VO Book 2-1 Flashcards
smurfing noun
/ˈsmɜːfɪŋ/
2) the activity of laundering money by conducting a large number of small transactions through banks and bureaux de change
ex) The growth of the cigarette-resale racket, known to police as “smurfing,” appears tied to a growing government appetite for cash.
zip verb
BrE /zɪp/ ; NAmE /zɪp/
3) [intransitive, transitive] zip (something) + adv./prep. (informal) to move very quickly or to make something move very quickly in the direction mentioned
ex) The busy interstate highway that zips through Richmond, Virginia, and up to the crowded cities of the north-east has long been a conduit for handguns bought wholesale in Virginia and sold to drug-dealers in New York.
A sports car zipped past us.
conduit noun
BrE /ˈkɒndjuɪt/ ; NAmE /ˈkɑːnduɪt/
1) (specialist) a pipe, channel or tube which liquid, gas or electrical wire can pass through
2) (formal) a person, an organization or a country that is used to pass things or information to other people or places
ex) The busy interstate highway that zips through Richmond, Virginia, and up to the crowded cities of the north-east has long been a conduit for handguns bought wholesale in Virginia and sold to drug-dealers in New York.
The organization had acted as a conduit for money from the arms industry.
handgun noun
BrE /ˈhændɡʌn/ ; NAmE /ˈhændɡʌn/
- shotgun noun
BrE /ˈʃɒtɡʌn/ ; NAmE /ˈʃɑːtɡʌn/
** rifle noun
BrE /ˈraɪfl/ ; NAmE /ˈraɪfl/
a small gun that you can hold and fire with one hand 권총
synonym pistol/revolver (회전식 연발 권총)
ex) The busy interstate highway that zips through Richmond, Virginia, and up to the crowded cities of the north-east has long been a conduit for handguns bought wholesale in Virginia and sold to drug-dealers in New York.
A man carrying a handgun ordered bank employees to fill a large plastic bag with cash.
- a long gun that fires a lot of small metal bullets (called shot ) and is used especially for shooting birds or animals 산탄총, 엽총
** a gun with a long barrel which you hold to your shoulder to fire 소총 (ex: M16, K2)
ex) a hunting rifle
an assault rifle
wholesale adverb
BrE /ˈhəʊlseɪl/ ; NAmE /ˈhoʊlseɪl/
- in bulk
1) in large quantities, especially so they can be sold again to make a profit
ex) We buy the building materials wholesale.
2) in very large numbers
ex) The busy interstate highway that zips through Richmond, Virginia, and up to the crowded cities of the north-east has long been a conduit for handguns bought wholesale in Virginia and sold to drug-dealers in New York.
These young people die wholesale from heroin overdoses.
- bought or sold in large quantities
ex) Because Virginia’s tobacco tax is the second-lowest in America, gangsters buy cigarettes there in bulk and sell them at enormous profit in New York and other high-tax states.
large companies that buy and sell in bulk
at a profit
so that you make a profit
ex) Because Virginia’s tobacco tax is the second-lowest in America, gangsters buy cigarettes there in bulk and sell them at enormous profit in New York and other high-tax states.
They were buying securities and reselling them at a profit.
pocket verb
BrE /ˈpɒkɪt/ ; NAmE /ˈpɑːkɪt/
2) pocket something to take or keep something, especially an amount of money, that does not belong to you
ex) At a minimum, they pocket a big chunk of the difference between what Virginia adds in tax - 30 cents a packet - and the higher rates imposed elsewhere.
He regularly charges passengers more than the normal fare and pockets the difference.
3) pocket something to earn or win an amount of money
ex) Last year, she pocketed over $1 million in advertising contracts.
She pocketed £500 for coming second.
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives
BrE ; NAmE
(abbreviation ATF)
the division of the US Department of Justice that is responsible for laws relating to alcohol, tobacco, guns and explosives. The Bureau was established in 1972 as part of the Department of the Treasury and was moved to the Department of Justice in 2003 주류·담배·화기 및 폭발물 단속국
ex) The federal Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives estimates that sales of illegal cigarettes cost government - local, state and federal - nearly $10 billion a year.
siphon verb
(also syphon)
BrE /ˈsaɪfn/ ; NAmE /ˈsaɪfn/
2) siphon something (+ adv./prep.) (informal) to remove money from one place and move it to another, especially dishonestly or illegally
synonym divert
ex) Now I-95 is siphoning northwards another form of contraband: black-market cigarettes.
She has been accused of siphoning off thousands of pounds from the company into her own bank account.
contraband noun
BrE /ˈkɒntrəbænd/ ; NAmE /ˈkɑːntrəbænd/ [uncountable]
goods that are illegally taken into or out of a country
ex) Now I-95 is siphoning northwards another form of contraband: black-market cigarettes.
contraband goods
to smuggle contraband
racket noun
BrE /ˈrækɪt/ ; NAmE /ˈrækɪt/
2) [countable] (informal) a dishonest or illegal way of getting money
ex) The growth of the cigarette-resale racket, known to police as “smurfing,” appears tied to a growing government appetite for cash.
a protection/extortion/drugs, etc. racket
spur verb
BrE /spɜː(r)/ ; NAmE /spɜːr/
1) to encourage somebody to do something or to encourage them to try harder to achieve something
ex) This spurs the smugglers on.
Her difficult childhood spurred her on to succeed.
My trainer spurred me to keep up a pace of four miles an hour.
I was spurred into action by the letter.
The band has been spurred on by the success of their last single.
seizure noun
BrE /ˈsiːʒə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈsiːʒər/
- confiscation noun
BrE /ˌkɒnfɪˈskeɪʃn/ ; NAmE /ˌkɑːnfɪˈskeɪʃn/ [uncountable, countable]
** commandeer verb
BrE /ˌkɒmənˈdɪə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˌkɑːmənˈdɪr/
*** conscript verb
BrE /kənˈskrɪpt/ ; NAmE /kənˈskrɪpt/ (especially British English) (usually North American English draft)
1) [uncountable, countable] seizure (of something) the use of legal authority to take something from somebody; an amount of something that is taken in this way
ex) In New Jersey, where a packet of cigarettes carries a tax of $2.70, about 40% of all cigarettes are smuggled in from other states, according to the New Jersey Treasury Department. Maryland, Virginia’s neighbour to the north, reported a fourfold increase in seizures of illegal cigarettes between 2010 and 2012, though one official described the haul as the tip of the iceberg.
The court ordered the seizure of his assets.
the largest ever seizure of cocaine at a British port
- the act of officially taking something away from somebody, especially as a punishment
ex) If found guilty of this crime they face heavy fines, confiscation of goods and even imprisonment.
** commandeer something to take control of a building, a vehicle, etc. for military purposes during a war, or by force for your own use
synonym requisition
ex) A group of young men had commandeered a truck, and were driving around the town in it.
The soldiers had commandeered the farm and the villa five months ago.
*** [usually passive] conscript somebody (into something) to make somebody join the armed forces
synonym call up
ex) He was conscripted into the army in 1939.
to be conscripted for military service
-fold suffix
(in adjectives and adverbs) multiplied by; having the number of parts mentioned
ex) Maryland, Virginia’s neighbour to the north, reported a fourfold increase in seizures of illegal cigarettes between 2010 and 2012, though one official described the haul as the tip of the iceberg.
to increase tenfold
haul noun
BrE /hɔːl/ ; NAmE /hɔːl/
1) a large amount of something that has been stolen or that is illegal
ex) Maryland, Virginia’s neighbour to the north, reported a fourfold increase in seizures of illegal cigarettes between 2010 and 2012, though one official described the haul as the tip of the iceberg.
a haul of weapons
a drugs haul
the tip of the iceberg
only a small part of a much larger problem
ex) Maryland, Virginia’s neighbour to the north, reported a fourfold increase in seizures of illegal cigarettes between 2010 and 2012, though one official described the haul as the tip of the iceberg.
This figure represents only the tip of the iceberg, since as many as 90% of cases go unreported.
intent noun
BrE /ɪnˈtent/ ; NAmE /ɪnˈtent/
1) [SINGULAR/UNCOUNTABLE] intent (to do something) (formal or law) what you intend to do
synonym intention
ex) The government has declared its intent to put the railways into private ownership.
a letter/statement of intent
His intent is clearly not to placate his critics.
2) [UNCOUNTABLE] LEGAL the intention to commit a crime or an offence
ex) Virginia, a big tobacco state since colonial times, has recently declared it illegal to buy and possess, with intent to sell elsewhere, more than 5,000 cigarettes.
She denies possessing the drug with intent to supply.
He was charged with wounding with intent.
He’s been charged with possessing a firearm with intent to endanger life.
nifty adjective
BrE /ˈnɪfti/ ; NAmE /ˈnɪfti/ (informal)
- niftily adverb
1) skilful and accurate
ex) There’s some nifty guitar work on his latest CD.
2) practical; working well
synonym handy
ex) a nifty little gadget for slicing cucumbers
* ex) Smugglers can niftily get 600 cartons (that is, ten packs of 20 cigarettes) into a car, and 12,000 into a large van.
gunrunning noun
BrE /ˈɡʌnrʌnɪŋ/ ; NAmE /ˈɡʌnrʌnɪŋ/ [uncountable]
the activity of bringing guns into a country secretly and illegally
ex) When gunrunning was at its peak, I-95 was known as the “iron highway.” Now it is the new Tobacco Road.
practice noun
BrE /ˈpræktɪs/ ; NAmE /ˈpræktɪs/
- practise verb
(especially US English practice)
BrE /ˈpræktɪs/ ; NAmE /ˈpræktɪs/
** teaching hospital noun
5) [uncountable, countable] the work or the business of some professional people such as doctors, dentists and lawyers; the place where they work
ex) I recently learned that a doctor friend has seriously considered quitting her job at her medical school to go into private practice.
the practice of medicine
Students should have prior experience of veterinary practice.
My solicitor is no longer in practice.
a successful medical/dental/law practice
- 3) [intransitive, transitive] to work as a doctor, lawyer, etc.
ex) She practices medicine.
There are over 50 000 solicitors practising in England and Wales.
She practised as a barrister for many years.
He was banned from practising medicine.
** a hospital where medical students are taught. Many of Britain’s largest and best-known hospitals are teaching hospitals. As well as having medical students, they also have some of the best doctors and equipment in the country. Teaching hospitals in the US are often part of medical schools or associated with them. 의과 대학 부속 병원, 수련 병원
recount1 verb
BrE /rɪˈkaʊnt/ ; NAmE /rɪˈkaʊnt/ (formal)
to tell somebody about something, especially something that you have experienced
ex) She recounted how, much more than her male colleagues, she would get assigned to work during major holidays, cover for others’ absences and sit on administrative committees that took time away from the research required to advance her career.
She was asked to recount the details of the conversation to the court.
They recounted what had happened during those years.
‘It was before the war,’ he recounted.
sit on
1) to be a member of (a committee, etc)
ex) She recounted how, much more than her male colleagues, she would get assigned to work during major holidays, cover for others’ absences and sit on administrative committees that took time away from the research required to advance her career.
discrepancy noun
BrE /dɪsˈkrepənsi/ ; NAmE /dɪsˈkrepənsi/ (pl. discrepancies)[countable, uncountable]
- disparity noun
BrE /dɪˈspærəti/ ; NAmE /dɪˈspærəti/ uncountable, countable(formal)
a difference between two or more things that should be the same
ex) When she spoke to her chairman about the discrepancies, he listened - but never responded to her repeated requests for a raise or more support.
wide discrepancies in prices quoted for the work
What are the reasons for the discrepancy between girls’ and boys’ performance in school?
- a difference, especially one connected with unfair treatment
ex) More than half of the women professors surveyed reported being discriminated against or sexually harassed, even as most of thier male colleagues believed that such disparities in their institutions did not exist.
the wide disparity between rich and poor
growing regional disparities in economic prosperity
relay verb
BrE /ˈriːleɪ/ ; NAmE /ˈriːleɪ/ ; BrE /rɪˈleɪ/ ; NAmE /rɪˈleɪ/
1) relay something (to somebody) to receive and send on information, news, etc. to somebody
ex) When she described her situation to some male colleagues, they listened attentively, then began relaying their own frustration with how little support they got from superiors.
He relayed the message to his boss.
Instructions were relayed to him by phone.
anywhere
pronoun/adverb
BrE /ˈeniweə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈeniwer/
North American English also anyplace
3) used for saying that a number or amount is within a particular range, when you cannot give a single exact figure
ex) While historically most doctors were men, medical schools began broadening their admissions policies a little over a generation ago, so that women soon made up anywhere from a third to half of all students and trainees and an increasing percentage of the professors.
A headteacher can earn anywhere between £25,000 and £80,000 a year, depending on the size of the school.
The journey can take anywhere from 20 minutes to an hour.
discriminate verb
BrE /dɪˈskrɪmɪneɪt/ ; NAmE /dɪˈskrɪmɪneɪt/
2) [intransitive] to treat one person or group worse/better than another in an unfair way
ex) More than half of the women professors surveyed reported being discriminated against or sexually harassed, even as most of thier male colleagues believed that such disparities in their institutions did not exist.
practices that discriminate against women and in favour of men
It is illegal to discriminate on grounds of race, sex or religion.
fare verb
BrE /feə(r)/ ; NAmE /fer/
[intransitive] fare well, badly, better, etc. to be successful/unsuccessful in a particular situation
synonym get on
ex) Other studies found that women faculty members continued to make less money than their male peers, were promoted more slowly and even fared worse in academia’s most revered expression of meritocracy, the peer-review process.
Girls tend to fare better than boys in college.
Introverts tend to fare worse in the military than their merrier friends.
The party fared very badly in the last election.
The North, by and large, has fared better than most regions in avoiding high unemployment figures.
academia noun
BrE /ˌækəˈdiːmiə/ ; NAmE /ˌækəˈdiːmiə/
(formal or humorous academe BrE /ˈækədiːm/ ; NAmE /ˈækədiːm/ 학자 생활, 학구적 생활, 학구, 학자연하는 사람, 학원, 대학)
[uncountable]
the world of learning, teaching, research, etc. at universities, and the people involved in it
leading figures from academia and industry 학계
ex) Other studies found that women faculty members continued to make less money than their male peers, were promoted more slowly and even fared worse in academia’s most revered expression of meritocracy, the peer-review process.
revere verb
BrE /rɪˈvɪə(r)/ ; NAmE /rɪˈvɪr/
[usually passive] revere somebody (as something) (formal) to feel great respect or admiration for somebody/something
synonym idolize
ex) Other studies found that women faculty members continued to make less money than their male peers, were promoted more slowly and even fared worse in academia’s most revered expression of meritocracy, the peer-review process.
Her name is revered in Spain.
He is now revered as a national hero.
meritocracy noun
BrE /ˌmerɪˈtɒkrəsi/ ; NAmE /ˌmerɪˈtɑːkrəsi/ (pl. meritocracies)
1) [countable, uncountable] a country or social system where people get power or money on the basis of their ability 능력[실력] 주의
ex) Other studies found that women faculty members continued to make less money than their male peers, were promoted more slowly and even fared worse in academia’s most revered expression of meritocracy, the peer-review process.
merit-based payment scheme 성과급제 | seniority-based payment scheme 연공서열제 (호봉제)
postulate verb
BrE /ˈpɒstjuleɪt/ ; NAmE /ˈpɑːstʃəleɪt/
postulate something | postulate that… (formal) to suggest or accept that something is true so that it can be used as the basis for a theory, etc.
synonym posit
ex) Other experts postulated that women were more sensitive to unfair treatment because they tended to be more relationship-oriented than their male colleagues.
They postulated a 500-year lifespan for a plastic container.
attribute verb
BrE /əˈtrɪbjuːt/ ; NAmE /əˈtrɪbjuːt/
1) attribute something to something to say or believe that something is the result of a particular thing
ex) Some researchers attributed the persistent issue to a “pipeline problem,” insufficient numbers of senior level women in medicine, particularly in certain specialties like surgery.
She attributes her success to hard work and a little luck.
2) to say or believe that somebody is responsible for doing something, especially for saying, writing or painting something
ex) The committee refused to attribute blame without further information.
This play is usually attributed to Shakespeare.
offer up
2) to provide something that is intended to impress, please, or satisfy someone
ex) Still others offered up what amounted to a tautological zinger: by choosing not to leave academic medicine, women simply had more opportunities to experience harassment.
The friendly staff offer up a real taste of Southwest America.
tautological adjective
BrE /ˌtɔːtəˈlɒdʒɪkl/ ; NAmE /ˌtɔːtəˈlɑːdʒɪkl/
(of a statement, etc.) saying the same thing twice in different words, when this is unnecessary, for example ‘They spoke in turn, one after the other.’
synonym tautologous
ex) Still others offered up what amounted to a tautological zinger: by choosing not to leave academic medicine, women simply had more opportunities to experience harassment.
quip noun
BrE /kwɪp/ ; NAmE /kwɪp/
a quick and clever remark
ex) to make a quip
The senator made several quips during the interview, which got the audience laughing.
part noun
BrE /pɑːt/ ; NAmE /pɑːrt/
as part of
1) [COUNTABLE] one of the pieces, sections, aspects etc that something consists of
ex) The latest study, conducted as part of the National Initiative on Gender, Culture and Leadership in Medicine and published in The Journal of General Internal Medicine, offers another reason for women’s discontent in academic medical centers: the organizational culture, or the norms of behavior and implicit values of these institutions. And it’s not just women who are feeling demoralized.
discontent noun
BrE /ˌdɪskənˈtent/ ; NAmE /ˌdɪskənˈtent/
(also discontentment BrE /ˌdɪskənˈtentmənt/ ; NAmE /ˌdɪskənˈtentmənt/ )
[uncountable, countable] discontent (at/over/with something) a feeling of being unhappy because you are not satisfied with a particular situation; something that makes you have this feeling
synonym dissatisfaction
ex) The latest study, conducted as part of the National Initiative on Gender, Culture and Leadership in Medicine and published in The Journal of General Internal Medicine, offers another reason for women’s discontent in academic medical centers: the organizational culture, or the norms of behavior and implicit values of these institutions. And it’s not just women who are feeling demoralized.
