TO 9-2 Flashcards

Question

insatiable adjective | BrE /ɪnˈseɪʃəbl/ ; NAmE /ɪnˈseɪʃəbl/

Answer 1

always wanting more of something; not able to be satisfied ex) We've exported this dream all over the world, so kids in Brazil and China and even Kenya inherit our insatiable expectation for more. an insatiable appetite/curiosity/thirst There seems to be an insatiable demand for more powerful computers. There’s an apparently insatiable demand for this kind of programme. The public seems to have an insatiable appetite for celebrity news.

Answer 2

the act of doing or saying something deliberately in order to make somebody angry or upset; something that is done or said to cause this ex) It felt like a provocation. "Better off" -- based on whose standards? He reacted violently only under provocation. The terrorists can strike at any time without provocation. She bursts into tears at the slightest provocation. So far the police have refused to respond to their provocations.

Answer 3

3) a pointed piece of wood that is fixed in the ground, especially as part of a fence ex) All right, so is better off getting a big house with a white picket fence? a picket fence

Answer 4

2) (of people) using weaker people for their own financial or sexual advantage ex) Nearly five million people lost their homes in the Great Recession, and even more of us sobered up about the lengths we were willing to go -- or be tricked into going, in many predatory cases -- to hold that deed. a predatory insurance salesman a predatory look

Answer 5

to put a lot of effort into doing something, especially when this seems extreme ex) Nearly five million people lost their homes in the Great Recession, and even more of us sobered up about the lengths we were willing to go -- or be tricked into going, in many predatory cases -- to hold that deed. She goes to extraordinary lengths to keep her private life private.

Answer 6

2) (often plural in BrE) a legal document that you sign, especially one that proves that you own a house or a building ex) Nearly five million people lost their homes in the Great Recession, and even more of us sobered up about the lengths we were willing to go -- or be tricked into going, in many predatory cases -- to hold that deed. the deeds of the house

Answer 7

[intransitive, transitive] when a bell tolls or somebody tolls it, it is rung slowly many times, especially as a sign that somebody has died ex) Toll the funeral bells for everything that made America great. The Abbey bell tolled for those killed in the war. Ask not for whom the bell tolls; it tolls for thee. he bell tolled the hour. (figurative) The revolution tolled the death knell (= signalled the end) for the Russian monarchy.

Answer 8

Nothing that follows is meant to suggest that the gap between rich and poor is anything but profoundly immoral.

Answer 9

2) [no passive] to keep a job for some time ex) My great-grandfather was a drunk in Detroit, who sometimes managed to hold down a factory job. He was unable to hold down a job after his breakdown.

Answer 10

He had, as unbelievable as it might sound, 21 children with one woman, my great-grandmother, who died at 47 years old of ovarian cancer.

Answer 11

to understand or find an explanation for something ex) Now, I'm pregnant with my second child, and I cannot even fathom what she must have gone through. It is hard to fathom the pain felt at the death of a child. He couldn't fathom out what the man could possibly mean.

Answer 12

pliers noun BrE /ˈplaɪəz/ ; NAmE /ˈplaɪərz/ [plural] a metal tool with handles, used for holding things firmly and twisting and cutting wire ex) He actually took his braces off himself with pliers in the garage, when his father admitted he didn't have money to go back to the orthodontist. a pair of pliers

Answer 13

orthodontist noun BrE /ˌɔːθəˈdɒntɪst/ ; NAmE /ˌɔːrθəˈdɑːntɪst/ a dentist who treats problems concerning the position of the teeth and jaws ex) He actually took his braces off himself with pliers in the garage, when his father admitted he didn't have money to go back to the orthodontist.

Answer 14

1) harry somebody to annoy or upset somebody by continuously asking them questions or for something synonym harass ex) Today I hear life coaches call it " a portfolio career." Whatever you call it, more and more men are craving these whole, if not harried, lives. She has been harried by the press all week. The superintendent sent him to harry the forensic lab over the blood tests.

Answer 15

the number below the line in a fraction showing how many parts the whole is divided into, for example 4 in ¾ * 2) an idea, attitude or experience that is shared by all the members of a group ex) The common denominator is them. So the more they understand their gifts and create crews of ideal collaborators, the better off they will be. They were united through the common denominator of suffering.

Answer 16

2) [usually singular] cradle of something the place where something important began ex) We are talking about the cradle of democracy. Greece, the cradle of Western civilization

Answer 17

There's an old African saying that goes...

Answer 18

We have to make sure these kids grow up to be responsible adults.

Answer 19

join hands | efforts (with somebody) 2) to work together in doing something ex) Education has been reluctant to join hands with business.

Answer 20

2) [intransitive] to become much less strong or united and be gradually destroyed\ synonym fall apart (2) ex) When the family disintegrates, the society should take up the burden. The authority of the central government was rapidly disintegrating.

Answer 21

8) (no comparative or superlative; usually placed immediately after a number) approximately or a little more than the number mentioned ex) Alexandra Loras has lived in eight countries and visited 50-odd more. How old is she—seventy odd? He's worked there for twenty-odd years.

Answer 22

2) [transitive] deflect something to succeed in preventing something from being directed towards you synonym divert ex) In most, any racism she might have experienced because of her black skin was deflected by her status as a diplomat's wife. All attempts to deflect attention from his private life have failed. She sought to deflect criticism by blaming her family. The government is seeking to deflect attention away from this problem.

Answer 23

with light or blonde hair ex) She was often taken for a nanny to her fair-haired son.

Answer 24

take someone/something for someone/something to believe something, usually wrongly, about someone or something ex) She was often taken for a nanny to her fair-haired son. She looks so young I took her for your sister. Do you take me for a complete idiot? What do you take me for?: I won’t tell anybody – what do you take me for? (=I am not that type of person)

Answer 25

"black" in Brazilian; Afro-Brazilians Brazilians (Portuguese: afro-brasileiros); Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈafɾu bɾɐziˈle(j)ɾuz] is a term used in the 21st century by some in Brazil to refer to Brazilian people with African ancestry. The term does not have widespread use in Brazil, where social constructs and classifications have been based on appearance. People with noticeable African features and skin color are generally referred to (and they identify) as negro or preto ("black"). Many members of another group of people, multiracial Brazilians, or pardos, also have a range of degree of African ancestry. ex) Plenty of preto (black) and pardo (mixed-race) Brazilians, who together make up just over half of the country's 208m people, proudly contrast its cordial race relations with America's interracial strife.

