TO 9-2 Flashcards
equivocation noun
BrE /ɪˌkwɪvəˈkeɪʃn/ ; NAmE /ɪˌkwɪvəˈkeɪʃn/ countable, uncountable
a way of behaving or speaking that is not clear or definite and is intended to avoid or hide the truth
ex) So our overall commitment at the Carter Center is to promote human rights, and knowing the world as I do, I can tell you without any equivocation that the number one abuse of human rights on Earth is, strangely, not addressed quite often, is the abuse of women and girls.
These actions must be condemned without equivocation.
ascendant adjective
/əˈsendənt/
- ascendant noun
(also ascendent)
BrE /əˈsendənt/ ; NAmE /əˈsendənt/
(also rising sign)
(formal) in the process of gaining power or influence over another person, group etc
ex) First of all is the misinterpretation of religious scriptures, holy scriptures, in the Bible, Old Testament, New Testament, Quran and so forth, and these have been misinterpreted by men who are now in the ascendant positions int he synagogues and the churches and in the mosques.
an ascendant political party
- the sign of the zodiac that is on the eastern horizon at the time and location of an event, particularly a birth
ex) I’m a Capricorn but my ascendant is Leo.
synagogue noun
BrE /ˈsɪnəɡɒɡ/ ; NAmE /ˈsɪnəɡɑːɡ/
a building where Jews meet for religious worship and teaching
ex) First of all is the misinterpretation of religious scriptures, holy scriptures, in the Bible, Old Testament, New Testament, Quran and so forth, and these have been misinterpreted by men who are now in the ascendant positions int he synagogues and the churches and in the mosques.
They went to synagogue every Saturday.
relegate verb
BrE /ˈrelɪɡeɪt/ ; NAmE /ˈrelɪɡeɪt/
1) relegate somebody/something (to something) to give somebody a lower or less important position, rank, etc. than before
ex) And they interpret these rules to make sure that women are ordinarily relegated to a secondary position compared to men in the eyes of God.
She was then relegated to the role of assistant.
He relegated the incident to the back of his mind.
subservient adjective
BrE /səbˈsɜːviənt/ ; NAmE /səbˈsɜːrviənt/
2) subservient (to something) (formal) less important than something else
ex) But the Southern Baptist Convention in the year 2000 decided that women should play a secondary position, a subservient position to men.
The needs of individuals were subservient to those of the group as a whole.
Every consideration was subservient to the overriding need to cut costs.
edict noun
BrE /ˈiːdɪkt/ ; NAmE /ˈiːdɪkt/ uncountable, countable
an official order or statement given by somebody in authority 칙령
synonym decree
ex) So they issued an edict, in effect, that prevents women from being priests, pastors, deacons in the church, or chaplains in the military.
The festival was banned by royal edict.
(영국/미국) 성공회
the Episcopal Church
BrE ; NAmE
(also the Protestant Episcopal Church)
the US Church that is part of the Anglican Communion. It separated from the Church of England during the American Revolution. It has the reputation of having many rich and socially important people as members. A member of the church is called an Episcopalian.
deacon noun
BrE /ˈdiːkən/ ; NAmE /ˈdiːkən/
1) (in the Roman Catholic, Anglican and Orthodox Churches) a religious leader just below the rank of a priest 부제 (가톨릭, 성공회, 그리스 정교회), 집사 (일부 개신교)
ex) So they issued an edict, in effect, that prevents women from being priests, pastors, deacons in the church, or chaplains in the military, and if a woman teaches a classroom in a Southern Baptist seminary, they cannot teach if a boy is in the room, because you can find verses in the Bible, there’s over 30,000 verses in the Bible, that say that a woman shouldn’t teach a man, and so forth.
chaplain noun
BrE /ˈtʃæplɪn/ ; NAmE /ˈtʃæplɪn/
a priest or other Christian minister who is responsible for the religious needs of people in a prison, hospital, etc. or in the armed forces 군목, 교목 등
ex) So they issued an edict, in effect, that prevents women from being priests, pastors, deacons in the church, or chaplains in the military, and if a woman teaches a classroom in a Southern Baptist seminary, they cannot teach if a boy is in the room, because you can find verses in the Bible, there’s over 30,000 verses in the Bible, that say that a woman shouldn’t teach a man, and so forth.
seminary noun
BrE /ˈsemɪnəri/ ; NAmE /ˈsemɪneri/ (pl. seminaries)
a college where priests, ministers or rabbis are trained 신학대학
ex) So they issued an edict, in effect, that prevents women from being priests, pastors, deacons in the church, or chaplains in the military, and if a woman teaches a classroom in a Southern Baptist seminary, they cannot teach if a boy is in the room, because you can find verses in the Bible, there’s over 30,000 verses in the Bible, that say that a woman shouldn’t teach a man, and so forth.
He went to the Northern Catholic Seminary to train for the ministry.
They spent six years in a seminary.
blight noun
BrE /blaɪt/ ; NAmE /blaɪt/
2) [singular, uncountable] blight (on somebody/something) something that has a bad effect on a situation, a person’s life or the environment
ex) The other very serious blight that causes this problem is the excessive resort to violence, and that is increasing tremendously around the world.
His death cast a blight on the whole of that year.
urban blight (= areas in a city that are ugly or not cared for well)
Her divorce was a great blight on her life.
할례
female genital mutilation
ex) Genital mutilation is horrible and not known by American women, but in some countries, many countries, when a child is born that’s a girl, very soon in her life, her genitals are completely cut away by a so-called cutter who has a razor blade and, in a non-sterilized way, they remove the exterior parts of a woman’s genitalia.
- circumcise verb
BrE /ˈsɜːkəmsaɪz/ ; NAmE /ˈsɜːrkəmsaɪz/
1) circumcise somebody to remove the foreskin of a boy or man for religious or medical reasons
2) circumcise somebody to cut off part of the sex organs of a girl or woman
** circumcision noun
BrE /ˌsɜːkəmˈsɪʒn/ ; NAmE /ˌsɜːrkəmˈsɪʒn/ [uncountable, countable]
the act of circumcising somebody; the religious ceremony when somebody, especially a baby, is circumcised
genitals noun
BrE /ˈdʒenɪtlz/ ; NAmE /ˈdʒenɪtlz/
(also genitalia BrE /ˌdʒenɪˈteɪliə/ ; NAmE /ˌdʒenɪˈteɪliə/ )
[plural]
a person’s sex organs that are outside their body
ex) Genital mutilation is horrible and not known by American women, but in some countries, many countries, when a child is born that’s a girl, very soon in her life, her genitals are completely cut away by a so-called cutter who has a razor blade and, in a non-sterilized way, they remove the exterior parts of a woman’s genitalia.
orifice noun
BrE /ˈɒrɪfɪs/ ; NAmE /ˈɔːrɪfɪs/ (formal or humorous)
a hole or opening, especially one in the body
ex) And sometimes, in more extreme cases but not very rare cases, they sew the orifice up so the girl can just urinate or menstruate.
the nasal orifice
affliction noun
BrE /əˈflɪkʃn/ ; NAmE /əˈflɪkʃn/ uncountable, countable
pain and suffering or something that causes it
ex) This is a horrible affliction on all women that live in those countries.
pimp noun
BrE /pɪmp/ ; NAmE /pɪmp/
a man who controls prostitutes and lives on the money that they earn
ex) About 15 to 20 years ago, Sweden decided to change the law, and women are no longer prosecuted if they are in sexual slavery, but the brothel owners and the pimps and the male customers are prosecuted, and prostitution has gone down.
divisive adjective
BrE /dɪˈvaɪsɪv/ ; NAmE /dɪˈvaɪsɪv/ (disapproving)
causing people to be split into groups that disagree with or oppose each other
ex) Especially around the highly divisive issue of assisted end-of-life.
He believes that unemployment is socially divisive.
prospect noun
BrE /ˈprɒspekt/ ; NAmE /ˈprɑːspekt/
4) [countable] prospect (for something) a person who is likely to be successful in a competition
ex) The year ends on December 31st, and, by analogy, the period when a Japanese woman is deemed a desirable marriage prospect ends after 31.
She is one of Canada’s best prospects for a gold medal.
flight noun
BrE /flaɪt/ ; NAmE /flaɪt/
6) [uncountable, singular] the act of running away from a dangerous or difficult situation
ex) Some of the reasons for the flight from marriage in japan are the same as in other rich countries.
the flight of refugees from the advancing forces
a flight from harsh reality
The main character is a journalist in flight from a failed marriage.
서출, 혼외자, 사생아
born out of wedlock
born outside marriage
an out-of-wedlock birth
ex) Only 2% of Japanese children are born outside marriage, compared with over 40% in Britain and America.
singleton noun
BrE /ˈsɪŋɡltən/ ; NAmE /ˈsɪŋɡltən/
2) a person who is not married or in a romantic relationship
ex) Not many singletons have boyfriends or girlfriends, even if they are neither otaku (men who are obsessed with anime or computer games) nor hikikomori (those who lick themselves away in their rooms).
tinker verb
BrE /ˈtɪŋkə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈtɪŋkər/
[intransitive] tinker (with something) to make small changes to something in order to repair or improve it, especially in a way that may not be helpful
ex) Such tinkering may help at the margins.
