TO 8-2 Flashcards
(이름이) ~라는 사람
by the name of…
(formal) who is called
ex) There’s a man by the name of Captain William Swenson who recently was awarded the congressional Medal of Honor for his actions on September 8, 2009.
a young actor by the name of Tom Rees
매몰 되다 / 매몰 되어있다
- come under ambush
- is under ambush
ambush noun
BrE /ˈæmbʊʃ/ ; NAmE /ˈæmbʊʃ/
[countable, uncountable] the act of hiding and waiting for somebody and then making a surprise attack on them 매복
ex) The column came under ambush, and was surrounded on three sides, and amongst many other things, Captain Swenson was recognized for running into live fire to rescue the wounded and pull out the dead.
Two soldiers were killed in a terrorist ambush.
They were lying in ambush, waiting for the aid convoy.
The government was defeated in its attempt to pass the law by an opposition ambush.
medevac noun
BrE /ˈmedɪvæk/ ; NAmE /ˈmedɪvæk/ uncountable
the movement of injured soldiers or other people to hospital in a helicopter or other aircraft
ex) One of the people he rescued was a sergeant, and he and a comrade were making their way to a medevac helicopter.
medic noun
BrE /ˈmedɪk/ ; NAmE /ˈmedɪk/
2) (North American English) a person who is trained to give medical treatment, especially somebody in the armed forces
ex) And what was remarkable about this day is, by sheer coincidence, one of the medevac medics happened to have a GoPro camera on his helmet and captured the whole scene on camera.
도대체 이런 사람들은 뭐지?!
Where do people like that come from? What is that?
구석기 시대의
Paleolithic adjective
/ˌpæliəˈlɪθɪk/
from or connected with the early part of the Stone Age
ex) If you go back 50,000 years to the Paleolithic era, to the early days of Homo sapiens, what we find is that the world was filled with danger, all of these forces working very, very hard to kill us.
* 신석기의
Neolithic adjective
BrE /ˌniːəˈlɪθɪk/ ; NAmE /ˌniːəˈlɪθɪk/
of the later part of the Stone Age
ex) Neolithic stone axes
Neolithic settlements
검치호랑이
sabretooth noun(British English) (US English sabertooth) BrE /ˈseɪbətuːθ/ ; NAmE /ˈseɪbərtuːθ/ (British English also sabre-toothed tiger) (also US English saber-toothed tiger)
a large animal of the cat family with two very long curved upper teeth, that lived thousands of years ago and is now extinct
ex) Whether it was the weather, lack of resources, maybe a saber-toothed tiger, all of these things working to reduce our lifespan.
새로운 기술이 당신의 사업 모델을 하룻밤 새에 구식으로 만들 수도 있습니다.
It could be a new technology that renders your business model obsolete overnight.
competition noun
BrE /ˌkɒmpəˈtɪʃn/ ; NAmE /ˌkɑːmpəˈtɪʃn/
3) the competition [singular + singular or plural verb] the people who are competing against somebody
ex) Or it could be your competition that is sometimes trying to kill you.
We’ll be able to assess the competition at the conference.
- competitor noun
BrE /kəmˈpetɪtə(r)/ ; NAmE /kəmˈpetɪtər/
a person or an organization that competes against others, especially in business
ex) our main/major competitor
We produce cheaper goods than our competitors.
constant noun
BrE /ˈkɒnstənt/ ; NAmE /ˈkɑːnstənt/
(specialist) a number or quantity that does not vary
opposite variable
ex) We have no control over these forces. These are a constant, and they’re not going away.
풍조/분위기를 만들다
set the tone (for something)
to establish a particular mood or character for something
ex) The only variable are the conditions inside the organization, and that’s where leadership matters, because it’s the leader that sets the tone.
The governor’s speech set the tone for the whole conference.
The good financial news set an optimistic tone for the year.
expend verb
BrE /ɪkˈspend/ ; NAmE /ɪkˈspend/
expend something (in/on somebody) | expend something (in/on/doing something) (formal) to use or spend a lot of time, money, energy, etc.
ex) You see, if the conditions are wrong, we are forced to expend our own time and energy to protect ourselves from each other, and that inherently weakens the organization.
She expended all her efforts on the care of home and children.
Smith had expended large sums in pursuing his claim through the court.
Most animals expend a lot of energy searching for food.
visceral adjective
BrE /ˈvɪsərəl/ ; NAmE /ˈvɪsərəl/
1) (literary) resulting from strong feelings rather than careful thought
ex) This is the reason so many people have such a visceral hatred, anger, at some of these banking CEOs with their disproportionate salaries and bonus structures.
visceral fear
She had a visceral dislike of all things foreign.
headcount noun
BrE /ˈhedkaʊnt/ ; NAmE /ˈhedkaʊnt/
an act of counting the number of people who are at an event, employed by an organization, etc.; the number of people that have been counted in this way
ex) They needed to save 10 million dollars, so, like so many companies today, the board got together and discussed layoffs. And Bob refused. You see, Bob doesn’t believe in headcounts. Bob believes in heartcounts.
to do a headcount
What’s the latest headcount?
furlough noun
BrE /ˈfɜːləʊ/ ; NAmE /ˈfɜːrloʊ/ [uncountable, countable]
1) permission to leave your duties for a period of time, especially for soldiers working in a foreign country
ex) to go home on furlough
a six-week furlough
2) (North American English) permission for a prisoner to leave prison for a period of time
3) (North American English) a period of time during which workers are told not to come to work, usually because there is not enough money to pay them
ex) And so they came up with a furlough program. Every employee, from secretary to CEO, was required to take four weeks of unpaid vacation.
seniormost
(not comparable) (chiefly India) Most senior.
ex) I know many people at the seniormost levels of organizations who are absolutely not leaders.
해가 될 게 전혀 없다.
It certainly can’t hurt, unless the act of tracking itself becomes anxiety – or OCD-provoking, it which case a person runs the risk of compromising their emotional wellbeing scores.
trend verb
BrE /trend/ ; NAmE /trend/ intransitive
1) to change or develop in a general direction
ex) Objective data, when trending in the right direction, can feel better than a pat on the back (or, when trending in the wrong direction, can work wonders as a kick in the rear).
Prices have been trending upwards.
2) (of a topic) to be discussed a lot on a social media website within a short period of time
ex) See what’s trending on Twitter in your local area right now.
work wonders
to achieve very good results
ex) Objective data, when trending in the right direction, can feel better than a pat on the back (or, when trending in the wrong direction, can work wonders as a kick in the rear).
Her new diet and exercise programme has worked wonders for her.
bask in something
to enjoy the good feelings that you have when other people praise or admire you, or when they give you a lot of attention
ex) For others, however, the more subjective metrics suffice or figure more prominently as motivators: feeling better, looking better, getting compliments, or just basking in the satisfaction of living a healthy lifestyle.
He had always basked in his parents’ attention.
I never minded basking in my wife’s reflected glory (= enjoying the praise, attention, etc. she got).
- bask verb
BrE /bɑːsk/ ; NAmE /bæsk/
[intransitive] bask (in something) to enjoy sitting or lying in the heat or light of something, especially the sun
ex( We sat basking in the warm sunshine.
A cat was basking on the windowsill.
gist noun
BrE /dʒɪst/ ; NAmE /dʒɪst/
(also the gist) [singular] gist (of something) the main or general meaning of a piece of writing, a speech or a conversation
ex) A person might track for a while, get the gist of it, and then let it drop for a period of time.
to get (= understand) the gist of an argument
I missed the beginning of the lecture—can you give me the gist of what he said?
I’m afraid I don’t quite follow your gist (= what you really mean).
Students are taught the skills of reading and listening for gist.
다문화주의가 캐나다의 정체성이라면, 캐나다 국민으로서의 연대감은 어디에서 찾는 것일까?
If multiculturalism is one important value in Canada, what unites them?
캐나다와 캐나다인을 한마디로 표현할 수 있는 단어는 무엇인가요?
Give me one word that defines Canada and Canadians.
법치, 법의 지배
the rule of law
the condition in which all members of society, including its rulers, accept the authority of the law
ex) They all say they share some universal values like freedom, democracy, the rule of law and human rights.
Democracy and the rule of law are yet to be firmly established in the country.
get past
3) To overcome something; no longer need to deal with something
ex) The economic growth rate there is accelerating. In fact, it is expected to get past even China’s.
Your advice helped me get past my problems.
drive out somebody | drive out somebody of something | drive out something | drive out something of something | drive somebody out | drive somebody out of something | drive something out | drive something out of something
to make somebody/something disappear or stop doing something
ex) He has been working hard to drive out corruption and reduce the gap between rich and poor.
New fashions drive out old ones.
The supermarkets are driving small shopkeepers out of business.
제조업 분야가 특히 취약하다. 그러나 역으로 보면 취약 분야가 많기에 잠재력도 그만큼 크다고 봐야 한다.
The manufacturing industry is especially vulnerable. But that also means they have a lot of room (–> room: uncountable in this sense) for growth.
도저히 이해할 수 없다.