Answer 26

Pardo is a word used in the Spanish colonies in the Americas to refer to the triracial descendants of Europeans, Native Americans, and West Africans. They are defined as neither exclusively mestizo (Native American-European descent) nor mulatto (West African-European descent). It is highly associated with the history of slavery and colonialism. From the 18th century, the term has been used more widely to identify a brown skin colour.[citation needed] But in general use, the physical characteristics may include brown skin ranging from dark brown to almost white.Similarly, the person's hair could be curly, straight or other texture, and any colour. In Brazil, the word pardo has had a general meaning, since the beginning of the colonization. In the famous letter by Pero Vaz de Caminha, for example, in which Brazil was first described by the Portuguese, the Native Americans were called "pardo": "Pardo, naked, without clothing". The word was used to cover African/European mixes, Amerindian/European mixes, and Amerindian/European/African mixes and Native Americans themselves. ex) Plenty of preto (black) and pardo (mixed-race) Brazilians, who together make up just over half of the country's 208m people, proudly contrast its cordial race relations with America's interracial strife.

Answer 27

Mulatto is a term used to refer to persons born of one white parent and one black parent, or to persons born of a mulatto parent or parents. The term today is generally confined to an historical context, and English-speakers of mixed white and black ancestry seldom choose to identify themselves as "mulatto". Residents of Spain, Latin America, the Caribbean, and some countries in Africa freely use the term mulatto, or its cognates in other languages, usually without any suggestion of insult. In Latin America, most mulattoe have descended from interracial relationships dating to the slavery period, rather than from recent racial mixing. This is especially true in Brazil, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, Cuba, Haiti, Cape Verde, Puerto Rico and Philippines, which have the highest proportions of persons of mixed race. ex) Their offspring, referred to as mulatto, enjoyed a social status above that of pretos.

Answer 28

(formal) pleasant and friendly ex) Plenty of preto (black) and pardo (mixed-race) Brazilians, who together make up just over half of the country's 208m people, proudly contrast its cordial race relations with America's interracial strife. a cordial atmosphere/meeting/relationship The government wisely maintained cordial relations with the Russians. The talks took place in a cordial atmosphere.

Answer 29

1) [uncountable] (formal or literary) angry or violent disagreement between two people or groups of people synonym conflict ex) Plenty of preto (black) and pardo (mixed-race) Brazilians, who together make up just over half of the country's 208m people, proudly contrast its cordial race relations with America's interracial strife. civil strife The country was torn apart by strife. internecine strife among the nationalities of the empire

Answer 30

3) [countable, usually singular] gulf (between A and B) a large difference between two people or groups in the way that they think, live or feel ex) Yet the gulf between white Brazilians and their black and mixed-race compatriots is huge. The gulf between rich and poor is enormous. It felt as if a gulf had opened up between his life and mine.

Answer 31

[intransitive] disembark (from something) (formal) to leave a vehicle, especially a ship or an aircraft, at the end of a journey opposite embark ex) Of the 12.5m Africans trafficked across the Atlantic between 1501 and 1866, only 300,000-400,000 disembarked in what is now the United States. They had just disembarked from their tour bus after a 12-hour journey. We will be disembarking at midday.

Answer 32

the fact of children being produced by parents who are of different races, especially when one parent is white ex) Though white masters fathered many slave children, miscegenation was frowned upon, and later criminalised in most American states.

Answer 33

a number of things mixed together without any particular order or reason ex) Mixing led to a hotch-potch of racial categories. a hotchpotch of ideas

Answer 34

(pl. portmanteaus, portmanteaux) (old-fashioned) a large heavy suitcase that opens into two parts * a word that is invented by combining the beginning of one word and the end of another and keeping the meaning of each. For example motel is a portmanteau word that is a combination of motor and hotel. ex) Tiger Woods, a golfer, calls himself "cablinasian" (a portmanteau of caucasian, black, American Indian and Asian).

Answer 35

[intransitive] gripe (about somebody/something) (informal) to complain about somebody/something in an annoying way ex) Tomas Santa Rosa, a successful mid-20th-century painter, consoled a dark-skinned peer griping about discrimination, saying that he too "used to be black." He's always griping about the people at work. Some members were griping about the new constitution. Throughout history, Americans have griped about taxes.

Answer 36

3) to use or present somebody/something as an example ex) Though only a few black and mixed-race Brazilians ever succeeded in "becoming white," their existence, and the non-binary conception of race, allowed politicians to hold up Brazil as an exemplar of post-colonial harmony. She's always holding up her children as models of good behaviour. His ideas were held up to ridicule.

Answer 37

(of a group of people) to work together in order to help somebody who is in a difficult or unpleasant situation ex) It also made it harder to rally black Brazilians round a hyphenated identity of the sort that united African-Americans. The whole family rallied round when Mum was ill.

Answer 38

hyphenate something to join two words together using a hyphen; to divide a word between two lines of text using a hyphen ex) It also made it harder to rally black Brazilians round a hyphenated identity of the sort that united African-Americans. Is your name hyphenated?

Answer 39

(intransitive) to increase up to a target bit by bit. ex) After falling from 20% to 5% between 1872 and 1990, the share of self-described pretos edged up in the past quarter-century, to 8%.

Answer 40

connected with the process of chromatography 색층 분석의 * the separation of a mixture by passing it through a material through which some parts of the mixture travel further than others; a method of finding out which different gases or liquids are included in a mixture by passing it through or over substances that absorb the different parts at different rates 색층 분석법 ex) This "chromatographic convergence," as Marcelo Paixao of the University of Texas, in Austin, dubs it, owes a lot to policy choices.

Answer 41

2) the process of becoming very similar or the same opposite divergence ex) This "chromatographic convergence," as Marcelo Paixao of the University of Texas, in Austin, dubs it, owes a lot to policy choices. The convergence of mobile technology and the Internet will continue to revolutionize the way businesses interact with consumers.