There is widespread discontent among the staff at the proposed changes to pay and conditions.
(formal) There are a wide variety of popular discontents which need discussing.
norm noun
BrE /nɔːm/ ; NAmE /nɔːrm/
2) norms [plural] standards of behaviour that are typical of or accepted within a particular group or society
ex) The latest study, conducted as part of the National Initiative on Gender, Culture and Leadership in Medicine and published in The Journal of General Internal Medicine, offers another reason for women’s discontent in academic medical centers: the organizational culture, or the norms of behavior and implicit values of these institutions. And it’s not just women who are feeling demoralized.
social/cultural norms
She considered people to be products of the values and norms of the society they lived in.
implicit adjective
BrE /ɪmˈplɪsɪt/ ; NAmE /ɪmˈplɪsɪt/
1) implicit (in something) suggested without being directly expressed
ex) The latest study, conducted as part of the National Initiative on Gender, Culture and Leadership in Medicine and published in The Journal of General Internal Medicine, offers another reason for women’s discontent in academic medical centers: the organizational culture, or the norms of behavior and implicit values of these institutions. And it’s not just women who are feeling demoralized.
Implicit in his speech was the assumption that they were guilty.
implicit criticism
These assumptions are implicit in his writing.
3) complete and not doubted
synonym absolute
ex) She had the implicit trust of her staff.
demoralize verb
(British English also -ise)
BrE /dɪˈmɒrəlaɪz/ ; NAmE /dɪˈmɔːrəlaɪz/
[usually passive] demoralize somebody to make somebody lose confidence or hope
synonym dishearten
ex) The latest study, conducted as part of the National Initiative on Gender, Culture and Leadership in Medicine and published in The Journal of General Internal Medicine, offers another reason for women’s discontent in academic medical centers: the organizational culture, or the norms of behavior and implicit values of these institutions. And it’s not just women who are feeling demoralized.
Constant criticism is enough to demoralize anybody.
The world depression further demoralized the labour movement.
Many members were demoralized by the leadership’s failure to implement reforms.
administer verb
BrE /ədˈmɪnɪstə(r)/ ; NAmE /ədˈmɪnɪstər/
3) administer something (to somebody) (formal) to give or to provide something, especially in a formal way
ex) The researchers administered a 20-minute questionnaire to over 2,000 faculty members at more than 25 academic medical centers and asked if their work energized them, if they felt ignored or invisible, if they felt pressure to be more aggressive or compromise their values and if their institution promoted altruistic and public service values.
The teacher has the authority to administer punishment.
A taxi driver administered first aid to the victims.
The priest was called to administer the last rites.
altruistic adjective
BrE /ˌæltruˈɪstɪk/ ; NAmE /ˌæltruˈɪstɪk/ (formal)
- altruism noun
BrE /ˈæltruɪzəm/ ; NAmE /ˈæltruɪzəm/ uncountable
caring about the needs and happiness of other people more than your own
ex) The researchers administered a 20-minute questionnaire to over 2,000 faculty members at more than 25 academic medical centers and asked if their work energized them, if they felt ignored or invisible, if they felt pressure to be more aggressive or compromise their values and if their institution promoted altruistic and public service values.
altruistic behaviour
- the fact of caring about the needs and happiness of other people more than your own
ex) Politicians are not necessarily motivated by pure altruism.
marginalize verb
(British English also -ise)
BrE /ˈmɑːdʒɪnəlaɪz/ ; NAmE /ˈmɑːrdʒɪnəlaɪz/
marginalize somebody to make somebody feel as if they are not important and cannot influence decisions or events; to put somebody in a position in which they have no power
ex) As in earlier studies, more women than men felt marginalized and discriminated against, despite being as ambitious and engaged in work as their male colleagues.
distress noun
BrE /dɪˈstres/ ; NAmE /dɪˈstres/ [uncountable]
1) a feeling of great worry or unhappiness; great suffering
ex) And the men were just as likely as the women to feel what experts have termed “moral distress,” a sense of being trapped and forced to compromise on what one believes is right or just.
The newspaper article caused the actor considerable distress.
She was obviously in distress after the attack.
deep emotional distress
just adjective
BrE /dʒʌst/ ; NAmE /dʒʌst/ [usually before noun]
1) that most people consider to be morally fair and reasonable
synonym fair
ex) And the men were just as likely as the women to feel what experts have termed “moral distress,” a sense of being trapped and forced to compromise on what one believes is right or just.
a just decision/law/society
dehumanize verb
(British English also -ise)
BrE /ˌdiːˈhjuːmənaɪz/ ; NAmE /ˌdiːˈhjuːmənaɪz/
dehumanize somebody to make somebody lose their human qualities such as kindness, pity, etc.
ex) We have this dehumanizing organizational culture in academic medicine that doesn’t allow people to realize their potential or be as vital and productive as they can be.
the dehumanizing effects of poverty and squalor
it remains to be seen
it is not yet certain
ex) While it remains to be seen whether these changes will endure, it has become clearer that men, as well as women, stand to benefit from any improvement.
It remains to be seen who will win.
for better or (for) worse
used to say that something cannot be changed, whether the result is good or bad
ex) She added: “That culture is like the air we breathe or the water that fish swim in. It has the potential, for better or worse, to affect everybody in the same way.”
우리가 숨 쉬고 마시는 공기나 물 같은 것…
Love is like the air we breathe and the water we drink. You can never live without it.
iron rice bowl
“Iron rice bowl” (simplified Chinese: 铁饭碗; traditional Chinese: 鐵飯碗; pinyin: tiě fàn wǎn) is a Chinese term used to refer to an occupation with guaranteed job security, as well as steady income and benefits.
ex) It is also thanks to health, pension and (sometimes) housing benefits, which are seen as generous and permanent in a society with an underfunded safety net - a modern version of the unbreakable Maoist “iron rice-bowl” of state employment.
as it is known
experts/people who know about these things believe that…
ex) “Diving into the sea” of commerce, or xia hai as it is known, became accepted as the way to make money and get ahead, and interest in government jobs declined.
Wangdda, as it is known in Korea, is in fact a global problem.
reversal noun
BrE /rɪˈvɜːsl/ ; NAmE /rɪˈvɜːrsl/
- about-turn noun
BrE /əˌbaʊt ˈtɜːn/ ; NAmE /əˌbaʊt ˈtɜːrn/ (British English)
(also about-face North American English, British English)
[singular]
1) [countable, uncountable] reversal (of something) a change of something so that it is the opposite of what it was
ex) Over the past decade, though, in an extraordinary reversal, young jobseekers have been applying in droves for government posts, even as the economy has quadrupled in size.
a complete/dramatic/sudden reversal of policy
the reversal of a decision
The government suffered a total reversal of fortune(s) last week.
- in ~~
- a complete change of opinion, plan or behaviour
ex) In an about-face from his previous position, she said she was leaving the company to take care of her babies.
The government did an about-turn over nuclear energy.
drove noun
BrE /drəʊv/ ; NAmE /droʊv/ [usually plural]
a large number of people or animals, often moving or doing something as a group
ex) Over the past decade, though, in an extraordinary reversal, young jobseekers have been applying in droves for government posts, even as the economy has quadrupled in size.
droves of tourists
People were leaving the countryside in droves to look for work in the cities.
The gallery had its busiest day ever, as droves of people poured into its new premises by the docks.
Tourists started arriving in their droves.
sit verb
BrE /sɪt/ ; NAmE /sɪt/
6) [transitive, intransitive] (rather formal) to do an exam (British English)
ex) On November 25th the national civil-service examinations will take place, and about 1.4m people will sit them, 20 times more than a decade ago.
Candidates will sit the examinations in June.
Most of the students sit at least 5 GCSEs.
He was about to sit for his entrance exam.
long odds
if you say that it’s long odds that something will happen, you mean that it is not very likely
ex) Of that number, only 20,800 will be hired by government (millions more sit the equivalent provincial exams with similarly long odds of being hired).
Maoist adjective
BrE /ˈmaʊɪst/ ; NAmE /ˈmaʊɪst/
following the ideas of the 20th century Chinese communist (1) leader Mao Zedong 모택동(마오쩌둥) 주의의
ex) It is also thanks to health, pension and (sometimes) housing benefits, which are seen as generous and permanent in a society with an underfunded safety net - a modern version of the unbreakable Maoist “iron rice-bowl” of state employment.
resurgent adjective
BrE /rɪˈsɜːdʒənt/ ; NAmE /rɪˈsɜːrdʒənt/ usually before noun
becoming stronger or more popular again
ex) This helps account for the resurgent appeal of the party as a conveyor of status, connections and spoils.
a resurgent economy
resurgent nationalism
conveyor noun
BrE /kənˈveɪə(r)/ ; NAmE /kənˈveɪər/
2) (also conveyer) (formal) a person or thing that carries something or makes something known
ex) This helps account for the resurgent appeal of the party as a conveyor of status, connections and spoils.
spoil noun
BrE /spɔɪl/ ; NAmE /spɔɪl/
1) the spoils [plural] (formal or literary) goods taken from a place by thieves or by an army that has won a battle or war
ex) the spoils of war
The robbers divided up the spoils.
2) spoils [plural] the profits or advantages that somebody gets from being successful
ex) This helps account for the resurgent appeal of the party as a conveyor of status, connections and spoils.
the spoils of high office
The two teams shared the spoils with a 1–1 result.
plum adjective
BrE /plʌm/ ; NAmE /plʌm/
[only before noun] (of a job, etc.) considered very good and worth having
ex) Other routes exist into plum state jobs - having a well-placed friend or relative in government always helps - but, in a faint echo of China’s ancient imperial exam system, civil-service tests, introduced on a national level in 1994, offer a relatively merit-based way to get in.
She’s landed a plum job at the BBC.
well-placed adjective
(well placed when postpositive) having an advantageous position
ex) Other routes exist into plum state jobs - having a well-placed friend or relative in government always helps - but, in a faint echo of China’s ancient imperial exam system, civil-service tests, introduced on a national level in 1994, offer a relatively merit-based way to get in.
aspirant noun
BrE /əˈspaɪərənt/ ; NAmE /əˈspaɪərənt/ ; BrE /ˈæspərənt/ ; NAmE /ˈæspərənt/
aspirant (to/for something) (formal) a person with a strong desire to achieve a position of importance or to win a competition
ex) Successful applicants may be disappointed once they show up for work, but the perception persists, among both aspirants and detractors, that being an official is the road to security and wealth (and if you’re lucky, Ferraris and mistresses).
aspirants to the title of world champion
They were asked to select the party candidate from 20 aspirants.
There are a handful of other leading aspirants to the title.
detractor noun
BrE /dɪˈtræktə(r)/ ; NAmE /dɪˈtræktər/ usually plural
a person who tries to make somebody/something seem less good or valuable by criticizing it
ex) Successful applicants may be disappointed once they show up for work, but the perception persists, among both aspirants and detractors, that being an official is the road to security and wealth (and if you’re lucky, Ferraris and mistresses).
Almost all of Mr. Han’s detractors are now gone from the hagwon industry.
Detractors claim the building will be ugly and impractical.
sobering adjective
BrE /ˈsəʊbərɪŋ/ ; NAmE /ˈsoʊbərɪŋ/
making you feel serious and think carefully
ex) In fact, he is a sobering example of just what is awaiting many of those hopeful applicants.
a sobering effect/experience/thought, etc.
It is sobering to realize that this is not a new problem.
bespectacled adjective
BrE /bɪˈspektəkld/ ; NAmE /bɪˈspektəkld/ (formal)
wearing spectacles
ex) Mr. Zhang (not his real name) is bespectacled, with chubby cheeks, his sleeves rolled up as he eats dinner and chain-smokes.
low-end adjective
BrE ; NAmE [usually before noun]
at the cheaper end of a range of similar products
ex) The cigarettes are an unglamorous provincial brand and his mobile phone is a low-end Nokia.
climb noun
BrE /klaɪm/ ; NAmE /klaɪm/
4) [usually singular] progress to a higher status, standard or position
ex) Mr. Zhang, who is 27, is beginning his climb up the bureaucracy in the capital of a province, Shanxi, south-west of Beijing, which is reputed to be among the most corrupt and least competently governed.
a rapid climb to stardom
the long slow climb out of the recession
reputed adjective
BrE /rɪˈpjuːtɪd/ ; NAmE /rɪˈpjuːtɪd/ [not usually before noun]
generally thought to be something or to have done something, although this is not certain
synonym rumoured
ex) Mr. Zhang, who is 27, is beginning his climb up the bureaucracy in the capital of a province, Shanxi, south-west of Beijing, which is reputed to be among the most corrupt and least competently governed.
He is reputed to be the best heart surgeon in the country.
The house is wrongly reputed to have been the poet’s birthplace.
She sold her share of the company for a reputed £7 million.
cushy adjective
BrE /ˈkʊʃi/ ; NAmE /ˈkʊʃi/ (cushier, cushiest)(informal, often disapproving)
very easy and pleasant; needing little or no effort
ex) The jobs are hard to get, says Mr. Zhang, but they are not the cushy sinecures that many assume.
a cushy job
sinecure noun
BrE /ˈsɪnɪkjʊə(r)/ , /ˈsaɪnɪkjʊər/ ; NAmE /ˈsaɪnɪkjʊr/ (formal)
a job that you are paid for even though it involves little or no work
ex) The jobs are hard to get, says Mr. Zhang, but they are not the cushy sinecures that many assume.
compile verb
BrE /kəmˈpaɪl/ ; NAmE /kəmˈpaɪl/
1) compile something to produce a book, list, report, etc. by bringing together different items, articles, songs, etc.
ex) He works from 8am until midnight on most days, he says, compiling dry reports on topics like coal production and sales for higher-level officials.
We are trying to compile a list of suitable people for the job.
The album was compiled from live recordings from last year’s tour.
command verb
BrE /kəˈmɑːnd/ ; NAmE /kəˈmænd/
3) [transitive, no passive] (not used in the progressive tenses) command something to deserve and get something because of the special qualities you have
ex) He commands a modest salary by urban standards - about 2,800 yuan ($450) a month, in a city where a decent flat near his office rents for two-thirds that much.
to command sympathy/support
She was able to command the respect of the class.
The headlines commanded her attention.
As a top lawyer, he can expect to command a six-figure salary.
stand/be in contrast to
to be very different from something else
ex) This picture of dedication and loneliness stands in sharp contrast to the popular image.
Her views stand in stark contrast to those of her colleagues.
장씨는 대중들이 관계의 부패에 대해 느끼는 혐오감 만큼이나 자기도 똑같이 느낀다고 말합니다.
Mr. Zhang says he is as disgusted as the general public is with official corruption.
counter verb
BrE /ˈkaʊntə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈkaʊntər/
1) [transitive, intransitive] to reply to somebody by trying to prove that what they said is not true
ex) Mr. Zhang counters that he took the exam precisely so that he would not end up like the noodle-vendor.
Such arguments are not easily countered.
I tried to argue but he countered that the plans were not yet finished.
‘But I was standing right here!’ he countered.
Butler has countered with a lawsuit against the firm.
cadre noun
BrE /ˈkɑːdə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈkædri/ (formal)
1) [countable + singular or plural verb] a small group of people who are specially chosen and trained for a particular purpose
ex) The chance is small, but Chinese culture is deeply influenced by official cadre culture.
a cadre of scientific experts
rung noun
BrE /rʌŋ/ ; NAmE /rʌŋ/
one of the bars that forms a step in a ladder
ex) Of China’s 6.9m civil servants, about 900,000 are, like Mr. Zhang, at the lowest official rung of government above entry-level.
He put his foot on the bottom rung to keep the ladder steady.
She climbed the last few rungs of the ladder.
(figurative) to get a foot on the bottom rung of the career ladder
She was a few rungs above him on the social ladder.
entry-level adjective
BrE ; NAmE [usually before noun]
2) (of a job) at the lowest level in a company
ex) Of China’s 6.9m civil servants, about 900,000 are, like Mr. Zhang, at the lowest official rung of government above entry-level.
pad verb
BrE /pæd/ ; NAmE /pæd/
3) [TRANSITIVE] to put false amounts or information on a document so that you get more money than you should
ex) Even when they compete for promotions on merit, some officials will pad their CVs with fake graduate degrees.
He was charged with padding expense claims and telephone bills.
roiling adjective
BrE /ˈrɔɪlɪŋ/ ; NAmE /ˈrɔɪlɪŋ/ (literary)
(of the sea or clouds) moving around violently
synonym turbulent (2)
ex) If college graduates knew what careers awaited them after the civil-service exam, they might reconsider the roiling seas of commerce.
the roiling sea
rescind verb
BrE /rɪˈsɪnd/ ; NAmE /rɪˈsɪnd/
rescind something (formal) to officially state that a law, contract, decision, etc. is no longer valid
synonym revoke
ex) The Danish government rescinds its unwieldy fat tax.
The agreement was rescinded on 20 March 1993.
unwieldy adjective
BrE /ʌnˈwiːldi/ ; NAmE /ʌnˈwiːldi/
2) (of a system or group of people) difficult to control or organize because it is very large or complicated
ex) The Danish government rescinds its unwieldy fat tax.
whoop verb
BrE /wuːp/ ; NAmE /wuːp/ ; BrE /huːp/ ; NAmE /huːp/
[intransitive] to shout loudly because you are happy or excited
ex) Farmers, retailers and shoppers whooped with joy this week when the government announced the abolition of one of its most hated taxes: a tariff on saturated fats, imposed just over a year ago.
He whooped for joy as the ball hit the back of the net.
The kids were opening their presents and whooping with delight.
undoubtedly adverb
BrE /ʌnˈdaʊtɪdli/ ; NAmE /ʌnˈdaʊtɪdli/
used to emphasize that something exists or is definitely true
synonym indubitably
ex) The tax was undoubtedly well intentioned.
