TO 9-2 Flashcards
equivocation noun
BrE /ɪˌkwɪvəˈkeɪʃn/ ; NAmE /ɪˌkwɪvəˈkeɪʃn/ countable, uncountable
a way of behaving or speaking that is not clear or definite and is intended to avoid or hide the truth
ex) So our overall commitment at the Carter Center is to promote human rights, and knowing the world as I do, I can tell you without any equivocation that the number one abuse of human rights on Earth is, strangely, not addressed quite often, is the abuse of women and girls.
These actions must be condemned without equivocation.
ascendant adjective
/əˈsendənt/
- ascendant noun
(also ascendent)
BrE /əˈsendənt/ ; NAmE /əˈsendənt/
(also rising sign)
(formal) in the process of gaining power or influence over another person, group etc
ex) First of all is the misinterpretation of religious scriptures, holy scriptures, in the Bible, Old Testament, New Testament, Quran and so forth, and these have been misinterpreted by men who are now in the ascendant positions int he synagogues and the churches and in the mosques.
an ascendant political party
- the sign of the zodiac that is on the eastern horizon at the time and location of an event, particularly a birth
ex) I’m a Capricorn but my ascendant is Leo.
synagogue noun
BrE /ˈsɪnəɡɒɡ/ ; NAmE /ˈsɪnəɡɑːɡ/
a building where Jews meet for religious worship and teaching
ex) First of all is the misinterpretation of religious scriptures, holy scriptures, in the Bible, Old Testament, New Testament, Quran and so forth, and these have been misinterpreted by men who are now in the ascendant positions int he synagogues and the churches and in the mosques.
They went to synagogue every Saturday.
relegate verb
BrE /ˈrelɪɡeɪt/ ; NAmE /ˈrelɪɡeɪt/
1) relegate somebody/something (to something) to give somebody a lower or less important position, rank, etc. than before
ex) And they interpret these rules to make sure that women are ordinarily relegated to a secondary position compared to men in the eyes of God.
She was then relegated to the role of assistant.
He relegated the incident to the back of his mind.
subservient adjective
BrE /səbˈsɜːviənt/ ; NAmE /səbˈsɜːrviənt/
2) subservient (to something) (formal) less important than something else
ex) But the Southern Baptist Convention in the year 2000 decided that women should play a secondary position, a subservient position to men.
The needs of individuals were subservient to those of the group as a whole.
Every consideration was subservient to the overriding need to cut costs.
edict noun
BrE /ˈiːdɪkt/ ; NAmE /ˈiːdɪkt/ uncountable, countable
an official order or statement given by somebody in authority 칙령
synonym decree
ex) So they issued an edict, in effect, that prevents women from being priests, pastors, deacons in the church, or chaplains in the military.
The festival was banned by royal edict.
(영국/미국) 성공회
the Episcopal Church
BrE ; NAmE
(also the Protestant Episcopal Church)
the US Church that is part of the Anglican Communion. It separated from the Church of England during the American Revolution. It has the reputation of having many rich and socially important people as members. A member of the church is called an Episcopalian.
deacon noun
BrE /ˈdiːkən/ ; NAmE /ˈdiːkən/
1) (in the Roman Catholic, Anglican and Orthodox Churches) a religious leader just below the rank of a priest 부제 (가톨릭, 성공회, 그리스 정교회), 집사 (일부 개신교)
ex) So they issued an edict, in effect, that prevents women from being priests, pastors, deacons in the church, or chaplains in the military, and if a woman teaches a classroom in a Southern Baptist seminary, they cannot teach if a boy is in the room, because you can find verses in the Bible, there’s over 30,000 verses in the Bible, that say that a woman shouldn’t teach a man, and so forth.
chaplain noun
BrE /ˈtʃæplɪn/ ; NAmE /ˈtʃæplɪn/
a priest or other Christian minister who is responsible for the religious needs of people in a prison, hospital, etc. or in the armed forces 군목, 교목 등
ex) So they issued an edict, in effect, that prevents women from being priests, pastors, deacons in the church, or chaplains in the military, and if a woman teaches a classroom in a Southern Baptist seminary, they cannot teach if a boy is in the room, because you can find verses in the Bible, there’s over 30,000 verses in the Bible, that say that a woman shouldn’t teach a man, and so forth.