He’s in the garage tinkering with his bike.
The password will prevent others from tinkering with your data.
The government is merely tinkering at the edges of a much wider problem.
put down roots
2) to settle and live in one place
ex) I’ve also been going about the business of putting down roots, choosing a partner, making babies.
After ten years travelling the world, she felt it was time to put down roots somewhere.
tenuous adjective
BrE /ˈtenjuəs/ ; NAmE /ˈtenjuəs/
1) so weak or uncertain that it hardly exists
ex) We live in tenuous times.
a tenuous hold on life
His links with the organization turned out to be, at best, tenuous.
insatiable adjective
BrE /ɪnˈseɪʃəbl/ ; NAmE /ɪnˈseɪʃəbl/
always wanting more of something; not able to be satisfied
ex) We’ve exported this dream all over the world, so kids in Brazil and China and even Kenya inherit our insatiable expectation for more.
an insatiable appetite/curiosity/thirst
There seems to be an insatiable demand for more powerful computers.
There’s an apparently insatiable demand for this kind of programme.
The public seems to have an insatiable appetite for celebrity news.
provocation noun
BrE /ˌprɒvəˈkeɪʃn/ ; NAmE /ˌprɑːvəˈkeɪʃn/ [uncountable, countable]
the act of doing or saying something deliberately in order to make somebody angry or upset; something that is done or said to cause this
ex) It felt like a provocation. “Better off” – based on whose standards?
He reacted violently only under provocation.
The terrorists can strike at any time without provocation.
She bursts into tears at the slightest provocation.
So far the police have refused to respond to their provocations.
picket noun
BrE /ˈpɪkɪt/ ; NAmE /ˈpɪkɪt/
3) a pointed piece of wood that is fixed in the ground, especially as part of a fence
ex) All right, so is better off getting a big house with a white picket fence?
a picket fence
predatory adjective
BrE /ˈpredətri/ ; NAmE /ˈpredətɔːri/
2) (of people) using weaker people for their own financial or sexual advantage
ex) Nearly five million people lost their homes in the Great Recession, and even more of us sobered up about the lengths we were willing to go – or be tricked into going, in many predatory cases – to hold that deed.
a predatory insurance salesman
a predatory look
go to any, some, great, etc. lengths (to do something)
to put a lot of effort into doing something, especially when this seems extreme
ex) Nearly five million people lost their homes in the Great Recession, and even more of us sobered up about the lengths we were willing to go – or be tricked into going, in many predatory cases – to hold that deed.
She goes to extraordinary lengths to keep her private life private.
deed noun
BrE /diːd/ ; NAmE /diːd/
2) (often plural in BrE) a legal document that you sign, especially one that proves that you own a house or a building
ex) Nearly five million people lost their homes in the Great Recession, and even more of us sobered up about the lengths we were willing to go – or be tricked into going, in many predatory cases – to hold that deed.
the deeds of the house
toll verb
BrE /təʊl/ ; NAmE /toʊl/
[intransitive, transitive] when a bell tolls or somebody tolls it, it is rung slowly many times, especially as a sign that somebody has died
ex) Toll the funeral bells for everything that made America great.
The Abbey bell tolled for those killed in the war.
Ask not for whom the bell tolls; it tolls for thee.
he bell tolled the hour.
(figurative) The revolution tolled the death knell (= signalled the end) for the Russian monarchy.
~~가 완전히 부도덕한 것이 아니라고 말하려는 것은 절대 아니다.
Nothing that follows is meant to suggest that the gap between rich and poor is anything but profoundly immoral.
hold something↔down
2) [no passive] to keep a job for some time
ex) My great-grandfather was a drunk in Detroit, who sometimes managed to hold down a factory job.
He was unable to hold down a job after his breakdown.
믿기 어렵게 들릴지는 몰라도
He had, as unbelievable as it might sound, 21 children with one woman, my great-grandmother, who died at 47 years old of ovarian cancer.
fathom verb
BrE /ˈfæðəm/ ; NAmE /ˈfæðəm/
to understand or find an explanation for something
ex) Now, I’m pregnant with my second child, and I cannot even fathom what she must have gone through.
It is hard to fathom the pain felt at the death of a child.
He couldn’t fathom out what the man could possibly mean.
집게, 펜치
pliers noun
BrE /ˈplaɪəz/ ; NAmE /ˈplaɪərz/ [plural]
a metal tool with handles, used for holding things firmly and twisting and cutting wire
ex) He actually took his braces off himself with pliers in the garage, when his father admitted he didn’t have money to go back to the orthodontist.
a pair of pliers
치과 교정 전문의
orthodontist noun
BrE /ˌɔːθəˈdɒntɪst/ ; NAmE /ˌɔːrθəˈdɑːntɪst/
a dentist who treats problems concerning the position of the teeth and jaws
ex) He actually took his braces off himself with pliers in the garage, when his father admitted he didn’t have money to go back to the orthodontist.
harry verb
BrE /ˈhæri/ ; NAmE /ˈhæri/ (formal)
1) harry somebody to annoy or upset somebody by continuously asking them questions or for something
synonym harass
ex) Today I hear life coaches call it “ a portfolio career.” Whatever you call it, more and more men are craving these whole, if not harried, lives.
She has been harried by the press all week.
The superintendent sent him to harry the forensic lab over the blood tests.
denominator noun
BrE /dɪˈnɒmɪneɪtə(r)/ ; NAmE /dɪˈnɑːmɪneɪtər/ (mathematics)
- common denominator noun
the number below the line in a fraction showing how many parts the whole is divided into, for example 4 in ¾
- 2) an idea, attitude or experience that is shared by all the members of a group
ex) The common denominator is them. So the more they understand their gifts and create crews of ideal collaborators, the better off they will be.
They were united through the common denominator of suffering.
cradle noun
BrE /ˈkreɪdl/ ; NAmE /ˈkreɪdl/
2) [usually singular] cradle of something the place where something important began
ex) We are talking about the cradle of democracy.
Greece, the cradle of Western civilization
~~이런 속담이 있다.
There’s an old African saying that goes…
아이들이 제대로 된 어른으로 자라나도록 해야한다.
We have to make sure these kids grow up to be responsible adults.
힘을 합치다. 함께 일하다.
join hands | efforts (with somebody)
2) to work together in doing something
ex) Education has been reluctant to join hands with business.
disintegrate verb
BrE /dɪsˈɪntɪɡreɪt/ ; NAmE /dɪsˈɪntɪɡreɪt/
2) [intransitive] to become much less strong or united and be gradually destroyed\
synonym fall apart (2)
ex) When the family disintegrates, the society should take up the burden.
The authority of the central government was rapidly disintegrating.
odd adjective
BrE /ɒd/ ; NAmE /ɑːd/ (odder, oddest)
8) (no comparative or superlative; usually placed immediately after a number) approximately or a little more than the number mentioned
ex) Alexandra Loras has lived in eight countries and visited 50-odd more.
How old is she—seventy odd?
He’s worked there for twenty-odd years.
deflect verb
BrE /dɪˈflekt/ ; NAmE /dɪˈflekt/
2) [transitive] deflect something to succeed in preventing something from being directed towards you
synonym divert
ex) In most, any racism she might have experienced because of her black skin was deflected by her status as a diplomat’s wife.
All attempts to deflect attention from his private life have failed.
She sought to deflect criticism by blaming her family.
The government is seeking to deflect attention away from this problem.
fair-haired adjective
with light or blonde hair
ex) She was often taken for a nanny to her fair-haired son.
take for
take someone/something for someone/something to believe something, usually wrongly, about someone or something
ex) She was often taken for a nanny to her fair-haired son.
She looks so young I took her for your sister.
Do you take me for a complete idiot?
What do you take me for?: I won’t tell anybody – what do you take me for? (=I am not that type of person)
preto
“black” in Brazilian; Afro-Brazilians
Brazilians (Portuguese: afro-brasileiros); Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈafɾu bɾɐziˈle(j)ɾuz] is a term used in the 21st century by some in Brazil to refer to Brazilian people with African ancestry. The term does not have widespread use in Brazil, where social constructs and classifications have been based on appearance. People with noticeable African features and skin color are generally referred to (and they identify) as negro or preto (“black”). Many members of another group of people, multiracial Brazilians, or pardos, also have a range of degree of African ancestry.
ex) Plenty of preto (black) and pardo (mixed-race) Brazilians, who together make up just over half of the country’s 208m people, proudly contrast its cordial race relations with America’s interracial strife.
pardo
Pardo is a word used in the Spanish colonies in the Americas to refer to the triracial descendants of Europeans, Native Americans, and West Africans. They are defined as neither exclusively mestizo (Native American-European descent) nor mulatto (West African-European descent). It is highly associated with the history of slavery and colonialism. From the 18th century, the term has been used more widely to identify a brown skin colour.[citation needed] But in general use, the physical characteristics may include brown skin ranging from dark brown to almost white.Similarly, the person’s hair could be curly, straight or other texture, and any colour.
In Brazil, the word pardo has had a general meaning, since the beginning of the colonization. In the famous letter by Pero Vaz de Caminha, for example, in which Brazil was first described by the Portuguese, the Native Americans were called “pardo”: “Pardo, naked, without clothing”.