There is undoubtedly a great deal of truth in what he says.
strain noun
BrE /streɪn/ ; NAmE /streɪn/
1) [uncountable, countable] pressure on somebody/something because they have too much to do or manage, or something very difficult to deal with; the problems, worry or anxiety that this produces
ex) Higher prices for unhealthy foods would reduce consumption and improve public health; obesity levels and cardiovascular disease would fall; strains on health-care budgets would be eased.
Their marriage is under great strain at the moment.
These repayments are putting a strain on our finances.
Relax, and let us take the strain (= do things for you).
The transport service cannot cope with the strain of so many additional passengers.
You will learn to cope with the stresses and strains of public life.
I found it a strain having to concentrate for so long.
There are strains in the relationship between the two countries.
cumbersome adjective
BrE /ˈkʌmbəsəm/ ; NAmE /ˈkʌmbərsəm/
2) slow and complicated
ex) Yet in practice, the world’s first fat tax proved to be a cumbersome chore with undesirable side effects.
cumbersome legal procedures
fare noun
BrE /feə(r)/ ; NAmE /fer/
3) [uncountable] (old-fashioned or formal) food that is offered as a meal
ex) The tax’s advocates wanted to hit things like potato crisps and hot dogs, but it was applied also to high-end fare like specialty cheeses.
The restaurant provides good traditional fare.
(figurative) His student drawings were not standard art school fare.
the nanny state
a disapproving way of talking about the fact that government seems to get too much involved in people’s lives and to protect them too much, in a way that limits their freedom
ex) Critics saw the tax as the worst excesses of the nanny state.
jaunt noun
BrE /dʒɔːnt/ ; NAmE /dʒɔːnt/ (old-fashioned or humorous)
a short journey that you make for pleasure
synonym excursion
ex) Family jaunts to Germany or Sweden to stock up on beer, fizzy drinks, butter and sugary delights became a national
stock up | stock up on something | stock up with something
to buy a lot of something so that you can use it later
ex) Family jaunts to Germany or Sweden to stock up on beer, fizzy drinks, butter and sugary delights became a national
We ought to stock up on film before our trip.
Dane noun
BrE /deɪn/ ; NAmE /deɪn/
- Swede noun
BrE /swiːd/ ; NAmE /swiːd/
** Finn noun
BrE /fɪn/ ; NAmE /fɪn/
*** Norwegian noun,adjective
BrE /nɔːˈwiːdʒən/ ; NAmE /nɔːrˈwiːdʒən/
** Pole noun
BrE /pəʊl/ ; NAmE /poʊl/
***** Czech noun,adjective
BrE /tʃek/ ; NAmE /tʃek/
**** Belgian noun,adjective
BrE /ˈbeldʒən/ ; NAmE /ˈbeldʒən/
*** Dutchman noun
BrE /ˈdʌtʃmən/ ; NAmE /ˈdʌtʃmən/
Dutchwoman noun
BrE /ˈdʌtʃwʊmən/ ; NAmE /ˈdʌtʃwʊmən/
Hollander noun
(ˈhɒləndə )
a person from Denmark
ex) One study found 48% of Danes doing some cross-border shopping.
* a person from Sweden
** a person from Finland
*** (a person) from Norway
** a person from Poland
***** (a person) from the Czech Republic
**** (a person) from Belgium
*** a man from the Netherlands | a woman from the Netherlands | another name for a Dutchman
on preposition
BrE /ɒn/ ; NAmE /ɑːn/ , /ɔːn/
16) compared with somebody/something
ex) A report by the tax ministry put the 2012 value of these trips at DKK [Danish Krone] 10.5 billion ($1.8 billion)
Sales in the second quarter rose 20% year on year.
Sales are up on last year.
bugbear noun
BrE /ˈbʌɡbeə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈbʌɡber/ (especially British English)
a thing that annoys people and that they worry about
ex) Another bugbear was how the tax was applied to meat.
Inflation is the government’s main bugbear.
carcass noun
(also British English, less frequent carcase)
BrE /ˈkɑːkəs/ ; NAmE /ˈkɑːrkəs/
the dead body of an animal, especially of a large one or of one that is ready for cutting up as meat
ex) It was imposed per carcass not per cut, which meant higher prices for lean sirloin steak as well as for fatty burgers.
vultures scavenging for carcasses on the road
She boiled up the chicken carcass (= the bones of a cooked chicken) to make soup.
sirloin noun
BrE /ˈsɜːlɔɪn/ ; NAmE /ˈsɜːrlɔɪn/
(also sirloin steak)
[uncountable, countable]
- tenderloin noun
BrE /ˈtendəlɔɪn/ ; NAmE /ˈtendərlɔɪn/ [uncountable]
good quality beef that is cut from a cow’s back 등심
ex) It was imposed per carcass not per cut, which meant higher prices for lean sirloin steak as well as for fatty burgers.
* good quality meat from the back or side of a cow or pig 안심
go verb
BrE /ɡəʊ/ ; NAmE /ɡoʊ/
27) [intransitive] somebody/something must/has to/can go used to talk about wanting to get rid of somebody/something
ex) Not everybody is happy to see the fat tax go.
The old sofa will have to go.
He’s useless—he’ll have to go.
put something before/above something
to treat something as more important than something else
ex) The Danish medical association accused politicians of putting the economy before public health.
hoard verb
BrE /hɔːd/ ; NAmE /hɔːrd/
[intransitive, transitive] hoard (something) to collect and keep large amounts of food, money, etc., especially secretly
ex) But these data, said sceptics said, were skewed by hoarding in the run-up to the legislation as well as by cross-border shopping in its wake.
sceptic noun(British English)
(North American English skeptic)
BrE /ˈskeptɪk/ ; NAmE /ˈskeptɪk/
a person who usually doubts that claims or statements are true, especially those that other people believe in
ex) But these data, said sceptics said, were skewed by hoarding in the run-up to the legislation as well as by cross-border shopping in its wake.
I am a born sceptic.
He was unable to convince the sceptics in the audience.
run-up noun
BrE ; NAmE (British English)
- lead up to something
** build-up noun
1) (less frequent run-in) run-up (to something) a period of time leading up to an important event; the preparation for this
ex) But these data, said sceptics said, were skewed by hoarding in the run-up to the legislation as well as by cross-border shopping in its wake.
an increase in spending in the run-up to Christmas
during the run-up to the election
The shops are fully stocked for the Christmas run-up.
- to be an introduction to or the cause of something
ex) In the months leading up to the presidential election, a lot of violations have been spotted.
the weeks leading up to the exam
the events leading up to the strike
** [countable, usually singular] build-up (to something) the time before an important event, when people are preparing for it
ex) the build-up to the President’s visit
the build-up to her wedding
in the wake of somebody/something
coming after or following somebody/something
ex) But these data, said sceptics said, were skewed by hoarding in the run-up to the legislation as well as by cross-border shopping in its wake.
There have been demonstrations on the streets in the wake of the recent bomb attack.
A group of reporters followed in her wake.
The storm left a trail of destruction in its wake.
radio segment
- promo noun
BrE /ˈprəʊməʊ/ ; NAmE /ˈproʊmoʊ/ (pl. promos)(informal)
A radio segment is a part of a radio show. The ideal segment is about 10 minutes. This leaves 5 mins for promo and 15 mins for commercials. Segments can include interviews, different topics, music etc. Radio segment is always something the listeners want to hear and the DJ is interested in talking about.
In the U.S., there are tons of radio shows on in the morning that flit from one subject to another for several hours. For example, first the DJ might interview a celebrity for 20 minutes, then s/he has contest and asks listeners to call in, then an intern has to go out to the street and interview passerbys on some random topic…
We call these different topics “segments”.
ex) The other day, I joined NPR for segment about high-tech holiday gifts.
* something such as a video that is used to advertise (= promote) somebody/something, especially a pop record
ex) to make pop promos
brush something↔up | brush up on something
to quickly improve a skill, especially when you have not used it for a time; to practise and improve your skills or knowledge of something
ex) I’d brushed up on cameras, phones, laptops, music players and game consoles.
I must brush up on my Spanish before I go to Seville.
I took a class to brush up my German before the trip.
the opportunity to brush up on various techniques
screen time
noun [U] (also screentime, screen-time)
2) time spent using a device such as a computer, television, or games console
ex) I was prepared to talk about limiting screen time, digital addiction, cyberbullying.
Educationalists advise limited screen time for under-5s.
Ask teachers how much screen time kids get each day.
Limit your children’s recreational screen time to fewer than two hours a day.
People do not want to hear that the American Academy of Pediatrics says that children under two should not have any screen time.
venerable adjective
BrE /ˈvenərəbl/ ; NAmE /ˈvenərəbl/
1) (formal) venerable people or things deserve respect because they are old, important, wise, etc.
ex) There’s the venerable iPad, of course.
a venerable old man
a venerable institution
stylus noun
BrE /ˈstaɪləs/ ; NAmE /ˈstaɪləs/ (pl. styluses, styli BrE /ˈstaɪlaɪ/ ; NAmE /ˈstaɪlaɪ/ )
2) (computing) a special pen used to write text or draw an image on a special computer screen
ex) There are Samsung’s Note tablets in a variety of sizes, with styluses.
crop noun
BrE /krɒp/ ; NAmE /krɑːp/
- cream noun
BrE /kriːm/ ; NAmE /kriːm/
3) [singular] a crop of something a group of people who do something at the same time; a number of things that happen at the same time
ex) There’s a new crop of black-and-white e-book readers.
the current crop of trainees
a crop of disasters/injuries
She is really the cream of the crop (= the best in her group).
5) the cream of something the best people or things in a particular group
ex) the cream of New York society
the cream of the crop of this season’s movies
keep (close) tabs on somebody/something
(informal) to watch somebody/something carefully in order to know what is happening so that you can control a particular situation
ex) So how are you, the confused consumer, supposed to keep tabs on all these tablets?
It’s not always possible to keep tabs on everyone’s movements.
dirt cheap adjective,adverb
BrE ; NAmE (informal)
very cheap
ex) Dirt cheap knockoffs
It was dirt cheap.
I got it dirt cheap.
knockoff noun
/ˈnɒkɒf/
[COUNTABLE] INFORMAL a bad or cheap copy of something
ex) Dirt cheap knockoffs
no-name adjective
1) not famous
ex) a no-name comedian
2) not having a brand name (= a name given to a product)
ex) You can find no-name tablets for $100 or even less.
cheap, no-name soda
lesser adjective
BrE /ˈlesə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈlesər/ [only before noun]
1) not as great in size, amount or importance as something/somebody else
ex) Don’t bother with the lesser brands; if you’re going to get locked into one company’s proprietary, copy-protected book format, you’ll reduce your chances of library obsolescence if you stick with Amazon or Barnes & Noble.
Who do you think I am? Do not dare put my name next to those lesser beings.
people of lesser importance
They were all involved to a greater or lesser degree (= some were more involved than others).
The law was designed to protect wives, and, to a lesser extent, children.
He was encouraged to plead guilty to the lesser offence.
(humorous) He doesn’t even acknowledge us lesser mortals(= people who are not as important or powerful).
A lesser woman would have given up.
lock into
lock someone/something into something to involve someone or something in a system, plan etc in such a way that they cannot easily escape from it
ex) Don’t bother with the lesser brands; if you’re going to get locked into one company’s proprietary, copy-protected book format, you’ll reduce your chances of library obsolescence if you stick with Amazon or Barnes & Noble.
The currency is now locked into the European Monetary System.
Their strategy is to lock subscribers into long-term contracts.
proprietary adjective
BrE /prəˈpraɪətri/ ; NAmE /prəˈpraɪəteri/ [usually before noun]
1) (of goods) made and sold by a particular company and protected by a registered trademark
ex) Don’t bother with the lesser brands; if you’re going to get locked into one company’s proprietary, copy-protected book format, you’ll reduce your chances of library obsolescence if you stick with Amazon or Barnes & Noble.
a proprietary medicine
proprietary brands
a proprietary name
obsolescence noun
BrE /ˌɒbsəˈlesns/ ; NAmE /ˌɑːbsəˈlesns/ uncountable
- obsolete adjective
BrE /ˈɒbsəliːt/ ; NAmE /ˌɑːbsəˈliːt/
the state of becoming old-fashioned and no longer useful
ex) Don’t bother with the lesser brands; if you’re going to get locked into one company’s proprietary, copy-protected book format, you’ll reduce your chances of library obsolescence if you stick with Amazon or Barnes & Noble.
products with built-in/planned obsolescence (= designed not to last long so that people will have to buy new ones)
- no longer used because something new has been invented
synonym out of date
ex) obsolete technology
With technological changes many traditional skills have become obsolete.
ilk noun
BrE /ɪlk/ ; NAmE /ɪlk/ usually singular
type; kind
ex) There’re nowhere near as capable as full-blown, computerlike tablets of the iPad/Nexus ilk, mainly because there are so few apps, accessories and add-ons.
the world of media people and their ilk
I can’t stand him, or any others of that ilk.
not anywhere near/nowhere near
far from; not at all
ex) There’re nowhere near as capable as full-blown, computerlike tablets of the iPad/Nexus ilk, mainly because there are so few apps, accessories and add-ons.
He is nowhere near as competent as she is on this particular job.
The job doesn’t pay anywhere near enough for me.
add-on noun
a thing that is added to something else
ex) There’re nowhere near as capable as full-blown, computerlike tablets of the iPad/Nexus ilk, mainly because there are so few apps, accessories and add-ons.
The company offers scuba-diving as an add-on to the basic holiday price.
add-on software (= added to a computer)
charger noun
BrE /ˈtʃɑːdʒə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈtʃɑːrdʒər/
1) a piece of equipment for loading a battery with electricity
ex) And the $200 price includes a wall charger (the Fire doesn’t) and no ads (the Fire does).
a phone charger
classy adjective
BrE /ˈklɑːsi/ ; NAmE /ˈklæsi/ (classier, classiest)(informal)
of high quality; expensive and/or fashionable
ex) Or get the classy Google Nexus 7, also $200.
a classy player
a classy hotel/restaurant
jumbo adjective
BrE /ˈdʒʌmbəʊ/ ; NAmE /ˈdʒʌmboʊ/
[only before noun] (informal) very large; larger than usual
ex) This year, both Amazon and B.&N. have introduced jumbo-screen (9-inch) versions of their HD tablets.
a jumbo pack of cornflakes
be no slouch
- slouch noun
BrE /slaʊtʃ/ ; NAmE /slaʊtʃ/
(informal) to be very good at something or quick to do something
ex) Amazon’s 9-incher is no slouch, either, although it costs $30 more (or $50 more to get rid of the ads).
She’s no slouch on the guitar.
- [usually singular] a way of standing or sitting in which your shoulders are not straight, so that you look tired or lazy
front-facing camera
A camera on the front of the phone, facing the user. This enables two-way video calls (such as Google Hangouts, Apple FaceTime, or Skype), and is also useful for capturing self-portraits (“selfies”). The resolution and quality of the front-facing camera is often inferior to the rear, main camera.
ex) It has twice the storage but no card slot, and it has a front-facing camera for Skype video; Nook HD models have no cameras.
loaded adjective
BrE /ˈləʊdɪd/ ; NAmE /ˈloʊdɪd/
1) carrying a load; full and heavy
synonym laden
ex) The company now sells two tablets, the Nexus 7 (7-inch screen) and the fast, loaded Nexus 10 (10-inch screen), manufactured under Google’s supervision by Asus and Samsung.
a fully loaded truck
loaded (with something) a truck loaded with supplies
She came into the room carrying a loaded tray.
7) (informal, especially North American English) very drunk
화소수가 더 높다
Technically, it packs in even more dots per inch than the iPad’s Retina display, although you can’t really see the difference.
fling yourself into something
to start to do something with a lot of energy and enthusiasm
ex) Samsung is also flinging Android tablets into the ring.
They flung themselves into the preparations for the party.
rejig verb
BrE /ˌriːˈdʒɪɡ/ ; NAmE /ˌriːˈdʒɪɡ/
(British English) (US English rejigger BrE /ˌriːˈdʒɪɡə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˌriːˈdʒɪɡər/
rejig something (informal) to make changes to something; to arrange something in a different way
ex) The apps that exist are often hastily rejiggered versions of Android phone apps, rather than apps thoughtfully designed for the bigger screen.
scale something↔up
to increase the size or number of something; to make something larger in size, amount etc than it used to be
ex) For example, the Android apps for Twitter, Yelp, Pandora, Vimeo, eBay, Spotify, Rdio, Dropbox, LinkedIn, and TripAdvisor are scaled-up Android phone apps - basically, they’re just lists.
An order this size means scaling up our production capacity.
slick adjective
BrE /slɪk/ ; NAmE /slɪk/ (slicker, slickest)
- sleek adjective
BrE /sliːk/ ; NAmE /sliːk/ (sleeker, sleekest)
1) (sometimes disapproving) done or made in a way that is clever and efficient but often does not seem to be sincere or lacks important ideas
ex) It’s slick hardware but it requires all new apps - and there aren’t many yet.
a slick advertising campaign
a slick performance
You had to admire the slick presentation of last night’s awards ceremony.
- 1) (approving) smooth and shiny
synonym glossy
ex) sleek black hair
the sleek dark head of a seal
2) (approving) having an elegant smooth shape
ex) a sleek yacht
the sleek lines of the new car
adage noun
BrE /ˈædɪdʒ/ ; NAmE /ˈædɪdʒ/
a well-known phrase expressing a general truth about people or the world
synonym saying
ex) You know the old photographer’s adage, “The best camera is the one you have with you?” You could say the same thing about your tablet (=the same could be said about~)
According to the old adage, a picture is worth a thousand words.
turkey noun
BrE /ˈtɜːki/ ; NAmE /ˈtɜːrki/ (pl. turkeys)
3) [countable] (North American English, informal) a failure
ex) There aren’t any certified turkeys among the name-brand tablets.
His latest movie is a real turkey.
name brand noun/adjective
1) A brand name that is widely known and usually has a good reputation.