To them the news that SoftBank, a telecoms and internet firm, paid its former, Indian-born president, Nikesh Arora, 31.5 billion yen ($300m) in two years defies comprehension.
rock-bottom adjective
BrE ; NAmE only before noun
lowest possible
ex) In Japan, they are pondering how big a problem rock-bottom compensation may be.
rock-bottom prices
1000조
quadrillion number
BrE /kwɒˈdrɪljən/ ; NAmE /kwɑːˈdrɪljən/
the number 1015, or 1 followed by 15 zeros
ex)Low compensation doubtless contributes to a cautious culture in which many firms prefer to sit on vast piles of cash – non-financial firms now hold more than 1 quadrillion yen ($9.5 trillion) of financial assets, including cash – rather than invest in risky new projects.
tack noun
BrE /tæk/ ; NAmE /tæk/
1) [uncountable, singular] the way in which you deal with a particular situation; the direction of your words or thoughts
ex) If a risky new tack fails, that could mean losing face, being forced to cut the workforce or forfeiting the privilege of staying on well past retirement as a paid adviser.
a complete change of tack
It was a brave decision to change tack in the middle of the project.
When threats failed, she decided to try/take a different tack.
His thoughts wandered off on another tack.
I find gentle persuasion is the best tack.
forfeit verb
BrE /ˈfɔːfɪt/ ; NAmE /ˈfɔːrfət/
forfeit something to lose something or have something taken away from you because you have done something wrong
ex) If a risky new tack fails, that could mean losing face, being forced to cut the workforce or forfeiting the privilege of staying on well past retirement as a paid adviser.
If you cancel your flight, you will forfeit your deposit.
He has forfeited his right to be taken seriously.
pot noun
BrE /pɒt/ ; NAmE /pɑːt/
7) the pot [singular] (especially North American English) all the money given by a group of people in order to do something together, for example to buy food
ex) The idea was to increase transparency for investors (before, companies disclosed only the sum of the total executive-pay pot, for shareholder approval).
out verb
BrE /aʊt/ ; NAmE /aʊt/
2) out somebody/something (as something) to say something publicly about somebody/something that they would prefer to keep secret
ex) There were hardly any that met the threshold – in 2014 only executives at 9% of listed firms had to be outed.
The man who claimed to have found the diaries has been outed as a fraud.
Their motives were outed as purely financial.
inundate verb
BrE /ˈɪnʌndeɪt/ ; NAmE /ˈɪnʌndeɪt/ [usually passive]
1) inundate somebody (with something) to give or send somebody so many things that they cannot deal with them all
synonym overwhelm, swamp
ex) Naohiko Abe of Pay Governance, which advises corporate compensation committees, says he was inundated with calls early on checking what other firms’ bosses were being paid.
We have been inundated with offers of help.
임금 삭감을 받아 들이다
In Japan, some quickly took a paycut so as no to appear on the list, says Mr. Abe.
governance noun
BrE /ˈɡʌvənəns/ ; NAmE /ˈɡʌvərnəns/ uncountable
the activity of governing a country or controlling a company or an organization; the way in which a country is governed or a company or institution is controlled
ex) In particular, says Nicholas Benes of the Board Director Training Institute of Japan, which promotes better governance, the 100 million yen-disclosure rule inadvertently sets a limit on lifting the incentive portion of pay cheques (salaries are mostly cash-based).
eschew verb
BrE /ɪsˈtʃuː/ ; NAmE /ɪsˈtʃuː/
eschew something (formal) to deliberately avoid or keep away from something
ex) Takeshi Niinami, the boss of Suntory, a drinks giant, and a prominent adviser to the government, thinks that firms should eschew thresholds and simply disclose the compensation of all their best-paid people.
He had eschewed politics in favour of a life practising law.
oodles noun
BrE /ˈuːdlz/ ; NAmE /ˈuːdlz/
[plural] oodles (of something) (old-fashioned, informal) a large amount of something
synonym load (4)
ex) Openly paying bosses oodles of cash and stock options might work best in topsy-turvy Japan.
Bob makes oodles of money, you know.
topsy-turvy adjective
BrE /ˌtɒpsi ˈtɜːvi/ ; NAmE /ˌtɑːpsi ˈtɜːrvi/ (informal)
in a state of great confusion
ex) Openly paying bosses oodles of cash and stock options might work best in topsy-turvy Japan.
Everything’s topsy-turvy in my life at the moment.
Her books take you into a topsy-turvy world where you can be sure of nothing.
budding adjective
BrE /ˈbʌdɪŋ/ ; NAmE /ˈbʌdɪŋ/ [only before noun]
beginning to develop or become successful
ex) In 18th-century America, colonial society and Native American society sat side by side. The former was buddingly commercial; the latter was communal and tribal.
a budding artist/writer
our budding romance
The budding young star is now hot property in Hollywood.
defect verb
BrE /dɪˈfekt/ ; NAmE /dɪˈfekt/
[intransitive] defect (from something) (to something) to leave a political party, country, etc. to join another that is considered to be an enemy
ex) No Indians were defecting to join colonial society, but many whites were defecting to live in the Native American one.
A number of writers and musicians defected from the Soviet Union to the West in the 1960s.
She defected from the party just days before the election.
vote with your feet
to show what you think about something by going or not going somewhere
ex) Colonial society was richer and more advanced. And yet people were voting with their feet the other way.
Shoppers voted with their feet and avoided the store.
colonial noun
BrE /kəˈləʊniəl/ ; NAmE /kəˈloʊniəl/
a person who lives in a colony and who comes from the country that controls it
ex) The colonials occasionally tried to welcome Native American children into their midst, but they couldn’t persuade them to stay.
British colonials in India
fallacy noun
BrE /ˈfæləsi/ ; NAmE /ˈfæləsi/ (pl. fallacies)
1) [countable] a false idea that many people believe is true
ex) There might be a Great Affluence Fallacy going on – we want privacy in individual instances, but often this makes life generally worse.
It is a fallacy to say that the camera never lies.
2) [uncountable, countable] a false way of thinking about something
ex) He detected the fallacy of her argument.
have your cake and eat it(British English)
also have your cake and eat it too North American English, British English
to have the advantages of something without its disadvantages; to have both things that are available
ex) In the great American tradition, millennials would like to have their cake and eat it, too.
quintessence noun
BrE /kwɪnˈtesns/ ; NAmE /kwɪnˈtesns/ [singular]the quintessence of something(formal)
1) the perfect example of something
ex) Hillary Clinton – secretive and a wall-builder – is the quintessence of boomer autonomy.
It was the quintessence of an English manor house.
2) the most important features of something
synonym essence
ex) a painting that captures the quintessence of Viennese elegance
cusp noun
BrE /kʌsp/ ; NAmE /kʌsp/
1) (specialist) a pointed end where two curves meet
the cusp of a leaf
ex) Maybe we’re on the cusp of some great cracking. Instead of just paying lip service to community while living for autonomy, I get the sense a lot of people are actually about to make the break and immerse themselves in demanding local community movements.
2) the time when one sign of the zodiac ends and the next begins
ex) I was born on the cusp between Virgo and Libra.
(figurative) He was on the cusp between small acting roles and moderate fame.
immerse verb
BrE /ɪˈmɜːs/ ; NAmE /ɪˈmɜːrs/
2) immerse yourself/somebody in something to become or make somebody completely involved in something
ex) Maybe we’re on the cusp of some great cracking. Instead of just paying lip service to community while living for autonomy, I get the sense a lot of people are actually about to make the break and immerse themselves in demanding local community movements.
She immersed herself in her work.
Clare and Phil were immersed in conversation in the corner.
apotheosis noun
BrE /əˌpɒθiˈəʊsɪs/ ; NAmE /əˌpɑːθiˈoʊsɪs/ usually singular(formal)
1) the highest or most perfect development of something
ex) It wouldn’t surprise me if the big change in the coming decades were this: an end to the apotheosis of freedom; more people making the modern equivalent of the Native American leap.
(배의) 선체
hull noun
BrE /hʌl/ ; NAmE /hʌl/
the main, bottom part of a ship, that goes in the water
ex) They’d been struck by a sperm whale, which had ripped a catastrophic hole in the ship’s hull.
a wooden/steel hull
They climbed onto the upturned hull and waited to be rescued.
놀, 너울
swell noun
BrE /swel/ ; NAmE /swel/
1) [countable, usually singular] the movement of the sea when it rises and falls without the waves breaking
ex) As their ship began to sink beneath the swells, the men huddled together in three small whaleboats.
The boat was caught in a heavy (= strong) swell.
향유고래
sperm whale noun
a large whale that is hunted for its oil and fat
ex) They’d been struck by a sperm whale, which had ripped a catastrophic hole in the ship’s hull.
포경선 (현재: 구조선)
A whaleboat or whaler is a type of open boat that is relatively narrow and pointed at both ends, enabling it to move either forwards or backwards equally well. It was originally developed for whaling, and later became popular for work along beaches, since it does not need to be turned around for beaching or refloating. The term “whaleboat” may be used informally of larger whalers, or of a boat used for whale watching.
ex) As their ship began to sink beneath the swells, the men huddled together in three small whaleboats.