The word was used to cover African/European mixes, Amerindian/European mixes, and Amerindian/European/African mixes and Native Americans themselves.
ex) Plenty of preto (black) and pardo (mixed-race) Brazilians, who together make up just over half of the country’s 208m people, proudly contrast its cordial race relations with America’s interracial strife.
mulatto
Mulatto is a term used to refer to persons born of one white parent and one black parent, or to persons born of a mulatto parent or parents. The term today is generally confined to an historical context, and English-speakers of mixed white and black ancestry seldom choose to identify themselves as “mulatto”.
Residents of Spain, Latin America, the Caribbean, and some countries in Africa freely use the term mulatto, or its cognates in other languages, usually without any suggestion of insult. In Latin America, most mulattoe have descended from interracial relationships dating to the slavery period, rather than from recent racial mixing. This is especially true in Brazil, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, Cuba, Haiti, Cape Verde, Puerto Rico and Philippines, which have the highest proportions of persons of mixed race.
ex) Their offspring, referred to as mulatto, enjoyed a social status above that of pretos.
cordial adjective
BrE /ˈkɔːdiəl/ ; NAmE /ˈkɔːrdʒəl/
(formal) pleasant and friendly
ex) Plenty of preto (black) and pardo (mixed-race) Brazilians, who together make up just over half of the country’s 208m people, proudly contrast its cordial race relations with America’s interracial strife.
a cordial atmosphere/meeting/relationship
The government wisely maintained cordial relations with the Russians.
The talks took place in a cordial atmosphere.
strife noun
BrE /straɪf/ ; NAmE /straɪf/
1) [uncountable] (formal or literary) angry or violent disagreement between two people or groups of people
synonym conflict
ex) Plenty of preto (black) and pardo (mixed-race) Brazilians, who together make up just over half of the country’s 208m people, proudly contrast its cordial race relations with America’s interracial strife.
civil strife
The country was torn apart by strife.
internecine strife among the nationalities of the empire
gulf noun
BrE /ɡʌlf/ ; NAmE /ɡʌlf/
3) [countable, usually singular] gulf (between A and B) a large difference between two people or groups in the way that they think, live or feel
ex) Yet the gulf between white Brazilians and their black and mixed-race compatriots is huge.
The gulf between rich and poor is enormous.
It felt as if a gulf had opened up between his life and mine.
disembark verb
BrE /ˌdɪsɪmˈbɑːk/ ; NAmE /ˌdɪsɪmˈbɑːrk/
[intransitive] disembark (from something) (formal) to leave a vehicle, especially a ship or an aircraft, at the end of a journey
opposite embark
ex) Of the 12.5m Africans trafficked across the Atlantic between 1501 and 1866, only 300,000-400,000 disembarked in what is now the United States.
They had just disembarked from their tour bus after a 12-hour journey.
We will be disembarking at midday.
miscegenation noun
BrE /ˌmɪsɪdʒəˈneɪʃn/ ; NAmE /ˌmɪsɪdʒəˈneɪʃn/ uncountable
the fact of children being produced by parents who are of different races, especially when one parent is white
ex) Though white masters fathered many slave children, miscegenation was frowned upon, and later criminalised in most American states.
hotchpotch noun
BrE /ˈhɒtʃpɒtʃ/ ; NAmE /ˈhɑːtʃpɑːtʃ/ (especially British English)
(usually North American English hodgepodge)
singular
a number of things mixed together without any particular order or reason
ex) Mixing led to a hotch-potch of racial categories.
a hotchpotch of ideas
portmanteau noun
BrE /pɔːtˈmæntəʊ/ ; NAmE /pɔːrtˈmæntoʊ/
- portmanteau word noun
(pl. portmanteaus, portmanteaux) (old-fashioned) a large heavy suitcase that opens into two parts
* a word that is invented by combining the beginning of one word and the end of another and keeping the meaning of each. For example motel is a portmanteau word that is a combination of motor and hotel.
ex) Tiger Woods, a golfer, calls himself “cablinasian” (a portmanteau of caucasian, black, American Indian and Asian).
gripe verb
BrE /ɡraɪp/ ; NAmE /ɡraɪp/
[intransitive] gripe (about somebody/something) (informal) to complain about somebody/something in an annoying way
ex) Tomas Santa Rosa, a successful mid-20th-century painter, consoled a dark-skinned peer griping about discrimination, saying that he too “used to be black.”
He’s always griping about the people at work.
Some members were griping about the new constitution.
Throughout history, Americans have griped about taxes.
hold up somebody | hold up something | hold somebody up | hold something up[often passive]
3) to use or present somebody/something as an example
ex) Though only a few black and mixed-race Brazilians ever succeeded in “becoming white,” their existence, and the non-binary conception of race, allowed politicians to hold up Brazil as an exemplar of post-colonial harmony.
She’s always holding up her children as models of good behaviour.
His ideas were held up to ridicule.
rally round | rally around | rally round somebody | rally around somebody
(of a group of people) to work together in order to help somebody who is in a difficult or unpleasant situation
ex) It also made it harder to rally black Brazilians round a hyphenated identity of the sort that united African-Americans.
The whole family rallied round when Mum was ill.
hyphenate verb
BrE /ˈhaɪfəneɪt/ ; NAmE /ˈhaɪfəneɪt/
hyphenate something to join two words together using a hyphen; to divide a word between two lines of text using a hyphen
ex) It also made it harder to rally black Brazilians round a hyphenated identity of the sort that united African-Americans.
Is your name hyphenated?
edge up
(intransitive) to increase up to a target bit by bit.
ex) After falling from 20% to 5% between 1872 and 1990, the share of self-described pretos edged up in the past quarter-century, to 8%.
chromatographic adjective
BrE /krəʊˌmætəˈɡræfɪk/ ; NAmE /ˌkroʊˌmætəˈɡræfɪk/ (chemistry)
- chromatography noun
BrE /ˌkrəʊməˈtɒɡrəfi/ ; NAmE /ˌkroʊməˈtɑːɡrəfi/ uncountable
connected with the process of chromatography 색층 분석의
- the separation of a mixture by passing it through a material through which some parts of the mixture travel further than others; a method of finding out which different gases or liquids are included in a mixture by passing it through or over substances that absorb the different parts at different rates 색층 분석법
ex) This “chromatographic convergence,” as Marcelo Paixao of the University of Texas, in Austin, dubs it, owes a lot to policy choices.
convergence noun
BrE /kənˈvɜːdʒəns/ ; NAmE /kənˈvɜːrdʒəns/ [uncountable]
2) the process of becoming very similar or the same
opposite divergence
ex) This “chromatographic convergence,” as Marcelo Paixao of the University of Texas, in Austin, dubs it, owes a lot to policy choices.
The convergence of mobile technology and the Internet will continue to revolutionize the way businesses interact with consumers.
hold your own (against somebody/something) (in something)
to remain in a strong position when somebody is attacking you, competing with you, etc.
ex) This is perhaps why hard-working, ambitious cotistas, as students admitted under quotas are known, are able to hold their own.
Business isn’t good but we’re managing to hold our own.
She can hold her own against anybody in an argument.
The patient is holding her own although she is still very sick.
gnawing adjective
BrE /ˈnɔːɪŋ/ ; NAmE /ˈnɔːɪŋ/ [only before noun]
making you feel worried over a period of time; continuously causing you pain or worrying you
ex) And the whole thing left me really shaken up, obviously, but it also left me with this kind of burning, gnawing need to understand why he did it, what forces within him caused him to make the choice that I owe my life to, to risk his own life to save the life of a stranger?
gnawing doubts
dart verb
BrE /dɑːt/ ; NAmE /dɑːrt/
1) [intransitive] + adv./prep. to move suddenly and quickly in a particular direction
ex) That night, I was 19 years old and driving back to my home in Tacoma, Washington, down the Interstate 5 freeway, when a little dog darted out in front of my car.
A dog darted across the road in front of me.
Her eyes darted around the room, looking for Greg.
fishtail verb
BrE /ˈfɪʃteɪl/ ; NAmE /ˈfɪʃteɪl/ [intransitive]
if a vehicle fishtails, its back end moves from side to side in an uncontrolled way
ex) I hit the dog anyways, and that sent the car into a fishtail, and then a spin across the freeway, until finally it wound up in the fast lane of the freeway faced backwards into oncoming traffic and then the engine died.
추월 차선
fast lane noun
[singular]
the part of a major road such as a motorway or interstate where vehicles drive fastest
ex) I hit the dog anyways, and that sent the car into a fishtail, and then a spin across the freeway, until finally it wound up in the fast lane of the freeway faced backwards into oncoming traffic and then the engine died.
~~ 그런 욕구가 없는 사람들을 연구하는 것이다.
A common approach to understanding basic aspects of human nature, like the desire to help other people, is to study people in whom that desire is missing, and psychopaths are exactly such a group.
유전적인 것에서 강하게 기인한다.