2) A product, service, or organization having a name brand.
ex) There aren’t any certified turkeys among the name-brand tablets.
wind up
wind2 verb
BrE /waɪnd/ ; NAmE /waɪnd/
present simple I / you / we / they wind BrE /waɪnd/ ; NAmE /waɪnd/
he / she / it winds BrE /waɪndz/ ; NAmE /waɪndz/
past simple wound BrE /waʊnd/ ; NAmE /waʊnd/
past participle wound BrE /waʊnd/ ; NAmE /waʊnd/
-ing form winding BrE /ˈwaɪndɪŋ/ ; NAmE /ˈwaɪndɪŋ/
2) (informal) (of a person) to find yourself in a particular place or situation; [INTRANSITIVE] to be in a particular place or situation not because you choose to, but because of other things that have happened
ex) You’ll know that, at least in this moment of marketing time, you or your loved one wound up with the best that money can buy, in the most desired gift category in the land.
People are winding up in debt.
I always said he would wind up in prison.
We eventually wound up staying in a little hotel a few miles from town.
If you take risks like that you’ll wind up dead.
duopoly noun
BrE /djuːˈɒpəli/ ; NAmE /duːˈɑːpəli/ (pl. duopolies)(business)
a situation in which two companies, people, or groups control something such as a business activity or industry
ex) A dull Hite-OB duopoly crushes microbrewers
bland adjective
BrE /blænd/ ; NAmE /blænd/ (blander, blandest)
2) not having a strong or interesting taste
ex) South Korean diners would not tolerate bland kimchi (cabbage pickled in garlic and chili) or sannakji (fresh chopped octopus, still wriggling on the plate).
a rather bland diet of soup, fish and bread
swill verb
BrE /swɪl/ ; NAmE /swɪl/
2) [transitive] swill something (down) (informal) to drink something quickly and/or in large quantities
ex) So why do they swill boring beer?
go down
4) if food or drink will/will not go down, it is easy/difficult to swallow
ex) Local brews such as Cass and Hite go down easily enough (which is not always true of those writhing tentacles with their little suction cups).
A glass of wine would go down very nicely (= I would very much like one).
writhe verb
BrE /raɪð/ ; NAmE /raɪð/
present simple I / you / we / they writhe BrE /raɪð/ ; NAmE /raɪð/
he / she / it writhes BrE /raɪðz/ ; NAmE /raɪðz/
past simple writhed BrE /raɪðd/ ; NAmE /raɪðd/
past participle writhed BrE /raɪðd/ ; NAmE /raɪðd/
-ing form writhing BrE /ˈraɪðɪŋ/ ; NAmE /ˈraɪðɪŋ/
- wriggle verb
BrE /ˈrɪɡl/ ; NAmE /ˈrɪɡl/
present simple I / you / we / they wriggle BrE /ˈrɪɡl/ ; NAmE /ˈrɪɡl/
he / she / it wriggles BrE /ˈrɪɡlz/ ; NAmE /ˈrɪɡlz/
past simple wriggled BrE /ˈrɪɡld/ ; NAmE /ˈrɪɡld/
past participle wriggled BrE /ˈrɪɡld/ ; NAmE /ˈrɪɡld/
-ing form wriggling BrE /ˈrɪɡlɪŋ/ ; NAmE /ˈrɪɡlɪŋ/
[intransitive] writhe (about/around) (in/with something) to twist or move your body without stopping, often because you are in great pain
ex) Local brews such as Cass and Hite go down easily enough (which is not always true of those writhing tentacles with their little suction cups).
She was writhing around on the floor in agony.
The snake writhed and hissed.
(figurative) He was writhing (= suffering a lot) with embarrassment.
* 1) [intransitive, transitive] to twist and turn your body or part of it with quick short movements
synonym wiggle
ex) South Korean diners would not tolerate bland kimchi (cabbage pickled in garlic and chili) or sannakji (fresh chopped octopus, still wriggling on the plate).
The baby was wriggling around on my lap.
She wriggled her toes.
tentacle noun
BrE /ˈtentəkl/ ; NAmE /ˈtentəkl/
1) [countable] a long thin part of the body of some creatures, such as squid, used for feeling or holding things, for moving or for getting food (figurative) 촉수
ex) Local brews such as Cass and Hite go down easily enough (which is not always true of those writhing tentacles with their little suction cups).
Tentacles of fear closed around her body.
suction cup
A suction cup, also known as a sucker, is an object that uses the negative fluid pressure of air or water to adhere to nonporous surfaces, creating a partial vacuum.
Suction cups are anatomical traits of some animals such as octopuses and squids, and have been reproduced artificially for numerous purposes. 빨판, 흡착기
ex) Local brews such as Cass and Hite go down easily enough (which is not always true of those writhing tentacles with their little suction cups).
palate noun
BrE /ˈpælət/ ; NAmE /ˈpælət/
- palatable adjective
BrE /ˈpælətəbl/ ; NAmE /ˈpælətəbl/
1) the top part of the inside of the mouth 구개 (입천장)
ex) the hard/soft palate (= the hard/soft part at the front/back of the palate)
2) [usually singular] the ability to recognize and/or enjoy good food and drink
ex) Yet they leave little impression on the palate.
a menu to tempt even the most jaded palate
- 2) palatable (to somebody) pleasant or acceptable to somebody
ex) His idea of learning English is not always palatable to those fast-paced Korean people.
Some of the dialogue has been changed to make it more palatable to an American audience.
skimp verb
BrE /skɪmp/ ; NAmE /skɪmp/
[intransitive] skimp (on something) to try to spend less time, money, etc. on something than is really needed
ex) Some South Korean beers skimp on barley malt, using the likes of rice in its place.
Older people should not skimp on food or heating.
malt noun
BrE /mɔːlt/ , also /mɒlt/ ; NAmE /mɔːlt/
1) [uncountable] grain, usually barley, that has been left in water for a period of time and then dried, used for making beer, whisky, etc. 맥아, 엿기름
ex) Some South Korean beers skimp on barley malt, using the likes of rice in its place.
boozer noun
BrE /ˈbuːzə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈbuːzər/ (informal)
1) (British English) a pub
2) a person who drinks a lot of alcohol
ex) The problem for South Korean boozers is that their national market is a cramped duopoly.
cramped adjective
BrE /kræmpt/ ; NAmE /kræmpt/
1) a cramped room, etc. does not have enough space for the people in it
ex) The problem for South Korean boozers is that their national market is a cramped duopoly.
working in cramped conditions
He lived for six months in a cold, cramped attic room.
tell someone/something apart
to recognize the difference between two people or things that are very similar
ex) Their beers are hard to tell apart; their prices, even harder.
The two women are so similar that only their husbands can tell them apart.
mass noun
BrE /mæs/ ; NAmE /mæs/
5) the masses [plural] the ordinary people in society who are not leaders or who are considered to be not very well educated
ex) This in effect kept all but Hite and OB from bringing foamy goodness to the masses.
government attempts to suppress dissatisfaction among the masses
a TV programme that brings science to the masses
loose adjective
BrE /luːs/ ; NAmE /luːs/ (looser, loosest)
7) not exact; not very careful
ex) One brewer says the loose wording of the law means some have bought gigantic but shoddy old vats to make up the difference, and simply left them unused.
a loose translation
loose thinking
shoddy adjective
BrE /ˈʃɒdi/ ; NAmE /ˈʃɑːdi/ (shoddier, shoddiest)
1) (of goods, work, etc.) made or done badly and with not enough care
synonym second-rate
ex) One brewer says the loose wording of the law means some have bought gigantic but shoddy old vats to make up the difference, and simply left them unused.
shoddy goods
shoddy workmanship
vat noun
BrE /væt/ ; NAmE /væt/
a large container for holding liquids, especially in industrial processes
ex) One brewer says the loose wording of the law means some have bought gigantic but shoddy old vats to make up the difference, and simply left them unused.
distilling vats
a vat of whisky
The grape juice is then transferred to a fermentation vat.
rise to the challenge/occasion
to deal successfully with a problem or situation that is especially difficult
ex) However, only a handful of small brewers have risen to the challenge.
It’s not an easy task, but I’m sure John will rise to the challenge.
Pils noun
BrE /pɪlz/ ; NAmE /pɪlz/ ; BrE /pɪls/ ; NAmE /pɪls/
(also Pilsner BrE /ˈpɪlznə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈpɪlznər/ ; BrE /ˈpɪlsnə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈpɪlsnər/ )
[uncountable]
- stout noun
BrE /staʊt/ ; NAmE /staʊt/
** ale noun
BrE /eɪl/ ; NAmE /eɪl/
*** lager noun
BrE /ˈlɑːɡə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈlɑːɡər/
a type of strong light-coloured beer originally made in what is now the Czech Republic
Pilsner (also pilsener, pilsen or simply pils) is a type of pale lager. It takes its name from the city of Plzeň, Bohemia, Czech Republic, where it was first produced in 1842. The world’s first-ever blond lager was the Pilsner Urquell, making it the inspiration for more than two-thirds of the beer produced in the world today (which are still called pils, pilsner and pilsener). The original Pilsner Urquell beer is still produced there today.
- Stout is a dark beer made using roasted malt or roasted barley, hops, water and yeast. Stouts were traditionally the generic term for the strongest or stoutest porters, typically 7% or 8%, produced by a brewery. There are a number of variations including Baltic porter, milk stout, and imperial stout; the most common variation is dry stout, exemplified by Guinness Draught, the world’s best selling stout.
** Ale is a type of beer brewed using a warm fermentation method, resulting in a sweet, full-bodied and fruity taste. Historically, the term referred to a drink brewed without hops.
As with most beers, ale typically has a bittering agent to balance the sweetness of the malt and act as a preservative. Ale was originally bittered with gruit, a mixture of herbs or spices boiled in the wort before fermentation. Later, hops replaced gruit as the bittering agent.
ex) brown/pale ale
*** Lager (German: storeroom or warehouse) is a type of beer that is conditioned at low temperatures, normally in cold storage at the brewery, before being delivered to the consumer. It may be pale, golden, amber, or dark.
Although the defining feature of lager beer is its maturation in cold storage, it is also distinguished by the use of bottom-fermenting lager yeast. While it is possible to use lager yeast in a warm fermentation process such as with American steam beer, the lack of a cold storage maturation phase precludes such beer from being classified as lager beer. On the other hand, German Altbier and Kölsch, which use top-fermenting yeast and temperatures, but with a cold storage finishing stage, are classified as obergäriges Lagerbier (top-fermented lager beer).
Until the 19th century, the German word Lagerbier (de) referred to all types of bottom-fermented, cool-conditioned beer, in normal strengths. In Germany today however, the term is mainly reserved for the prevalent lager beer styles of southern Germany.[4] In common parlance, these beers are distinguished by their colors, and referred to as a (Bavarian) “Helles” (pale), or a “Dunkel” (dark), though both words may be used as adjectives to describe other types of beer. The popular Pilsner style, which is more heavily hopped, although it is also a pale lager, is most often known as simply “Pilsner” (or “Pils”) and generally is called neither a “Lagerbier” nor a “Helles”. Numerous other types of lager-beer styles are produced, such as Bock, Märzen, and Schwarzbier.
In the United Kingdom, the term lager commonly refers specifically to pale lagers, many of which are derived from the Pilsner style. Worldwide, pale lager is the most widely consumed and commercially available style of beer. It is often known primarily by its brand name, and labeled simply as “beer”. Well-known brands include Budweiser, Stella Artois, Beck’s, Brahma, Corona, Snow, Tsingtao, Heineken, Carling, Foster’s, and Carlsberg.
ex) But sceveral hurdles still make it hard for him to sell his pilsners, stouts, and pale ales more widely, he says.
pasteurize verb
(British English also -ise)
BrE /ˈpɑːstʃəraɪz/ ; NAmE /ˈpæstʃəraɪz/
pasteurize something to heat a liquid, especially milk, to a particular temperature and then cool it, in order to kill harmful bacteria 저온살균하다
ex) Craftworks’ unpasteurised brews must be kept chilled from the vat to the tap, which creates a problem.
pasteurized milk
niche noun
BrE /niːʃ/ ; NAmE /niːʃ/ ; BrE /nɪtʃ/ ; NAmE /nɪtʃ/
1) a comfortable or suitable role, job, way of life, etc.
ex) Cold distribution is a tiny, pricey niche.
He eventually found his niche in sports journalism.
punitive adjective
BrE /ˈpjuːnətɪv/ ; NAmE /ˈpjuːnətɪv/ usually before noun
1) intended as punishment
ex) There are calls for more punitive measures against people who drink and drive.
(North American English) He was awarded punitive damages (= in a court of law).
Punitive action will be taken against the hooligans.
punitive damages
2) very severe and that people find very difficult to pay
ex) Punitive tariffs prevent brewing experimentation.
punitive taxes
They could impose punitive tariffs of up to 100% on imports.
hop noun
BrE /hɒp/ ; NAmE /hɑːp/
5) hops [plural] the green female flowers of the hop plant that have been dried, used for making beer 홉
ex) The Korean taxman treats malt, hops and yeast as beer ingredients, which are subject to low import duties.
stoppage noun
BrE /ˈstɒpɪdʒ/ ; NAmE /ˈstɑːpɪdʒ/
3) [countable] a situation in which something does not move forward or is blocked; [COUNTABLE/UNCOUNTABLE] the act of stopping something
ex) These can become contaminated, causing costly stoppages.
The stoppage of exports shouldn’t last long.
a stoppage of blood to the heart
fall through
to not be completed, or not happen
ex) US Transportation Secretary Ray LaHood took a test ride on Japan’s super-fast magnetic train that day, but President Obama’s high-speed rail plans have largely fallen through since then.
Our plans fell through because of lack of money.
levitation noun
BrE /ˌlevɪˈteɪʃn/ ; NAmE /ˌlevɪˈteɪʃn/ [uncountable]
the act of rising and floating in the air with no physical support, especially by means of magic or by using special mental powers; the act of making something rise in this way
ex) A Japanese railway company this month unveiled a prototype for a commercial passenger train that it says can reach speeds of 310 miles per hour via magnetic levitation.
grail noun
BrE /ɡreɪl/ ; NAmE /ɡreɪl/
(also the Holy Grail)
1) [singular] the cup or bowl believed to have been used by Jesus Christ before he died, that became a holy thing that people wanted to find
2) [countable] a thing that you try very hard to find or achieve, but never will
ex) Maglev trains have long been the holy grail of ground transportation.
upwards adverb
BrE /ˈʌpwədz/ ; NAmE /ˈʌpwərdz/ (especially British English)
(also upward especially in North American English)
3) upwards of something more than the amount or number mentioned
ex) Counting an additional planned Tokyo-to-Osaka leg, the project is expected to cost upwards of $100 billion.
You should expect to pay upwards of £50 for a hotel room.
prohibitive adjective
BrE /prəˈhɪbətɪv/ ; NAmE /prəˈhɪbətɪv/ , also /proʊˈhɪbətɪv/
1) (of a price or a cost) so high that it prevents people from buying something or doing something
synonym exorbitant
ex) But if that sounds prohibitive, consider that the United States spends significantly more than that on highways in a single year.
prohibitive costs
a prohibitive tax on imported cars
The price of property in the city is prohibitive.
theoretically adverb
BrE /ˌθɪəˈretɪkli/ ; NAmE /ˌθiːəˈretɪkli/
- theologically adverb
BrE /ˌθiːəˈlɒdʒɪkli/ ; NAmE /ˌθiːəˈlɑːdʒɪkli/
in a way that is concerned with the ideas and principles on which a particular subject is based, rather than with practice and experiment
opposite experimentally (1), practically (2)
ex) And while a highway might get you from Los Angeles to San Francisco in six hours if you’re lucky, a Maglev train like the one Japan’s building could theoretically do it in an hour and 15 minutes.
theoretically sound conclusions
These views were challenged both theoretically and empirically.
- in a way that is connected with the study of religion and beliefs
ex) As a church, it is both politically and theologically conservative.
fight tooth and nail
to fight in a very determined way for what you want
ex) In fact, California has been trying to build a Los Angeles-to-San Francisco high-speed rail line for some 30 years, but the fight for funding has been tooth and nail.
He fought tooth and nail against the lion to save the boy.
The residents are fighting tooth and nail to stop the new development.
maglev
noun (also Maglev) UK US /ˈmæɡlev/
[C or U] TRANSPORT short for magnetic levitation: an advanced type of transport system in which a train travels on a magnetic track, often at very high speeds 자기 부상 (철도)
ex) And while a highway might get you from Los Angeles to San Francisco in six hours if you’re lucky, a Maglev train like the one Japan’s building could theoretically do it in an hour and 15 minutes.
More than a dozen cities are considering building maglevs.
a maglev line/train High-speed maglev trains can travel at 430 kilometres per hour.
slate verb
BrE /sleɪt/ ; NAmE /sleɪt/
2) [usually passive] to plan that something will happen at a particular time in the future
ex) The state is now slated to have a 220-mph train up and running by 2028 - but that’s just a conventional bullet train, the kind Japan has had for decades.
The meeting is slated to be held from Dec. 6th to 17th in Seoul.
The meeting is slated for tomorrow.
The next conference is slated for July.
The houses were first slated for demolition five years ago.
The new store is slated to open in spring.
up and running
working fully and correctly; starting to work correctly
ex) The state is now slated to have a 220-mph train up and running by 2028 - but that’s just a conventional bullet train, the kind Japan has had for decades.
The first ever nursing home in 백령도 is now up and running.
It will be a lot easier when we have the database up and running.
It took two years to get the project up and running.
torpedo verb
BrE /tɔːˈpiːdəʊ/ ; NAmE /tɔːrˈpiːdoʊ/
torpedo noun (어뢰)
- catapult verb
BrE /ˈkætəpʌlt/ ; NAmE /ˈkætəpʌlt/
catapult noun (=slingshot) (새총, 투석기)
2) torpedo something to completely destroy the possibility that something could succeed
ex) The real obstacle today is a lack of political will to plan for the future, especially from the Republicans who torpedoed President Obama’s high-speed rail plans in his first term.
Her comments had torpedoed the deal.