seminary noun
BrE /ˈsemɪnəri/ ; NAmE /ˈsemɪneri/ (pl. seminaries)
a college where priests, ministers or rabbis are trained 신학대학
ex) So they issued an edict, in effect, that prevents women from being priests, pastors, deacons in the church, or chaplains in the military, and if a woman teaches a classroom in a Southern Baptist seminary, they cannot teach if a boy is in the room, because you can find verses in the Bible, there’s over 30,000 verses in the Bible, that say that a woman shouldn’t teach a man, and so forth.
He went to the Northern Catholic Seminary to train for the ministry.
They spent six years in a seminary.
blight noun
BrE /blaɪt/ ; NAmE /blaɪt/
2) [singular, uncountable] blight (on somebody/something) something that has a bad effect on a situation, a person’s life or the environment
ex) The other very serious blight that causes this problem is the excessive resort to violence, and that is increasing tremendously around the world.
His death cast a blight on the whole of that year.
urban blight (= areas in a city that are ugly or not cared for well)
Her divorce was a great blight on her life.
할례
female genital mutilation
ex) Genital mutilation is horrible and not known by American women, but in some countries, many countries, when a child is born that’s a girl, very soon in her life, her genitals are completely cut away by a so-called cutter who has a razor blade and, in a non-sterilized way, they remove the exterior parts of a woman’s genitalia.
- circumcise verb
BrE /ˈsɜːkəmsaɪz/ ; NAmE /ˈsɜːrkəmsaɪz/
1) circumcise somebody to remove the foreskin of a boy or man for religious or medical reasons
2) circumcise somebody to cut off part of the sex organs of a girl or woman
** circumcision noun
BrE /ˌsɜːkəmˈsɪʒn/ ; NAmE /ˌsɜːrkəmˈsɪʒn/ [uncountable, countable]
the act of circumcising somebody; the religious ceremony when somebody, especially a baby, is circumcised
genitals noun
BrE /ˈdʒenɪtlz/ ; NAmE /ˈdʒenɪtlz/
(also genitalia BrE /ˌdʒenɪˈteɪliə/ ; NAmE /ˌdʒenɪˈteɪliə/ )
[plural]
a person’s sex organs that are outside their body
ex) Genital mutilation is horrible and not known by American women, but in some countries, many countries, when a child is born that’s a girl, very soon in her life, her genitals are completely cut away by a so-called cutter who has a razor blade and, in a non-sterilized way, they remove the exterior parts of a woman’s genitalia.
orifice noun
BrE /ˈɒrɪfɪs/ ; NAmE /ˈɔːrɪfɪs/ (formal or humorous)
a hole or opening, especially one in the body
ex) And sometimes, in more extreme cases but not very rare cases, they sew the orifice up so the girl can just urinate or menstruate.
the nasal orifice
affliction noun
BrE /əˈflɪkʃn/ ; NAmE /əˈflɪkʃn/ uncountable, countable
pain and suffering or something that causes it
ex) This is a horrible affliction on all women that live in those countries.
pimp noun
BrE /pɪmp/ ; NAmE /pɪmp/
a man who controls prostitutes and lives on the money that they earn
ex) About 15 to 20 years ago, Sweden decided to change the law, and women are no longer prosecuted if they are in sexual slavery, but the brothel owners and the pimps and the male customers are prosecuted, and prostitution has gone down.
divisive adjective
BrE /dɪˈvaɪsɪv/ ; NAmE /dɪˈvaɪsɪv/ (disapproving)
causing people to be split into groups that disagree with or oppose each other
ex) Especially around the highly divisive issue of assisted end-of-life.
He believes that unemployment is socially divisive.
prospect noun
BrE /ˈprɒspekt/ ; NAmE /ˈprɑːspekt/
4) [countable] prospect (for something) a person who is likely to be successful in a competition
ex) The year ends on December 31st, and, by analogy, the period when a Japanese woman is deemed a desirable marriage prospect ends after 31.