Psychopathy is a developmental disorder with strongly genetic origins, and it results in a personality that’s cold and uncaring and a tendency to engage in antisocial and sometimes very violent behavior.
continuum noun
BrE /kənˈtɪnjuəm/ ; NAmE /kənˈtɪnjuəm/ (pl. continua BrE /kənˈtɪnjuə/ ; NAmE /kənˈtɪnjuə/ )
a series of similar items in which each is almost the same as the ones next to it but the last is very different from the first 연속체
synonym cline
ex) And finally, their amygdalas are larger than average as well, by about eight percent. So together, what these data suggest is the existence of something like a caring continuum in the world that’s anchored at the one end by people who are highly psychopathic, and at the other by people who are very compassionate and driven to acts of extreme altruism.
It is impossible to say at what point along the continuum a dialect becomes a separate language.
ludicrous adjective
BrE /ˈluːdɪkrəs/ ; NAmE /ˈluːdɪkrəs/
unreasonable; that you cannot take seriously
synonym absurd, ridiculous
ex) A hundred years ago, people would have thought it was ludicrous how normal and ordinary it is for people to donate their blood and bone marrow to complete strangers today.
a ludicrous suggestion
It was ludicrous to think that the plan could succeed.
He is paid a ludicrous amount of money.
골수
bone marrow noun
BrE ; NAmE
(also marrow)
[uncountable]
a soft substance that fills the hollow parts of bones
ex) A hundred years ago, people would have thought it was ludicrous how normal and ordinary it is for people to donate their blood and bone marrow to complete strangers today.
a bone marrow transplant
paradoxical adjective
BrE /ˌpærəˈdɒksɪkl/ ; NAmE /ˌpærəˈdɑːksɪkl/
2) (of a statement) containing two opposite ideas that make it seem impossible or unlikely, although it is probably true
ex) But all of these changes also yield a strange and paradoxical result, which is that even as the world is becoming a better and more humane place, which it is, there is a very common perception that it’s becoming worse and more cruel, which it’s not.
These seemingly paradoxical statements need to be looked at a little further to get the true picture.
within (easy) reach (of something)
close to something
ex) I really believe that the ability to remove oneself from the center of the circle and expand the circle of compassion outward to include even strangers is within reach for almost everyone.
The house is within easy reach of schools and sports facilities.
Verona and Padua are both within easy reach for day trips.
내가 여기서 말하려고 하는 것은~ 강조하려고 하는 것은~
The point I want to make with these two examples is that there’s nothing inherently valuable about a dollar or a stone or a coin.
direct deposit noun
BrE ; NAmE uncountable
the system of paying somebody’s wages straight into their bank account
ex) So I get paid via direct deposit, I pay my rent via bank transfer, I pay my taxes online.
underwrite verb
BrE /ˌʌndəˈraɪt/ ; NAmE /ˌʌndərˈraɪt/ (specialist)
1) underwrite something to accept financial responsibility for an activity so that you will pay for special costs or for losses it may make
ex) Now when this works, it’s because there are large institutions underwriting every 1 or 0 that changes on a computer. And when it doesn’t, it’s often the fault of those large institutions.
The British government ended up underwriting the entire project.
The record company may underwrite the costs of a band’s first tour.
chip and PIN noun
BrE ; NAmE
(also chip and pin)
[uncountable]
a system of paying for something with a credit card or debit card in which the card has information stored on it in the form of a microchip and you prove your identity by typing a number (your PIN) rather than by signing your name
ex) How long did it take the US credit card companies to implement chip and pin?
Chip and PIN is designed to combat credit card fraud.
friction noun
BrE /ˈfrɪkʃn/ ; NAmE /ˈfrɪkʃn/
3) [uncountable, countable] friction (between A and B) disagreement or a lack of friendship among people who have different opinions about something
synonym tension
ex) Transferring money across borders and across currencies is really expensive: friction.
conflicts and frictions that have still to be resolved
flag verb
BrE /flæɡ/ ; NAmE /flæɡ/
1) [transitive] flag something to put a special mark next to information that you think is important
ex) If I’m a PayPal merchant and PayPal wrongly flags me for fraud, that’s it.
I’ve flagged the paragraphs that we need to look at in more detail.
이러한 기관들이 혁신에 장애가 되고 있다.
These institutions are standing in the way of innovation.
at the mercy of somebody/something
not able to stop somebody/something harming you because they have power or control over you
ex) In a digital world, money can reach much farther and is much faster, but we’re at the mercy of these gatekeeper institutions.
I’m not going to put myself at the mercy of the bank.
We were at the mercy of the weather.
gatekeeper noun
BrE /ˈɡeɪtkiːpə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈɡeɪtkiːpər/
2) a person, system, etc. that decides whether somebody/something will be allowed, or allowed to reach a particular place or person
ex) In a digital world, money can reach much farther and is much faster, but we’re at the mercy of these gatekeeper institutions.
His secretary acts as a gatekeeper, reading all mail before it reaches her boss.
Literacy and maths are the gatekeeper skills that give kids access to academic success.
static adjective
BrE /ˈstætɪk/ ; NAmE /ˈstætɪk/
1) not moving, changing or developing
ex) when we combine software and currency, money becomes more than just a static unit of value, and we don’t have to rely on institutions for security.
The balance sheet provides a static picture of the financial position at a point in time.
Prices on the stock market, which have been static, are now rising again.
a static population level
cryptocurrency noun
a peer-to-peer digital currency that is validated by cryptography
ex) Cryptocurrencies are digital money that isn’t run by any government or bank.
As Bitcoin breaches the $1000 mark for the first time, two experts on the crypto-currency clash over whether bust must follow boom.
cryptography noun
BrE /krɪpˈtɒɡrəfi/ ; NAmE /krɪpˈtɑːɡrəfi/ [uncountable]
the art of writing or solving codes
ex) Cryptography is the study of how to secure communication, and it’s about two really important things: masking information so it can be hidden in plain sight, and verifying a piece of information’s source.
transmission noun
BrE /trænsˈmɪʃn/ ; NAmE /trænsˈmɪʃn/ ; BrE /trænzˈmɪʃn/ ; NAmE /trænzˈmɪʃn/ (formal)
2) [uncountable] the act or process of sending out an electronic signal or message or of broadcasting a radio or television programme
ex) During World War II, breaking cryptosystems like Enigma was critical to decoding enemy transmissions and turning the tide of the war.
the transmission of computer data along telephone lines
a break in transmission (= of a radio or television broadcast) due to a technical fault
Do you know the date of transmission?
환태평양
the Pacific Rim noun
[singular]
the countries around the Pacific Ocean, especially the countries of eastern Asia, considered as an economic group
ex) But looking back, warning sings were everywhere. We are located on the Pacific rim where a major fault line runs.
내진 설계가 되어있다.
…등등 내진 설계 관련 표현들
But the most buildings in the country weren’t built designed to withstand earthquakes.
Builders try to reduce costs, and the biggest of all costs comes from anti-quake designs.
Only about 35% of all buildings are designed in consideration of major quakes.
The Japanese government requires buildings to clearly indicate how quake-proof they are so that people could choose based on the information.
Last but not least, all new buildings must be required to have quake-resistant designs.
Experts say that if an earthquake with magnitude 6 or above his Korea, mass casualties are possible because many buildings are not built to withstand temblors.
올 여름에 (현재는 가을 또는 겨울일 때)~~
짜증날 정도로 자주 보냈다.
Remember how many times they sent out so-called warning messages for scorching weather this past summer? They did it so often as to be annoying.
~ 지역에서 지진이 발생했다.
earthquake hits/strikes 지역
It occurred about 50 minutes after a 5.1-magnitude quake hit the city at 7:44 p.m.
지진의, 지진에 의한
seismic adjective
BrE /ˈsaɪzmɪk/ ; NAmE /ˈsaɪzmɪk/ [only before noun]
1) connected with or caused by earthquakes
ex) A 5.8-magnitude earthquake, the most powerful seismic activity here since 1978 when the nation started measuring tremors, struck the historic city of Gyeongju, North Gyeongsang Province, at 8:32 p.m., the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) said Monday.
seismic waves
국민안전처
행정자치부
The Ministry of Public Safety and Security
The Ministry of Government Administration and Home Affairs
ex) The Ministry of Public Safety and Security organized a Disaster Management Office, an emergency team that monitors damage and takes necessary emergency measures.
재난관리국
Disaster management Office
여진
aftershock noun
BrE /ˈɑːftəʃɒk/ ; NAmE /ˈæftərʃɑːk/
a small earthquake that happens after a bigger one
ex) At lease 22 aftershocks with magnitudes of 2 to 3 were detected by 10 p.m. with more expected throughout the night.
The area suffered a series of aftershocks measuring up to 6.3 on the Richter scale.
지진이 발생한 지역
The government has ordered people in the quake-hit areas to evacuate to safe areas.
대피시키다. 소개시키다.
1) People were evacuated out of the building.
2) People evacuated the building.
Police evacuated nearby buildings.
Children were evacuated from London to escape the bombing.
Employees were urged to evacuate their offices immediately.
Locals were told to evacuate.
받침대
mount noun
BrE /maʊnt/ ; NAmE /maʊnt/
4) (also mounting) something that an object stands on or is attached to for support
ex) As of 1 a.m., six people had been injured, including an elderly woman injured by her television that fell from its mounting.
an engine/gun mount
The engine came loose from its mountings.
liquefy verb
BrE /ˈlɪkwɪfaɪ/ ; NAmE /ˈlɪkwɪfaɪ/
[intransitive, transitive] liquefy (something) (formal) to become liquid; to make something liquid
ex) A liquefied natural gas-fueled power station in Ulsan, just kilometers away from Gyeongju, was shut down in the wake of the quakes.