Answer 42

to remain in a strong position when somebody is attacking you, competing with you, etc. ex) This is perhaps why hard-working, ambitious cotistas, as students admitted under quotas are known, are able to hold their own. Business isn't good but we're managing to hold our own. She can hold her own against anybody in an argument. The patient is holding her own although she is still very sick.

Answer 43

making you feel worried over a period of time; continuously causing you pain or worrying you ex) And the whole thing left me really shaken up, obviously, but it also left me with this kind of burning, gnawing need to understand why he did it, what forces within him caused him to make the choice that I owe my life to, to risk his own life to save the life of a stranger? gnawing doubts

Answer 44

1) [intransitive] + adv./prep. to move suddenly and quickly in a particular direction ex) That night, I was 19 years old and driving back to my home in Tacoma, Washington, down the Interstate 5 freeway, when a little dog darted out in front of my car. A dog darted across the road in front of me. Her eyes darted around the room, looking for Greg.

Answer 45

if a vehicle fishtails, its back end moves from side to side in an uncontrolled way ex) I hit the dog anyways, and that sent the car into a fishtail, and then a spin across the freeway, until finally it wound up in the fast lane of the freeway faced backwards into oncoming traffic and then the engine died.

Answer 46

fast lane noun [singular] the part of a major road such as a motorway or interstate where vehicles drive fastest ex) I hit the dog anyways, and that sent the car into a fishtail, and then a spin across the freeway, until finally it wound up in the fast lane of the freeway faced backwards into oncoming traffic and then the engine died.

Answer 47

A common approach to understanding basic aspects of human nature, like the desire to help other people, is to study people in whom that desire is missing, and psychopaths are exactly such a group.

Answer 48

Psychopathy is a developmental disorder with strongly genetic origins, and it results in a personality that's cold and uncaring and a tendency to engage in antisocial and sometimes very violent behavior.

Answer 49

a series of similar items in which each is almost the same as the ones next to it but the last is very different from the first 연속체 synonym cline ex) And finally, their amygdalas are larger than average as well, by about eight percent. So together, what these data suggest is the existence of something like a caring continuum in the world that's anchored at the one end by people who are highly psychopathic, and at the other by people who are very compassionate and driven to acts of extreme altruism. It is impossible to say at what point along the continuum a dialect becomes a separate language.

Answer 50

unreasonable; that you cannot take seriously synonym absurd, ridiculous ex) A hundred years ago, people would have thought it was ludicrous how normal and ordinary it is for people to donate their blood and bone marrow to complete strangers today. a ludicrous suggestion It was ludicrous to think that the plan could succeed. He is paid a ludicrous amount of money.

Answer 51

bone marrow noun BrE ; NAmE (also marrow) [uncountable] a soft substance that fills the hollow parts of bones ex) A hundred years ago, people would have thought it was ludicrous how normal and ordinary it is for people to donate their blood and bone marrow to complete strangers today. a bone marrow transplant

Answer 52

2) (of a statement) containing two opposite ideas that make it seem impossible or unlikely, although it is probably true ex) But all of these changes also yield a strange and paradoxical result, which is that even as the world is becoming a better and more humane place, which it is, there is a very common perception that it's becoming worse and more cruel, which it's not. These seemingly paradoxical statements need to be looked at a little further to get the true picture.

Answer 53

close to something ex) I really believe that the ability to remove oneself from the center of the circle and expand the circle of compassion outward to include even strangers is within reach for almost everyone. The house is within easy reach of schools and sports facilities. Verona and Padua are both within easy reach for day trips.

Answer 54

The point I want to make with these two examples is that there's nothing inherently valuable about a dollar or a stone or a coin.

Answer 55

the system of paying somebody’s wages straight into their bank account ex) So I get paid via direct deposit, I pay my rent via bank transfer, I pay my taxes online.

Answer 56

1) underwrite something to accept financial responsibility for an activity so that you will pay for special costs or for losses it may make ex) Now when this works, it's because there are large institutions underwriting every 1 or 0 that changes on a computer. And when it doesn't, it's often the fault of those large institutions. The British government ended up underwriting the entire project. The record company may underwrite the costs of a band’s first tour.

Answer 57

a system of paying for something with a credit card or debit card in which the card has information stored on it in the form of a microchip and you prove your identity by typing a number (your PIN) rather than by signing your name ex) How long did it take the US credit card companies to implement chip and pin? Chip and PIN is designed to combat credit card fraud.

Answer 58

3) [uncountable, countable] friction (between A and B) disagreement or a lack of friendship among people who have different opinions about something synonym tension ex) Transferring money across borders and across currencies is really expensive: friction. conflicts and frictions that have still to be resolved

Answer 59

1) [transitive] flag something to put a special mark next to information that you think is important ex) If I'm a PayPal merchant and PayPal wrongly flags me for fraud, that's it. I've flagged the paragraphs that we need to look at in more detail.

Answer 60

These institutions are standing in the way of innovation.

Answer 61

not able to stop somebody/something harming you because they have power or control over you ex) In a digital world, money can reach much farther and is much faster, but we're at the mercy of these gatekeeper institutions. I'm not going to put myself at the mercy of the bank. We were at the mercy of the weather.

Answer 62

2) a person, system, etc. that decides whether somebody/something will be allowed, or allowed to reach a particular place or person ex) In a digital world, money can reach much farther and is much faster, but we're at the mercy of these gatekeeper institutions. His secretary acts as a gatekeeper, reading all mail before it reaches her boss. Literacy and maths are the gatekeeper skills that give kids access to academic success.

Answer 63

1) not moving, changing or developing ex) when we combine software and currency, money becomes more than just a static unit of value, and we don't have to rely on institutions for security. The balance sheet provides a static picture of the financial position at a point in time. Prices on the stock market, which have been static, are now rising again. a static population level

Answer 64

a peer-to-peer digital currency that is validated by cryptography ex) Cryptocurrencies are digital money that isn't run by any government or bank. As Bitcoin breaches the $1000 mark for the first time, two experts on the crypto-currency clash over whether bust must follow boom.

Answer 65

the art of writing or solving codes ex) Cryptography is the study of how to secure communication, and it's about two really important things: masking information so it can be hidden in plain sight, and verifying a piece of information's source.

