case. By a curious twist of fate we met again only a week or so later. a bizarre twist to the tale

Answer 96

1) extremely complicated and difficult to follow ex) And the lawsuits accuse companies of illegally limiting lawsuits, a convoluted argument even by the standards of American jurisprudence. a convoluted argument/explanation a book with a convoluted plot I had to negotiate an amazingly convoluted one-way system.

Answer 97

the scientific study of law ex) And the lawsuits accuse companies of illegally limiting lawsuits, a convoluted argument even by the standards of American jurisprudence. a professor of jurisprudence

Answer 98

1) [usually passive] (formal) to make somebody feel braver or more confident ex) A growing number of firms, emboldened by favourable Supreme Court rulings, have adopted clauses that limit class-action suits. Emboldened by the wine, he went over to introduce himself to her. With such a majority, the administration was emboldened to introduce radical new policies.

Answer 99

an activity that more and more people are becoming involved in ex) The World Cup bandwagon is starting to roll. * (informal, disapproving) to join others in doing something that is becoming fashionable because you hope to become popular or successful yourself ex) Even elected officials and candidates in states with higher minimum wages like New York have jumped on the $15 an hour bandwagon. politicians eager to jump on the environmental bandwagon

Answer 100

an amount of money that is paid regularly to somebody, especially a priest, as wages or money to live on ex) The president and members of Congress from both parties, including House Speaker Paul D. Ryan, have proposed reforms that would extend eligibility to childless individuals over 21 years old and raise stipend levels. a monthly stipend (especially North American English) a summer internship with a small stipend The church pays him an annual stipend of $17 000.

Answer 101

Young people didn't turn out to vote in great numbers, but those that did wanted to remain.

Answer 102

the fact of having or showing both good and bad feelings about somebody/something ex) Geographically, it was London and Scotland that most strongly committed to being part of the European Union, while in other parts of the country there was very strong ambivalence. There was ambivalence among church members about women becoming priests. Many people feel some ambivalence towards television and its effect on our lives.

Answer 103

a crack on the Earth’s surface where layers of rock have become separated from the main layer of rock and where earthquakes sometimes happen ex) The fault line of contemporary politics is between those that embrace globalization and those that fear globalization.

Answer 104

1) narrate something (formal) to tell a story synonym relate ex) And the challenge that comes from that is we need to find a new way to narrate globalization to those people, to recognize that for those people who have not necessarily been to university, who haven't necessarily grown up with the Internet, that don't get opportunities to travel, they may be unpersuaded by the narrative that we find persuasive in our often liberal bubbles. She entertained them by narrating her adventures in Africa. The story is narrated in flashback.

Answer 105

2) peddle something to spread an idea or story in order to get people to accept it ex) In the Leave vote, a minority have peddled the politics of fear and hatred, creating lies and mistrust around, for instance, the idea that the vote on Europe could reduce the number of refugees and asylum-seekers coming to Europe, when the vote on leaving had nothing to do with immigration from outside the European Union. to peddle malicious gossip This line (= publicly stated opinion) is being peddled by all the government spokesmen.

Answer 106

2) (also the Establishment) [singular + singular or plural verb] (often disapproving) the people in a society or a profession who have influence and power and who usually do not support change ex) But for a significant majority of the Leave voters the concern was disillusionment with the political establishment. the medical/military/political, etc. establishment young people rebelling against the Establishment orthodox Establishment views

Answer 107

having the effect of sharing something out among people in a different way ex) But globalization also has redistributive effects. It creates winners and losers. the debate over redistributive tax policies

Answer 108

antagonistic (to/toward(s) somebody/something) (formal) showing or feeling opposition synonym hostile ex) Bigotry and ignorance are the ugly face of exclusionary and antagonistic globalization. Marx saw these issues in terms of antagonistic class relationships. The interview made her antagonistic towards journalists.

Answer 109

craze (for something) an enthusiastic interest in something that is shared by many people but that usually does not last very long; a thing that people have a craze for synonym fad ex) the latest fitness craze to sweep the country * frenzy (of something) a state of great activity and strong emotion that is often violent or frightening and not under control in a frenzy of activity/excitement/violence ex) The speaker worked the crowd up into a frenzy. an outbreak of patriotic frenzy a killing frenzy She tore the letter open in a frenzy.

Answer 110

(of people, animals or behaviour) noisy and full of life and energy ex) The boisterous crowd, many wearing foam hot-dog hats and waving American flags, chanted "Brooklyn!" and "USA!" as they watched him attempt to take back the coveted mustard belt. It was a challenge, keeping ten boisterous seven-year-olds amused. The children and the dogs raced out of the house to give me a boisterous welcome.

Answer 111

talking a lot synonym talkative ex) George Shea, the event's loquacious master of ceremonies and head of Major League Eating, explained that this was more than sport. He is particularly loquacious on the topic of politics.

Answer 112

a person who introduces guests or entertainers at a formal occasion ex) George Shea, the event's loquacious master of ceremonies and head of Major League Eating, explained that this was more than sport.