Above a certain temperature it is impossible to liquefy a gas.
The cheese had liquefied so we poured it over the bread.
~에서 북쪽으로 몇 킬로미터 떨어진
“I ran out of my office after feeling violent shaking,” a worker living in Pohang, several kilometers north of Ulsan, told The Korea Times over the phone.
해상에서 ~킬로미터 떨어진 곳에서 지진이 발생
He said the tremors were “more powerful than the previous one,” referring to a 5-magnitude quake detected in waters 52 kilometers off the southeastern port city of Ulsan on July 5.
A mega-earthquake measuring 9.1 on the Richter scale struck off the coast of Japan 2011.
지진 (earthquake 말고 다른 표현)
temblor noun
BrE /ˈtemblə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈtemblər/ (North American English)
ex) Experts say that if an earthquake with magnitude 6 or above his Korea, mass casualties are possible because many buildings are not built to withstand temblors.
colossus noun
BrE /kəˈlɒsəs/ ; NAmE /kəˈlɑːsəs/
1) [singular] (formal) a person or thing that is extremely important or large in size
ex) The rist of the corporate colossus threatens both competition and the legitimacy of business.
2) [countable] (pl. colossi BrE /kəˈlɒsaɪ/ ; NAmE /kəˈlɑːsaɪ/ ) an extremely large statue
ex) the Colossi of Memnon
미국을 보면 시장 집중 현상이 가장 우려할 만한 수준에 달했다.
But concentration is at its most worrying in America.
자유방임주의
laissez-faire adjective
BrE /ˌleseɪ ˈfeə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈfer/ (from French)
1) following a policy of allowing private businesses to develop without government control
ex) For many laissez-faire types this is only a temporary problem.
a laissez-faire economy
2) not trying to control somebody and allowing them to do what they want
ex) They have a laissez-faire approach to bringing up their children.
flaccid adjective
BrE /ˈflæsɪd/ ; NAmE /ˈflæsɪd/ ; BrE /ˈflæksɪd/ ; NAmE /ˈflæksɪd/ (formal)
1) flaccid skin or muscles are loose and soft; a flaccid penis is not hard
ex) flaccid breasts
2) a flaccid argument or idea is not effective
ex) Modern technology is lowering barriers to entry; flaccid incumbents will be destroyed by smaller, leaner ones.
The article’s thesis is flaccid and misguided.
heft noun
BrE /heft/ ; NAmE /heft/
[uncountable] (North American English) the weight of somebody/something
ex) The heft of the superstars also reflects their excellence at less productive activities.
She was surprised by the sheer heft of the package.
to say nothing of something
used to introduce a further fact or thing in addition to those already mentioned
synonym not to mention
ex) The giants also deploy huge armies of lobbyists, bringing the same techniques to Brussels, where 30,000 lobbyists now walk the corridors, that they perfected in Washington, DC. Laws such as Sarbanes-Oxley and Dodd-Frank, to say nothing of America’s tax code, penalise small firms more than large ones.
It was too expensive, to say nothing of the time it wasted.
inchoate adjective
BrE /ɪnˈkəʊət/ , /ˈɪnkəʊeɪt/ ; NAmE /ɪnˈkoʊət/ (formal)
just beginning to form and therefore not clear or developed
ex) Anger at all this is understandable, but an inchoate desire to bash business leaves everyone worse off.
inchoate ideas
bash verb
BrE /bæʃ/ ; NAmE /bæʃ/ (informal)
1) [transitive, intransitive] to hit somebody/something very hard
ex) He bashed her over the head with a hammer.
I braked too late and bashed into the car in front.
2) [transitive] bash somebody/something to criticize somebody/something strongly
ex) Anger at all this is understandable, but an inchoate desire to bash business leaves everyone worse off.
Bashing politicians is normal practice in the press.
a liberal-bashing administration
soapbox noun
BrE /ˈsəʊpbɒks/ ; NAmE /ˈsoʊpbɑːks/
a small temporary platform that somebody stands on to make a speech in a public place, usually outdoors
ex) Reining in the giants requires the scalpel, not the soapbox.
I’ve got no urge to be a politician or stand on a soapbox.
not least
especially
ex) They have more to do, not least to address the convenient fiction that different units of multinationals are really separate companies.
The documentary caused a lot of bad feeling, not least among the workers whose lives it described.
grind noun
BrE /ɡraɪnd/ ; NAmE /ɡraɪnd/
1) [singular] (informal) an activity that is tiring or boring and takes a lot of time
ex) But better the grind of multilateral negotiation than moves such as the European Commission’s recent attempt to impose retrospective taxes on Apple in Ireland.
the daily grind of family life
It’s a long grind to the top of that particular profession.
~습관이 생기다
get into the habit of ~
fall into the habit of ~
form the habit of ~
take up the habit of ~ (특히 안 좋은 버릇)
ex) America in particular has got into the habit of giving the benefit of the doubt to big business.
retreat noun
BrE /rɪˈtriːt/ ; NAmE /rɪˈtriːt/
3) [COUNTABLE/UNCOUNTABLE] a change in a person’s or organization’s ideas, opinion, or decision after they have been criticized or opposed
ex) In the 1980s big companies were on the retreat, as Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan took a wrecking ball to state-protected behemoths such as AT&T and British Leyland.
This represents a retreat from the Chancellor’s usual policies.
wrecking ball noun
a heavy metal ball that swings from a crane and is used to hit a building to make it fall down
ex) In the 1980s big companies were on the retreat, as Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan took a wrecking ball to state-protected behemoths such as AT&T and British Leyland.
combustion noun
BrE /kəmˈbʌstʃən/ ; NAmE /kəmˈbʌstʃən/ [uncountable]
1) the process of burning
ex) Poisonous gases are produced during fossil fuel combustion.
2) (specialist) a chemical process in which substances combine with the oxygen in the air to produce heat and light
ex) In 1860-1917 the global economy was reshaped by the rise of giant new industries (steel and oil) and revolutionary new technologies (electricity and the combustion engine).
The ratio must be correct in order to achieve complete combustion.
소수 독점, 과점
oligopoly noun
/ˌɒlɪˈɡɒpəli/
[COUNTABLE/UNCOUNTABLE] ECONOMICS
the control of a product or service by only a few companies, influencing the price of that product or service
ex) These disruptions led to brief bursts of competition followed by prolonged periods of oligopoly.
keep somebody on their toes
to make sure that somebody is ready to deal with anything that might happen by doing things that they are not expecting
ex) The world needs a healthy dose of competition to keep today’s giants on their toes and to give those in their shadow a chance to grow.
Surprise visits help to keep the staff on their toes.
in/under the shadow of
2) when you say that somebody is in/under the shadow of another person, you mean that they do not receive as much attention as that person
ex) The world needs a healthy dose of competition to keep today’s giants on their toes and to give those in their shadow a chance to grow.
A younger son often lives in the shadow of his elder brother.
malaise noun
BrE /məˈleɪz/ ; NAmE /məˈleɪz/ uncountable, singular
1) the problems affecting a particular situation or group of people that are difficult to explain or identify
ex) When it comes to the economic malaise facing America, the biggest problem is not the widening gap between rich and poor, but the stagnation of social mobility.
economic/financial/social malaise
The latest crime figures are merely symptomatic of a wider malaise in society.
kick-start verb
2) kick-start something to do something to help a process or project start more quickly
ex) Kick-starting social mobility, once it has slowed, is much more difficult.
The government’s attempt to kick-start the economy has failed.
a sting in the tail
(informal) an unpleasant feature that comes at the end of a story, an event, etc. and spoils it
ex) But improving rates of upward relative mobility from the bottom comes with a sting in the tail: it requires more downward mobility from the top.
chute noun
BrE /ʃuːt/ ; NAmE /ʃuːt/
1) a tube or passage down which people or things can slide
ex) If we want more poor kids climbing the ladder of relative mobility, we need more rich kids sliding down the chutes.
a water chute (= at a swimming pool)
a laundry/rubbish/garbage chute (= from the upper floors of a high building)
지옥이 시작된다
The assumed reason is that if everybody knew what everybody got paid, then all hell would break loose.
entrepreneurial adjective
BrE /ˌɒntrəprəˈnɜːriəl/ ; NAmE /ˌɑːntrəprəˈnɜːriəl/
connected with making money by starting or running businesses, especially when this involves taking financial risks
ex) For the past several years, I’ve been studying the corporate and entrepreneurial leaders who question the conventional wisdom about how to run a company.
entrepreneurial skills
동료들과 비교했을 때 월급이 높은지 낮은지
When people don’t know how their pay compares to their peers’, they’re more likely to feel underpaid and maybe even discriminated against.
널려 퍼져있는 것 만큼이나 오래된 관습이다.
But keeping salaries secret does exactly that, and it’s a practice as old as it is common, despite the fact that in the United States, the law protects an employee’s right to discuss their pay.
sit comfortably, easily, well, etc. (with something)
to seem right, natural, suitable, etc. in a particular place or situation
ex) Now that memo didn’t sit well with everybody.
His views did not sit comfortably with the management line.