She is one of Canada’s best prospects for a gold medal.
flight noun
BrE /flaɪt/ ; NAmE /flaɪt/
6) [uncountable, singular] the act of running away from a dangerous or difficult situation
ex) Some of the reasons for the flight from marriage in japan are the same as in other rich countries.
the flight of refugees from the advancing forces
a flight from harsh reality
The main character is a journalist in flight from a failed marriage.
서출, 혼외자, 사생아
born out of wedlock
born outside marriage
an out-of-wedlock birth
ex) Only 2% of Japanese children are born outside marriage, compared with over 40% in Britain and America.
singleton noun
BrE /ˈsɪŋɡltən/ ; NAmE /ˈsɪŋɡltən/
2) a person who is not married or in a romantic relationship
ex) Not many singletons have boyfriends or girlfriends, even if they are neither otaku (men who are obsessed with anime or computer games) nor hikikomori (those who lick themselves away in their rooms).
tinker verb
BrE /ˈtɪŋkə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈtɪŋkər/
[intransitive] tinker (with something) to make small changes to something in order to repair or improve it, especially in a way that may not be helpful
ex) Such tinkering may help at the margins.
He’s in the garage tinkering with his bike.
The password will prevent others from tinkering with your data.
The government is merely tinkering at the edges of a much wider problem.
put down roots
2) to settle and live in one place
ex) I’ve also been going about the business of putting down roots, choosing a partner, making babies.
After ten years travelling the world, she felt it was time to put down roots somewhere.
tenuous adjective
BrE /ˈtenjuəs/ ; NAmE /ˈtenjuəs/
1) so weak or uncertain that it hardly exists
ex) We live in tenuous times.
a tenuous hold on life
His links with the organization turned out to be, at best, tenuous.
insatiable adjective
BrE /ɪnˈseɪʃəbl/ ; NAmE /ɪnˈseɪʃəbl/
always wanting more of something; not able to be satisfied
ex) We’ve exported this dream all over the world, so kids in Brazil and China and even Kenya inherit our insatiable expectation for more.
an insatiable appetite/curiosity/thirst
There seems to be an insatiable demand for more powerful computers.
There’s an apparently insatiable demand for this kind of programme.
The public seems to have an insatiable appetite for celebrity news.
provocation noun
BrE /ˌprɒvəˈkeɪʃn/ ; NAmE /ˌprɑːvəˈkeɪʃn/ [uncountable, countable]
the act of doing or saying something deliberately in order to make somebody angry or upset; something that is done or said to cause this
ex) It felt like a provocation. “Better off” – based on whose standards?
He reacted violently only under provocation.
The terrorists can strike at any time without provocation.
She bursts into tears at the slightest provocation.
So far the police have refused to respond to their provocations.
picket noun
BrE /ˈpɪkɪt/ ; NAmE /ˈpɪkɪt/
3) a pointed piece of wood that is fixed in the ground, especially as part of a fence
ex) All right, so is better off getting a big house with a white picket fence?
a picket fence
predatory adjective
BrE /ˈpredətri/ ; NAmE /ˈpredətɔːri/
2) (of people) using weaker people for their own financial or sexual advantage
ex) Nearly five million people lost their homes in the Great Recession, and even more of us sobered up about the lengths we were willing to go – or be tricked into going, in many predatory cases – to hold that deed.
a predatory insurance salesman
a predatory look
go to any, some, great, etc. lengths (to do something)
to put a lot of effort into doing something, especially when this seems extreme
ex) Nearly five million people lost their homes in the Great Recession, and even more of us sobered up about the lengths we were willing to go – or be tricked into going, in many predatory cases – to hold that deed.
She goes to extraordinary lengths to keep her private life private.
deed noun
BrE /diːd/ ; NAmE /diːd/
2) (often plural in BrE) a legal document that you sign, especially one that proves that you own a house or a building
ex) Nearly five million people lost their homes in the Great Recession, and even more of us sobered up about the lengths we were willing to go – or be tricked into going, in many predatory cases – to hold that deed.
the deeds of the house
toll verb
BrE /təʊl/ ; NAmE /toʊl/
[intransitive, transitive] when a bell tolls or somebody tolls it, it is rung slowly many times, especially as a sign that somebody has died
ex) Toll the funeral bells for everything that made America great.