Answer 113

crayfish noun BrE /ˈkreɪfɪʃ/ ; NAmE /ˈkreɪfɪʃ/ (especially British English) (also crawfish North American English, British English) [countable, uncountable](pl. crayfish, crawfish) an animal like a small lobster, that lives in rivers and lakes and can be eaten, or one like a large lobster, that lives in the sea and can be eaten ex) In coastal areas, crawfish and oyster-eating competitions were more common.

Answer 114

a person who spoils other people’s enjoyment, for example by not taking part in an activity or by trying to stop other people from doing it ex) Spoilsport scholars decry speed-eating as a self-destructive form of behaviour. Don't be such a spoilsport!

Answer 115

decry somebody/something (as something) (formal) to strongly criticize somebody/something, especially publicly synonym condemn ex) Spoilsport scholars decry speed-eating as a self-destructive form of behaviour. The measures were decried as useless.

Answer 116

(especially of an older man) rather fat synonym stout ex) No longer do Nathan's employees cajole portly passers-by to enter the contest. The waiter was a portly middle-aged man.

Answer 117

1) [uncountable] (formal) the act of bringing food that has been swallowed back up into the mouth again ex) Mr. Stonie, meanwhile, studies nutrition to understand better how his body works. A "reversal of fortune," i.e., regurgitation, means disqualification. If regurgitation becomes severe, surgery might be required.

Answer 118

[transitive, intransitive] guzzle (something) (informal, usually disapproving) to drink something quickly and in large amounts. In British English it also means to eat food quickly and in large amounts. ex) Nearly all competitors use a version of the techniques pioneered by Takeru Kobayashi, a Japanese hot-dog guzzler. The kids seem to be guzzling soft drinks all day. (figurative) My car guzzles fuel.

Answer 119

to move around in circles; to make something, especially a part of your body, move around ex) This, coupled with shaking and gyrating, helped a 112lb man consume nearly 8lb of bread and sausage. They began gyrating to the music. The leaves gyrated slowly to the ground. As the lead singer gyrated his hips, the crowd screamed wildly.

Answer 120

wolf something (down) (informal) to eat food very quickly, especially by putting a lot of it in your mouth at once synonym gobble ex) He took back the mustard belt by wolfing down 70 dogs and buns in ten minutes.

Answer 121

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, also known as acute lymphocytic leukemia or acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL), is an acute form of leukemia, or cancer of the white blood cells, characterized by the overproduction and accumulation of cancerous, immature white blood cells, known as lymphoblasts. In persons with ALL, lymphoblasts are overproduced in the bone marrow and continuously multiply, causing damage and death by inhibiting the production of normal cells (such as red and white blood cells and platelets) in the bone marrow and by spreading (infiltrating) to other organs. ALL is most common in childhood, with a peak incidence at 2–5 years of age and another peak in old age. ex) Let's start with leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, ALL, the most common cancer of children.

Answer 122

1) avert something to prevent something bad or dangerous from happening ex) Today, we've seen a 63 percent reduction in mortality from heart disease -- remarkably, 1.1 million deaths averted every year. A disaster was narrowly averted. He did his best to avert suspicion. Talks are taking place in an attempt to avert a strike.

Answer 123

used meaning ‘by itself’ to show that you are referring to something on its own, rather than in connection with other things ex) Let's talk about one other story which has to do with suicide. Now this is, of course, not a disease, per se. The drug is not harmful per se, but is dangerous when taken with alcohol.

Answer 124

1) [countable] a death that is caused in an accident or a war, or by violence or disease ex) It's kind of an extraordinary story when you realize that this is twice as common as homicide and actually more common as a source of death than traffic fatalities in this country. Several people were injured, but there were no fatalities. a campaign to reduce the number of fatalities on the roads

Answer 125

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a pattern of abnormal behavior characterized by extreme fear of abandonment; unstable relationships with other people, sense of self, or emotions; feelings of emptiness; frequent dangerous behavior; and self-harm. ex) Now, when we talk about suicide, there is also a medical contribution here, because 90 percent of suicides are related to a mental illness: depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, anorexia, borderline personality.

Answer 126

a system or standard for measuring something ex) If you look at disability, it's kind of a metric that nobody would think of except an economist, except it's one way of trying to capture what is lost in terms of disability from medical causes, and as you can see, virtually 30 percent of all disability from all medical causes can be attributed to mental disorders, neuropsychiatric syndromes. Email marketers said their biggest success metric was click-through rates. Metrics can be deceiving, and they can often be spun to tell you what you want to be told.

Answer 127

1) (medical) the number of people who have a particular disease ex) But what really drives these numbers, this high morbidity, and to some extent the high mortality, is the fact that these start very early in life. The programme aims to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with these chronic diseases. the malaria morbidity rate

Answer 128

reductionism noun BrE /rɪˈdʌkʃənɪzəm/ ; NAmE /rɪˈdʌkʃənɪzəm/ [uncountable](formal, often disapproving) the belief that complicated things can be explained by considering them as a combination of simple parts ex) When we talk about the brain, it is anything but unidimensional or simplistic or reductionistic.