남들이 다 보게끔 가슴팍에 자기 월급을 써 붙인채로 출근한다고 생각해 보세요.
Imagine showing up for work with your salary just written across your chest for all to see.
revolt verb
BrE /rɪˈvəʊlt/ ; NAmE /rɪˈvoʊlt/
1) to refuse to accept something such as a law or a decision
ex) Why do some people go along with it, while others revolt against it?
In 1992 the Serbs revolted against separation from Yugoslavia.
다른 사람 월급을 다 안 다면 연봉 협상에서 얼마나 더 유리할 지 한 번 생각해 보세요.
Imagine how much better you could negotiate for a raise if you knew everybody’s salary.
awry adverb,adjective
BrE /əˈraɪ/ ; NAmE /əˈraɪ/
1) if something goes awry, it does not happen in the way that was planned.
ex) Economists warn that information asymmetry can cause markets to go awry.
All my plans for the party had gone awry.
All her carefully laid plans had gone awry.
2) not in the right position
synonym untidy
ex) She rushed out, her hair awry.
~에 따르면 성별 간 임금 격차가 23%라고 합니다. 여기서 바로 남자가 1달러 벌 때 여자는 77센트 번다는 표현이 나온 것이죠.
In a 2011 report from the Institute for Women’s Policy Research, the gender wage gap between men and women was 23 percent. This is where that 77 cents on the dollar comes from.
임금을 서로 공개하는 것은 다양한 방식으로 이뤄질 수 있습니다. 이건 모든 상황에 똑같이 적용되는 그런 일은 아닙니다.
Now, pay transparency takes a lot of forms. It’s not one size fits all.
결정 요인
determinant noun
BrE /dɪˈtɜːmɪnənt/ ; NAmE /dɪˈtɜːrmɪnənt/ (formal)
a thing that decides whether or how something happens
ex) Although college education is one of the biggest determinants of your future wealth, poorer students are less likely to go to college because the system is rigged.
그런데 이상하게도 당국에서는 얼른 나서서 안전 대책을 세울 생각은 없어 보이며, 오히려 다 괜찮을 거라는 식으로만 말하고 있다.
But oddly the authorities don’t seem to be hurrying themselves trying to come up with some watertight safety precautions saying everything’s going to be all right.
진짜 문제는 사후에 문자를 받느냐 마느냐가 아니다. 가장 급한 일은 일단 최악의 상황에 철저히 대비하는 것이고, 그런 후에 그저 일이 잘 풀리길 바라는 것이다.
The real problem is not whether you get the message after the fact. What’s most urgent is to be thoroughly prepared for the worst and hope for the best.
외국에서 온 교수들도 그런 보기 흉한 풍경에 충격을 표한다.
Many professors from foreign countries also express shock at seeing all those eyesores.
어쩌면 사람들의 사생활에 일일이 참견하던 과거의 관료적인 행태가 남아있는 것일 수도 있다.
The behavior could also be seen as the vestige of bureaucratic meddling in private lives in the old days.
무엇보다 무분별한 현수막은 미관을 파괴한다.
The worse part about these placards is they are frowned upon.
(경제가) 호전되고 있다.
The American economy finally seems to be turning around after years of recession.
~에서 최고다. 제일이다. 둘째가라면 서럽다. 아무에게도 뒤지지 않는다.
- ~에 버금가다
second to none | next to none
ex) After all, their average household income is second to none.
* second only to ~
ex) Your voice is second only to hers.
As a pianist, he was second only to Rubinstein.
10위 대이다.
However, they’re in the teens on the happiness rankings.
여론 조사에서 특히 주목할 만한 것은 대학 졸업자들이 가장 행복하지 않은 집단으로 나타났다는 것이다. 사실 이들은 미국 내에서 가장 많은 스트레스를 받으며 살아가고 있는 것으로 알려져 있다.
What was particularly interesting about the poll was that college graduates were among the least happy. They are often said to be living under the greatest stress in America.
amass verb
BrE /əˈmæs/ ; NAmE /əˈmæs/
amass something to collect something, especially in large quantities
synonym accumulate
ex) All of this tells us that happiness is more about contentedness than about amassing more wealth.
He amassed a fortune from silver mining.
They amassed enough evidence to convict her.
ritzy adjective
BrE /ˈrɪtsi/ ; NAmE /ˈrɪtsi/ (informal)
expensive and fashionable
ex) On weekdays they line up in Ginza, a ritzy shopping district in Tokyo, to sample the fish.
a ritzy nightclub
참다랑어
blufin tuna
ex) Diners appear satisfied with the quality of the sashimi, including the juicy slices of bluefin tuna, one of the most prized species of all.
톤 (두 가지)
tonne noun
BrE /tʌn/ ; NAmE /tʌn/ (pl. tonnes, tonne)
(also metric ton)
ton noun
BrE /tʌn/ ; NAmE /tʌn/
[countable] (pl. tons, ton) a unit for measuring weight, in Britain 2 240 pounds (long ton) and in the US 2 000 pounds (short ton) (informal)
Both “ton” and “tonne” are units of weight, but a “ton” is a British and American measure, while a “tonne” is a metric measure.
A “tonne” is equal to 1,000 kg. In the US it may be referred to as a “metric ton”.
You should be careful when using the word “ton”, as there are two different types – British and American.
The British ton (also used in other countries that have the Imperial system of weights and measures) is equal to 2,240 pounds or 1,016.047 kg. It is sometimes referred to as the “long ton”, “weight ton” or “gross ton”.
The North American ton (only used in the United States and Canada) is equal to 2,000 pounds or 907.1847 kg. It is sometimes referred to as the “short ton” or “net ton”.
ex) They eat about 40,000 tonnes of it a year – 80% of the global catch.
halve verb
BrE /hɑːv/ ; NAmE /hæv/
present simple I / you / we / they halve BrE /hɑːv/ ; NAmE /hæv/
he / she / it halves BrE /hɑːvz/ ; NAmE /hævz/
past simple halved BrE /hɑːvd/ ; NAmE /hævd/
past participle halved BrE /hɑːvd/ ; NAmE /hævd/
-ing form halving BrE /ˈhɑːvɪŋ/ ; NAmE /ˈhævɪŋ/
1) [intransitive, transitive] to reduce by a half; to make something reduce by a half
ex) Japan did agree to halve its catch of juvenile bluefin (fish too young to reproduce) in the northern Pacific last year.
The shares have halved in value.
halve something The company is halving its prices.
warrant verb
BrE /ˈwɒrənt/ ; NAmE /ˈwɔːrənt/ , /ˈwɑːrənt/
(formal) to make something necessary or appropriate in a particular situation
synonym justify
ex) The Japanese government says that would not be warranted unless stocks drop for three years in a row – a hurdle that most conservationists consider too high.
Further investigation is clearly warranted.
The TV appearance was so brief that it hardly warranted comment.
They do not consider the case serious enough to warrant a government enquiry.
The situation scarcely warrants their/them being dismissed.
fizzle (out)
to gradually fail, become less enthusiastic, or disappear, especially after starting successfully
ex) Early attempts to farm it fizzled, but Kindai University persisted long after an initial research grant from the government ran out in the early 1970s.
rear verb
BrE /rɪə(r)/ ; NAmE /rɪr/
1) [transitive] rear somebody/something [often passive] to care for young children or animals until they are fully grown
synonym bring up, raise
ex) She reared a family of five on her own.
Lions usually manage to rear about half the number of cubs born to them.
2) [transitive] rear something to breed or keep animals or birds, for example on a farm
ex) In 2002, funding itself from sales of other fish, it managed to rear adult tuna from eggs for the first time, rather than simply fattening up juveniles caught at sea.
to rear cattle
fatten verb
BrE /ˈfætn/ ; NAmE /ˈfætn/
[transitive, intransitive] fatten (somebody/something) (up) to make somebody/something fatter, especially an animal before killing it for food; to become fatter
ex) In 2002, funding itself from sales of other fish, it managed to rear adult tuna from eggs for the first time, rather than simply fattening up juveniles caught at sea.
The piglets are taken from the sow to be fattened for market.
She’s very thin after her illness—but we’ll soon fatten her up.
zap verb
BrE /zæp/ ; NAmE /zæp/ (informal)
1) [transitive] to destroy, kill or hit somebody/something suddenly and with force
ex) Now the chefs in Ginza can have a tuna zapped with an electric prod and yanked out of the university’s tanks on demand.
The monster got zapped by a flying saucer (= in a computer game).
It’s vital to zap stress fast.
He jumped like a man who’d been zapped with 1 000 volts.
yank verb
BrE /jæŋk/ ; NAmE /jæŋk/ transitive, intransitive
to pull something/somebody hard, quickly and suddenly
ex) Now the chefs in Ginza can have a tuna zapped with an electric prod and yanked out of the university’s tanks on demand.
He yanked her to her feet.
I yanked the door open.
Liz yanked at my arm.
indicative adjective
BrE /ɪnˈdɪkətɪv/ ; NAmE /ɪnˈdɪkətɪv/
1) [not usually before noun] indicative (of something) (formal) showing or suggesting something
ex) I came from a southern Ohio steel town, and it’s a town that’s really struggling in a lot of ways, ways that are indicative of the broader struggles of America’s working class.