The Abbey bell tolled for those killed in the war.
Ask not for whom the bell tolls; it tolls for thee.
he bell tolled the hour.
(figurative) The revolution tolled the death knell (= signalled the end) for the Russian monarchy.
~~가 완전히 부도덕한 것이 아니라고 말하려는 것은 절대 아니다.
Nothing that follows is meant to suggest that the gap between rich and poor is anything but profoundly immoral.
hold something↔down
2) [no passive] to keep a job for some time
ex) My great-grandfather was a drunk in Detroit, who sometimes managed to hold down a factory job.
He was unable to hold down a job after his breakdown.
믿기 어렵게 들릴지는 몰라도
He had, as unbelievable as it might sound, 21 children with one woman, my great-grandmother, who died at 47 years old of ovarian cancer.
fathom verb
BrE /ˈfæðəm/ ; NAmE /ˈfæðəm/
to understand or find an explanation for something
ex) Now, I’m pregnant with my second child, and I cannot even fathom what she must have gone through.
It is hard to fathom the pain felt at the death of a child.
He couldn’t fathom out what the man could possibly mean.
집게, 펜치
pliers noun
BrE /ˈplaɪəz/ ; NAmE /ˈplaɪərz/ [plural]
a metal tool with handles, used for holding things firmly and twisting and cutting wire
ex) He actually took his braces off himself with pliers in the garage, when his father admitted he didn’t have money to go back to the orthodontist.
a pair of pliers
치과 교정 전문의
orthodontist noun
BrE /ˌɔːθəˈdɒntɪst/ ; NAmE /ˌɔːrθəˈdɑːntɪst/
a dentist who treats problems concerning the position of the teeth and jaws
ex) He actually took his braces off himself with pliers in the garage, when his father admitted he didn’t have money to go back to the orthodontist.
harry verb
BrE /ˈhæri/ ; NAmE /ˈhæri/ (formal)
1) harry somebody to annoy or upset somebody by continuously asking them questions or for something
synonym harass
ex) Today I hear life coaches call it “ a portfolio career.” Whatever you call it, more and more men are craving these whole, if not harried, lives.
She has been harried by the press all week.
The superintendent sent him to harry the forensic lab over the blood tests.
denominator noun
BrE /dɪˈnɒmɪneɪtə(r)/ ; NAmE /dɪˈnɑːmɪneɪtər/ (mathematics)
- common denominator noun
the number below the line in a fraction showing how many parts the whole is divided into, for example 4 in ¾
- 2) an idea, attitude or experience that is shared by all the members of a group
ex) The common denominator is them. So the more they understand their gifts and create crews of ideal collaborators, the better off they will be.
They were united through the common denominator of suffering.
cradle noun
BrE /ˈkreɪdl/ ; NAmE /ˈkreɪdl/
2) [usually singular] cradle of something the place where something important began
ex) We are talking about the cradle of democracy.
Greece, the cradle of Western civilization
~~이런 속담이 있다.
There’s an old African saying that goes…
아이들이 제대로 된 어른으로 자라나도록 해야한다.
We have to make sure these kids grow up to be responsible adults.
힘을 합치다. 함께 일하다.
join hands | efforts (with somebody)
2) to work together in doing something
ex) Education has been reluctant to join hands with business.
disintegrate verb
BrE /dɪsˈɪntɪɡreɪt/ ; NAmE /dɪsˈɪntɪɡreɪt/
2) [intransitive] to become much less strong or united and be gradually destroyed\
synonym fall apart (2)
ex) When the family disintegrates, the society should take up the burden.
The authority of the central government was rapidly disintegrating.
odd adjective
BrE /ɒd/ ; NAmE /ɑːd/ (odder, oddest)
8) (no comparative or superlative; usually placed immediately after a number) approximately or a little more than the number mentioned
ex) Alexandra Loras has lived in eight countries and visited 50-odd more.
How old is she—seventy odd?