Answer 66

2) [uncountable] the act or process of sending out an electronic signal or message or of broadcasting a radio or television programme ex) During World War II, breaking cryptosystems like Enigma was critical to decoding enemy transmissions and turning the tide of the war. the transmission of computer data along telephone lines a break in transmission (= of a radio or television broadcast) due to a technical fault Do you know the date of transmission?

Answer 67

the Pacific Rim noun [singular] the countries around the Pacific Ocean, especially the countries of eastern Asia, considered as an economic group ex) But looking back, warning sings were everywhere. We are located on the Pacific rim where a major fault line runs.

Answer 68

But the most buildings in the country weren't built designed to withstand earthquakes. Builders try to reduce costs, and the biggest of all costs comes from anti-quake designs. Only about 35% of all buildings are designed in consideration of major quakes. The Japanese government requires buildings to clearly indicate how quake-proof they are so that people could choose based on the information. Last but not least, all new buildings must be required to have quake-resistant designs. Experts say that if an earthquake with magnitude 6 or above his Korea, mass casualties are possible because many buildings are not built to withstand temblors.

Answer 69

Remember how many times they sent out so-called warning messages for scorching weather this past summer? They did it so often as to be annoying.

Answer 70

earthquake hits/strikes 지역 It occurred about 50 minutes after a 5.1-magnitude quake hit the city at 7:44 p.m.

Answer 71

seismic adjective BrE /ˈsaɪzmɪk/ ; NAmE /ˈsaɪzmɪk/ [only before noun] 1) connected with or caused by earthquakes ex) A 5.8-magnitude earthquake, the most powerful seismic activity here since 1978 when the nation started measuring tremors, struck the historic city of Gyeongju, North Gyeongsang Province, at 8:32 p.m., the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) said Monday. seismic waves

Answer 72

The Ministry of Public Safety and Security The Ministry of Government Administration and Home Affairs ex) The Ministry of Public Safety and Security organized a Disaster Management Office, an emergency team that monitors damage and takes necessary emergency measures.

Answer 73

Disaster management Office

Answer 74

aftershock noun BrE /ˈɑːftəʃɒk/ ; NAmE /ˈæftərʃɑːk/ a small earthquake that happens after a bigger one ex) At lease 22 aftershocks with magnitudes of 2 to 3 were detected by 10 p.m. with more expected throughout the night. The area suffered a series of aftershocks measuring up to 6.3 on the Richter scale.

Answer 75

The government has ordered people in the quake-hit areas to evacuate to safe areas.

Answer 76

1) People were evacuated out of the building. 2) People evacuated the building. Police evacuated nearby buildings. Children were evacuated from London to escape the bombing. Employees were urged to evacuate their offices immediately. Locals were told to evacuate.

Answer 77

mount noun BrE /maʊnt/ ; NAmE /maʊnt/ 4) (also mounting) something that an object stands on or is attached to for support ex) As of 1 a.m., six people had been injured, including an elderly woman injured by her television that fell from its mounting. an engine/gun mount The engine came loose from its mountings.

Answer 78

[intransitive, transitive] liquefy (something) (formal) to become liquid; to make something liquid ex) A liquefied natural gas-fueled power station in Ulsan, just kilometers away from Gyeongju, was shut down in the wake of the quakes. Above a certain temperature it is impossible to liquefy a gas. The cheese had liquefied so we poured it over the bread.

Answer 79

"I ran out of my office after feeling violent shaking," a worker living in Pohang, several kilometers north of Ulsan, told The Korea Times over the phone.

Answer 80

He said the tremors were "more powerful than the previous one," referring to a 5-magnitude quake detected in waters 52 kilometers off the southeastern port city of Ulsan on July 5. A mega-earthquake measuring 9.1 on the Richter scale struck off the coast of Japan 2011.

Answer 81

temblor noun BrE /ˈtemblə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈtemblər/ (North American English) ex) Experts say that if an earthquake with magnitude 6 or above his Korea, mass casualties are possible because many buildings are not built to withstand temblors.

Answer 82

1) [singular] (formal) a person or thing that is extremely important or large in size ex) The rist of the corporate colossus threatens both competition and the legitimacy of business. 2) [countable] (pl. colossi BrE /kəˈlɒsaɪ/ ; NAmE /kəˈlɑːsaɪ/ ) an extremely large statue ex) the Colossi of Memnon

Answer 83

But concentration is at its most worrying in America.

Answer 84

laissez-faire adjective BrE /ˌleseɪ ˈfeə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈfer/ (from French) 1) following a policy of allowing private businesses to develop without government control ex) For many laissez-faire types this is only a temporary problem. a laissez-faire economy 2) not trying to control somebody and allowing them to do what they want ex) They have a laissez-faire approach to bringing up their children.

Answer 85

1) flaccid skin or muscles are loose and soft; a flaccid penis is not hard ex) flaccid breasts 2) a flaccid argument or idea is not effective ex) Modern technology is lowering barriers to entry; flaccid incumbents will be destroyed by smaller, leaner ones. The article’s thesis is flaccid and misguided.

Answer 86

[uncountable] (North American English) the weight of somebody/something ex) The heft of the superstars also reflects their excellence at less productive activities. She was surprised by the sheer heft of the package.

Answer 87

used to introduce a further fact or thing in addition to those already mentioned synonym not to mention ex) The giants also deploy huge armies of lobbyists, bringing the same techniques to Brussels, where 30,000 lobbyists now walk the corridors, that they perfected in Washington, DC. Laws such as Sarbanes-Oxley and Dodd-Frank, to say nothing of America's tax code, penalise small firms more than large ones. It was too expensive, to say nothing of the time it wasted.

Answer 88

just beginning to form and therefore not clear or developed ex) Anger at all this is understandable, but an inchoate desire to bash business leaves everyone worse off. inchoate ideas

Answer 89

1) [transitive, intransitive] to hit somebody/something very hard ex) He bashed her over the head with a hammer. I braked too late and bashed into the car in front. 2) [transitive] bash somebody/something to criticize somebody/something strongly ex) Anger at all this is understandable, but an inchoate desire to bash business leaves everyone worse off. Bashing politicians is normal practice in the press. a liberal-bashing administration

Answer 90

a small temporary platform that somebody stands on to make a speech in a public place, usually outdoors ex) Reining in the giants requires the scalpel, not the soapbox. I’ve got no urge to be a politician or stand on a soapbox.