Their failure to act is indicative of their lack of interest.
The rise in unemployment is seen as indicative of a new economic recession.
그런 힘든 일을 다 직접 겪였습니다.
I had a very front-row seat to that struggle.
우리가 알게 된 것들 중 하나는, 안타깝게도, 이 나라에서 사회적 상승을 이루는 것이 우리가 원하는 만큼 잘 이뤄지지 않는다는 것입니다.
And one of the things we’ve learned, unfortunately, is that upward mobility isn’t as high as we’d like it to be in this country.
beset verb
BrE /bɪˈset/ ; NAmE /bɪˈset/
present simple I / you / we / they beset BrE /bɪˈset/ ; NAmE /bɪˈset/
he / she / it besets BrE /bɪˈsets/ ; NAmE /bɪˈsets/
past simple beset BrE /bɪˈset/ ; NAmE /bɪˈset/
past participle beset BrE /bɪˈset/ ; NAmE /bɪˈset/
-ing form besetting BrE /bɪˈsetɪŋ/ ; NAmE /bɪˈsetɪŋ/
[usually passive] (formal) to affect somebody/something in an unpleasant or harmful way
ex) They’re beset by these terrible economic trends, built around industries like coal and steel that make it harder for folks to get ahead.
The team was beset by injury all season.
It’s one of the most difficult problems besetting our modern way of life.
a life beset with financial worries
give somebody a leg-up(British English, informal)
2) to help somebody to improve their situation
ex) There are failing schools in a lot of these communities, failing to give kids the educational leg up that really makes it possible for kids to have opportunities later in life.
The loan from his father gave him a leg-up when he needed it.
conspiratorial adjective
BrE /kənˌspɪrəˈtɔːriəl/ ; NAmE /kənˌspɪrəˈtɔːriəl/
1) connected with, or like, a conspiracy
ex) That’s a tough mindset to penetrate, and it leads sometimes to very conspiratorial places.
있다고 믿는 것이건 실재하는 것이건
And there are a lot of ways that you see that conspiracy against you – perceived or real, but it’s there, and it warps expectations.
Hatred toward women, perceived or real, hurts social cohesion.
warp verb
BrE /wɔːp/ ; NAmE /wɔːrp/
2) [transitive] warp something to influence somebody so that they begin to behave in an unacceptable or shocking way
ex) And there are a lot of ways that you see that conspiracy against you – perceived or real, but it’s there, and it warps expectations.
His judgement was warped by prejudice.
endowment noun
BrE /ɪnˈdaʊmənt/ ; NAmE /ɪnˈdaʊmənt/ (formal)
1) [countable, uncountable] money that is given to a school, a college or another institution to provide it with an income; the act of giving this money
ex) I didn’t know that elite universities, as research consistently tells us, are cheaper for low-income kids because these universities have bigger endowments, can offer more generous financial aid.
제철소, 제강소
A steel mill or steelworks is an industrial plant for the manufacture of steel.
ex) They were middle class, they were able to earn a good wage in a steel mill.
ghastly adjective
BrE /ˈɡɑːstli/ ; NAmE /ˈɡæstli/ (ghastlier, ghastliest)
3) (informal) (of a person or thing) that you find unpleasant and dislike very much
synonym horrible
ex) And what that truly ghastly, awful sound does is stop the single most important behavioral experience that we have, and that’s sleep.
her ghastly husband
This lipstick is a ghastly colour.
I look ghastly in red.
prophetic adjective
BrE /prəˈfetɪk/ ; NAmE /prəˈfetɪk/ (formal)
1) correctly stating or showing what will happen in the future
ex) From the same time: “Sleep is the golden chain that ties health and our bodies together.” Extremely prophetic, by Thomas Dekker, another Elizabethan dramatist.
Many of his warnings proved prophetic.
a book that was prophetic of future developments in science
시상하부
hypothalamus noun
BrE /ˌhaɪpəˈθæləməs/ ; NAmE /ˌhaɪpəˈθæləməs/ (anatomy)
an area in the central lower part of the brain that controls body temperature, hunger and the release of hormones
ex) If we flip the brain on its back – I love this little bit of spinal cord here – this bit here is the hypothalamus, and right under there is a whole raft of interesting structures, not least the biological clock.
외측 시상하부
The Lateral Hypothalamus is a part of the hypothalamus gland and is the portion that controls hunger. Research has shown that damage to this area can cause reduced food intake, presumably through loss of appetite, and that stimulation of this area can increase appetite. Studies indicate that the lateral hypothalamus influences glucose (blood sugar) metabolism and through the body’s inclination towards homeostasis (balance) can increase or decrease blood sugar levels through insulin secretion to increase or decrease appetite.
ex) The biological clock tells us when it’s good to be up, when it’s good to be asleep, and what that structure does is interact with a whole raft of other areas within the hypothalamus, the lateral hypothalamus, the ventrolateral preoptic nuclei.
복측부 시삭전핵
The ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO), also known as the intermediate nucleus of the preoptic area (IPA), is a small cluster of neurons situated in the anterior hypothalamus, sitting just above and to the side of the optic chiasm in the brain of humans and other animals. The VLPO, together with the reticular activating system and the widely projecting orexin neuronal system that originates in the lateral hypothalamus, are the interconnected neural systems which control states of arousal, sleep, and transitions between these two states. The VLPO is active during sleep, primarily during non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREM sleep), and releases inhibitory neurotransmitters, mainly GABA and galanin, which inhibit neurons of the reticular activating system that are involved in wakefulness and arousal. The VLPO is in turn innervated by neurons from the aforementioned neural systems. The VLPO is activated by the sleep-inducing neurotransmitters serotonin and adenosine. and endosomnogens; Prostaglandin D2 The VLPO is inhibited during wakefulness by the arousal-inducing neurotransmitters norepinephrine and acetylcholine. The role of the VLPO in sleep and wakefulness, and its association with sleep disorders - particularly insomnia and narcolepsy - is a growing area of neuroscience research.
ex) The biological clock tells us when it’s good to be up, when it’s good to be asleep, and what that structure does is interact with a whole raft of other areas within the hypothalamus, the lateral hypothalamus, the ventrolateral preoptic nuclei.
뇌간
brainstem noun
BrE /ˈbreɪnstem/ ; NAmE /ˈbreɪnstem/ (anatomy)
the central part of the brain, which continues downwards to form the spinal cord
ex) The brain stem then projects forward and bathes the cortex, this wonderfully wrinkly bit over here, with neurotransmitters that keep us awake and essentially provide us with our consciousness.
신경 전달 물질
neurotransmitter noun
BrE /ˈnjʊərəʊtrænzmɪtə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈnʊroʊtrænzmɪtər/ (biology)
a chemical that carries messages from nerve cells to other nerve cells or muscles
ex) The brain stem then projects forward and bathes the cortex, this wonderfully wrinkly bit over here, with neurotransmitters that keep us awake and essentially provide us with our consciousness.
attenuate verb
BrE /əˈtenjueɪt/ ; NAmE /əˈtenjueɪt/
attenuate something (formal) to make something weaker or less effective
ex) What we know is that, if after you’ve tried to learn a task, and you sleep-deprive individuals, the ability to learn that task is smashed. It’s really hugely attenuated.
The drug attenuates the effects of the virus.
모범을 보임으로써 가르쳐야한다.
We’ve got to teach our kids by example.
욕설 여러가지 표현 + 내뱉다
And I often see them spewing profanities while talking on the street.
profanity BrE /prəˈfænəti/ ; NAmE /prəˈfænəti/ , also /proʊˈfænəti/ (pl. profanities)(formal) swear foul / bad / offensive language bad words
~에 대한 편견
biased / stereotypical view
prejudice
stigma
But the society is generally biased against people with these issues.
They balk at going to the hospital because people generally have a biased view on (=a prejudice against) people with mental issues
I hope the prejudice goes away as soon as possible.
Incredible stigma exists around almost all mental health conditions, and depression is no different.
사회에 널리 퍼져있는 문제
- 사회적 문제
So that is now a society-wide problem that needs to be tackled.
- social problem
pep up somebody | pep up something | pep somebody up | pep something up
(informal) to make somebody/something more interesting or full of energy
synonym liven up
ex) Central banks have been doing their best to pep up demand.
Pep up meals by adding more unusual spices.
A walk in the fresh air will pep you up.
주목 받는 걸 별로 좋아하지 않는다.
They do not naturally crave the limelight.
- limelight noun
BrE /ˈlaɪmlaɪt/ ; NAmE /ˈlaɪmlaɪt/
(also the limelight)
[uncountable]
the centre of public attention
ex) to be in the limelight
to stay out of the limelight
to steal/hog the limelight (= take attention away from other people)
unblinking adjective
BrE /ʌnˈblɪŋkɪŋ/ ; NAmE /ʌnˈblɪŋkɪŋ/ (formal)
if somebody has an unblinking stare or looks with unblinking eyes, they look very steadily at something and do not blink
ex) They do not naturally crave the limelight. But for the past decade the attention on central bankers has been unblinking – and increasingly hostile.