He’s worked there for twenty-odd years.
deflect verb
BrE /dɪˈflekt/ ; NAmE /dɪˈflekt/
2) [transitive] deflect something to succeed in preventing something from being directed towards you
synonym divert
ex) In most, any racism she might have experienced because of her black skin was deflected by her status as a diplomat’s wife.
All attempts to deflect attention from his private life have failed.
She sought to deflect criticism by blaming her family.
The government is seeking to deflect attention away from this problem.
fair-haired adjective
with light or blonde hair
ex) She was often taken for a nanny to her fair-haired son.
take for
take someone/something for someone/something to believe something, usually wrongly, about someone or something
ex) She was often taken for a nanny to her fair-haired son.
She looks so young I took her for your sister.
Do you take me for a complete idiot?
What do you take me for?: I won’t tell anybody – what do you take me for? (=I am not that type of person)
preto
“black” in Brazilian; Afro-Brazilians
Brazilians (Portuguese: afro-brasileiros); Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈafɾu bɾɐziˈle(j)ɾuz] is a term used in the 21st century by some in Brazil to refer to Brazilian people with African ancestry. The term does not have widespread use in Brazil, where social constructs and classifications have been based on appearance. People with noticeable African features and skin color are generally referred to (and they identify) as negro or preto (“black”). Many members of another group of people, multiracial Brazilians, or pardos, also have a range of degree of African ancestry.
ex) Plenty of preto (black) and pardo (mixed-race) Brazilians, who together make up just over half of the country’s 208m people, proudly contrast its cordial race relations with America’s interracial strife.
pardo
Pardo is a word used in the Spanish colonies in the Americas to refer to the triracial descendants of Europeans, Native Americans, and West Africans. They are defined as neither exclusively mestizo (Native American-European descent) nor mulatto (West African-European descent). It is highly associated with the history of slavery and colonialism. From the 18th century, the term has been used more widely to identify a brown skin colour.[citation needed] But in general use, the physical characteristics may include brown skin ranging from dark brown to almost white.Similarly, the person’s hair could be curly, straight or other texture, and any colour.
In Brazil, the word pardo has had a general meaning, since the beginning of the colonization. In the famous letter by Pero Vaz de Caminha, for example, in which Brazil was first described by the Portuguese, the Native Americans were called “pardo”: “Pardo, naked, without clothing”.
The word was used to cover African/European mixes, Amerindian/European mixes, and Amerindian/European/African mixes and Native Americans themselves.
ex) Plenty of preto (black) and pardo (mixed-race) Brazilians, who together make up just over half of the country’s 208m people, proudly contrast its cordial race relations with America’s interracial strife.
mulatto
Mulatto is a term used to refer to persons born of one white parent and one black parent, or to persons born of a mulatto parent or parents. The term today is generally confined to an historical context, and English-speakers of mixed white and black ancestry seldom choose to identify themselves as “mulatto”.
Residents of Spain, Latin America, the Caribbean, and some countries in Africa freely use the term mulatto, or its cognates in other languages, usually without any suggestion of insult. In Latin America, most mulattoe have descended from interracial relationships dating to the slavery period, rather than from recent racial mixing. This is especially true in Brazil, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, Cuba, Haiti, Cape Verde, Puerto Rico and Philippines, which have the highest proportions of persons of mixed race.
ex) Their offspring, referred to as mulatto, enjoyed a social status above that of pretos.
cordial adjective
BrE /ˈkɔːdiəl/ ; NAmE /ˈkɔːrdʒəl/
(formal) pleasant and friendly
ex) Plenty of preto (black) and pardo (mixed-race) Brazilians, who together make up just over half of the country’s 208m people, proudly contrast its cordial race relations with America’s interracial strife.
a cordial atmosphere/meeting/relationship
The government wisely maintained cordial relations with the Russians.