Answer 91

especially ex) They have more to do, not least to address the convenient fiction that different units of multinationals are really separate companies. The documentary caused a lot of bad feeling, not least among the workers whose lives it described.

Answer 92

1) [singular] (informal) an activity that is tiring or boring and takes a lot of time ex) But better the grind of multilateral negotiation than moves such as the European Commission's recent attempt to impose retrospective taxes on Apple in Ireland. the daily grind of family life It's a long grind to the top of that particular profession.

Answer 93

get into the habit of ~ fall into the habit of ~ form the habit of ~ take up the habit of ~ (특히 안 좋은 버릇) ex) America in particular has got into the habit of giving the benefit of the doubt to big business.

Answer 94

3) [COUNTABLE/UNCOUNTABLE] a change in a person’s or organization’s ideas, opinion, or decision after they have been criticized or opposed ex) In the 1980s big companies were on the retreat, as Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan took a wrecking ball to state-protected behemoths such as AT&T and British Leyland. This represents a retreat from the Chancellor’s usual policies.

Answer 95

a heavy metal ball that swings from a crane and is used to hit a building to make it fall down ex) In the 1980s big companies were on the retreat, as Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan took a wrecking ball to state-protected behemoths such as AT&T and British Leyland.

Answer 96

1) the process of burning ex) Poisonous gases are produced during fossil fuel combustion. 2) (specialist) a chemical process in which substances combine with the oxygen in the air to produce heat and light ex) In 1860-1917 the global economy was reshaped by the rise of giant new industries (steel and oil) and revolutionary new technologies (electricity and the combustion engine). The ratio must be correct in order to achieve complete combustion.

Answer 97

oligopoly noun /ˌɒlɪˈɡɒpəli/ [COUNTABLE/UNCOUNTABLE] ECONOMICS the control of a product or service by only a few companies, influencing the price of that product or service ex) These disruptions led to brief bursts of competition followed by prolonged periods of oligopoly.

Answer 98

to make sure that somebody is ready to deal with anything that might happen by doing things that they are not expecting ex) The world needs a healthy dose of competition to keep today's giants on their toes and to give those in their shadow a chance to grow. Surprise visits help to keep the staff on their toes.

Answer 99

2) when you say that somebody is in/under the shadow of another person, you mean that they do not receive as much attention as that person ex) The world needs a healthy dose of competition to keep today's giants on their toes and to give those in their shadow a chance to grow. A younger son often lives in the shadow of his elder brother.

Answer 100

1) the problems affecting a particular situation or group of people that are difficult to explain or identify ex) When it comes to the economic malaise facing America, the biggest problem is not the widening gap between rich and poor, but the stagnation of social mobility. economic/financial/social malaise The latest crime figures are merely symptomatic of a wider malaise in society.

Answer 101

2) kick-start something to do something to help a process or project start more quickly ex) Kick-starting social mobility, once it has slowed, is much more difficult. The government's attempt to kick-start the economy has failed.

Answer 102

(informal) an unpleasant feature that comes at the end of a story, an event, etc. and spoils it ex) But improving rates of upward relative mobility from the bottom comes with a sting in the tail: it requires more downward mobility from the top.

Answer 103

1) a tube or passage down which people or things can slide ex) If we want more poor kids climbing the ladder of relative mobility, we need more rich kids sliding down the chutes. a water chute (= at a swimming pool) a laundry/rubbish/garbage chute (= from the upper floors of a high building)

Answer 104

The assumed reason is that if everybody knew what everybody got paid, then all hell would break loose.

Answer 105

connected with making money by starting or running businesses, especially when this involves taking financial risks ex) For the past several years, I've been studying the corporate and entrepreneurial leaders who question the conventional wisdom about how to run a company. entrepreneurial skills

Answer 106

When people don't know how their pay compares to their peers', they're more likely to feel underpaid and maybe even discriminated against.

Answer 107

But keeping salaries secret does exactly that, and it's a practice as old as it is common, despite the fact that in the United States, the law protects an employee's right to discuss their pay.

Answer 108

to seem right, natural, suitable, etc. in a particular place or situation ex) Now that memo didn't sit well with everybody. His views did not sit comfortably with the management line.

Answer 109

Imagine showing up for work with your salary just written across your chest for all to see.

Answer 110

1) to refuse to accept something such as a law or a decision ex) Why do some people go along with it, while others revolt against it? In 1992 the Serbs revolted against separation from Yugoslavia.

Answer 111

Imagine how much better you could negotiate for a raise if you knew everybody's salary.

Answer 112

1) if something goes awry, it does not happen in the way that was planned. ex) Economists warn that information asymmetry can cause markets to go awry. All my plans for the party had gone awry. All her carefully laid plans had gone awry. 2) not in the right position synonym untidy ex) She rushed out, her hair awry.

Answer 113

In a 2011 report from the Institute for Women's Policy Research, the gender wage gap between men and women was 23 percent. This is where that 77 cents on the dollar comes from.

Answer 114

Now, pay transparency takes a lot of forms. It's not one size fits all.

Answer 115

determinant noun BrE /dɪˈtɜːmɪnənt/ ; NAmE /dɪˈtɜːrmɪnənt/ (formal) a thing that decides whether or how something happens ex) Although college education is one of the biggest determinants of your future wealth, poorer students are less likely to go to college because the system is rigged.

Answer 116

But oddly the authorities don't seem to be hurrying themselves trying to come up with some watertight safety precautions saying everything's going to be all right.

Answer 117

The real problem is not whether you get the message after the fact. What's most urgent is to be thoroughly prepared for the worst and hope for the best.

Answer 118

Many professors from foreign countries also express shock at seeing all those eyesores.

Answer 119

The behavior could also be seen as the vestige of bureaucratic meddling in private lives in the old days.

Answer 120

The worse part about these placards is they are frowned upon.

Answer 121

The American economy finally seems to be turning around after years of recession.

Answer 122

second to none | next to none ex) After all, their average household income is second to none. * second only to ~ ex) Your voice is second only to hers. As a pianist, he was second only to Rubinstein.

Answer 123

However, they're in the teens on the happiness rankings.