- [transitive, intransitive] to throw somebody/something or be thrown suddenly and violently through the air
ex) She was catapulted out of the car as it hit the wall.
(figurative) The movie catapulted him to international stardom.
The film ‘I’m the Murderer’ catapulted him into stardom.
come preposition
BrE /kʌm/ ; NAmE /kʌm/
(old-fashioned, informal) when the time mentioned comes
ex) Come 2040, the United States is still going to be putting around on mid-20th-century infrastructure while countries like Japan, China and Germany marvel at our backwardness.
They would have been married forty years come this June.
Come next week she’ll have changed her mind.
putt verb
BrE /pʌt/ ; NAmE /pʌt/
present simple I / you / we / they putt BrE /pʌt/ ; NAmE /pʌt/
he / she / it putts BrE /pʌts/ ; NAmE /pʌts/
past simple putted BrE /ˈpʌtɪd/ ; NAmE /ˈpʌtɪd/
past participle putted BrE /ˈpʌtɪd/ ; NAmE /ˈpʌtɪd/
-ing form putting BrE /ˈpʌtɪŋ/ ; NAmE /ˈpʌtɪŋ/
[intransitive, transitive] putt (something) (in golf) to hit the ball gently when it is on the short grass near the hole, so that it rolls across the ground a short distance into or towards the hole
ex) Come 2040, the United States is still going to be putting around on mid-20th-century infrastructure while countries like Japan, China and Germany marvel at our backwardness.
backwardness noun
BrE /ˈbækwədnəs/ ; NAmE /ˈbækwərdnəs/ [uncountable]
the state of having made less progress than normal
ex) Come 2040, the United States is still going to be putting around on mid-20th-century infrastructure while countries like Japan, China and Germany marvel at our backwardness.
the backwardness of rural areas
infertile adjective
BrE /ɪnˈfɜːtaɪl/ ; NAmE /ɪnˈfɜːrtl/
1) (of people, animals and plants) not able to have babies or produce young
ex) Should I tell my infertile Asian wife that I want all-white babies?
an infertile couple
prudence noun
BrE /ˈpruːdns/ ; NAmE /ˈpruːdns/ uncountable
a sensible and careful attitude when you make judgements and decisions; behaviour that avoids unnecessary risks
ex) Maybe you’ll exercise a little more financial prudence next time.
decide against someone/something
to not choose someone or something
ex) We decided against adoption because we would have no biological connection to our children.
In the end we decided against the house because it was too small.
assisted reproduction
- IVF (in vitro fertilization) 체외수정
in vivo fertilization 체내수정 (거의 안 씀)
Assisted reproductive technology (ART) is the technology used to achieve pregnancy in procedures such as fertility medication, artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization and surrogacy. It is reproductive technology used primarily for infertility treatments, and is also known as fertility treatment.
ex) In the case of sperm or egg donation, the parents may choose to keep private that they used assisted reproduction, which is possible by selecting a donor who resembles the infertile parent.
homogeneous adjective
BrE /ˌhɒməˈdʒiːniəs/ ; NAmE /ˌhoʊməˈdʒiːniəs/
(also homogenous BrE /həˈmɒdʒənəs/ ; NAmE /həˈmɑːdʒənəs/ )
(formal)
- homogeneity noun
BrE /ˌhɒmədʒəˈniːəti/ ; NAmE /ˌhɑːmədʒəˈniːəti/ uncountable
consisting of things or people that are all the same or all of the same type
ex) We live in a fairly homogeneously white area and at the end of the day I want my kids to look like me, their cousins, and the kids they’ll go to school with.
a homogeneous group/mixture/population
a culturally homogeneous society
Old people are not a homogeneous group, as some people seem to think.
- the quality of being homogeneous
ex) Cultural homogeneity is created by education and the media.
at the end of the day
(informal) used to introduce the most important fact after everything has been considered
ex) We live in a fairly homogeneously white area and at the end of the day I want my kids to look like me, their cousins, and the kids they’ll go to school with.
At the end of the day, he’ll still have to make his own decision.
At the end of the day, I’m the one who is going to be held responsible.
그리고 전 제가 이 일에 대해서 좀 제 편한대로 생각하는 것 같다고 생각했어요.
Then I think I maybe I’m just convincing myself about this.
broach verb
BrE /brəʊtʃ/ ; NAmE /broʊtʃ/
broach something (to/with somebody) to begin talking about a subject that is difficult to discuss, especially because it is embarrassing or because people disagree about it
ex) I really could use a second opinion before I broach the subject with her.
She was dreading having to broach the subject of money to her father.
The report fails to broach some important questions.
그이한테 이 얘기를 꺼내기 전에 전 정말로 다른 의견이 필요해요.
ex) I really could use a second opinion before I broach the subject with her.
Maybe I could use some help.
turnout noun
BrE /ˈtɜːnaʊt/ ; NAmE /ˈtɜːrnaʊt/ [countable, usually singular, uncountable]
2) the number of people who vote in a particular election
ex) I can see how increasing the white population might be a good strategy for raising GOP turnout on election day.
a high/low/poor turnout
a 60% turnout of voters
run something by somebody | run something past somebody
(informal) to show somebody something or tell somebody about an idea in order to see their reaction to it; to tell someone your ideas so that they can give you their opinion
ex) However, if you’re not the chairman of the Republican National Committee, and you only want to increase the white population because you don’t want your kids to resemble your Asian wife, then it’s good you ran this by me before proposing it to her.
Can I run a few ideas by you?
grotesque adjective
BrE /ɡrəʊˈtesk/ ; NAmE /ɡroʊˈtesk/
1) strange in a way that is unpleasant or offensive; unreasonable, or offensive
ex) And how grotesque that now that her eggs are out of the picture, you’ve decided this is a great opportunity to keep your kids from being mixed race.
a grotesque distortion of the truth
The story was too grotesque to believe.
It’s grotesque to expect a person of her experience to work for so little money.
He called the original broadcast a grotesque distortion.
in/out of the picture
(informal) involved/not involved in a situation
ex) And how grotesque that now that her eggs are out of the picture, you’ve decided this is a great opportunity to keep your kids from being mixed race.
Morris is likely to win, with Jones out of the picture now.
보수시민의회 대변인처럼 들리지 않고서 당신이 여기에 전한 생각들을 아내한테 표현할 방법은 그냥 아예 없어요.
There’s just no way to express to your wife the thoughts you’ve conveyed here without sounding as if you’re a spokesperson for the Council of Conservative Citizens.
She’s spent several of her childhood years in the States. There’s just no way I could beat her in the competition.
There’s just no way to break up with her without coming clean about your secret lover.
decide on something | decide upon something
to choose something from a number of possibilities
ex) Now that you and your wife have decided on egg donation, you first need to just listen to what she’s thinking about the criteria for your donor.
We’re still trying to decide on a venue.
I can’t decide on who to invite.
We decided on Spain for our holiday this year.
Brown v Board of Education noun
a law case in 1954 which led to a decision of the US Supreme Court that made separate education for black and white children illegal
ex) But your desire for your future kids to look only like you because you have a pre-Brown v. Board of Education view about their social lives means that before you have children, you need to do a serious reassessment of your assumptions about the world they are going to live in.
perspective noun
BrE /pəˈspektɪv/ ; NAmE /pərˈspektɪv/
2) [uncountable] the ability to think about problems and decisions in a reasonable way without exaggerating their importance; a sensible way of judging how good, bad, important etc something is in comparison with other things
ex) After two years of almost relentless attacks on law schools, a bit of perspective would be nice.
He has lost all perspective in the rush to get what he wants.
It’s important to keep things in perspective and not dwell on one incident.
You’ve got the problem completely out of perspective.
This kind of tragedy puts a mere football match into perspective.
Writing as a foreigner gives her a great sense of perspective.
She was aware that she was losing all sense of perspective.
Try to keep these issues in perspective.
Talking to others can often help to put your own problems into perspective.
It is important not to let things get out of perspective.
sensationalist adjective
BrE /senˈseɪʃənəlɪst/ ; NAmE /senˈseɪʃənəlɪst/ (disapproving)
- sensationalism noun
BrE /senˈseɪʃənəlɪzəm/ ; NAmE /senˈseɪʃənəlɪzəm/ uncountable
getting people’s interest by using shocking words or by presenting facts and events as worse or more shocking than they really are
ex) For at least two years, the popular press, bloggers and a few sensationalist law professors have turned American law schools into the new investment banks.
sensationalist headlines
- a way of getting people’s interest by using shocking words or by presenting facts and events as worse or more shocking than they really are
ex) the sensationalism of the popular press
entice verb
BrE /ɪnˈtaɪs/ ; NAmE /ɪnˈtaɪs/
to persuade somebody/something to go somewhere or to do something, usually by offering them something
synonym persuade
ex) We entice bright young students into our academic clutches.
The bargain prices are expected to entice customers away from other stores.
a plan to entice mothers back to work
The animal refused to be enticed from its hole.
He was not enticed into parting with his cash.
Try and entice the child to eat by offering small portions of their favourite food.
clutch noun
BrE /klʌtʃ/ ; NAmE /klʌtʃ/
4) clutches [plural] (informal) power or control
He managed to escape from their clutches.
ex) We entice bright young students into our academic clutches.
He managed to escape from their clutches.
Now that she had him in her clutches, she wasn’t going to let go.
succubus noun
BrE /ˈsʌkjʊbəs/ ; NAmE /ˈsʌkjʊbəs/ (pl. succubi BrE /ˈsʌkjʊbaɪ/ ; NAmE /ˈsʌkjʊbaɪ/ )(literary)
- incubus noun
BrE /ˈɪŋkjʊbəs/ ; NAmE /ˈɪŋkjʊbəs/ (pl. incubuses, incubi BrE /ˈɪŋkjʊbaɪ/ ; NAmE /ˈɪŋkjʊbaɪ/ )
a female evil spirit, supposed to have sex with a sleeping man
ex) Succubus-like, when we’ve taken what we want from them, we return them to the mean and barren streets to fend for themselves.
* 2) a male evil spirit, supposed in the past to have sex with a sleeping woman
fend for yourself
to take care of yourself without help from anyone else
ex) Succubus-like, when we’ve taken what we want from them, we return them to the mean and barren streets to fend for themselves.
His parents agreed to pay the rent for his apartment but otherwise left him to fend for himself.
The fox was released into the wild when it was old enough to fend for itself.
The children were left to fend for themselves.
We can let our guests fend for themselves.
mask verb
BrE /mɑːsk/ ; NAmE /mæsk/
- unmask verb
BrE /ˌʌnˈmɑːsk/ ; NAmE /ˌʌnˈmæsk/
mask something to hide a feeling, smell, fact, etc. so that it cannot be easily seen or noticed
synonym disguise, veil
ex) The hysteria has masked some important realities and created an environment in which some of the brightest potential lawyers are, largely irrationally, forgoing the possibility of a rich, rewarding and, yes, profitable, career.
She masked her anger with a smile.
- unmask somebody/something to show the true character of somebody, or a hidden truth about something
synonym expose
ex) The strategy can unmask behavioral problems of these kids.
to unmask a spy
misplaced adjective
BrE /ˌmɪsˈpleɪst/ ; NAmE /ˌmɪsˈpleɪst/
1) not appropriate or correct in the situation
misplaced confidence/optimism/fear
ex) Even so, the focus on first jobs is misplaced.
He made a misplaced attempt at reconciliation.
His optimism proved sadly misplaced.
2) (of love, trust, etc.) given to a person who does not deserve or return those feelings
ex) Your trust on him is terribly misplaced.
misplaced loyalty
span verb
BrE /spæn/ ; NAmE /spæn/
1) span something to last all through a period of time or to cover the whole of it
ex) We educate students for a career likely to span 40 to 50 years.
His acting career spanned 55 years.
Family photos spanning five generations were stolen.
mean adjective
BrE /miːn/ ; NAmE /miːn/ (meaner, meanest)
5) [only before noun] (specialist) average; between the highest and the lowest, etc.
ex) Looking purely at the economics, in 2011, the median starting salary for practicing lawyers was $61,500; the mean salary for all practicing lawyers was $130,490, compared with $176,550 for corporate chief executives, $189,210 for internists and $79,300 for architects.
the mean temperature
project verb
BrE /prəˈdʒekt/ ; NAmE /prəˈdʒekt/
2) [transitive, usually passive] to estimate what the size, cost or amount of something will be in the future based on what is happening now; [TRANSITIVE] [USUALLY PASSIVE] to calculate how big something will become in the future using information that is available now
synonym forecast
ex) And the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics reports projected growth in lawyers’ jobs from 2010 to 2020 at 10 percent, “about as fast as the average for all occupations.”
A growth rate of 4% is projected for next year.
The unemployment rate has been projected to fall.
The actual cost of the improvements is far greater than the original projected figure.
It is projected that the population will rise by one million by 2008.
Total expenditure was projected to increase by 4.7%.
as with (as is the case with)
As with any industry in transition, changes in the delivery of legal services create opportunities as well as challenges.
As is the case with couples, singles want to go to the movies.
capitalize on something | capitalize upon something
- cash in on
to gain a further advantage for yourself from a situation
synonym take advantage
ex) Creative, innovative and entrepreneurial lawyers will find ways to capitalize on this.
The team failed to capitalize on their early lead.
- [INTRANSITIVE] to use an opportunity to make a profit or gain an advantage
ex) They accused her of trying to cash in on her daughter’s fame.
overwrought adjective
BrE /ˌəʊvəˈrɔːt/ ; NAmE /ˌoʊvərˈrɔːt/
very worried and upset; excited in a nervous way
synonym distraught
ex) The overwrought atmosphere has created irrationalities that prevent talented students from realizing their ambitions.
She was still a little overwrought.
The child is usually too emotionally overwrought to listen to reason.
- listen to reason (see reason): to listen to good advice and be influenced by it
ex) Friends tried to persuade them to change their minds, but neither man would listen to reason.
short-sighted adjective
BrE /ˌʃɔːt ˈsaɪtɪd/ ; NAmE /ˌʃɔːrt ˈsaɪtɪd/
- myopic adjective
BrE /maɪˈɒpɪk/ ; NAmE /maɪˈɑːpɪk/
** myopia noun
BrE /maɪˈəʊpiə/ ; NAmE /maɪˈoʊpiə/ [uncountable]
*** far-sighted adjective
(North American English farsighted)
BrE ; NAmE
1) (especially British English) (usually North American English nearsighted) able to see things clearly only if they are very close to you
opposite long-sighted
ex) She wears glasses because she’s very short-sighted.
2) not thinking carefully about the possible effects of something or what might happen in the future
ex) I think that was extremely shortsighted, but this prevailing attitude discourages bright students from attending law school.
a short-sighted policy
an attitude which is likely to prove short-sighted
- 1) (specialist) unable to see things clearly when they are far away
ex) a myopic child/eye
2) (formal, disapproving) unable to see what the results of a particular action or decision will be; unable to think about anything outside your own situation
ex) a myopic strategy
myopic voters
** 1) (specialist) the inability to see things clearly when they are far away
synonym short sight, short-sightedness
2) (formal, disapproving) the inability to see what the results of a particular action or decision will be; the inability to think about anything outside your own situation
ex) The cancellation of the popular show was a result of managerial myopia.
cultural myopia
*** 1) having or showing an understanding of the effects in the future of actions that you take now, and being able to plan for them
ex) the most far-sighted of politicians
a far-sighted decision
2) (especially North American English)
= long-sighted
not able to see things that are close to you clearly
ex) She’s long-sighted and needs glasses to read.
ophthalmologist noun
BrE /ˌɒfθælˈmɒlədʒɪst/ ; NAmE /ˌɑːfθælˈmɑːlədʒɪst/
- optometrist noun
BrE /ɒpˈtɒmətrɪst/ ; NAmE /ɑːpˈtɑːmətrɪst/
(British English also optician, ophthalmic optician)
a doctor who studies and treats the diseases of the eye 안과 의사, 안과 전문의
- a person whose job is to examine people’s eyes and to recommend and sell glasses 검안사
ex) I went to visit my optometrist.
prevailing adjective
BrE /prɪˈveɪlɪŋ/ ; NAmE /prɪˈveɪlɪŋ/ [only before noun]
1) existing or most common at a particular time
synonym current, predominant
ex) I think that was extremely shortsighted, but this prevailing attitude discourages bright students from attending law school.
the prevailing economic conditions
the attitude towards science prevailing at the time
The prevailing view seems to be that they will find her guilty.
look to something
(formal) to consider something and think about how to make it better
ex) We could do things better, and every law school with which I’m familiar is looking to address its problems.
I’m looking to start a business.
We need to look to ways of improving our marketing.
inflict verb
BrE /ɪnˈflɪkt/ ; NAmE /ɪnˈflɪkt/
to make somebody/something suffer something unpleasant
ex) In the meantime, the one-sided analysis is inflicting significant damage, not only on law schools but also on a society that may well soon find itself bereft of its best and brightest lawyers.
The skewed view of the market is inflicting huge damage on the future careers of prospective professional interpreters.
They inflicted a humiliating defeat on the home team.
Heavy casualties were inflicted on the enemy.
(humorous) Do you have to inflict that music on us?
They surveyed the damage inflicted by the storm.
The rodent’s sharp teeth can inflict a nasty bite.
When someone deliberately inflicts damage, it is a matter for the police.
bereft adjective
BrE /bɪˈreft/ ; NAmE /bɪˈreft/ not before noun
1) bereft of something completely lacking something; having lost something
ex) In the meantime, the one-sided analysis is inflicting significant damage, not only on law schools but also on a society that may well soon find itself bereft of its best and brightest lawyers.
bereft of ideas/hope
sprawling adjective
BrE /ˈsprɔːlɪŋ/ ; NAmE /ˈsprɔːlɪŋ/ [only before noun]
spreading in an untidy way
ex) Sprawling suburbs make mass transit really difficult.
a modern sprawling town
sprawling handwriting
McMansion noun
a large house, especially one whose size and style do not fit in with the surrounding area
ex) But it’s been clear for years that our McMansion-and-SUV version of the American Dream isn’t sustainable in the long term.