The talks took place in a cordial atmosphere.
strife noun
BrE /straɪf/ ; NAmE /straɪf/
1) [uncountable] (formal or literary) angry or violent disagreement between two people or groups of people
synonym conflict
ex) Plenty of preto (black) and pardo (mixed-race) Brazilians, who together make up just over half of the country’s 208m people, proudly contrast its cordial race relations with America’s interracial strife.
civil strife
The country was torn apart by strife.
internecine strife among the nationalities of the empire
gulf noun
BrE /ɡʌlf/ ; NAmE /ɡʌlf/
3) [countable, usually singular] gulf (between A and B) a large difference between two people or groups in the way that they think, live or feel
ex) Yet the gulf between white Brazilians and their black and mixed-race compatriots is huge.
The gulf between rich and poor is enormous.
It felt as if a gulf had opened up between his life and mine.
disembark verb
BrE /ˌdɪsɪmˈbɑːk/ ; NAmE /ˌdɪsɪmˈbɑːrk/
[intransitive] disembark (from something) (formal) to leave a vehicle, especially a ship or an aircraft, at the end of a journey
opposite embark
ex) Of the 12.5m Africans trafficked across the Atlantic between 1501 and 1866, only 300,000-400,000 disembarked in what is now the United States.
They had just disembarked from their tour bus after a 12-hour journey.
We will be disembarking at midday.
miscegenation noun
BrE /ˌmɪsɪdʒəˈneɪʃn/ ; NAmE /ˌmɪsɪdʒəˈneɪʃn/ uncountable
the fact of children being produced by parents who are of different races, especially when one parent is white
ex) Though white masters fathered many slave children, miscegenation was frowned upon, and later criminalised in most American states.
hotchpotch noun
BrE /ˈhɒtʃpɒtʃ/ ; NAmE /ˈhɑːtʃpɑːtʃ/ (especially British English)
(usually North American English hodgepodge)
singular
a number of things mixed together without any particular order or reason
ex) Mixing led to a hotch-potch of racial categories.
a hotchpotch of ideas
portmanteau noun
BrE /pɔːtˈmæntəʊ/ ; NAmE /pɔːrtˈmæntoʊ/
- portmanteau word noun
(pl. portmanteaus, portmanteaux) (old-fashioned) a large heavy suitcase that opens into two parts
* a word that is invented by combining the beginning of one word and the end of another and keeping the meaning of each. For example motel is a portmanteau word that is a combination of motor and hotel.
ex) Tiger Woods, a golfer, calls himself “cablinasian” (a portmanteau of caucasian, black, American Indian and Asian).
gripe verb
BrE /ɡraɪp/ ; NAmE /ɡraɪp/
[intransitive] gripe (about somebody/something) (informal) to complain about somebody/something in an annoying way
ex) Tomas Santa Rosa, a successful mid-20th-century painter, consoled a dark-skinned peer griping about discrimination, saying that he too “used to be black.”
He’s always griping about the people at work.
Some members were griping about the new constitution.
Throughout history, Americans have griped about taxes.
hold up somebody | hold up something | hold somebody up | hold something up[often passive]
3) to use or present somebody/something as an example
ex) Though only a few black and mixed-race Brazilians ever succeeded in “becoming white,” their existence, and the non-binary conception of race, allowed politicians to hold up Brazil as an exemplar of post-colonial harmony.
She’s always holding up her children as models of good behaviour.
His ideas were held up to ridicule.
rally round | rally around | rally round somebody | rally around somebody
(of a group of people) to work together in order to help somebody who is in a difficult or unpleasant situation
ex) It also made it harder to rally black Brazilians round a hyphenated identity of the sort that united African-Americans.
The whole family rallied round when Mum was ill.
hyphenate verb
BrE /ˈhaɪfəneɪt/ ; NAmE /ˈhaɪfəneɪt/
hyphenate something to join two words together using a hyphen; to divide a word between two lines of text using a hyphen
ex) It also made it harder to rally black Brazilians round a hyphenated identity of the sort that united African-Americans.