Answer 124

What was particularly interesting about the poll was that college graduates were among the least happy. They are often said to be living under the greatest stress in America.

Answer 125

amass something to collect something, especially in large quantities synonym accumulate ex) All of this tells us that happiness is more about contentedness than about amassing more wealth. He amassed a fortune from silver mining. They amassed enough evidence to convict her.

Answer 126

expensive and fashionable ex) On weekdays they line up in Ginza, a ritzy shopping district in Tokyo, to sample the fish. a ritzy nightclub

Answer 127

blufin tuna ex) Diners appear satisfied with the quality of the sashimi, including the juicy slices of bluefin tuna, one of the most prized species of all.

Answer 128

tonne noun BrE /tʌn/ ; NAmE /tʌn/ (pl. tonnes, tonne) (also metric ton) ton noun BrE /tʌn/ ; NAmE /tʌn/ [countable] (pl. tons, ton) a unit for measuring weight, in Britain 2 240 pounds (long ton) and in the US 2 000 pounds (short ton) (informal) Both “ton” and “tonne” are units of weight, but a “ton” is a British and American measure, while a “tonne” is a metric measure. A “tonne” is equal to 1,000 kg. In the US it may be referred to as a “metric ton”. You should be careful when using the word “ton”, as there are two different types – British and American. The British ton (also used in other countries that have the Imperial system of weights and measures) is equal to 2,240 pounds or 1,016.047 kg. It is sometimes referred to as the “long ton”, “weight ton” or “gross ton”. The North American ton (only used in the United States and Canada) is equal to 2,000 pounds or 907.1847 kg. It is sometimes referred to as the “short ton” or “net ton”. ex) They eat about 40,000 tonnes of it a year -- 80% of the global catch.

Answer 129

1) [intransitive, transitive] to reduce by a half; to make something reduce by a half ex) Japan did agree to halve its catch of juvenile bluefin (fish too young to reproduce) in the northern Pacific last year. The shares have halved in value. halve something The company is halving its prices.

Answer 130

(formal) to make something necessary or appropriate in a particular situation synonym justify ex) The Japanese government says that would not be warranted unless stocks drop for three years in a row -- a hurdle that most conservationists consider too high. Further investigation is clearly warranted. The TV appearance was so brief that it hardly warranted comment. They do not consider the case serious enough to warrant a government enquiry. The situation scarcely warrants their/them being dismissed.

Answer 131

to gradually fail, become less enthusiastic, or disappear, especially after starting successfully ex) Early attempts to farm it fizzled, but Kindai University persisted long after an initial research grant from the government ran out in the early 1970s.

Answer 132

1) [transitive] rear somebody/something [often passive] to care for young children or animals until they are fully grown synonym bring up, raise ex) She reared a family of five on her own. Lions usually manage to rear about half the number of cubs born to them. 2) [transitive] rear something to breed or keep animals or birds, for example on a farm ex) In 2002, funding itself from sales of other fish, it managed to rear adult tuna from eggs for the first time, rather than simply fattening up juveniles caught at sea. to rear cattle

Answer 133

[transitive, intransitive] fatten (somebody/something) (up) to make somebody/something fatter, especially an animal before killing it for food; to become fatter ex) In 2002, funding itself from sales of other fish, it managed to rear adult tuna from eggs for the first time, rather than simply fattening up juveniles caught at sea. The piglets are taken from the sow to be fattened for market. She's very thin after her illness—but we'll soon fatten her up.

Answer 134

1) [transitive] to destroy, kill or hit somebody/something suddenly and with force ex) Now the chefs in Ginza can have a tuna zapped with an electric prod and yanked out of the university's tanks on demand. The monster got zapped by a flying saucer (= in a computer game). It's vital to zap stress fast. He jumped like a man who'd been zapped with 1 000 volts.

Answer 135

to pull something/somebody hard, quickly and suddenly ex) Now the chefs in Ginza can have a tuna zapped with an electric prod and yanked out of the university's tanks on demand. He yanked her to her feet. I yanked the door open. Liz yanked at my arm.

Answer 136

1) [not usually before noun] indicative (of something) (formal) showing or suggesting something ex) I came from a southern Ohio steel town, and it's a town that's really struggling in a lot of ways, ways that are indicative of the broader struggles of America's working class. Their failure to act is indicative of their lack of interest. The rise in unemployment is seen as indicative of a new economic recession.

Answer 137

I had a very front-row seat to that struggle.

Answer 138

And one of the things we've learned, unfortunately, is that upward mobility isn't as high as we'd like it to be in this country.

Answer 139

[usually passive] (formal) to affect somebody/something in an unpleasant or harmful way ex) They're beset by these terrible economic trends, built around industries like coal and steel that make it harder for folks to get ahead. The team was beset by injury all season. It's one of the most difficult problems besetting our modern way of life. a life beset with financial worries

Answer 140

2) to help somebody to improve their situation ex) There are failing schools in a lot of these communities, failing to give kids the educational leg up that really makes it possible for kids to have opportunities later in life. The loan from his father gave him a leg-up when he needed it.

Answer 141

1) connected with, or like, a conspiracy | ex) That's a tough mindset to penetrate, and it leads sometimes to very conspiratorial places.

Answer 142

And there are a lot of ways that you see that conspiracy against you -- perceived or real, but it's there, and it warps expectations. Hatred toward women, perceived or real, hurts social cohesion.

Answer 143

2) [transitive] warp something to influence somebody so that they begin to behave in an unacceptable or shocking way ex) And there are a lot of ways that you see that conspiracy against you -- perceived or real, but it's there, and it warps expectations. His judgement was warped by prejudice.

Answer 144

1) [countable, uncountable] money that is given to a school, a college or another institution to provide it with an income; the act of giving this money ex) I didn't know that elite universities, as research consistently tells us, are cheaper for low-income kids because these universities have bigger endowments, can offer more generous financial aid.

Answer 145

A steel mill or steelworks is an industrial plant for the manufacture of steel. ex) They were middle class, they were able to earn a good wage in a steel mill.

Answer 146

3) (informal) (of a person or thing) that you find unpleasant and dislike very much synonym horrible ex) And what that truly ghastly, awful sound does is stop the single most important behavioral experience that we have, and that's sleep. her ghastly husband This lipstick is a ghastly colour. I look ghastly in red.