~은 우연이 아니다
it is no accident
used for saying that something was planned, perhaps for dishonest reasons
ex) And I think it’s no accident that we think this way.
It is no accident that every letter we send is delayed.
in and of itself
considering it alone
ex) So maybe that’s why we think of fear, sometimes, as a danger in and of itself.
The idea in and of itself is not bad, but the side issues introduce many difficulties. Her action, in and of itself, caused us no problem.
이 사람들은 우리가 지구상에서 육지로부터 가장 멀리 떨어져 갈 수 있는 곳에 있었다.
These men were just about as far from land as it was possible to be anywhere on Earth.
due adverb
BrE /djuː/ ; NAmE /duː/
due north/south/east/west exactly; in a straight line
ex) Now the last option was the longest, and the most difficult: to sail 1,500 miles due south in hopes of reaching a certain band of winds that could eventually push them toward the coast of South America.
to sail due east
The village lies five miles due north of York.
make something of somebody | make something of something
to understand the meaning or character of somebody/something
ex) Depending on how you try to make of your fear, you can either dismiss some of your overblown scenarios and embrace a logical path there is or succumb to the powerful force brought on by groundless fear.
What do you make of it all?
I can’t make anything of this note.
I don’t know what to make of (= think of) the new manager.
가장 무섭지만 가장 일어날 것 같지 않은 그런 이야기를 무시할 수 있을 때 당신의 삶과 당신의 미래가 보다 나은 쪽으로 점차 바뀌어갈 것입니다.
When you are able to brush aside the scariest but least likely story, your life and your future will gradually change for the better.
nightmarish adjective
BrE /ˈnaɪtmeərɪʃ/ ; NAmE /ˈnaɪtmerɪʃ/
very frightening and unpleasant; very difficult to deal with
ex) Still, the fear of the new job turning into a nightmarish repeat of same old routines is stopping you from saying yes.
nightmarish living conditions
thicket noun
BrE /ˈθɪkɪt/ ; NAmE /ˈθɪkɪt/
2) a large number of things that are not easy to understand or separate
ex) That would make it easier for you to see through the thicket of facts or illusions about what might happen to you.
He spent the morning trying to work his way through a thicket of statistics.
contentious adjective
BrE /kənˈtenʃəs/ ; NAmE /kənˈtenʃəs/ (formal)
1) likely to cause disagreement between people
ex) And I’m aware that this is a contentious statement, but the reality is that so much is at stake in our countries if we let fossil fuels stay at the center of our development.
a contentious issue/topic/subject
Both views are highly contentious.
Try to avoid any contentious wording.
The government’s treatment of refugees remains a highly contentious issue.
전폭적인 지지를 얻다
win the hearts and minds
ex) And yet, a surprising idea won the hearts and minds: we would reboot the country, and that Second Republic would have no army.
outlier noun
/ˈaʊtˌlaɪ(r)/ [COUNTABLE]
1) MATHS a result that is very different from the other results in a set
2) a person who lives a long way from where they work
3) a person who is very unusual or successful and not like others in the same group
ex) But according to the Social Progress Index, we are an absolute outlier when it comes to turning GDP into social progress.
그래서 개발도상국으로서, 애초부터 사람들에게 해를 끼치는 화석 연료 없이 발전을 이루도록 하는 것이 우리에게 가장 득이 되는 것입니다.
So as a developing country, it is in our best interest to build development without fossil fuels that harm people in the first place.
모든 문장이 문법적으로 잘 구성되었다고 하더라도, 분명한 메세지를 전달하지 않는다면 그 글은 별 의미가 없는 것입니다.
Even if every single sentence is correctly built, that piece means little if it doesn’t deliver a clear message.
~에서도 똑같이 적용됩니다.
~에서도 다르지 않습니다.
The same thing is true of learning science.
That is also the case for learning science.
The same goes for learning science.
~이 ~를 있게끔 하는 것입니다.
But what’s more important is to see how those rules work with one another to make the nature what it is.
That is what made me who I am.
상황이 좋아보이지 않는다.
Things are not looking up.
Things are not looking good.
그나마 다행인 것은 중국이 이러한 사실을 알고 있고 온실 가스 배출량를 줄이기 위해 노력하고 있다는 것입니다.
The good news is China knows this and is trying to reduce the emissions levels (양).
excrement noun
BrE /ˈekskrɪmənt/ ; NAmE /ˈekskrɪmənt/ uncountable
solid waste matter that is passed from the body through the bowels
synonym faeces
ex) Or I can use scientific workds lie “excrement” and “feces.”
the pollution of drinking water by untreated human excrement
There was excrement smeared up the wall.
자갈
gravel noun
BrE /ˈɡrævl/ ; NAmE /ˈɡrævl/ [uncountable]
small stones, often used to make the surface of paths and roads
ex) The poo at the very bottom of all those layers of gravel – not touching anyone – is providing solid food for those marsh plants.
a gravel path
A gravel drive led up to the house.
a gravel pit (= a place where gravel is taken from the ground)
Put a layer of fine gravel into the bottom of the plant pot for drainage.
We parked on the gravel at the side of the road.
습지대
marshland noun
BrE /ˈmɑːʃlænd/ ; NAmE /ˈmɑːrʃlænd/ [uncountable, countable]
an area of soft wet land
ex) The poo at the very bottom of all those layers of gravel – not touching anyone – is providing solid food for those marsh plants.
low-lying areas that used to be marshland
Fertile marshlands stretched for ten miles to the south.
bummer noun
BrE /ˈbʌmə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈbʌmər/
a bummer
singular
a disappointing or unpleasant situation
ex) The other bummer going on here with our status quo is that half of all of your poop and pee is going to fertilize farmland.
It’s a real bummer that she can’t come.
소각하다
incinerate verb
BrE /ɪnˈsɪnəreɪt/ ; NAmE /ɪnˈsɪnəreɪt/
[often passive] incinerate something (formal) to burn something until it is completely destroyed
ex) The other half is being incinerated or land-filled.
Most of the waste is incinerated.
응가
Doody is defined as a slang term for feces. An example of doody is the name a toddler may assign to bowel movements.
ex) And that’s a bummer to me, because there are amazing nutrients in your daily doody.
잡식 동물
- 육식 동물
** 초식 동물
*** 식충 동물
omnivore noun
BrE /ˈɒmnɪvɔː(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈɑːmnɪvɔːr/
an animal or a person that eats all types of food, especially both plants and meat
ex) It’s comparable to pig manure; we’re omnivores, they’re omnivores.
- carnivore noun
BrE /ˈkɑːnɪvɔː(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈkɑːrnɪvɔːr/
any animal that eats meat
** herbivore noun
BrE /ˈhɜːbɪvɔː(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈɜːrbɪvɔːr/ , /ˈhɜːrbɪvɔːr/
any animal that eats only plants
*** insectivore noun
BrE /ɪnˈsektɪvɔː(r)/ ; NAmE /ɪnˈsektɪvɔːr/
any animal that eats insects
lo and behold
(humorous) used for calling attention to a surprising or annoying thing
ex) As soon as we went out, lo and behold, it began to rain.
shit verb
BrE /ʃɪt/ ; NAmE /ʃɪt/ (taboo, slang)
shat BrE /ʃæt/ ; NAmE /ʃæt/ and, in British English, shitted BrE /ˈʃɪtɪd/ ; NAmE /ˈʃɪtɪd/ are also used for the past tense and past participle.
1) [intransitive, transitive] shit (something) to empty solid waste matter from the bowels
ex) And then once the building has thoroughly used everything – aka, shat in it – it’s treated to highest standard right on-site by plants and bacteria, and then infiltrated into the groundwater right below.
infiltrate verb
BrE /ˈɪnfɪltreɪt/ ; NAmE /ˈɪnfɪltreɪt/
1) [transitive, intransitive] to enter or make somebody enter a place or an organization secretly, especially in order to get information that can be used against it
ex) The headquarters had been infiltrated by enemy spies.
Rebel forces were infiltrated into the country.
The CIA agents successfully infiltrated into the terrorist organizations.
2) [intransitive, transitive] infiltrate (into) something (specialist) (especially of liquids or gases) to pass slowly into something
ex) And then once the building has thoroughly used everything – aka, shat in it – it’s treated to highest standard right on-site by plants and bacteria, and then infiltrated into the groundwater right below.
Only a small amount of the rainwater actually infiltrates into the soil.
요양원이 원래 뭐하는 곳인가? 모름지기 환자들에게 양질의 의료 서비스를 제공하기 위해 최선을 다해야 하는 것 아닌가?
What are nursing homes for? Aren’t they supposed to do their best to provide quality care for the old people there?
인구가 급속히 늘어 90년대에는 1천만이 되었다.
The population grew dramatically to around 10 million by the 1990s.
자동차, 버스, 택시 등이 수적으로 늘기 시작했고 이제 교통 체증은 도시에 사는 사람들에게는 가장 큰 골칫거리 중 하나가 되었다.