Is your name hyphenated?
edge up
(intransitive) to increase up to a target bit by bit.
ex) After falling from 20% to 5% between 1872 and 1990, the share of self-described pretos edged up in the past quarter-century, to 8%.
chromatographic adjective
BrE /krəʊˌmætəˈɡræfɪk/ ; NAmE /ˌkroʊˌmætəˈɡræfɪk/ (chemistry)
- chromatography noun
BrE /ˌkrəʊməˈtɒɡrəfi/ ; NAmE /ˌkroʊməˈtɑːɡrəfi/ uncountable
connected with the process of chromatography 색층 분석의
- the separation of a mixture by passing it through a material through which some parts of the mixture travel further than others; a method of finding out which different gases or liquids are included in a mixture by passing it through or over substances that absorb the different parts at different rates 색층 분석법
ex) This “chromatographic convergence,” as Marcelo Paixao of the University of Texas, in Austin, dubs it, owes a lot to policy choices.
convergence noun
BrE /kənˈvɜːdʒəns/ ; NAmE /kənˈvɜːrdʒəns/ [uncountable]
2) the process of becoming very similar or the same
opposite divergence
ex) This “chromatographic convergence,” as Marcelo Paixao of the University of Texas, in Austin, dubs it, owes a lot to policy choices.
The convergence of mobile technology and the Internet will continue to revolutionize the way businesses interact with consumers.
hold your own (against somebody/something) (in something)
to remain in a strong position when somebody is attacking you, competing with you, etc.
ex) This is perhaps why hard-working, ambitious cotistas, as students admitted under quotas are known, are able to hold their own.
Business isn’t good but we’re managing to hold our own.
She can hold her own against anybody in an argument.
The patient is holding her own although she is still very sick.
gnawing adjective
BrE /ˈnɔːɪŋ/ ; NAmE /ˈnɔːɪŋ/ [only before noun]
making you feel worried over a period of time; continuously causing you pain or worrying you
ex) And the whole thing left me really shaken up, obviously, but it also left me with this kind of burning, gnawing need to understand why he did it, what forces within him caused him to make the choice that I owe my life to, to risk his own life to save the life of a stranger?
gnawing doubts
dart verb
BrE /dɑːt/ ; NAmE /dɑːrt/
1) [intransitive] + adv./prep. to move suddenly and quickly in a particular direction
ex) That night, I was 19 years old and driving back to my home in Tacoma, Washington, down the Interstate 5 freeway, when a little dog darted out in front of my car.
A dog darted across the road in front of me.
Her eyes darted around the room, looking for Greg.
fishtail verb
BrE /ˈfɪʃteɪl/ ; NAmE /ˈfɪʃteɪl/ [intransitive]
if a vehicle fishtails, its back end moves from side to side in an uncontrolled way
ex) I hit the dog anyways, and that sent the car into a fishtail, and then a spin across the freeway, until finally it wound up in the fast lane of the freeway faced backwards into oncoming traffic and then the engine died.
추월 차선
fast lane noun
[singular]
the part of a major road such as a motorway or interstate where vehicles drive fastest
ex) I hit the dog anyways, and that sent the car into a fishtail, and then a spin across the freeway, until finally it wound up in the fast lane of the freeway faced backwards into oncoming traffic and then the engine died.
~~ 그런 욕구가 없는 사람들을 연구하는 것이다.
A common approach to understanding basic aspects of human nature, like the desire to help other people, is to study people in whom that desire is missing, and psychopaths are exactly such a group.
유전적인 것에서 강하게 기인한다.
Psychopathy is a developmental disorder with strongly genetic origins, and it results in a personality that’s cold and uncaring and a tendency to engage in antisocial and sometimes very violent behavior.
continuum noun
BrE /kənˈtɪnjuəm/ ; NAmE /kənˈtɪnjuəm/ (pl. continua BrE /kənˈtɪnjuə/ ; NAmE /kənˈtɪnjuə/ )
a series of similar items in which each is almost the same as the ones next to it but the last is very different from the first 연속체
synonym cline
ex) And finally, their amygdalas are larger than average as well, by about eight percent. So together, what these data suggest is the existence of something like a caring continuum in the world that’s anchored at the one end by people who are highly psychopathic, and at the other by people who are very compassionate and driven to acts of extreme altruism.