The McMansion has almost become embarrassing to some people.
hysteria noun
BrE /hɪˈstɪəriə/ ; NAmE /hɪˈstɪriə/ [uncountable]
2) (disapproving) an extremely excited and exaggerated way of behaving or reacting to an event
ex) The hysteria has masked some important realities and created an environment in which some of the brightest potential lawyers are, largely irrationally, forgoing the possibility of a rich, rewarding and, yes, profitable, career.
the usual media hysteria that surrounds royal visits
public hysteria about AIDS
forgo verb
(also forego)
BrE /fɔːˈɡəʊ/ ; NAmE /fɔːrˈɡoʊ/
forgo something (formal) to decide not to have or do something that you would like to have or do
ex) The hysteria has masked some important realities and created an environment in which some of the brightest potential lawyers are, largely irrationally, forgoing the possibility of a rich, rewarding and, yes, profitable, career.
No one was prepared to forgo their lunch hour to attend the meeting.
She would willingly forgo a birthday treat if only her warring parents would declare a truce.
Time to prepare was a luxury he would have to forgo.
generic adjective
BrE /dʒəˈnerɪk/ ; NAmE /dʒəˈnerɪk/
2) (of a product, especially a drug) not using the name of the company that made it; a generic drug or other product does not have a trademark and is sold without a company’s name on it 복제 약품, 상표명 없는 약품
ex) Brand-name drug makers have feared it for years. And now the makers of generic drugs fear it, too.
The doctor offered me a choice of a branded or a generic drug.
permit verb
BrE /pəˈmɪt/ ; NAmE /pərˈmɪt/ (formal)
1) [transitive] to allow somebody to do something or to allow something to happen
ex) This year, more than 40 brand-name drugs - valued at $35 billion in annual sales - lost their patent protection, meaning that generic companies were permitted to make their own lower-priced versions of well-known drugs like Plavix, Lexapro and Seroquel - and share in the profits that had exclusively belonged to the brands.
Radios are not permitted in the library.
There are fines for exceeding permitted levels of noise pollution.
We were not permitted any contact with each other.
Jim permitted himself a wry smile.
Visitors are not permitted to take photographs.
She would not permit herself to look at them.
(formal) Permit me to offer you some advice.
share noun
BrE /ʃeə(r)/ ; NAmE /ʃer/
4) [countable] share (in something) any of the units of equal value into which a company is divided and sold to raise money. People who own shares receive part of the company’s profits.
ex) This year, more than 40 brand-name drugs - valued at $35 billion in annual sales - lost their patent protection, meaning that generic companies were permitted to make their own lower-priced versions of well-known drugs like Plavix, Lexapro and Seroquel - and share in the profits that had exclusively belonged to the brands.
shares in British Telecom
a fall in share prices
share capital
a share certificate
vault verb
BrE /vɔːlt/ ; NAmE /vɔːlt/
1) [intransitive, transitive] to jump over an object in a single movement, using your hands or a pole to push you
vault over something She vaulted over the gate and ran up the path.
ex) The large generics company Watson acquired a European competitor, Actavis, in October, vaulting it from the fifth- to the third-largest generic drug maker worldwide.
vault something to vault a fence
There’s no way he could have vaulted the fence with that injury.
2) [TRANSITIVE] MAINLY JOURNALISM to suddenly put someone in a successful or important position
ex) These two years have vaulted him to stardom.
file verb
BrE /faɪl/ ; NAmE /faɪl/
2) [intransitive, transitive] (law) to present something so that it can be officially recorded and dealt with
ex) During those periods, companies that are the first to file an application with the Food and Drug Administration, successfully challenge a patent and show they can make the drug win the right to sell their version exclusively or with limited competition.
file for something to file for divorce
file something to file a claim/complaint/petition/lawsuit
file to do something He filed to divorce his wife.
window noun
BrE /ˈwɪndəʊ/ ; NAmE /ˈwɪndoʊ/
6) a time when there is an opportunity to do something, although it may not last long
ex) The exclusivity windows can give a quick jolt to companies.
We now have a small window of opportunity in which to make our views known.
jolt noun
BrE /dʒəʊlt/ ; NAmE /dʒoʊlt/ [usually singular]
2) a sudden strong feeling, especially of shock or surprise
ex) The exclusivity windows can give a quick jolt to companies.
a jolt of dismay
Credit Suisse
Credit Suisse Group is a Switzerland-based multinational financial services holding company, headquartered in Zürich, that operates the Credit Suisse Bank and other financial services investments. The company is organized as a stock corporation with four divisions: Investment Banking, Private Banking, Asset Management, and a Shared Services Group that provides marketing and support to the other three divisions.
ex) During the first nine months of 2012, sales of generic drugs increased by 19 percent over the same period on 2011, to $39.1 billion from $32.8 billion, according to Michael Faerm, an analyst for Credit Suisse.
antidepressant adjective
BrE /ˌæntidɪˈpresnt/ ; NAmE /ˌæntidɪˈpresnt/ [only before noun]
1) (of a drug) used to treat depression (1)
ex) In 2013, for example, the antidepressant Cymbalta, sold by Eli Lilly, is scheduled to be available in generic form.
antidepressant drugs
GlaxoSmithKline
BrE , ; NAmE
(also Glaxo)
(abbreviation GSK)
- Pfizer
** Eli Lilly and Company 일라이 릴리
*** Merck
a large British-based global company producing many different types of drugs and medicines. The company was formed in 2001 from the merger of two other large drug companies, GlaxoWellcome and SmithKline Beecham, which were themselves formed from companies established in the nineteenth century.
- Pfizer Inc. /ˈfaɪzər/ is an American global pharmaceutical corporation headquartered in New York City, with its research headquarters in Groton, Connecticut. It is among the world’s largest pharmaceutical companies. Pfizer is listed on the New York Stock Exchange, and its shares have been a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average since 2004.
** Eli Lilly and Company is an American global pharmaceutical company with headquarters located in Indianapolis, Indiana, in the United States. The company also has offices in Puerto Rico and 17 other countries. Their products are sold in approximately 125 countries. The company was founded in 1876 by Col. Eli Lilly, a pharmaceutical chemist and veteran of the American Civil War, after whom the company was named.
*** The Merck Group, branded and commonly known as Merck, is a German multinational chemical, pharmaceutical and life sciences company headquartered in Darmstadt, with around 50,000 employees in around 70 countries. Merck was founded in 1668 and is the world’s oldest operating chemical and pharmaceutical company, as well as one of the largest pharmaceutical companies in the world.
Merck operates in Europe, Africa, Asia, Oceania and the Americas. It has major research and development centres in Darmstadt, Boston, Tokyo and Beijing. Merck pioneered the commercial manufacture of morphine in the 19th century and for a time held a virtual monopoly on cocaine.
제가 어딜 가든지 특허 절벽에 대해 계속 물어봐요. 특허 절벽, 특허 절벽….
I can’t go anywhere without being asked about the patent cliff, the patent cliff, the patent cliff…
multilayered adjective
/ˈməltiˈlāərd,ˈməltī-/
- multifaceted adjective
BrE /ˌmʌltiˈfæsɪtɪd/ ; NAmE /ˌmʌltiˈfæsɪtɪd/ (formal)
having or involving several or many layers
ex) The patent cliff is one aspect of a complex, multilayered landscape, and I think each company is going to face it differently.
* having many different aspects to be considered; containing many different aspects, features, or qualities
ex) a complex and multifaceted problem
fill a prescription
make up a prescription
dispense a prescription
prepare a prescription
- write (out) a prescription
give a prescription
prescribe
to prepare medicine and give it to people, as a job
ex) It sells 1,400 products, and one in six generic prescriptions in the United States is filled with a Teva product.
* (of a doctor) to tell somebody to take a particular medicine or have a particular treatment; to write a prescription for a particular medicine, etc.
competitive edge
gain/maintain/retain a competitive edge
the fact that a company has an advantage over its competitors
ex) Mr. Levin and Ms. Bresch each said that generic companies could gain an edge by expanding into global markets.
The low overheads of the company gave it a competitive edge over other retailers.
The business needs to innovate in order to maintain a competitive edge.
enter into something(formal)
BrE /skləˈrəʊsɪs/ ; NAmE /skləˈroʊsɪs/
1) to begin to discuss or deal with something
ex) Mylan made a big international push in 2007, when it bought the generics business of the German pharmaceutical company Merck KGaA, and this summer it entered into a deal with Pfizer to market and distribute generic drugs in Japan.
Let’s not enter into details at this stage.
multiple sclerosis noun
BrE ; NAmE [uncountable]
(abbreviation MS)
a disease of the nervous system that gets worse over a period of time with loss of feeling and loss of control of movement and speech 다발성 경화증
ex) Teva is perhaps the best example, since it sells the blockbuster multiple sclerosis drug Copaxone.
lift noun
BrE /lɪft/ ; NAmE /lɪft/
3) [singular] a feeling of being happier or more confident than before
synonym boost
ex) But Mylan’s revenue has gotten a lift in recent years from sales of the antiallergy product EpiPen, and Watson sells branded contraceptives and other women’s health products.
Passing the exam gave him a real lift.
contraceptive noun
BrE /ˌkɒntrəˈseptɪv/ ; NAmE /ˌkɑːntrəˈseptɪv/
- birth control pills
** morning-after pill noun
a drug, device or practice used to prevent a woman from becoming pregnant
ex) But Mylan’s revenue has gotten a lift in recent years from sales of the antiallergy product EpiPen, and Watson sells branded contraceptives and other women’s health products.
oral contraceptives
- Birth control pills (also called oral contraceptive pills and the “Pill”) are a type of female hormonal birth control method and are very effective at preventing pregnancy. The Pills are small tablets that you swallow each day.
** a drug that a woman can take some hours after having sex in order to avoid becoming pregnant
controlled delivery | controlled release | delayed release | extended release | immediate release | long-acting | modified release | sustained action | sustained release | timed release | extended release
Time release technology (also known as sustained-release [SR], extended-release [ER, XR, XL], controlled-release [CR], and other synonyms) is a mechanism used in pill tablets or capsules to dissolve a drug over time in order to be released slower and steadier into the bloodstream while having the advantage of being taken at less frequent intervals than immediate-release (IR) formulations of the same drug. For example, extended-release morphine allows for people with chronic pain to only need one or two tablets per day.
ex) Many drug makers are also going after difficult-to-make products like extended-release tablets, patches and creams in the hope that, with less competition, prices will not erode as quickly.
erode verb
BrE /ɪˈrəʊd/ ; NAmE /ɪˈroʊd/ [often passive]
2) [transitive, intransitive] erode (something) to gradually destroy something or make it weaker over a period of time; to be destroyed or made weaker in this way; to gradually reduce the strength or importance of something, or to be gradually reduced in this way
ex) Many drug makers are also going after difficult-to-make products like extended-release tablets, patches and creams in the hope that, with less competition, prices will not erode as quickly.
Her confidence has been slowly eroded by repeated failures.
Mortgage payments have been eroded (= decreased in value) by inflation.
It is feared that international institutions may erode national sovereignty.
Western support for Yeltsin was slowly eroding.
durable adjective
BrE /ˈdjʊərəbl/ ; NAmE /ˈdʊrəbl/
- durable goods noun
BrE ; NAmE (North American English)
(British English consumer durables)
[plural]
likely to last for a long time without breaking or getting weaker
ex) They have a bit better pricing power and are a little bit more durable.
durable plastics
negotiations for a durable peace
Painted steel is likely to be less durable than other kinds.
highly durable carpets for hotel use
- (business) goods which are expected to last for a long time after they have been bought, such as cars, televisions, etc. 내구재, 내구소모재
translate verb
BrE /trænsˈleɪt/ ; NAmE /trænsˈleɪt/ ; BrE /trænzˈleɪt/ ; NAmE /trænzˈleɪt/
3) [transitive, intransitive] to change something, or to be changed, into a different form; [INTRANSITIVE] to cause a particular situation or result
ex) But that doesn’t translate into profit.
Recent economic problems are beginning to translate into a demand for reforms.
It’s time to translate words into action.
I hope all the hard work will translate into profits.
excel verb
BrE /ɪkˈsel/ ; NAmE /ɪkˈsel/
1) [intransitive] to be very good at doing something
ex) Analysts said Watson excelled at this tactic.
She has always excelled in foreign languages.
As a child he excelled at music and art.
The team excels at turning defence into attack.
biologics
Biologics are genetically-engineered proteins derived from human genes. They are designed to inhibit specific components of the immune system that play pivotal roles in fueling inflammation, which is a central feature of rheumatoid arthritis. 생물제제, 생물의약품
ex) Perhaps the hardest drugs to copy are a newer category of products known as biologics, which are proteins made in living cells and are commonly used as treatments for cancer, like Avastic, and rheumatoid arthritis, like Humira.
rheumatoid arthritis noun
BrE /ˌruːmətɔɪd ɑːˈθraɪtɪs/ ; NAmE /ˌruːmətɔɪd ɑːrˈθraɪtɪs/ uncountable
- degenerative arthritis
degenerative adjective
BrE /dɪˈdʒenərətɪv/ ; NAmE /dɪˈdʒenərətɪv/ (specialist)
a disease that gets worse over a period of time and causes painful swelling and permanent damage in the joints of the body, especially the fingers, wrists, feet and ankles
ex) Perhaps the hardest drugs to copy are a newer category of products known as biologics, which are proteins made in living cells and are commonly used as treatments for cancer, like Avastic, and rheumatoid arthritis, like Humira.
* (of an illness) getting or likely to get worse as time passes
ex) degenerative diseases such as arthritis
next big thing
the new rage; the latest fad or trend, esp. in a particular field
ex) A lot of people look at biosimilars and say that’s going to be the next thing.
Flat-panel televisions are the next big thing.
biosimilar noun
/ˌbīōˈsim(ə)lər/
plural noun: biosimilars
a biopharmaceutical drug designed to have active properties similar to one that has previously been licensed
ex) Her report said six of the top 20 best-selling drugs in 2013 were expected to be biologics, but the F.D.A. wa snot expected to issue guidelines for approving biosimilars anytime soon.
Copycat drug makers use an innovator’s research data to make biosimilars.
play something↔out
when an event is played out, it happens
synonym enact
ex) No one really knows how that’s going to play out.
Their love affair was played out against the backdrop of war.
burp verb
BrE /bɜːp/ ; NAmE /bɜːrp/ (informal)
1) [intransitive] to let out air from the stomach through the mouth, making a noise
synonym belch
ex) We can burp up our food, scream at the top of our voices, throw the cutlery on the floor, spend the day gazing blankly out of the window, relieve ourselves in the flower pot - and still know that someone will come and stroke our hair, change our clothes and sing us songs.
He swigged down his beer and burped loudly.
2) [transitive] burp somebody to make a baby bring up air from the stomach, especially by rubbing or patting its back
at the top of your voice (=at the top of your lungs)
as loudly as possible
ex) We can burp up our food, scream at the top of our voices, throw the cutlery on the floor, spend the day gazing blankly out of the window, relieve ourselves in the flower pot - and still know that someone will come and stroke our hair, change our clothes and sing us songs.
She was screaming at the top of her voice.
cutlery noun
BrE /ˈkʌtləri/ ; NAmE /ˈkʌtləri/ [uncountable]
1) (especially British English) (usually North American English flatware, silverware) knives, forks and spoons, used for eating and serving food
ex) We can burp up our food, scream at the top of our voices, throw the cutlery on the floor, spend the day gazing blankly out of the window, relieve ourselves in the flower pot - and still know that someone will come and stroke our hair, change our clothes and sing us songs.
Put the cutlery in the drawer.
a stainless steel cutlery set
They had a canteen of cutlery as a wedding present.
a 24-piece cutlery set
relieve yourself
to use the toilet; a polite way of referring to going to the toilet
ex) We can burp up our food, scream at the top of our voices, throw the cutlery on the floor, spend the day gazing blankly out of the window, relieve ourselves in the flower pot - and still know that someone will come and stroke our hair, change our clothes and sing us songs.
I had to relieve myself behind a bush.
indulgently adverb
BrE /ɪnˈdʌldʒəntli/ ; NAmE /ɪnˈdʌldʒəntli/
1) (usually disapproving) in a way that allows somebody to have or do whatever they want
ex) Even those who are not our own mothers, be they men or women, behave as indulgently: they smile when they see us on a family shopping trip, they comment on the pretty patterns of our clothes and, on a lucky day, bring us a furry animal, a few rails of wooden track or a signal box as a reward for just being ourselves.
to laugh indulgently
idyllic adjective
BrE /ɪˈdɪlɪk/ ; NAmE /aɪˈdɪlɪk/
peaceful and beautiful; perfect, without problems
ex) But this idyllic state is fated not to endure.
a house set in idyllic surroundings
to lead an idyllic existence
The cottage sounds idyllic.
fated adjective
BrE /ˈfeɪtɪd/ ; NAmE /ˈfeɪtɪd/
1) fated (to do something) unable to escape a particular fate; certain to happen because everything is controlled by fate
synonym destined
ex) But this idyllic state is fated not to endure.
We were fated never to meet again.
He believes that everything in life is fated.
snob noun
BrE /snɒb/ ; NAmE /snɑːb/ (disapproving)
1) a person who admires people in the higher social classes too much and has no respect for people in the lower social classes
ex) By the time we have finished our education, we are forced to take our place in a world dominated by a new kind of person, as different from a mother as it is possible to be and whose behavior lies at the heart of our status anxieties: the snob.
She’s such a snob!