Answer 129

OCD noun BrE /ˌəʊ siː ˈdiː/ ; NAmE /ˌoʊ siː ˈdiː/ [uncountable] the abbreviation for ‘obsessive compulsive disorder’ (a mental disorder in which somebody feels they have to repeat certain actions or activities to get rid of fears or unpleasant thoughts) ex) Now, already in the case of the brain disorders that I've been talking to you about, depression, obsessive compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, while we don't have an in-depth understanding of how they are abnormally processed or what the brain is doing in these illnesses, we have been able to already identify some of the connectional differences, or some of the ways in which the circuitry is different for people who have these disorders. to suffer from OCD

Answer 130

A connectome is a comprehensive map of neural connections in the brain, and may be thought of as its "wiring diagram". More broadly, a connectome would include the mapping of all neural connections within an organism's nervous system. ex) Now, already in the case of the brain disorders that I've been talking to you about, depression, obsessive compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, while we don't have an in-depth understanding of how they are abnormally processed or what the brain is doing in these illnesses, we have been able to already identify some of the connectional differences, or some of the ways in which the circuitry is different for people who have these disorders. We call this the human connectome, and you can think about the connectome sort of as the wiring diagram of the brain.

Answer 131

``` /ˌmaɪəʊkɑː(r)diəl ɪnˈfɑː(r)kʃən/ Myocardial infarction (MI) or acute myocardial infarction (AMI), commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow stops to a part of the heart causing damage to the heart muscle. The most common symptom is chest pain or discomfort which may travel into the shoulder, arm, back, neck, or jaw. Often it is in the center or left side of the chest and lasts for more than a few minutes. The discomfort may occasionally feel like heartburn. Other symptoms may include shortness of breath, nausea, feeling faint, a cold sweat, or feeling tired. About 30% of people have atypical symptoms, with women more likely than men to present atypically. Among those over 75 years old, about 5% have had an MI with little or no history of symptoms. An MI may cause heart failure, an irregular heartbeat, or cardiac arrest. ``` ex) You could, if you want, compare this to, on the one hand, a myocardial infarction, a heart attack, where you have dead tissue in the heart, versus an arrhythmia, where the organ simply isn't functioning because of the communication problems within it.

Answer 132

[əríðmiə,ei-] The term "arrhythmia" refers to any change from the normal sequence of electrical impulses. The electrical impulses may happen too fast, too slowly, or erratically – causing the heart to beat too fast, too slowly, or erratically. When the heart doesn't beat properly, it can't pump blood effectively. When the heart doesn't pump blood effectively, the lungs, brain and all other organs can't work properly and may shut down or be damaged. ex) You could, if you want, compare this to, on the one hand, a myocardial infarction, a heart attack, where you have dead tissue in the heart, versus an arrhythmia, where the organ simply isn't functioning because of the communication problems within it.

Answer 133

1) [countable, uncountable] the fact of seeming to see or hear somebody/something that is not really there, especially because of illness or drugs ex) And it's important, if you try to model this, you can think about normal development as a loss of cortical mass, loss of cortical gray matter, and what's happening in schizophrenia is that you overshoot that mark, and at some point, when you overshoot, you cross a threshold, and it's that threshold where we say, this is a person who has this disease, because they have the behavioral symptoms hallucinations and delusions. to have hallucinations High temperatures can cause hallucination. She was admitted to hospital suffering from hallucinations.

Answer 134

a person between 80 and 89 years old ex) There may be a new market for video games: octogenarians.

Answer 135

2) to recognize somebody/something from among other people or things ex) Brain scientists have discovered that swerving around cars while simultaneously picking out road signs in a video game can improve the short-term memory and long-term focus of older adults. See if you can pick me out in this photo. We couldn’t pick out any familiar landmarks.

Answer 136

[intransitive] tinker (with something) to make small changes to something in order to repair or improve it, especially in a way that may not be helpful ex) Further supporting the findings, the researchers were able to measure and show changes in brain wave activity, suggesting that this research could help understand what neurological mechanisms should and could be tinkered with to improve memory and attention. He’s in the garage tinkering with his bike. The password will prevent others from tinkering with your data. The government is merely tinkering at the edges of a much wider problem.

Answer 137

(of a product) that can be bought immediately and does not have to be specially designed or ordered ex) Previous studies show that heavy use of certain off-the-shelf, intense shooting games can lead to improvements in a user's ability to ignore distractions, and even learn. off-the-shelf software packages

Answer 138

drug addict, junkie, pothead (대마초), crackhead (코카인), dopehead, druggy[druggie], drugster

Answer 139

3) almost ex) It's next to impossible for addicts to get clean on their own. Charles knew next to nothing about farming. The horse came next to last (= the one before the last one) in the race.

Answer 140

4) tap or tap into [TRANSITIVE] if you tap something such as someone’s ability or a supply of information, you use it or get some benefit from it ex) You burn fossil fuels or use hydropower. Or you can tap into the wind or solar power. Are you tapping your staff’s full potential? Several other companies were already tapping this market.