Answer 147

1) correctly stating or showing what will happen in the future ex) From the same time: "Sleep is the golden chain that ties health and our bodies together." Extremely prophetic, by Thomas Dekker, another Elizabethan dramatist. Many of his warnings proved prophetic. a book that was prophetic of future developments in science

Answer 148

hypothalamus noun BrE /ˌhaɪpəˈθæləməs/ ; NAmE /ˌhaɪpəˈθæləməs/ (anatomy) an area in the central lower part of the brain that controls body temperature, hunger and the release of hormones ex) If we flip the brain on its back -- I love this little bit of spinal cord here -- this bit here is the hypothalamus, and right under there is a whole raft of interesting structures, not least the biological clock.

Answer 149

The Lateral Hypothalamus is a part of the hypothalamus gland and is the portion that controls hunger. Research has shown that damage to this area can cause reduced food intake, presumably through loss of appetite, and that stimulation of this area can increase appetite. Studies indicate that the lateral hypothalamus influences glucose (blood sugar) metabolism and through the body's inclination towards homeostasis (balance) can increase or decrease blood sugar levels through insulin secretion to increase or decrease appetite. ex) The biological clock tells us when it's good to be up, when it's good to be asleep, and what that structure does is interact with a whole raft of other areas within the hypothalamus, the lateral hypothalamus, the ventrolateral preoptic nuclei.

Answer 150

The ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO), also known as the intermediate nucleus of the preoptic area (IPA), is a small cluster of neurons situated in the anterior hypothalamus, sitting just above and to the side of the optic chiasm in the brain of humans and other animals. The VLPO, together with the reticular activating system and the widely projecting orexin neuronal system that originates in the lateral hypothalamus, are the interconnected neural systems which control states of arousal, sleep, and transitions between these two states. The VLPO is active during sleep, primarily during non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREM sleep), and releases inhibitory neurotransmitters, mainly GABA and galanin, which inhibit neurons of the reticular activating system that are involved in wakefulness and arousal. The VLPO is in turn innervated by neurons from the aforementioned neural systems. The VLPO is activated by the sleep-inducing neurotransmitters serotonin and adenosine. and endosomnogens; Prostaglandin D2 The VLPO is inhibited during wakefulness by the arousal-inducing neurotransmitters norepinephrine and acetylcholine. The role of the VLPO in sleep and wakefulness, and its association with sleep disorders - particularly insomnia and narcolepsy - is a growing area of neuroscience research. ex) The biological clock tells us when it's good to be up, when it's good to be asleep, and what that structure does is interact with a whole raft of other areas within the hypothalamus, the lateral hypothalamus, the ventrolateral preoptic nuclei.

Answer 151

brainstem noun BrE /ˈbreɪnstem/ ; NAmE /ˈbreɪnstem/ (anatomy) the central part of the brain, which continues downwards to form the spinal cord ex) The brain stem then projects forward and bathes the cortex, this wonderfully wrinkly bit over here, with neurotransmitters that keep us awake and essentially provide us with our consciousness.

Answer 152

neurotransmitter noun BrE /ˈnjʊərəʊtrænzmɪtə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈnʊroʊtrænzmɪtər/ (biology) a chemical that carries messages from nerve cells to other nerve cells or muscles ex) The brain stem then projects forward and bathes the cortex, this wonderfully wrinkly bit over here, with neurotransmitters that keep us awake and essentially provide us with our consciousness.

Answer 153

attenuate something (formal) to make something weaker or less effective ex) What we know is that, if after you've tried to learn a task, and you sleep-deprive individuals, the ability to learn that task is smashed. It's really hugely attenuated. The drug attenuates the effects of the virus.

Answer 154

We've got to teach our kids by example.

Answer 155

And I often see them spewing profanities while talking on the street. ``` profanity BrE /prəˈfænəti/ ; NAmE /prəˈfænəti/ , also /proʊˈfænəti/ (pl. profanities)(formal) swear foul / bad / offensive language bad words ```

Answer 156

biased / stereotypical view prejudice stigma But the society is generally biased against people with these issues. They balk at going to the hospital because people generally have a biased view on (=a prejudice against) people with mental issues I hope the prejudice goes away as soon as possible. Incredible stigma exists around almost all mental health conditions, and depression is no different.

Answer 157

So that is now a society-wide problem that needs to be tackled. * social problem

Answer 158

(informal) to make somebody/something more interesting or full of energy synonym liven up ex) Central banks have been doing their best to pep up demand. Pep up meals by adding more unusual spices. A walk in the fresh air will pep you up.

Answer 159

They do not naturally crave the limelight. * limelight noun BrE /ˈlaɪmlaɪt/ ; NAmE /ˈlaɪmlaɪt/ (also the limelight) [uncountable] the centre of public attention ex) to be in the limelight to stay out of the limelight to steal/hog the limelight (= take attention away from other people)

Answer 160

if somebody has an unblinking stare or looks with unblinking eyes, they look very steadily at something and do not blink ex) They do not naturally crave the limelight. But for the past decade the attention on central bankers has been unblinking -- and increasingly hostile.

Answer 161

macroeconomic adjective BrE /ˌmækrəʊˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk/ ; NAmE /ˌmækroʊˌekəˈnɑːmɪk/ [usually before noun] connected with large economic systems, such as those of whole countries or areas of the world ex) Now their signature policy, of keeping interest rates low or even negative, is at the centre of the biggest macroeconomic debate in a generation. macroeconomic policy * microeconomic adjective /ˌmaɪkrəʊˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk/ /ˌmaɪkrəʊˌekəˈnɒmɪk/ relating to specific parts or aspects of an economy

Answer 162

- base rate noun (finance) a rate of interest, set by a central bank, that banks in Britain use when calculating the amount of interest that they charge on money they lend - policy rate Monetary tool used for controlling inflation, determining day-to-day liquidity operations, and for determining other market rates. ex) In the wake of the Brexit vote, the Bank of England has cut its main policy rate to 0.25%, the lowest in its 300-year history.