It is impossible to say at what point along the continuum a dialect becomes a separate language.
ludicrous adjective
BrE /ˈluːdɪkrəs/ ; NAmE /ˈluːdɪkrəs/
unreasonable; that you cannot take seriously
synonym absurd, ridiculous
ex) A hundred years ago, people would have thought it was ludicrous how normal and ordinary it is for people to donate their blood and bone marrow to complete strangers today.
a ludicrous suggestion
It was ludicrous to think that the plan could succeed.
He is paid a ludicrous amount of money.
골수
bone marrow noun
BrE ; NAmE
(also marrow)
[uncountable]
a soft substance that fills the hollow parts of bones
ex) A hundred years ago, people would have thought it was ludicrous how normal and ordinary it is for people to donate their blood and bone marrow to complete strangers today.
a bone marrow transplant
paradoxical adjective
BrE /ˌpærəˈdɒksɪkl/ ; NAmE /ˌpærəˈdɑːksɪkl/
2) (of a statement) containing two opposite ideas that make it seem impossible or unlikely, although it is probably true
ex) But all of these changes also yield a strange and paradoxical result, which is that even as the world is becoming a better and more humane place, which it is, there is a very common perception that it’s becoming worse and more cruel, which it’s not.
These seemingly paradoxical statements need to be looked at a little further to get the true picture.
within (easy) reach (of something)
close to something
ex) I really believe that the ability to remove oneself from the center of the circle and expand the circle of compassion outward to include even strangers is within reach for almost everyone.
The house is within easy reach of schools and sports facilities.
Verona and Padua are both within easy reach for day trips.
내가 여기서 말하려고 하는 것은~ 강조하려고 하는 것은~
The point I want to make with these two examples is that there’s nothing inherently valuable about a dollar or a stone or a coin.
direct deposit noun
BrE ; NAmE uncountable
the system of paying somebody’s wages straight into their bank account
ex) So I get paid via direct deposit, I pay my rent via bank transfer, I pay my taxes online.
underwrite verb
BrE /ˌʌndəˈraɪt/ ; NAmE /ˌʌndərˈraɪt/ (specialist)
1) underwrite something to accept financial responsibility for an activity so that you will pay for special costs or for losses it may make
ex) Now when this works, it’s because there are large institutions underwriting every 1 or 0 that changes on a computer. And when it doesn’t, it’s often the fault of those large institutions.
The British government ended up underwriting the entire project.
The record company may underwrite the costs of a band’s first tour.
chip and PIN noun
BrE ; NAmE
(also chip and pin)
[uncountable]
a system of paying for something with a credit card or debit card in which the card has information stored on it in the form of a microchip and you prove your identity by typing a number (your PIN) rather than by signing your name
ex) How long did it take the US credit card companies to implement chip and pin?
Chip and PIN is designed to combat credit card fraud.
friction noun
BrE /ˈfrɪkʃn/ ; NAmE /ˈfrɪkʃn/
3) [uncountable, countable] friction (between A and B) disagreement or a lack of friendship among people who have different opinions about something
synonym tension
ex) Transferring money across borders and across currencies is really expensive: friction.
conflicts and frictions that have still to be resolved
flag verb
BrE /flæɡ/ ; NAmE /flæɡ/
1) [transitive] flag something to put a special mark next to information that you think is important
ex) If I’m a PayPal merchant and PayPal wrongly flags me for fraud, that’s it.
I’ve flagged the paragraphs that we need to look at in more detail.
이러한 기관들이 혁신에 장애가 되고 있다.
These institutions are standing in the way of innovation.
at the mercy of somebody/something
not able to stop somebody/something harming you because they have power or control over you
ex) In a digital world, money can reach much farther and is much faster, but we’re at the mercy of these gatekeeper institutions.
I’m not going to put myself at the mercy of the bank.
We were at the mercy of the weather.
gatekeeper noun
BrE /ˈɡeɪtkiːpə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈɡeɪtkiːpər/
2) a person, system, etc. that decides whether somebody/something will be allowed, or allowed to reach a particular place or person
ex) In a digital world, money can reach much farther and is much faster, but we’re at the mercy of these gatekeeper institutions.
His secretary acts as a gatekeeper, reading all mail before it reaches her boss.
Literacy and maths are the gatekeeper skills that give kids access to academic success.