거시 경제의
- 미시 경제의
macroeconomic adjective
BrE /ˌmækrəʊˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk/ ; NAmE /ˌmækroʊˌekəˈnɑːmɪk/ [usually before noun]
connected with large economic systems, such as those of whole countries or areas of the world
ex) Now their signature policy, of keeping interest rates low or even negative, is at the centre of the biggest macroeconomic debate in a generation.
macroeconomic policy
- microeconomic adjective
/ˌmaɪkrəʊˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk/ /ˌmaɪkrəʊˌekəˈnɒmɪk/
relating to specific parts or aspects of an economy
기준 금리
- base rate noun (finance)
a rate of interest, set by a central bank, that banks in Britain use when calculating the amount of interest that they charge on money they lend
- policy rate
Monetary tool used for controlling inflation, determining day-to-day liquidity operations, and for determining other market rates.
ex) In the wake of the Brexit vote, the Bank of England has cut its main policy rate to 0.25%, the lowest in its 300-year history.
(come) hell or high water
despite any difficulties
ex) I was determined to go, come hell or high water.
Come Yellen and high water
wade in | wade into something
(informal) to enter a fight, a discussion or an argument in an aggressive or not very sensitive way
ex) Politicians have waded in.
The police waded into the crowd with batons.
You shouldn’t have waded in with all those unpleasant accusations.
지금 이 논쟁에서는 양쪽 모두 틀린 구석을 가지고 있습니다.
This is a debate on which both sides get a lot wrong.
overshoot verb
BrE /ˌəʊvəˈʃuːt/ ; NAmE /ˌoʊvərˈʃuːt/
2) [transitive] overshoot something (by something) to do more or to spend more money than you originally planned
ex) Only now, for example, has the BoJ explicitly pledged to overshoot its 2% inflation target.
The department may overshoot its cash limit this year.
creditworthy adjective
BrE /ˈkredɪtwɜːði/ ; NAmE /ˈkredɪtwɜːrði/
able to be trusted to pay back money that is owed; safe to lend money to
ex) That impairs their ability to make loans even to the creditworthy.
unending adjective
BrE /ʌnˈendɪŋ/ ; NAmE /ʌnˈendɪŋ/
seeming to last for ever
ex) Unendingly low rates have skewed financial markets, ensuring a big sell-off if rates were suddenly to rise.
a seemingly unending supply of money
the latest in an unending round of meetings
She complained about the seemingly unending stream of violent programmes on television.
sell-off noun
2) (North American English, business) the sale of a large number of stocks and shares, after which their value usually falls
ex) Unendingly low rates have skewed financial markets, ensuring a big sell-off if rates were suddenly to rise.
succour noun
(US English succor)
BrE /ˈsʌkə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈsʌkər/
[uncountable] (literary) help that you give to somebody who is suffering or having problems
ex) But their effects materialise only slowly and economics need succour now.
to give/bring succour to the sick and wounded
white elephant noun
BrE ; NAmE [usually singular]
a thing that is useless and no longer needed, although it may have cost a lot of money
( From the story that in Siam (now Thailand) the king would give a white elephant as a present to somebody that he did not like. That person would have to spend all their money on looking after the rare animal.)
ex) To manage the risk of white-elephant projects, private-sector partners should be involved from the start.
The new office block has become an expensive white elephant.
have one eye/half an eye on something
to look at or watch something while doing something else, especially in a secret way so that other people do not notice; to keep looking at or paying attention to someone or something while you are doing something else
ex) Specialist pension funds can advise on a project’s merits, with one eye on eventually buying the assets in question.
During his talk, most of the delegates had one eye on the clock.
fine-tune verb
fine-tune something to make very small changes to something so that it is as good as it can possibly be
ex) Ambitious capital projects cannot be turned on and off to fine-tune the economy.
whereby adverb
BrE /weəˈbaɪ/ ; NAmE /werˈbaɪ/ (formal)
by which; because of which
ex) To be effective as a countercyclical tool, fiscal policy must mimic the best features of modern-day monetary policy, whereby independent central banks can act immediately to loosen or tighten as circumstances required.
They have introduced a new system whereby all employees must undergo regular training.
Keynesian
ADJECTIVE ECONOMICS /ˈkeɪnziən/
relating to or following the ideas of the British economist John Maynard Keynes, who believed that governments should invest in public projects during times of economic difficulty
ex) Small-government Keynesianism
Keynesian economics/economists
Automaticity /ˌɔːtəməˈtɪsᵻti/
the ability to do things without occupying the mind with the low-level details required, allowing it to become an automatic response pattern or habit. It is usually the result of learning, repetition, and practice.
ex) For that, more automaticity is needed, binding some spending to changes in the economic cycle.
lodestar noun
(also loadstar)
BrE /ˈləʊdstɑː(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈloʊdstɑːr/
1) the Pole Star (= a star that is used by sailors to guide a ship)
2) (formal) a principle that guides somebody’s behaviour or actions
ex) Sales taxes, income-tax deductions or tax-free allowances on saving could similarly vary in line with the state of the economy, using the unemployment rate as the lodestar.
시각 장애인
- 청각 장애인
** 앞을 볼 수 있는 사람
the visually impaired
the blind
- the hearing impaired
** sighted people
시각 장애인
- 청각 장애인
** 앞을 볼 수 있는 사람
the visually impaired
the blind
- the hearing impaired
** sighted people
우리 팀은 대회에서 3등을 해서 50만 달러를 상금으로 탔다.
Our team won half a million dollars by placing third place in this competition.
그래서 우린 하던 걸 다 엎고 처음부터 다시 시작해야 했다.
So we had to throw everything out the window and start from scratch.
- (go) back to the drawing board
They rejected our proposal, so it’s back to the drawing board.
beach buggy noun
BrE ; NAmE
(also dune buggy)
a small car used for driving on sand
ex) So to test this crazy idea, we developed a small dune buggy prototype vehicle to test the feasibility.
시승해 볼 수 있도록 전국에서 수십 명의 시각 장애 청년들을 초대했습니다.
We invited dozens of blind youth from all over the country and gave them a chance to take it for a spin.
각(角)가속도
Angular acceleration is the rate of change of angular velocity. In SI units, it is measured in radians per second squared (rad/s2), and is usually denoted by the Greek letter alpha (α).
ex) So it measures acceleration, angular acceleration – like a human ear, inner ear. We fuse that information with a GPS unit to get an estimate of the location of the car.
fuse verb
BrE /fjuːz/ ; NAmE /fjuːz/
1) [intransitive, transitive] (formal or specialist) when one thing fuses with another, or two things fuse or are fused, they are joined together to form a single thing
ex) We fuse that information with a GPS unit to get an estimate of the location of the car.
As they heal, the bones will fuse together.
Our different ideas fused into a plan.
Their lips fused in a passionate kiss.
The sperm fuses with the egg to begin the process of fertilization.
The two companies have been fused into a single organization.
Atoms of hydrogen are fused to make helium.
ping noun
BrE /pɪŋ/ ; NAmE /pɪŋ/
a short high sound made when a hard object hits something that is made of metal or glass
ex) So starting from a three-dimensional ping sound system, a vibrating vest, a click wheel with voice commands, a let strip, even a shoe that applies pressure to the foot. But today we’re going to talk about three of these non-visual user interfaces.
The bell went ping and the doors opened.
The old cash register opened with a ping.
gut verb
BrE /ɡʌt/ ; NAmE /ɡʌt/
2) gut something to remove the organs from inside a fish or an animal to prepare it for cooking
ex) We gut it out, and we rearrange the vibrating elements in different patterns, and we actuate them to convey information about the speed, and also instructions how to use the gas and the brake pedal.
The fish was already cleaned and gutted.
actuate verb
BrE /ˈæktʃueɪt/ ; NAmE /ˈæktʃueɪt/ (formal)
1) actuate something to make a machine or device start to work
synonym activate
ex) We gut it out, and we rearrange the vibrating elements in different patterns, and we actuate them to convey information about the speed, and also instructions how to use the gas and the brake pedal.
The timer must have been actuated by radio control.
2) [usually passive] actuate somebody to make somebody behave in a particular way
synonym motivate
He was actuated entirely by malice.
grandstand noun
BrE /ˈɡrænstænd/ ; NAmE /ˈɡrænstænd/
a large covered structure with rows of seats for people to watch sports events
ex) He’s coming up to the grandstand, fellow Federationists.
The game was played to a packed grandstand.
From her house, we had a grandstand view (= very good view) of the celebrations.
audacity noun
BrE /ɔːˈdæsəti/ ; NAmE /ɔːˈdæsəti/ [uncountable]
brave but rude or shocking behaviour; the confidence to say or do what you want, despite difficulties, risks, or the negative attitudes of other people 뻔뻔함 무모함 호방함 대담함
synonym nerve
ex) Well this is what it’s all about, this kind of dynamic display of audacity and ingenuity.
He had the audacity to say I was too fat.
She had the audacity to tell him off.
The sheer audacity of the plan amazed everyone.
ingenuity noun
BrE /ˌɪndʒəˈnjuːəti/ ; NAmE /ˌɪndʒəˈnuːəti/ [uncountable]
Add to my wordlist
the ability to invent things or solve problems in clever new ways
synonym inventiveness
ex) Well this is what it’s all about, this kind of dynamic display of audacity and ingenuity.
The problem tested the ingenuity of even the most imaginative students.