Cars, buses and taxies began to grow in number, and now traffic congestion is one of the biggest headaches for city dwellers.
지방 도시의 대중교통이 도시 만큼이나 편하다.
Transportation is just as convenient in villages as in cities.
swarm verb
BrE /swɔːm/ ; NAmE /swɔːrm/
1) [intransitive] + adv./prep. (often disapproving) (of people, animals, etc.) to move around in a large group
ex) People then won’t have to swarm to cities, especially to Seoul any more.
Tourists were swarming all over the island.
rejoice verb
BrE /rɪˈdʒɔɪs/ ; NAmE /rɪˈdʒɔɪs/ intransitive, transitive
- ~라는 웃기는 이름을 갖고 있다
to express great happiness about something
ex) Science is getting to grips with ways to slow ageing. Rejoice, as long as the side-effects can be managed.
When the war ended, people finally had cause to rejoice.
The motor industry is rejoicing at the cut in car tax.
They rejoiced to see their son well again.
I rejoice that justice has prevailed.
- rejoice in the name of…
(British English, humorous) to have a name that sounds funny
ex) He rejoiced in the name of Owen Owen.
semblance noun
BrE /ˈsembləns/ ; NAmE /ˈsembləns/
[singular, uncountable] semblance of something (formal) a situation in which something seems to exist although this may not, in fact, be the case
ex) Imagine, in other words, a world in which ageing had been abolished. That world is not yet on offer. But a semblance of it might be one day.
The ceasefire brought about a semblance of peace.
Life at last returned to some semblance of normality.
노화, 노쇠
senescence noun
BrE /sɪˈnesns/ ; NAmE /sɪˈnesns/ uncountable
the process of becoming old and showing the effects of being old
ex) Senescence, the general dwindling of prowess experienced by all as times takes its toll, is coming under scrutiny from doctors and biologists.
prowess noun
BrE /ˈpraʊəs/ ; NAmE /ˈpraʊəs/ uncountable
great skill at doing something
ex) Senescence, the general dwindling of prowess experienced by all as times takes its toll, is coming under scrutiny from doctors and biologists.
academic/sporting prowess
He was complimented on his prowess as an oarsman.
100세 이상인 사람
- 60대
- 70대
- ** 80대
- *** 90대
centenarian noun
BrE /ˌsentɪˈneəriən/ ; NAmE /ˌsentɪˈneriən/
a person who is 100 years old or more
ex) Add in anti-ageing drugs, and centenarians will become two a penny.
- sexagenarian noun
BrE /ˌseksədʒəˈneəriən/ ; NAmE /ˌseksədʒəˈneriən/
** septuagenarian noun
BrE /ˌseptjuədʒəˈneəriən/ ; NAmE /ˌseptʃuədʒəˈneriən/ (formal)
*** octogenarian noun
BrE /ˌɒktədʒəˈneəriən/ ; NAmE /ˌɑːktədʒəˈneriən/
** nonagenarian adjective
BrE /ˌnɒnədʒəˈneəriən/ ; NAmE /ˌnɑːnədʒəˈneriən/ ; BrE /ˌnəʊnədʒəˈneəriən/ ; NAmE /ˌnoʊnədʒəˈneriən/
two/ten a penny(British English)
North American English a dime a dozen
very common and therefore not valuable
ex) Add in anti-ageing drugs, and centenarians will become two a penny.
Teachers of history are ten a penny.
set up shop
to start a business
ex) To this end, many hopeful repairmen are now setting up shop.
precursor noun
BrE /priːˈkɜːsə(r)/ ; NAmE /priːˈkɜːrsər/
precursor (of/to something) (formal) a person or thing that comes before somebody/something similar and that leads to or influences its development
synonym forerunner
ex) Some of them want to upgrade worn-out tissues using stem cells (precursors to other sorts of cell).
a stringed instrument that was the precursor of the guitar
events that were precursors to revolution
수혈
blood transfusion noun
BrE ; NAmE
(also transfusion)
[countable, uncountable]
the process of putting new blood into the body of a person or an animal
ex) Such bio-renovation is the basis of an unproven, almost vampiric, treatment in vogue in some circles: transfusion into the old of the blood of the young.
He was given a blood transfusion.
prolong verb
BrE /prəˈlɒŋ/ ; NAmE /prəˈlɔːŋ/ , /prəˈlɑːŋ/
prolong something to make something last longer
synonym extend
ex) Longevity is known to run in families, which suggests that particular varieties of genes prolong life.
The operation could prolong his life by two or three years.
Don’t prolong the agony (= of not knowing something)—just tell us who won!
have/hold, etc. the whip hand (over somebody/something)
to be in a position where you have power or control over somebody/something
ex) Will older workers be discriminated against, as now, or will numbers give them the whip hand over the young?
She had the whip hand and it was useless to resist.
underling noun
BrE /ˈʌndəlɪŋ/ ; NAmE /ˈʌndərlɪŋ/ (disapproving)
a person with a lower rank or status
synonym minion
ex) Will bosses cling on, stymying the careers of their underlings, or will they grow bored, quit and do something else entirely?
He dishes out orders to his underlings.
hidebound adjective
BrE /ˈhaɪdbaʊnd/ ; NAmE /ˈhaɪdbaʊnd/ (disapproving)
having old-fashioned ideas, rather than accepting new ways of thinking
synonym narrow-minded
ex) A reason for hoping that the elderly would turn out less hidebound is that life itself would be more a series of new beginnings than one single story.
She wanted a life that was less hidebound by rules and conventions.
portfolio career
The “it” is a portfolio career, in which instead of working a traditional full-time job, you work multiple part-time jobs (including part-time employment, temporary jobs, freelancing, and self-employment) with different employers that when combined are the equivalent of a full-time position.
ex) To this end, the portfolio career would become the rule and education would have to change accordingly.
running repairs noun [plural]
small things that you do to a piece of clothing, a vehicle, a machine, etc. to repair it or to keep it working
ex) Perhaps some will take long breaks between careers and party wildly, in the knowledge that medicine can offer them running repairs.
stretch noun
BrE /stretʃ/ ; NAmE /stretʃ/
2) [countable] a continuous period of time
synonym spell
ex) The one-partner life, already on the decline, could become rare, replaced by a series of relationships, each as long as what many today would consider a decent marital stretch.
They worked in four-hour stretches.
She used to read for hours at a stretch (= without stopping).
고환
testis noun
BrE /ˈtestɪs/ ; NAmE /ˈtestɪs/ (pl. testes BrE /ˈtestiːz/ ; NAmE /ˈtestiːz/ )(anatomy)
a testicle
mulch noun
BrE /mʌltʃ/ ; NAmE /mʌltʃ/
[countable, uncountable] material, for example, decaying leaves, that you put around a plant to protect its base and its roots, to improve the quality of the soil or to stop weeds growing 뿌리 덮개
ex) Their wash water, their shower water, is going underground to a series of mulch basins, and then watering that orchard downhill.
labyrinthine adjective
BrE /ˌlæbəˈrɪnθaɪn/ ; NAmE /ˌlæbəˈrɪnθaɪn/ , also /ˌlæbəˈrɪnθɪn/ (formal)
complicated and difficult to find your way through, like a labyrinth (BrE /ˈlæbərɪnθ/ ; NAmE /ˈlæbərɪnθ/: 미로)
ex) Families will start to look more like labyrinthine networks.
labyrinthine corridors
(figurative) labyrinthine legislation
patriarch noun
BrE /ˈpeɪtriɑːk/ ; NAmE /ˈpeɪtriɑːrk/
1) the male head of a family or community
(cf. matriarch noun
BrE /ˈmeɪtriɑːk/ ; NAmE /ˈmeɪtrɑːrk/
a woman who is the head of a family or social group)
ex) In the world where marriages do not last, women everywhere will be freer to divorce and aged patriarchs will finally lose their hold.
매미
cicada noun
BrE /sɪˈkɑːdə/ ; NAmE /sɪˈkeɪdə/
a large insect with transparent wings, common in hot countries. The male makes a continuous high sound after dark by making two membranes (= pieces of thin skin) on its body vibrate (= move very fast).
ex) Humanity must avoid the trap fallen into by Tithonus, a mythical Trojan who was granted eternal life by the gods, but forgot to ask also for eternal youth. Eventually, he withered into a cicada.
Cicadas buzzed in the heat of the day.
Methuselah noun
BrE /məˈθjuːzələ/ ; NAmE /məˈθjuːzələ/
- methuselah noun
BrE /məˈθjuːzələ/ ; NAmE /məˈθjuːzələ/
used to describe a very old person
ex) Forward to Methuselah
I’m feeling older than Methuselah.
- a wine bottle which holds eight times as much wine as an ordinary bottle
throwaway adjective
BrE /ˈθrəʊəweɪ/ ; NAmE /ˈθroʊəweɪ/ [only before noun]
1) throwaway line/remark/comment something you say quickly without careful thought, sometimes in order to be funny
ex) She was very upset at what to him was just a throwaway remark.