2) a person who thinks they are much better than other people because they are intelligent or like things that many people do not like
ex) an intellectual snob
a food/wine, etc. snob
There is a snob value in driving the latest model.
snobbery noun
BrE /ˈsnɒbəri/ ; NAmE /ˈsnɑːbəri/ uncountable
the attitudes and behaviour of people who are snobs
ex) Though certain friends and lovers will remain immune from snobbery, will promise not to disown us even if we are bankrupted and disgraced (on a good day, we may even believe them), in general, we are forced to subsist on a diet of the highly conditional attentions of snobs.
intellectual snobbery
disown verb
BrE /dɪsˈəʊn/ ; NAmE /dɪsˈoʊn/
disown somebody/something to decide that you no longer want to be connected with or responsible for somebody/something
ex) Though certain friends and lovers will remain immune from snobbery, will promise not to disown us even if we are bankrupted and disgraced (on a good day, we may even believe them), in general, we are forced to subsist on a diet of the highly conditional attentions of snobs.
Her family disowned her for marrying a foreigner.
Later he publicly disowned the rebellion.
They have never disowned their humble roots.
disgrace verb
BrE /dɪsˈɡreɪs/ ; NAmE /dɪsˈɡreɪs/
2) be disgraced to lose the respect of people, usually so that you lose a position of power
ex) Though certain friends and lovers will remain immune from snobbery, will promise not to disown us even if we are bankrupted and disgraced (on a good day, we may even believe them), in general, we are forced to subsist on a diet of the highly conditional attentions of snobs.
He was publicly disgraced and sent into exile.
a disgraced politician/leader
subsist verb
BrE /səbˈsɪst/ ; NAmE /səbˈsɪst/
1) [intransitive] subsist (on something) to manage to stay alive, especially with limited food or money
ex) Though certain friends and lovers will remain immune from snobbery, will promise not to disown us even if we are bankrupted and disgraced (on a good day, we may even believe them), in general, we are forced to subsist on a diet of the highly conditional attentions of snobs.
Old people often subsist on very small incomes.
come into/go out of, etc. use
to start/stop being used
ex) The word “snobbery” came into use for the first time in England during the 1820s.
Computers first came into use in the early 1950s.
When did this word come into common use?
These pesticides are gradually going out of use.
aristocratic adjective
BrE /ˌærɪstəˈkrætɪk/ ; NAmE /əˌrɪstəˈkrætɪk/
- aristocracy noun
BrE /ˌærɪˈstɒkrəsi/ ; NAmE /ˌærɪˈstɑːkrəsi/ countable + singular or plural verb
** aristocrat noun
BrE /ˈærɪstəkræt/ ; NAmE /əˈrɪstəkræt/
belonging to or typical of the aristocracy
synonym noble
ex) It was said to have derived from the habit of many Oxford and Cambridge colleges of writing sinenobilitate (without nobility), or “s.nob,” next to the names of ordinary students on examination lists in order to distinguish them from their aristocratic peers.
* (in some countries) people born in the highest social class, who have special titles
synonym nobility
ex) Though traditionally they may have been associated with an interest in the aristocracy (for they were first pinned down in language at a time and place when aristocrats stood at the social apex), the identification of snobbery with an enthusiasm for old-world manners, blazers, hunting and gentlemen’s clubs hardly captures the diversity of the phenomenon.
members of the aristocracy
the shift of power from the aristocracy to the bourgeoisie
** a member of the aristocracy
assume verb
BrE /əˈsjuːm/ ; NAmE /əˈsuːm/
3) assume something (formal) to begin to have a particular quality or appearance
synonym take something↔on
ex) In the word’s earliest days a snob was taken to mean someone without high status, but it quickly assumed its modern and almost diametrically opposed meaning: someone offended by a lack of high status in others, a person who believes in a flawless equation between social rank and human worth.
This matter has assumed considerable importance.
In the story the god assumes the form of an eagle.
diametrically adverb
BrE /ˌdaɪəˈmetrɪkli/ ; NAmE /ˌdaɪəˈmetrɪkli/
diametrically opposed/opposite
completely different
ex) In the word’s earliest days a snob was taken to mean someone without high status, but it quickly assumed its modern and almost diametrically opposed meaning: someone offended by a lack of high status in others, a person who believes in a flawless equation between social rank and human worth.
We hold diametrically opposed views.
equation noun
BrE /ɪˈkweɪʒn/ ; NAmE /ɪˈkweɪʒn/
2) [uncountable, singular] the act of making something equal or considering something as equal (= of equating them)
ex) In the word’s earliest days a snob was taken to mean someone without high status, but it quickly assumed its modern and almost diametrically opposed meaning: someone offended by a lack of high status in others, a person who believes in a flawless equation between social rank and human worth.
The equation of wealth with happiness can be dangerous.
그들은 (속물) 이제 대영제국 내에 널리 알려져 있고 딱 보면 알 수 있습니다.
They are now known and recognized throughout an Empire on which the sun never sets.
pin something↔down
1) to explain or understand something exactly; to understand or describe something exactly
ex) Though traditionally they may have been associated with an interest in the aristocracy (for they were first pinned down in language at a time and place when aristocrats stood at the social apex), the identification of snobbery with an enthusiasm for old-world manners, blazers, hunting and gentlemen’s clubs hardly captures the diversity of the phenomenon.
Officials are trying to pin down the cause of widespread power cuts.
The cause of the disease is difficult to pin down precisely.
apex noun
BrE /ˈeɪpeks/ ; NAmE /ˈeɪpeks/ usually singular
- pinnacle noun
BrE /ˈpɪnəkl/ ; NAmE /ˈpɪnəkl/
the top or highest part of something
ex) Though traditionally they may have been associated with an interest in the aristocracy (for they were first pinned down in language at a time and place when aristocrats stood at the social apex), the identification of snobbery with an enthusiasm for old-world manners, blazers, hunting and gentlemen’s clubs hardly captures the diversity of the phenomenon.
the apex of the roof/triangle
(figurative) At 37, she’d reached the apex of her career.
* 1) [usually singular] pinnacle of something the most important or successful part of something
ex) the pinnacle of her career
He spent more than twenty years at the pinnacle of his profession.
Formula One is the pinnacle of motor racing.
She is at the pinnacle of her profession.
blazer noun
BrE /ˈbleɪzə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈbleɪzər/
a jacket, not worn with matching trousers/pants, often showing the colours or badge of a club, school, team, etc.
ex) Though traditionally they may have been associated with an interest in the aristocracy (for they were first pinned down in language at a time and place when aristocrats stood at the social apex), the identification of snobbery with an enthusiasm for old-world manners, blazers, hunting and gentlemen’s clubs hardly captures the diversity of the phenomenon.
He was smartly dressed in a blazer and slacks.
a school blazer
get (somebody) off the hook, let somebody off the hook
to free yourself or somebody else from a difficult situation or a punishment
ex) It lets too many off the hook.
ingratiating adjective
BrE /ɪnˈɡreɪʃieɪtɪŋ/ ; NAmE /ɪnˈɡreɪʃieɪtɪŋ/ (disapproving)
trying too hard to please somebody
ex) Snobs can be found through history ingratiating themselves with a range of prominent groups - from soldiers (Sparta, 400 B.C.), bishops (Rome, 1500), and poets (Weimar, 1815), to farmers (China, 1967), and film stars (Hollywood, 2004) - for the primary interest of snob is power, and as the distribution of power changes, so, naturally and immediately, will the objects of their admiration.
an ingratiating smile
He wasn’t just helpful, he was positively ingratiating.
parish noun
BrE /ˈpærɪʃ/ ; NAmE /ˈpærɪʃ/
- parishioner noun
BrE /pəˈrɪʃənə(r)/ ; NAmE /pəˈrɪʃənər/
(the parish)
** bishop noun
BrE /ˈbɪʃəp/ ; NAmE /ˈbɪʃəp/
*** suffragan noun
BrE /ˈsʌfrəɡən/ ; NAmE /ˈsʌfrəɡən/
(also suffragan bishop)
** archbishop noun
BrE /ˌɑːtʃˈbɪʃəp/ ; NAmE /ˌɑːrtʃˈbɪʃəp/
***** diocese noun
BrE /ˈdaɪəsɪs/ ; NAmE /ˈdaɪəsɪs/ (pl. dioceses BrE /ˈdaɪəsiːz/ ; NAmE /ˈdaɪəsiːz/ )
**** cardinal noun
BrE /ˈkɑːdɪnl/ ; NAmE /ˈkɑːrdɪnl/
1) [countable] an area that has its own church and that a priest is responsible for 교구
ex) a parish church/priest
He is vicar of a large rural parish.
- a person living in a parish, especially one who goes to church regularly 교구 주민
** 1) a senior priest in charge of the work of the Church in a city or district 주교
ex) the Bishop of Oxford
Bishop Pritchard
He was appointed Bishop of Ely.
He’s the diocesan bishop and he has three suffragan bishops to help him.
*** a bishop who is an assistant to a bishop of a particular diocese 부주교
** a bishop of the highest rank, responsible for all the churches in a large area 대주교
ex) the Archbishop of Canterbury (= the head of the Church of England)
He was enthroned as archbishop in Canterbury Cathedral in 1980.
He was made Archbishop of Milan.
***** (in the Christian Church) a district for which a bishop is responsible 교구
**** 1) a priest of the highest rank in the Roman Catholic Church. Cardinals elect and advise the Pope. 추기경
ex) Cardinal Newman
early on
at an early stage of a situation, relationship, period of time, etc.
ex) Early on in an encounter, the subject of what we “do” will arise and depending on how we answer, we will either be the recipients of bountiful attention or the catalysts of urgent disgust.
I knew quite early on that I wanted to marry her.
bountiful adjective
BrE /ˈbaʊntɪfl/ ; NAmE /ˈbaʊntɪfl/ (formal or literary)
1) in large quantities; large
ex) Early on in an encounter, the subject of what we “do” will arise and depending on how we answer, we will either be the recipients of bountiful attention or the catalysts of urgent disgust.
a bountiful supply of food
catalyst noun
BrE /ˈkætəlɪst/ ; NAmE /ˈkætəlɪst/
2) catalyst (for something) a person or thing that causes a change
ex) Early on in an encounter, the subject of what we “do” will arise and depending on how we answer, we will either be the recipients of bountiful attention or the catalysts of urgent disgust.
I see my role as being a catalyst for change.
The riots were later seen as the catalyst for the new political developments.
be endowed with something
(formal) to naturally have a particular feature, quality, etc.
ex) We may be endowed with the wisdom of Solomon and have the resourcefulness and intelligence of Odysseus, but if we are unable to wield socially recognized badges of our qualities, our existence will remain a matter of raw indifference to them.
She was endowed with intelligence and wit.
The stones are believed to be endowed with magical powers.
badge noun
BrE /bædʒ/ ; NAmE /bædʒ/
4) (formal) something that shows that a particular quality is present
ex) We may be endowed with the wisdom of Solomon and have the resourcefulness and intelligence of Odysseus, but if we are unable to wield socially recognized badges of our qualities, our existence will remain a matter of raw indifference to them.
His gun was a badge of power for him.
company noun
BrE /ˈkʌmpəni/ ; NAmE /ˈkʌmpəni/ (pl. companies)
3) [uncountable] the fact of being with somebody else and not alone
ex) The company of the snobbish has the power to enrage and unnerve because we sense how little of who we are deep down - that is, how little of who we are outside of our status - will be able to govern their behavior towards us.
I enjoy Jo’s company (= I enjoy being with her).
She enjoys her own company (= being by herself) when she is travelling.
The children are very good company (= pleasant to be with) at this age.
a pleasant evening in the company of friends
He’s coming with me for company.
enrage verb
BrE /ɪnˈreɪdʒ/ ; NAmE /ɪnˈreɪdʒ/
[usually passive] enrage somebody to make somebody very angry
synonym infuriate
ex) The company of the snobbish has the power to enrage and unnerve because we sense how little of who we are deep down - that is, how little of who we are outside of our status - will be able to govern their behavior towards us.
She was enraged at his stupidity.
The newspaper article enraged him.
unnerve verb
BrE /ˌʌnˈnɜːv/ ; NAmE /ˌʌnˈnɜːrv/
unnerve somebody to make somebody feel nervous or frightened or lose confidence
ex) The company of the snobbish has the power to enrage and unnerve because we sense how little of who we are deep down - that is, how little of who we are outside of our status - will be able to govern their behavior towards us.
His silence unnerved us.
She appeared strained and a little unnerved.
I was completely unnerved by the way she kept staring at me.
pain verb
BrE /peɪn/ ; NAmE /peɪn/
(not used in the progressive tenses) (formal) to cause somebody pain or make them unhappy
synonym hurt
ex) This conditional attention pains us because our earliest memory of love is of being cared for in a naked, impoverished condition.
She was deeply pained by the accusation.
(old use) The wound still pained him occasionally.
It pains me to see you like this.
It pained him that she would not acknowledge him.
by definition
as a part of the basic nature of something
ex) Babies cannot, by definition, repay their caretakers with worldly rewards.
A dictatorship means, by definition, one centre of power.
worldly adjective
BrE /ˈwɜːldli/ ; NAmE /ˈwɜːrldli/ (literary)
2) having a lot of experience of life and therefore not easily shocked
opposite unworldly
ex) Babies cannot, by definition, repay their caretakers with worldly rewards.
At 15, he was more worldly than his older cousins who lived in the country.
caretaker noun
BrE /ˈkeəteɪkə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈkerteɪkər/
2) (especially North American English) a person who takes care of a house or land while the owner is away
3) (especially North American English) a person such as a teacher, parent, nurse, etc., who takes care of other people
ex) Babies cannot, by definition, repay their caretakers with worldly rewards.
in so/as far as
to the degree that
ex) In so far as they are loved and looked after, it is therefore for who they are, identity understood in its barest, most stripped-down state.
That’s the truth, in so far as I know it.
stripped-down adjective
BrE ; NAmE [usually before noun]
1) keeping only the most basic or essential features, with everything else removed
ex) In so far as they are loved and looked after, it is therefore for who they are, identity understood in its barest, most stripped-down state.
a stripped-down version of the song
howling adjective
BrE /ˈhaʊlɪŋ/ ; NAmE /ˈhaʊlɪŋ/ [only before noun]
making a continuous low loud noise
ex) They are loved for, or in spite of, their uncontrolled, howling and stubborn characters.
dazzle verb
BrE /ˈdæzl/ ; NAmE /ˈdæzl/ [often passive]
2) [transitive] dazzle somebody to impress somebody a lot with your beauty, skill, etc.
ex) Such efforts may attract the interest of others, but the underlying emotional craving is not so much to dazzle because of our deeds as to recapture the tenor of the bountiful, indiscriminate petting we received in return for arranging wooden bricks on the kitchen floor, for having a soft plump body and wide trusting eyes.
He was dazzled by the warmth of her smile.
She knows a lot of famous people and tried to dazzle me with their names.
tenor noun
BrE /ˈtenə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈtenər/
3) [singular] the tenor of something (formal) the general character or meaning of something; [SINGULAR] the feeling, mood, or main message that you get from a book, person, situation etc
ex) Such efforts may attract the interest of others, but the underlying emotional craving is not so much to dazzle because of our deeds as to recapture the tenor of the bountiful, indiscriminate petting we received in return for arranging wooden bricks on the kitchen floor, for having a soft plump body and wide trusting eyes.
I think the tenor of the discussions has been pretty positive.
I was encouraged by the general tenor of his remarks.
indiscriminate adjective
BrE /ˌɪndɪˈskrɪmɪnət/ ; NAmE /ˌɪndɪˈskrɪmɪnət/
2) acting without careful judgement; done without choosing or judging carefully
ex) Such efforts may attract the interest of others, but the underlying emotional craving is not so much to dazzle because of our deeds as to recapture the tenor of the bountiful, indiscriminate petting we received in return for arranging wooden bricks on the kitchen floor, for having a soft plump body and wide trusting eyes.
She’s always been indiscriminate in her choice of friends.
petting noun
BrE /ˈpetɪŋ/ ; NAmE /ˈpetɪŋ/ [uncountable]
- pet verb
BrE /pet/ ; NAmE /pet/
the activity of kissing and touching somebody, especially in a sexual way
ex) heavy petting (= sexual activity which avoids penetration)
- 1) [transitive] pet somebody/something (especially North American English) to touch or move your hand gently over an animal or a child in a kind and loving way
He petted the dog and ruffled its fur.
ex) Such efforts may attract the interest of others, but the underlying emotional craving is not so much to dazzle because of our deeds as to recapture the tenor of the bountiful, indiscriminate petting we received in return for arranging wooden bricks on the kitchen floor, for having a soft plump body and wide trusting eyes.
plump adjectiveplump adjective
BrE /plʌmp/ ; NAmE /plʌmp/ (plumper, plumpest)
Add to my wordlist
BrE /plʌmp/ ; NAmE /plʌmp/ (plumper, plumpest)
Add to my wordlist
1) having a soft, round body; slightly fat
ex) Such efforts may attract the interest of others, but the underlying emotional craving is not so much to dazzle because of our deeds as to recapture the tenor of the bountiful, indiscriminate petting we received in return for arranging wooden bricks on the kitchen floor, for having a soft plump body and wide trusting eyes.
a short, plump woman
a plump face
inept adjective
BrE /ɪˈnept/ ; NAmE /ɪˈnept/
acting or done with no skill
ex) It is evidence of this craving that only the most inept flatterer would admit to a wish to base a friendship around an attraction to power or fame.
She was left feeling inept and inadequate.
an inept remark
It would be politically inept to cut these training programmes now.
He made some particularly inept remarks.
volatile adjective
BrE /ˈvɒlətaɪl/ ; NAmE /ˈvɑːlətl/
1) (often disapproving) (of a person or their moods) changing easily from one mood to another
ex) Such assets would feel like insulting and volatile reasons to be invited to lunch, for they lie outside the circle of our true and irreducible selves.
a highly volatile personality
2) (of a situation) likely to change suddenly; easily becoming dangerous
synonym unstable
ex) a highly volatile situation from which riots might develop
a volatile exchange rate
irreducible adjective
BrE /ˌɪrɪˈdjuːsəbl/ ; NAmE /ˌɪrɪˈduːsəbl/ (formal)
that cannot be made smaller or simpler
ex) Such assets would feel like insulting and volatile reasons to be invited to lunch, for they lie outside the circle of our true and irreducible selves.
to cut staff to an irreducible minimum
an irreducible fact
perish verb
BrE /ˈperɪʃ/ ; NAmE /ˈperɪʃ/
1) [intransitive] (formal or literary) (of people or animals) to die, especially in a sudden violent way
ex) Jobs can be lost and influence eroded without us perishing nor our childhood-founded need for affection slackening.