Answer 163

despite any difficulties ex) I was determined to go, come hell or high water. Come Yellen and high water

Answer 164

(informal) to enter a fight, a discussion or an argument in an aggressive or not very sensitive way ex) Politicians have waded in. The police waded into the crowd with batons. You shouldn't have waded in with all those unpleasant accusations.

Answer 165

This is a debate on which both sides get a lot wrong.

Answer 166

2) [transitive] overshoot something (by something) to do more or to spend more money than you originally planned ex) Only now, for example, has the BoJ explicitly pledged to overshoot its 2% inflation target. The department may overshoot its cash limit this year.

Answer 167

able to be trusted to pay back money that is owed; safe to lend money to ex) That impairs their ability to make loans even to the creditworthy.

Answer 168

seeming to last for ever ex) Unendingly low rates have skewed financial markets, ensuring a big sell-off if rates were suddenly to rise. a seemingly unending supply of money the latest in an unending round of meetings She complained about the seemingly unending stream of violent programmes on television.

Answer 169

2) (North American English, business) the sale of a large number of stocks and shares, after which their value usually falls ex) Unendingly low rates have skewed financial markets, ensuring a big sell-off if rates were suddenly to rise.

Answer 170

[uncountable] (literary) help that you give to somebody who is suffering or having problems ex) But their effects materialise only slowly and economics need succour now. to give/bring succour to the sick and wounded

Answer 171

a thing that is useless and no longer needed, although it may have cost a lot of money ( From the story that in Siam (now Thailand) the king would give a white elephant as a present to somebody that he did not like. That person would have to spend all their money on looking after the rare animal.) ex) To manage the risk of white-elephant projects, private-sector partners should be involved from the start. The new office block has become an expensive white elephant.

Answer 172

to look at or watch something while doing something else, especially in a secret way so that other people do not notice; to keep looking at or paying attention to someone or something while you are doing something else ex) Specialist pension funds can advise on a project's merits, with one eye on eventually buying the assets in question. During his talk, most of the delegates had one eye on the clock.

Answer 173

fine-tune something to make very small changes to something so that it is as good as it can possibly be ex) Ambitious capital projects cannot be turned on and off to fine-tune the economy.

Answer 174

by which; because of which ex) To be effective as a countercyclical tool, fiscal policy must mimic the best features of modern-day monetary policy, whereby independent central banks can act immediately to loosen or tighten as circumstances required. They have introduced a new system whereby all employees must undergo regular training.

Answer 175

relating to or following the ideas of the British economist John Maynard Keynes, who believed that governments should invest in public projects during times of economic difficulty ex) Small-government Keynesianism Keynesian economics/economists

Answer 176

the ability to do things without occupying the mind with the low-level details required, allowing it to become an automatic response pattern or habit. It is usually the result of learning, repetition, and practice. ex) For that, more automaticity is needed, binding some spending to changes in the economic cycle.

Answer 177

1) the Pole Star (= a star that is used by sailors to guide a ship) 2) (formal) a principle that guides somebody’s behaviour or actions ex) Sales taxes, income-tax deductions or tax-free allowances on saving could similarly vary in line with the state of the economy, using the unemployment rate as the lodestar.

Answer 178

the visually impaired the blind * the hearing impaired ** sighted people

Answer 179

the visually impaired the blind * the hearing impaired ** sighted people

Answer 180

Our team won half a million dollars by placing third place in this competition.

Answer 181

So we had to throw everything out the window and start from scratch. * (go) back to the drawing board They rejected our proposal, so it’s back to the drawing board.

Answer 182

a small car used for driving on sand ex) So to test this crazy idea, we developed a small dune buggy prototype vehicle to test the feasibility.

Answer 183

We invited dozens of blind youth from all over the country and gave them a chance to take it for a spin.

Answer 184

Angular acceleration is the rate of change of angular velocity. In SI units, it is measured in radians per second squared (rad/s2), and is usually denoted by the Greek letter alpha (α). ex) So it measures acceleration, angular acceleration -- like a human ear, inner ear. We fuse that information with a GPS unit to get an estimate of the location of the car.

Answer 185

1) [intransitive, transitive] (formal or specialist) when one thing fuses with another, or two things fuse or are fused, they are joined together to form a single thing ex) We fuse that information with a GPS unit to get an estimate of the location of the car. As they heal, the bones will fuse together. Our different ideas fused into a plan. Their lips fused in a passionate kiss. The sperm fuses with the egg to begin the process of fertilization. The two companies have been fused into a single organization. Atoms of hydrogen are fused to make helium.

Answer 186

a short high sound made when a hard object hits something that is made of metal or glass ex) So starting from a three-dimensional ping sound system, a vibrating vest, a click wheel with voice commands, a let strip, even a shoe that applies pressure to the foot. But today we're going to talk about three of these non-visual user interfaces. The bell went ping and the doors opened. The old cash register opened with a ping.

Answer 187

2) gut something to remove the organs from inside a fish or an animal to prepare it for cooking ex) We gut it out, and we rearrange the vibrating elements in different patterns, and we actuate them to convey information about the speed, and also instructions how to use the gas and the brake pedal. The fish was already cleaned and gutted.

Answer 188

1) actuate something to make a machine or device start to work synonym activate ex) We gut it out, and we rearrange the vibrating elements in different patterns, and we actuate them to convey information about the speed, and also instructions how to use the gas and the brake pedal. The timer must have been actuated by radio control. 2) [usually passive] actuate somebody to make somebody behave in a particular way synonym motivate He was actuated entirely by malice.

Answer 189

a large covered structure with rows of seats for people to watch sports events ex) He's coming up to the grandstand, fellow Federationists. The game was played to a packed grandstand. From her house, we had a grandstand view (= very good view) of the celebrations.

Answer 190

brave but rude or shocking behaviour; the confidence to say or do what you want, despite difficulties, risks, or the negative attitudes of other people 뻔뻔함 무모함 호방함 대담함 synonym nerve ex) Well this is what it's all about, this kind of dynamic display of audacity and ingenuity. He had the audacity to say I was too fat. She had the audacity to tell him off. The sheer audacity of the plan amazed everyone.

Answer 191

the ability to invent things or solve problems in clever new ways synonym inventiveness ex) Well this is what it's all about, this kind of dynamic display of audacity and ingenuity. The problem tested the ingenuity of even the most imaginative students.