2) (of goods, etc.) produced cheaply and intended to be thrown away after use
synonym disposable
ex) The trap of Tithonus is sprung because bodies have evolved to be throwaway vessels for the carriage of genes from one generation to the next.
throwaway products
We live in a throwaway society (= a society in which things are not made to last a long time).
soma noun
sō′mə
the entire body of an organism, exclusive of the germ cells; the body of an individual as contrasted with the mind or psyche
ex) he trap of Tithonus is sprung because bodies have evolved to be throwaway vessels for the carriage of genes from one generation to the next. Biologists have a phrase for it: the disposable soma.
apace adverb
BrE /əˈpeɪs/ ; NAmE /əˈpeɪs/ (formal)
at a fast speed; quickly
ex) Yet biological understanding is advancing apace.
to continue/grow/proceed/develop apace
The privatization of state companies continued apace.
put something into perspective
(idiomatic) To compare with something similar to give a clearer, more accurate idea.
ex) Let me give you another number to put that in perspective, and this is a figure that was calculated in 2005 by Robert Reich, the Secretary of Labor in the Clinton administration.
You can put your worries into perspective when you realise how many people in the world are so much worse off than you.
plutocrat noun
BrE /ˈpluːtəkræt/ ; NAmE /ˈpluːtəkræt/ (often disapproving)
a person who is powerful because of their wealth
ex) Now, as it happens, Warren Buffett is not only himself a plutocrat, he is one of the most astute observers of that phenomenon, and he has his own favorite number.
plutocracy noun
BrE /pluːˈtɒkrəsi/ ; NAmE /pluːˈtɑːkrəsi/ (pl. plutocracies)
1) [uncountable] government by the richest people of a country
ex) So we’re living in the age of the global plutocracy, but we’ve been slow to notice it.
2) [countable] a country governed by the richest people in it
astute adjective
BrE /əˈstjuːt/ ; NAmE /əˈstuːt/
very clever and quick at seeing what to do in a particular situation, especially how to get an advantage
synonym shrewd
ex) Now, as it happens, Warren Buffett is not only himself a plutocrat, he is one of the most astute observers of that phenomenon, and he has his own favorite number.
an astute businessman/politician/observer
It was an astute move to sell the shares then.
She was astute enough to realize that what Jack wanted was her money.
quintuple adjectivedeterminer
BrE /ˈkwɪntjʊpl/ ; NAmE /ˈkwɪntjʊpl/ ; BrE /kwɪnˈtjuːpl/ ; NAmE /kwɪnˈtjuːpl/ , also /kwɪnˈtuːpl/ [only before noun]
1) consisting of five parts, people, or groups
2) being five times as much or as many
ex) Well, today, that figure has more than quintupled to 1.7 trillion, and I probably don’t need to tell you that we haven’t seen anything similar happen to the middle class, whose wealth has stagnated if not actually decreased.
friction noun
BrE /ˈfrɪkʃn/ ; NAmE /ˈfrɪkʃn/
3) [uncountable, countable] friction (between A and B) disagreement or a lack of friendship among people who have different opinions about something
synonym tension
ex) For the first time in history, if you are an energetic entrepreneur with a brilliant new idea or a fantastic new product, you have almost instant, almost frictionless access to a global market of more than a billion people.
conflicts and frictions that have still to be resolved
minister to somebody | minister to something
(formal) to care for somebody, especially somebody who is sick or old, and make sure that they have everything they need
synonym tend
ex) There are even, and this is my personal favorite example, superstar dentists, the most dazzling exemplar of whom is Bernard Touati, the Frenchman who ministers to the smiles of fellow superstars like Russian oligarch Roman Abramovich or European-born American fashion designer Diane von Furstenberg.
nous noun
BrE /naʊs/ ; NAmE /naʊs/ uncountable
intelligence and the ability to think and act in a practical way
synonym common sense
ex) It gets tempting at that point to use your economic nous to manipulate the rules of the global political economy in your own favor.
None of them had the nous to shut the door when the fire started.
adept adjective
BrE /əˈdept/ ; NAmE /əˈdept/
- adept noun
BrE /ˈædept/ ; NAmE /ˈædept/ adept (at/in something/doing something)
adept (at/in something) | adept (at/in doing something) good at doing something that is quite difficult
synonym skilful (skillful)
ex) They also happen to be particularly adept at working the international tax system so as to lower their tax bill very, very significantly.
He became adept at getting even the shyest students to talk.
- a person who is good at doing something that is quite difficult
ex) He was an adept at concealing the truth.
oligarch noun
BrE /ˈɒlɪɡɑːk/ ; NAmE /ˈɑːləɡɑːrk/
1) a member of an oligarchy
2) an extremely rich and powerful person, especially a Russian who became rich in business after the end of the former Soviet Union
ex) It’s what the Russian oligarchs did in creating the sale-of-the-century privatization of Russia’s natural resources.
the power of the oligarchs to influence the government
spew verb
BrE /spjuː/ ; NAmE /spjuː/
1) [intransitive, transitive] to flow out quickly, or to make something flow out quickly, in large amounts
ex) It is all the chemicals that spewed out when the cigarette is burnt.
Flames spewed from the aircraft’s engine.
Massive chimneys were spewing out smoke.
obscene adjective
BrE /əbˈsiːn/ ; NAmE /əbˈsiːn/
1) connected with sex in a way that most people find offensive
ex) As children get exposed to these obscene materials, they increasingly get to think sex offences are not a big deal.
obscene gestures/language/books
an obscene phone call (= in which somebody says obscene things)
The book was declared obscene.
교수님들이 보시기엔 학생들이 노트북을 켜 놓고 있으면 수업을 듣지 않는다고 합니다.
The professors think students don’t listen to them when they have a laptop computer turned on.
keystroke noun
BrE /ˈkiːstrəʊk/ ; NAmE /ˈkiːstroʊk/
a single action of pressing a key on a computer or typewriter keyboard
ex) Other students get distracted by the keystroke sounds.
This software keeps a log of every keystroke typed on the keyboard.
frail adjective
BrE /freɪl/ ; NAmE /freɪl/ (frailer, frailest)
1) (especially of an old person) physically weak and thin
ex) Mother was becoming too frail to live alone.
2) weak; easily damaged or broken
ex) Or the euro zone’s taped-together single currency, which stretches across 19 different countries, each with its own debts and fail financial firms.
the frail stems of the flowers
Human nature is frail.
yardstick noun
BrE /ˈjɑːdstɪk/ ; NAmE /ˈjɑːrdstɪk/
1) (especially North American English) a ruler for measuring one yard
2) a standard used for judging how good or successful something is
ex) But if sheer size is your yardstick, nothing beats America’s housing market.
a yardstick by which to measure something
Exam results are not the only yardstick of a school’s performance.
slab noun
BrE /slæb/ ; NAmE /slæb/
1) a thick flat piece of stone, wood or other hard material
ex) a slab of marble/concrete
The road was paved with smooth stone slabs.
paving slabs
a dead body on the slab (= on a table in a mortuary)
2) a thick, flat slice or piece of something
ex) The slab of mortgage debt lurking beneath it is the planet’s biggest concentration of financial risk.
a slab of chocolate
slabs of meat
dither verb
BrE /ˈdɪðə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈdɪðər/
[intransitive] to hesitate about what to do because you are unable to decide
ex) In addition, while Europe has dithered, America has cleaned up its banks.
Stop dithering and get on with it.
dither over something She was dithering over what to wear.
grind something↔out
to produce something in large quantities, often something that is not good or interesting
synonym churn something↔out
ex) The banks have cut risk and costs and raised fees in order to grind out decent profits.
She grinds out romantic novels at the rate of five a year.
chasten verb
BrE /ˈtʃeɪsn/ ; NAmE /ˈtʃeɪsn/
[often passive] chasten somebody (formal) to make somebody feel sorry for something they have done
ex) Bosses and regulators point to chastened lenders and boast that the problem of banks “too big to fail” has been solved.
He felt suitably chastened and apologized.
She gave them a chastening lecture.
It was a chastening experience.
apparatus noun
BrE /ˌæpəˈreɪtəs/ ; NAmE /ˌæpəˈrætəs/ (pl. apparatuses)
2) [countable, usually singular] the structure of a system or an organization, particularly that of a political party or a government
ex) When those investors panicked in 2008, the government stepped in and took over the bits of the mortgage-guarantee apparatus it did not already control.
the power of the state apparatus
gridlock noun
BrE /ˈɡrɪdlɒk/ ; NAmE /ˈɡrɪdlɑːk/ [uncountable]
1) a situation in which there are so many cars in the streets of a town that the traffic cannot move at all
ex) It’s gridlock between 6.30 and 9.00.
The protest march created gridlock.
2) (usually in politics) a situation in which people with different opinions are not able to agree with each other and so no action can be taken
ex) It was a temporary solution, but political gridlock has made it permanent.
Congress is in gridlock.
stamp verb
BrE /stæmp/ ; NAmE /stæmp/
3) [transitive, often passive] to print letters, words, a design, etc. onto something using a special tool
ex) Now 65-80% of new mortgages are stamped with a guarantee from Uncle Sam that protects investors from the risk that homeowners default.
The box was stamped with the maker’s name.
Wait here to have your passport stamped.
I’ll stamp the company name on your cheque.
The maker’s name was stamped in gold on the box.
heartland noun
BrE /ˈhɑːtlænd/ ; NAmE /ˈhɑːrtlænd/
(also heartlands [plural])
1) the central part of a country or an area
ex) the great Russian heartlands
2) an area that is important for a particular activity or political party
ex) In the heartland of free enterprise the mortgage system is worthy of Gosplan.
the industrial heartland of Germany
the traditional Tory heartland of Britain’s boardrooms
The party has lost seats in its traditional heartland of southern Thailand.
Gosplan
The State Planning Committee, commonly known as Gosplan (Russian: Госпла́н, pronounced [ɡɐsˈplan]), was the agency responsible for central economic planning in the Soviet Union.
ex) In the heartland of free enterprise the mortgage system is worthy of Gosplan.
renege verb
BrE /rɪˈniːɡ/ ; NAmE /rɪˈniːɡ/ ; BrE /rɪˈneɪɡ/ ; NAmE /rɪˈneɪɡ/
present simple I / you / we / they renege BrE /rɪˈniːɡ/ ; NAmE /rɪˈniːɡ/ ; BrE /rɪˈneɪɡ/ ; NAmE /rɪˈneɪɡ/
he / she / it reneges BrE /rɪˈniːɡz/ ; NAmE /rɪˈniːɡz/ ; BrE /rɪˈneɪɡz/ ; NAmE /rɪˈneɪɡz/
past simple reneged BrE /rɪˈniːɡd/ ; NAmE /rɪˈniːɡd/ ; BrE /rɪˈneɪɡd/ ; NAmE /rɪˈneɪɡd/
past participle reneged BrE /rɪˈniːɡd/ ; NAmE /rɪˈniːɡd/ ; BrE /rɪˈneɪɡd/ ; NAmE /rɪˈneɪɡd/
-ing form reneging BrE /rɪˈniːɡɪŋ/ ; NAmE /rɪˈniːɡɪŋ/ ; BrE /rɪˈneɪɡɪŋ/ ; NAmE /rɪˈneɪɡɪŋ/
[intransitive] renege (on something) (formal) to break a promise, an agreement, etc.
synonym go back on
ex) Only a madman in the White House would think that America gained from reneging on its promises.
to renege on a deal/debt/contract, etc.
shrivel verb
BrE /ˈʃrɪvl/ ; NAmE /ˈʃrɪvl/ [intransitive, transitive]
present simple I / you / we / they shrivel BrE /ˈʃrɪvl/ ; NAmE /ˈʃrɪvl/
he / she / it shrivels BrE /ˈʃrɪvlz/ ; NAmE /ˈʃrɪvlz/
past simple shrivelled BrE /ˈʃrɪvld/ ; NAmE /ˈʃrɪvld/
past participle shrivelled BrE /ˈʃrɪvld/ ; NAmE /ˈʃrɪvld/
(US English) past simple shriveled BrE /ˈʃrɪvld/ ; NAmE /ˈʃrɪvld/
(US English) past participle shriveled BrE /ˈʃrɪvld/ ; NAmE /ˈʃrɪvld/
-ing form shrivelling BrE /ˈʃrɪvlɪŋ/ ; NAmE /ˈʃrɪvlɪŋ/
(US English) -ing form shriveling BrE /ˈʃrɪvlɪŋ/ ; NAmE /ˈʃrɪvlɪŋ/
to become or make something dry and wrinkled as a result of heat, cold or being old
ex) The baroque derivatives that caused huge damage, such as mortgage-base CDOs, have shrivelled away.
The leaves on the plant had shrivelled up from lack of water.
The hot weather had shrivelled the grapes in every vineyard.
fiat noun
BrE /ˈfiːæt/ ; NAmE /ˈfiːæt/ ; BrE /ˈfaɪæt/ ; NAmE /ˈfaɪæt/ countable, uncountable
an official order given by somebody in authority
synonym decree
ex) The size, design and availability of mortgages is now decided by official fiat.
Prices have been fixed by government fiat.
to the tune of something
(informal) used to emphasize how much money something has cost
ex) Partly because the state charges too little for the guarantees it offers, taxpayers are subsidising housing borrowers to the tune of up to $150 billion a year, or 1% of GDP.
The hotel has been refurbished to the tune of a million dollars.
not far off/out/wrong
(informal) almost correct
ex) If there is another crisis, the taxpayer will still have to foot the bill, which could be 2-4% of GDP, not far off the cost of the 2008-09 bank bail-out.
Your guess wasn’t far out at all.
deleverage
Deleveraging is when a company or individual attempts to decrease its total financial leverage. The most direct way for an entity to deleverage is to immediately pay off any existing debt on its balance sheet. If unable to do this, the company or individual may be in a position that increases its risk of default.
(* leverage noun
BrE /ˈliːvərɪdʒ/ ; NAmE /ˈlevərɪdʒ/ [uncountable]
3) (North American English) (British English gearing) (finance) the relationship between the amount of money that a company owes and the value of its shares 차입 자본 이용 (=financial leverage)
ex) Households have deleveraged, leaving them able to service their debts more efficiently.)
inbuilt adjective
BrE /ˈɪnbɪlt/ ; NAmE /ˈɪnbɪlt/ [only before noun]
an inbuilt quality exists as an essential part of something/somebody
ex) Because housing is seen as one of the few ways in which less-well-off Americans can accumulate wealth, there is an inbuilt political pressure to loosen lending standards.
His height gives him an inbuilt advantage over his opponent.
snap something↔up
(informal) to buy or obtain something quickly because it is cheap or you want it very much
ex) Because global investors are hungry for safe assets, any bonds with an American guarantee are snapped up, adding to the incentive to borrow.
All the best bargains were snapped up within hours.
(figurative) She’s been snapped up by Hollywood to star in two major movies.
hock noun
BrE /hɒk/ ; NAmE /hɑːk/
4) [uncountable] (informal) if something that you own is in hock, you have exchanged it for money but hope to buy it back later
ex) The nationalised mortgage firms that guarantee the bonds – and are thus in hock if the market collapses – should be forced to raise their capital buffers and increase their fees until they make an adequate profit.
litigious adjective
BrE /lɪˈtɪdʒəs/ ; NAmE /lɪˈtɪdʒəs/ (formal, disapproving)
(formal, disapproving) too ready to take disagreements to court
ex) Litigious hedge funds have their own agenda.
quirk noun
BrE /kwɜːk/ ; NAmE /kwɜːrk/
1) an aspect of somebody’s personality or behaviour that is a little strange
synonym peculiarity
ex) The government uses an accounting quirk to book profits from the mortgage system, but does not recognise the potential cost to taxpayers.
Everyone has their own little quirks and mannerisms.
engaging adjective
BrE /ɪnˈɡeɪdʒɪŋ/ ; NAmE /ɪnˈɡeɪdʒɪŋ/
interesting or pleasant in a way that attracts your attention
ex) I want to share a few keys on how you can do that to make sure that we can see that your science is sexy and that your engineering is engaging.
an engaging smile
dumb down | dumb something↔down
(disapproving) to make something less accurate or educational, and of worse quality, by trying to make it easier for people to understand
ex) And making your ideas accessible is not the same as dumbing it down.
The BBC denies that its broadcasting has been dumbed down.
circadian adjective
BrE /sɜːˈkeɪdiən/ ; NAmE /sɜːrˈkeɪdiən/ only before noun
connected with the changes in the bodies of people or animals over each period of 24 hours
ex) It can help strengthen circadian rhythms, promoting daytime alertness and helping bring on sleepiness at night.
Jet lag occurs because jet travel ignores the circadian timekeeper.
slow-wave sleep
Slow-wave sleep (SWS), often referred to as deep sleep, consists of stage three of non-rapid eye movement sleep, according to the Rechtschaffen & Kales (R & K) standard of 1968. There is not a clear distinction between stages three and four. 서파 수면
ex) Studies show daytime physical activity may stimulate longer periods of slow-wave sleep, the deepest and most restorative stages of sleep.
개별적으로 낮 시간 동안에 하는 운동이 그날 밤 더 잠을 잘 자게 하는지 알고 싶어했습니다.
They wanted to know whether individual daytime exercise sessions led to better sleep later that same night.
16주 실험의 2주차까지는 운동을 한 그룹의 수면의 질에 어떤 주목할 만한 개선도 이뤄지지 않았습니다.
As far as 2 months into the 16-week study period, the exercising group had experienced no significant improvements to their sleep.
잠을 푹 잠으로써 당신의 운동 요법을 강화시킬 수 있습니다. 이러한 사실은 당신이 일을 하거나 아니면 밤 시간대에 하는 티비 프로그램을 보려고 꼭두새벽까지 깨어있기 전 에 꼭 한 번 생각해 봐야할 문제입니다.
You can strengthen your exercise regimen by getting a good night’s rest. That’s something to think about before staying up into the wee hours to work or watch late-night television.
the small/early hours
also especially Scottish English the wee small hours, especially North American English the wee hours
the period of time very early in the morning, soon after midnight
We worked well into the small hours.
ex) That’s something to think about before staying up into the wee hours to work or watch late-night television.
The fighting began in the early hours of Saturday morning.
우리가 종종 깨닫는 바와 같이, 수면 관련 문제를 해결하는 데에는 어떠한 특효약이나 묘책이 없습니다.
As we so often learn, there is no magic bullet or quick fix to solve sleep problems.
알콜 농도가 단속 수치에 미치지 않더라도, 숙취가 있는 상태에서 운전을 하면 사고 날 위험성이 더 높습니다. 그러니 조심하는 게 좋습니다.
Even if the level stays below the limit, you are still more likely to get into an accident if you drive when the hangover is still there. So it’s better safe than sorry.
나는 괜찮겠지 하는 생각은 버리십시오 (모험을 하지 마십시오).
Let’s not take chances.
대부분의 나라에는 “부자 삼 대 못 간다” 라는 내용의 속담이 존재합니다.
Your wealth won’t last three generations. That’s a saying you find in most countries.
줄어들 기미가 보이지 않습니다.
There’s no sign it is going away any time soon.
grudgingly adverb
BrE /ˈɡrʌdʒɪŋli/ ; NAmE /ˈɡrʌdʒɪŋli/
(less frequent begrudgingly)
in a way that is given or done unwillingly
synonym reluctantly
ex) Begrudgingly, Japan is beginning to accept that it needs more immigrants.
She grudgingly admitted that I was right.
snatch noun
BrE /snætʃ/ ; NAmE /snætʃ/
1) a very small part of a conversation or some music that you hear
synonym snippet
ex) In the Shin-Okubo neighbourhood of Tokyo, smells of Korean food and snatches of the language waft in the air.
a snatch of music
I only caught snatches of the conversation.
waft verb
BrE /wɒft/ ; NAmE /wɑːft/ , /wæft/
[intransitive, transitive] to move, or make something move, gently through the air
synonym drift
ex) In the Shin-Okubo neighbourhood of Tokyo, smells of Korean food and snatches of the language waft in the air.
The sound of their voices wafted across the lake.
Delicious smells wafted up from the kitchen.
The scent of the flowers was wafted along by the breeze.
complete adjective
BrE /kəmˈpliːt/ ; NAmE /kəmˈpliːt/
3) complete with something [not before noun] including something as an extra part or feature
ex) A supermarket selling kimchi sits next to an Indian-run kebab shop – the latter complete with leaflets promoting Islam, the religion of the Calcutta-born owner.
The furniture comes complete with tools and instructions for assembly.
The book, complete with CD, costs £35.
rarity noun
BrE /ˈreərəti/ ; NAmE /ˈrerəti/ (pl. rarities)
1) [countable] a person or thing that is unusual and is therefore often valuable or interesting
ex) Women are still something of a rarity in senior positions in business.
His collection of plants contains many rarities.
2) (less frequent rareness) [uncountable] the quality of being rare
ex) Shin-Okubo is a rarity in Japan.
The value of antiques will depend on their condition and rarity.
Items like this have a certain rarity value.
surreptitious adjective
BrE /ˌsʌrəpˈtɪʃəs/ ; NAmE /ˌsɜːrəpˈtɪʃəs/
done secretly or quickly, in the hope that other people will not notice
synonym furtive
ex) But the goal seems to be a surreptitious increase in the number of temporary workers and a more accommodating system for skilled workers, not the settlement of foreigners on a grand scale.
She sneaked a surreptitious glance at her watch.
They were seen leaving the premises in a surreptitious manner.
menial adjective
BrE /ˈmiːniəl/ ; NAmE /ˈmiːniəl/
(usually disapproving) (of work) not skilled or important, and often boring or badly paid
ex) At the very least the country needs a clear policy on bringing in menial foreign workers, rather than ignoring the abuse of student and trainee visas, says Shigeru Ishiba, a prominent lawmaker in the Liberal Democratic Party who is expected to challenge Mr. Abe for the party’s leadership in 2018.
menial jobs/work
menial tasks like cleaning the floor
rife adjective
BrE /raɪf/ ; NAmE /raɪf/ [not before noun]
1) if something bad or unpleasant is rife in a place, it is very common there
synonym widespread
ex) But the country prides itself on its homogeneity, and although the media no longer reflexively blame foreigners for all social ills, discrimination is still rife.
It is a country where corruption is rife.
Rumours are rife that he is going to resign.
asymmetric adjective
BrE /ˌeɪsɪˈmetrɪk/ ; NAmE /ˌeɪsɪˈmetrɪk/
(also asymmetrical BrE /ˌeɪsɪˈmetrɪkl/ ; NAmE /ˌeɪsɪˈmetrɪkl/ )
1) having two sides or parts that are not the same in size or shape
opposite symmetrical
ex) I didn’t think of myself as disabled until a few decades ago, either, even though my two arms have been pretty significantly asymmetrical and different from most everybody else’s my whole life.
Most people’s faces are asymmetric.
traction noun
BrE /ˈtrækʃn/ ; NAmE /ˈtrækʃn/ [uncountable]
4) the extent to which an idea, a product, etc. becomes popular or gains support
ex) Yet pride movements for people with disabilities – like Crip Power or Mad Pride – have not gained the same sort of traction in the American consciousness.
The president’s message is gaining traction among undecided voters.
prosthetic adjective
BrE /prɒsˈθetɪk/ ; NAmE /prɑːsˈθetɪk/ (medical)
used as an artificial part of the body
ex) A person without a disability may recognize someone using a wheelchair, a guide dog or a prosthetic limb, or someone with Down syndrome, but most don’t conceptualize these people as having a shared social identity and a political status.
a prosthetic arm
왜소증
dwarfism noun
BrE /ˈdwɔːfɪzəm/ ; NAmE /ˈdwɔːrfɪzəm/
the medical condition of being a dwarf. People who suffer from this condition are very short and often have short arms and legs.
ex) A mother of a 2-year-old boy with dwarfism who had begun attending Little People of America events summed this up when she said to me with stunned wonder, “There are a lot of them!”
키
stature noun
BrE /ˈstætʃə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈstætʃər/ uncountable
1) the importance and respect that a person has because of their ability and achievements
ex) an actress of considerable stature
The orchestra has grown in stature.
2) a person’s height
ex) Until this beloved child unexpectedly entered her family, she had no idea that achondroplasia [eikɑ̀ndrəpléiƷiə,-ziə] (연골 형성 부전) is the most common form of short stature or that most people with the condition have average-size parents.
a woman of short stature
He is small in stature.
neurodiversity
Neurodiversity is a concept where neurological differences are to be recognized and respected as any other human variation. These differences can include those labeled with Dyspraxia, Dyslexia, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Dyscalculia, Autistic Spectrum, Tourette Syndrome, and others. 신경 다양성
ex) Indeed, people with disabilities are the largest minority group in the United States, and as new disability categories such as neurodiversity, psychiatric disabilities, disabilities of aging and learning disabilities emerge and grow, so does that percentage.
자가 면역 질환
autoimmune adjective
BrE /ˌɔːtəʊɪˈmjuːn/ ; NAmE /ˌɔːtoʊɪˈmjuːn/ only before noun
an autoimmune disease or medical condition is one that is caused by substances that usually prevent illness
ex) Disability growth areas – if you will – include diagnostic categories such as depression, anxiety disorders, anorexia, cancers, traumatic brain injuries, attention-deficit disorder, autoimmune disease, spinal cord injuries, autistic spectrum disabilities and dementia.
an autoimmune response
workaround noun
BrE /ˈwɜːkəraʊnd/ ; NAmE /ˈwɜːrkəraʊnd/ (computing)
a way of working with a piece of software in order to avoid a particular problem even though you do not solve that problem (제 2의) 해결책
ex) Although I certainly recognized that the world was built for what I call the fully fingered, not for my body, I never experienced a sense of losing capacity, and adapted quite readily, engaging with the world in my preferred way and developing practical workarounds for the life demands my body did not meet.
acculturate verb
BrE /əˈkʌltʃəreɪt/ ; NAmE /əˈkʌltʃəreɪt/
[intransitive, transitive] acculturate (somebody) (to something) (formal) to learn to live successfully in a different culture; to help somebody to do this
ex) Since most of us are not born into disability but enter into it as we travel through life, we don’t get acculturated the way most of us do in our race or gender.
people who have acculturated to the United States
The course is designed to acculturate new staff.
feeble-minded adjective
1) (old use, offensive) having less than usual intelligence
ex) “Crippled,” “handicapped” and “feebleminded” are outdated and derogatory.
2) weak and unable to make decisions
우생학의
eugenic adjective
BrE /juːˈdʒenɪk/ ; NAmE /juːˈdʒenɪk/
connected with eugenics
ex) Many pre-Holocaust eugenic categories that were indicators for state-sponsored sterilization or extermination policies – “idiot,” “moron,” “imbecile” and even “mentally retarded” – have been discarded in favor of terms such as “developmentally delayed” or “intellectually disabled.”
sterilization noun
(British English also -isation)
BrE /ˌsterəlaɪˈzeɪʃn/ ; NAmE /ˌsterələˈzeɪʃn/ [uncountable, countable]
1) the act of killing the bacteria in or on something
ex) Adequate sterilization of medical and surgical instruments is essential.
2) the act of making a person or an animal unable to have babies, especially by removing or blocking their sex organs
ex) Many pre-Holocaust eugenic categories that were indicators for state-sponsored sterilization or extermination policies – “idiot,” “moron,” “imbecile” and even “mentally retarded” – have been discarded in favor of terms such as “developmentally delayed” or “intellectually disabled.”
the sterilization of stray dogs and cats
extermination noun
BrE /ɪkˌstɜːmɪˈneɪʃn/ ; NAmE /ɪkˌstɜːrmɪˈneɪʃn/ [uncountable]
the act of killing all the members of a group of people or animals 몰살
ex) Many pre-Holocaust eugenic categories that were indicators for state-sponsored sterilization or extermination policies – “idiot,” “moron,” “imbecile” and even “mentally retarded” – have been discarded in favor of terms such as “developmentally delayed” or “intellectually disabled.”
the extermination of rats and other vermin
imbecile noun
BrE /ˈɪmbəsiːl/ ; NAmE /ˈɪmbəsl/
1) a rude way to describe a person that you think is very stupid
synonym idiot
ex) They behaved like imbeciles.
2) (old-fashioned, offensive) a person who has a very low level of intelligence
ex) Many pre-Holocaust eugenic categories that were indicators for state-sponsored sterilization or extermination policies – “idiot,” “moron,” “imbecile” and even “mentally retarded” – have been discarded in favor of terms such as “developmentally delayed” or “intellectually disabled.”
explication noun
BrE /ˌeksplɪˈkeɪʃn/ ; NAmE /ˌeksplɪˈkeɪʃn/ countable, uncountable
a very detailed explanation of an idea or a work of literature
ex) In “Sight Unseen,” an elegant explication of blindness and sight as cultural metaphors, Georgina Kleege wryly suggests the difference between medical low vision and blindness as a cultural identity by observing that, “ Writing this book made me blind,” a process she calls gaining blindness rather than losing sight.
careful explications of classical texts
wryly adverb
BrE /ˈraɪli/ ; NAmE /ˈraɪli/
in a way that shows you are both amused and disappointed or annoyed
ex) In “Sight Unseen,” an elegant explication of blindness and sight as cultural metaphors, Georgina Kleege wryly suggests the difference between medical low vision and blindness as a cultural identity by observing that, “ Writing this book made me blind,” a process she calls gaining blindness rather than losing sight.
to smile wryly
생명 윤리
bioethics noun
BrE /ˌbaɪəʊˈeθɪks/ ; NAmE /ˌbaɪoʊˈeθɪks/ uncountable
the moral principles that influence research in medicine and biology
ex) I have taken up the job of teaching disability studies and bioethics as part of my work.
squirm verb
BrE /skwɜːm/ ; NAmE /skwɜːrm/
1) [intransitive] to move around a lot making small twisting movements, because you are nervous, uncomfortable, etc.
synonym wriggle
The children were squirming restlessly in their seats.
Someone grabbed him but he managed to squirm free.
2) [intransitive] to feel great embarrassment or shame
ex) Before I learned about disability rights and disability pride, which I came to by way of the women’s movement, I always squirmed out a shame-filled, “I was born this way.”
It made him squirm to think how badly he’d messed up the interview.
derision noun
BrE /dɪˈrɪʒn/ ; NAmE /dɪˈrɪʒn/ [uncountable]
a strong feeling that somebody/something is ridiculous and not worth considering seriously, shown by laughing in an unkind way or by making unkind remarks 조롱, 조소
synonym scorn
ex) They might point this behavior out to the person, and they may be shocked when this is received with hostility, indifference, or derision.
Her speech was greeted with howls of derision.
He became an object of universal derision.
call somebody out (on something)
(also call somebody on something )
(North American English)
to criticize somebody, especially publicly
ex) This is too often how others respond to those who call out discrimination.
People were calling him out for his negative comments.
Dan called her out on a couple of contradictions in her story.
제가 성차별적인 농담을 한 게 아니라 당신이 그걸 잘못 받아들인 겁니다. 제 농담엔 어떤 해를 끼칠 의도도 들어있지 않았다구요.
It isn’t that the joke is sexist, because I didn’t mean any harm by it, it’s that you took it the wrong way.
hokum noun
BrE /ˈhəʊkəm/ ; NAmE /ˈhoʊkəm/ uncountable
1) a film/movie, play, etc. that is not realistic and has no artistic qualities
2) an idea, argument, etc. that you think is stupid
ex) Journalism students must take roughly two-thirds of their classes in the arts and sciences, where they often must listen to leftist hokum.
What a bunch of hokum!
천연가스는 태양 에너지가 깨끗한 그런 방식으로 깨끗한 것이 아닙니다.
But natural gas isn’t clean in the way that solar is clean.
되먹임 회로, 피드백 회로
feedback loop
The section of a control system that allows for feedback and self-correction and that adjusts its operation according to differences between the actual and the desired or optimal output.
ex) And the situation is actually too dire for a bridge fuel: experts say we must stop adding carbon into the air within the next 30 years or face a climate “feedback loop” in which global warming continues regardless of subsequent activities, a point at which we would be able to make things worse but not better.
메탄은 연소되지 않을 경우에 이산화탄소보다 약 70배 가량 더 강력한 온실가스이다.
Methane, unburned, is around 70 times as potent a greenhouse gas as carbon dioxide.
건널 판자
gangplank noun
BrE /ˈɡæŋplæŋk/ ; NAmE /ˈɡæŋplæŋk/
a board placed between the side of a boat and land so people can get on and off
ex) That’s why Anthony R. Ingraffea, professor of civil and environmental engineering at Cornell University, refers to natural gas as a “gangplank.”
big-ticket adjective
BrE ; NAmE [only before noun]
costing a lot of money
ex) Retailers offer huge discounts on big ticket times like TV sets, computers and refrigerators.
big-ticket items
내수 진작
The event was intended to help boost domestic demand.
이런 큰 행사를 통해서 연말 전에 재고 물품을 빠르게 처분할 수 있습니다.
Through the big event, they can get rid of unsold items quickly before the year’s end.
이런 행사는 판매자와 구매자들 사이에서 자연스럽게 이루어질 때 가장 성공적일 수 있습니다.
This sort of event works best when it is done by sellers and buyers themselves.
관료적 편의주의
This was a result of bureaucratic expediency.
BrE /ˌbjʊərəˈkrætɪk/ ; NAmE /ˌbjʊrəˈkrætɪk/
BrE /ɪkˈspiːdiənsi/ ; NAmE /ɪkˈspiːdiənsi/
1년 만에 두 계단 상승했습니다.
Now that’s up by 2 notches in a year.
defer verb
BrE /dɪˈfɜː(r)/ ; NAmE /dɪˈfɜːr/
defer (doing) something (formal) to delay something until a later time
synonym put off
ex) She was a gentle giant who respectfully deferred even to any mite-size puppy with a prior claim to a bone.
The department deferred the decision for six months.
She had applied for deferred admission to college.
진드기
mite noun
BrE /maɪt/ ; NAmE /maɪt/
1) a very small creature like a spider that lives on plants, animals, carpets, etc.
ex) She was a gentle giant who respectfully deferred even to any mite-size puppy with a prior claim to a bone.
house dust mites
우선 청구권
prior claim
ex) She was a gentle giant who respectfully deferred even to any mite-size puppy with a prior claim to a bone.
lace verb
BrE /leɪs/ ; NAmE /leɪs/
4) [transitive] lace something (with something) to add a particular quality to a book, speech, etc.
ex) That column led to a different torrent of comments, many laced with a harsh indifference: Why should we help them?
Her conversation was laced with witty asides.
Humpty Dumpty
ˈhʌmptɪ ˈdʌmptɪ
an egg-shaped character in a Mother Goose nursery rhyme who fell off a wall and could not be put together again.
1) a short fat person
2) a person or thing that once overthrown or broken cannot be restored or mended
ex) I cannot see any good in wasting a trillion dollars trying to put Humpty Dumpty together again.
bleeding heart noun
disapproving
a person who is too kind and sympathetic towards people that other people think do not deserve kindness
ex) Bleeding hearts often cause more harm than good.
a bleeding-heart liberal
All the bleeding hearts and socialists oppose the changes to the immigration law.
비행 금지 구역
no-fly zone noun
an area above a country where planes from other countries are not allowed to fly
ex) Yes, the Iraq war was a disaster, but the no-fly zone in northern Iraq after the first gulf war was a huge success.