A family of four perished in the fire.
Thousands perished at the hands of the invading forces.
slacken verb
BrE /ˈslækən/ ; NAmE /ˈslækən/
1) [intransitive, transitive] to gradually become, or to make something become, slower, less active, etc.
synonym relax
ex) Jobs can be lost and influence eroded without us perishing nor our childhood-founded need for affection slackening.
We’ve been really busy, but things are starting to slacken off now.
She slackened her pace a little (= walked a little more slowly).
prey noun
BrE /preɪ/ ; NAmE /preɪ/ [uncountable, singular]
2) a person who is harmed or tricked by somebody, especially for dishonest purposes
ex) Talented flatterers therefore know they should suggest that it is strictly the status-less part of their prey they are interested in, that the ambassadorial car, newspaper profiles or company directorship are mere coincidential features of a profound and pure attachment.
Elderly people are easy prey for dishonest salesmen.
ambassadorial adjective
BrE /æmˌbæsəˈdɔːriəl/ ; NAmE /æmˌbæsəˈdɔːriəl/
connected with an ambassador
ex) Talented flatterers therefore know they should suggest that it is strictly the status-less part of their prey they are interested in, that the ambassadorial car, newspaper profiles or company directorship are mere coincidential features of a profound and pure attachment.
attachment noun
BrE /əˈtætʃmənt/ ; NAmE /əˈtætʃmənt/
1) [countable, uncountable] a strong feeling of affection for somebody/something
ex) Talented flatterers therefore know they should suggest that it is strictly the status-less part of their prey they are interested in, that the ambassadorial car, newspaper profiles or company directorship are mere coincidential features of a profound and pure attachment.
a child’s strong attachment to its parents
liable adjective
BrE /ˈlaɪəbl/ ; NAmE /ˈlaɪəbl/ [not before noun]
2) liable to do something likely to do something
ex) Yet, despite their efforts, the prey are liable to detect the fickleness beneath the polished surface and leave the company of snobs fearing the irrelevance of their essential selves beside any status which, for a time, they may hold precariously in their hands.
We’re all liable to make mistakes when we’re tired.
The bridge is liable to collapse at any moment.
fickleness noun
BrE /ˈfɪklnəs/ ; NAmE /ˈfɪklnəs/ uncountable
2) the quality of often changing your mind in an unreasonable way so that people cannot rely on you
ex) Yet, despite their efforts, the prey are liable to detect the fickleness beneath the polished surface and leave the company of snobs fearing the irrelevance of their essential selves beside any status which, for a time, they may hold precariously in their hands.
the fickleness of young lovers
precariously adverb
BrE /prɪˈkeəriəsli/ ; NAmE /prɪˈkerəriəsli/
2) in a way that means something is likely to fall or that might cause somebody to fall
ex) Yet, despite their efforts, the prey are liable to detect the fickleness beneath the polished surface and leave the company of snobs fearing the irrelevance of their essential selves beside any status which, for a time, they may hold precariously in their hands.
He balanced the glass precariously on the arm of his chair.
make for something
1) to move towards something
ex) Unfortunately, psychological studies reveal that givers and receivers have a hard time understanding each other’s mind-sets, which can make for a tricky holiday experience.
이번 연구는 그냥 선물 재활용을 해도 된다고 말하고 있습니다. 부끄러워하지 말고요.
Research shows you can go right ahead and regift it, shame intact.
intact adjective
BrE /ɪnˈtækt/ ; NAmE /ɪnˈtækt/ [not usually before noun]
complete and not damaged; not harmed, damaged, or lacking any parts as a result of something that has happened
synonym undamaged
ex) Research shows you can go right ahead and regift it, shame intact.
Most of the house remains intact even after two hundred years.
He emerged from the trial with his reputation intact.
His image as party leader has survived the crisis intact.
This great Victorian house will be preserved intact and opened to the public.
shy away (from something)
to avoid doing something because you are nervous or frightened
ex) Many people shy away from regifting, or hide the fact they are doing it, out of fear the original giver of the item could be offended.
Hugh never shied away from his responsibilities.
The newspapers have shied away from investigating the story.
accrue verb
BrE /əˈkruː/ ; NAmE /əˈkruː/ (formal)
1) [intransitive] to increase over a period of time
ex) The benefit of a thoughtful gift actually accrues mainly to the giver, who derives a feeling of closeness to the other person, the study found.
Interest will accrue if you keep your money in a savings account.
economic benefits accruing to the country from tourism
2) [transitive] accrue something to allow a sum of money or debts to grow over a period of time
synonym accumulate
ex) The firm had accrued debts of over $6m.
appreciative adjective
BrE /əˈpriːʃətɪv/ ; NAmE /əˈpriːʃətɪv/
1) appreciative (of something) feeling or showing that you are grateful for something
ex) People are more appreciative when they receive a gift they have explicitly requested, according to a similar study published last year in a separate publication called the Journal of Experimental Social Psychology.
The company was very appreciative of my efforts.
explicitly adverb
BrE /ɪkˈsplɪsɪtli/ ; NAmE /ɪkˈsplɪsɪtli/
1) clearly or directly, so that the meaning is easy to understand
ex) People are more appreciative when they receive a gift they have explicitly requested, according to a similar study published last year in a separate publication called the Journal of Experimental Social Psychology.
The report states explicitly that the system was to blame.
The text does not explicitly mention him by name.
draw on/upon something
to use information or your knowledge of something to help you do something
ex) Despite knowing what these roles feel like, people often fail, for instance, to draw on the experience of being a recipient when they are shopping for a gift to give, he says.
His novels draw heavily on his childhood.
She had a wealth of experience to draw on.
gain in something
to get more of a particular quality
ex) Regifting, once a social taboo, is gradually gaining in acceptance.
to gain in confidence
His books have gained in popularity in recent years.
다른 사람이 나보다 더 좋아할 거 같애.
You know, I know someone else would like it more than I would.
exclaim verb
BrE /ɪkˈskleɪm/ ; NAmE /ɪkˈskleɪm/ [intransitive, transitive]
to say something suddenly and loudly, especially because of strong emotion or pain
ex) About six months later, the friend came over to Ms. Sayeed’s aunt’s house, purse in hand, and the aunt exclaimed, “You know, Humera has a purse just like that!”
She opened her eyes and exclaimed in delight at the scene.
‘It isn’t fair!’, he exclaimed angrily.
She exclaimed that it was useless.
fib verb
BrE /fɪb/ ; NAmE /fɪb/
(fibbing, fibbed) [intransitive] (informal) to tell a lie, usually about something that is not important
ex) “I said, ‘You know Auntie, I loved it so much that I got her the same one,’” Ms. Sayeed fibbed.
Come on, don’t fib! Where were you really last night?
그냥 하지 말아야겠다고 맘 먹었어요.
I just decided it would be better not to, which I guess is why people feel sneaky about regifting.
sneaky adjective
BrE /ˈsniːki/ ; NAmE /ˈsniːki/ (sneakier, sneakiest)(informal)
behaving in a secret and sometimes dishonest or unpleasant way
synonym crafty
ex) I just decided it would be better not to, which I guess is why people feel sneaky about regifting.
I took a sneaky glance at my watch.
That was a sneaky trick!
be bothered (about somebody/something)
(informal, especially British English) to think that somebody/something is important
ex) The reason people weren’t overly bothered when their gifts were later regifted was because they generally believed the recipient was free to decide what to do with an item.
I’m not bothered about what he thinks.
‘Where shall we eat?’ ‘I’m not bothered.’ (= I don’t mind where we go.)
say noun
BrE /seɪ/ ; NAmE /seɪ/
[singular, uncountable] say (in something) the right to influence something by giving your opinion before a decision is made
ex) On the other hand, regifters were fearful of offending because they believe the original giver should retain some say in how the gifts were used.
We had no say in the decision to sell the company.
People want a greater say in local government.
The judge has the final say on the sentence.
The council made the decision.
We had no say in the matter.
Residents are being given a chance to have a say on the future of their town.
hold true
to be true, or to remain true
ex) The different points of view held true regardless of whether the gift givers and receivers were friends.
declare verb
BrE /dɪˈkleə(r)/ ; NAmE /dɪˈkler/
1) [transitive] to say something officially or publicly
ex) Money Management International, a nonprofit that helps people facing financial difficulties, has run a Regiftable.com website for more than five years and declared the third Thursday in December to be National Regifting Day, to coincide with many holiday office parties.
coincide verb
BrE /ˌkəʊɪnˈsaɪd/ ; NAmE /ˌkoʊɪnˈsaɪd/
1) [intransitive] (of two or more events) to take place at the same time
ex) Money Management International, a nonprofit that helps people facing financial difficulties, has run a Regiftable.com website for more than five years and declared the third Thursday in December to be National Regifting Day, to coincide with many holiday office parties.
It’s a pity our trips to New York don’t coincide.
The strike was timed to coincide with the party conference.
sanction verb
BrE /ˈsæŋkʃn/ ; NAmE /ˈsæŋkʃn/
1) sanction something (formal) to give permission for something to take place
ex) At lease one state, Colorado, has officially sanctioned an annual regifting day.
The government refused to sanction a further cut in interest rates.
선물 재활용이 꼭 나쁜 건 아니에요. 사람들이 생각하는 것 만큼 기분 나쁜 일이 아닙니다.
Regifting isn’t a bad thing, it’s not quite as offensive as people might think it is.
upfront adjective
BrE /ˌʌpˈfrʌnt/ ; NAmE /ˌʌpˈfrʌnt/
1) upfront (about something) not trying to hide what you think or do
synonym honest, frank
ex) But she says she tries to be upfront about it.
He’s been upfront about his intentions since the beginning.
inscription noun
BrE /ɪnˈskrɪpʃn/ ; NAmE /ɪnˈskrɪpʃn/
Add to my wordlist
words written in the front of a book or cut in stone or metal
ex) Ms. Love, who lives in New York City, says she once received an entertainment and etiquette book that was clearly regifted: The book contained an inscription made out to the giver.
There was an inscription carved over the doorway.
There are no inscriptions or markings to identify the tombs.
중요한 건 마음이야.
It’s the thought that counts.
debunk verb
BrE /ˌdiːˈbʌŋk/ ; NAmE /ˌdiːˈbʌŋk/
debunk something to show that an idea, a belief, etc. is false; to show that something is not as good as people think it is
ex) The adage “It’s the thought that counts” was largely debunked by the recent study in the Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, which concluded that gift givers are better off choosing gifts that receivers actually desire rather than spending a lot of time and energy shopping for what they perceive to be a thoughtful gift.
His theories have been debunked by recent research.
Let’s start by debunking a few myths.
She attempts to debunk unrealistic expectations about marriage.
be better off (doing something)
used to say that somebody is/would be happier or more satisfied if they were in a particular position or did a particular thing
ex) The adage “It’s the thought that counts” was largely debunked by the recent study in the Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, which concluded that gift givers are better off choosing gifts that receivers actually desire rather than spending a lot of time and energy shopping for what they perceive to be a thoughtful gift.
You will be better off having nothing to do with him.
She’s better off without him.
The weather was so bad we’d have been better off staying at home.
behind the scenes
1) in the part of a theatre, etc. that the public does not usually see
ex) Dr. Epley says that after his wife gave birth to their second child, he spent a lot of time dreaming up what he thought was the perfect Christmas gift for her: a behind-the-scenes day as a trainer at the Chicago aquarium.
The students were able to go behind the scenes to see how programmes are made.
neoprene noun
BrE /ˈniːəpriːn/ ; NAmE /ˈniːəpriːn/ [uncountable]
an artificial material which looks like rubber, used for making wetsuits
ex) The idea of squeezing into a Neoprene wetsuit a month after giving birth and holding a stinky fish over a penguin or a dolphin was the last thing she wanted to do.
wetsuit noun
BrE /ˈwetsuːt/ , also /ˈwetsjuːt/ ; NAmE /ˈwetsuːt/
a piece of clothing made of rubber that fits the whole body closely, worn, for example, by people swimming underwater or sailing
ex) The idea of squeezing into a Neoprene wetsuit a month after giving birth and holding a stinky fish over a penguin or a dolphin was the last thing she wanted to do.
Uncle Sam noun
BrE ; NAmE (informal)
- Big Brother noun
BrE ; NAmE [singular]
a way of referring to the United States of America or the US government (sometimes shown as a tall man with a white beard and a tall hat)
ex) Uncle Sam Is Not Coming to Dinner
He owed $20 000 in tax to Uncle Sam.
- a leader, a person in authority or a government that tries to control people’s behaviour and thoughts, but pretends to act for their benefit
curb verb
BrE /kɜːb/ ; NAmE /kɜːrb/
curb something to control or limit something, especially something bad
synonym check
ex) Either the government must act immediately to curb our waistlines, or we must act to curb our bloated government.
He needs to learn to curb his temper.
A range of policies have been introduced aimed at curbing inflation.
bloated adjective
BrE /ˈbləʊtɪd/ ; NAmE /ˈbloʊtɪd/
1) full of liquid or gas and therefore bigger than normal, in a way that is unpleasant
ex) Either the government must act immediately to curb our waistlines, or we must act to curb our bloated government.
a bloated body floating in the canal
(figurative) a bloated organization (= with too many people in it)
2) full of food and feeling uncomfortable
ex) I felt bloated after the huge meal they’d served.
motion noun
BrE /ˈməʊʃn/ ; NAmE /ˈmoʊʃn/
3) [countable] a formal proposal that is discussed and voted on at a meeting
ex) These were the questions debated in NYU’s Skirball Center last night at the Slate/Intelligence Squared live debate, in which four health and policy experts argued the motion that “Obesity is the government’s business.”
to table/put forward a motion
to propose a motion (= to be the main speaker in favour of a motion)
The motion was adopted/carried by six votes to one.
at/from the outset (of something)
at/from the beginning of something
ex) Polled at the outset of the debate, 55 percent of the audience supported the motion, 19 percent opposed it, and 26 percent were undecided.
I made it clear right from the outset that I disapproved.
You should have made that clear right at the outset.
swing verb
BrE /swɪŋ/ ; NAmE /swɪŋ/
6) [intransitive, transitive] to change or make somebody/something change from one opinion, mood, etc. to another
ex) By the close of the evening, the “yes” vote remained at 55 percent, but the “no” vote had swung up 16 percentage points to 35 percent, leaving only 10 percent undecided.
The state has swung from Republican to Democrat.
His emotions swung between fear and curiosity.
The game could swing either way (= either side could win it).
I managed to swing them round to my point of view.
style noun
BrE /staɪl/ ; NAmE /staɪl/
7) (in adjectives) having the type of style mentioned
ex) According to Oxford-style rules, whichever side succeeds in changing the greatest number of minds wins, so the motion’s detractors (who believed that the state should butt out of our eating habits) carried the day.
Italian-style gardens
a buffet-style breakfast
carry/win the day
(formal) to be successful against somebody/something
ex) According to Oxford-style rules, whichever side succeeds in changing the greatest number of minds wins, so the motion’s detractors (who believed that the state should butt out of our eating habits) carried the day.
Despite strong opposition, the ruling party carried the day.
butt out
- butt in | butt in on somebody | butt in on something
(informal, especially North American English) used to tell somebody rudely to go away or to stop interfering in something that does not concern them
ex) According to Oxford-style rules, whichever side succeeds in changing the greatest number of minds wins, so the motion’s detractors (who believed that the state should butt out of our eating habits) carried the day.
Butt out, Neil! This is none of your business.
- 1) to interrupt a conversation rudely
ex) How can I explain if you keep butting in?
Josie butted in.
2) (informal) to become involved in a situation that does not concern you
synonym interfere
ex) Don’t butt in. Mind your own business.
I didn’t ask you to butt in on my private business.
gospel noun
BrE /ˈɡɒspl/ ; NAmE /ˈɡɑːspl/
3) [countable, usually singular] a set of ideas that somebody believes in and tries to persuade others to accept
ex) Dr. Pamela Peeke, physician and chief lifestyle expert at WebMD, spread a gospel of weight loss through behavioral adjustments - several of which, she argued, should be facilitated by Uncle Sam.
He preached a gospel of military strength.
the football gospel according to Kevin
facilitate verb
BrE /fəˈsɪlɪteɪt/ ; NAmE /fəˈsɪlɪteɪt/
facilitate something (formal) to make an action or a process possible or easier
ex) Dr. Pamela Peeke, physician and chief lifestyle expert at WebMD, spread a gospel of weight loss through behavioral adjustments - several of which, she argued, should be facilitated by Uncle Sam.
The new trade agreement should facilitate more rapid economic growth.
Structured teaching facilitates learning.
Surgeon General noun
BrE ; NAmE (pl. Surgeons General)
(in the US) the head of a public health service or of a medical service in the armed forces 의무감
ex) From her partner Dr. David Satcher, the 16th surgeon general of the United States, came a fervent defense of the government as primary caretaker and an insistence on links between obesity and Type 2 diabetes.
Surgeon General’s warning: cigarette smoking causes cancer
fervent adjective
BrE /ˈfɜːvənt/ ; NAmE /ˈfɜːrvənt/ [usually before noun]
having or showing very strong and sincere feelings about something
synonym ardent
ex) From her partner Dr. David Satcher, the 16th surgeon general of the United States, came a fervent defense of the government as primary caretaker and an insistence on links between obesity and Type 2 diabetes.
a fervent admirer/believer/supporter
a fervent belief/hope/desire
reach across the aisle
- go/walk down the aisle
to reach out to political opponents in order to achieve a compromise
ex) Defeated Republican challenger Mitt Romney congratulated President Barack Obama on his re-election and vowed to reach across the aisle to meet the critical challenges faced by the nation.
Across the aisle, Fox New host John Stossel lived up to his libertarian reputation by painting tax-funded anti-obesity measures as Stalinist nightmares.
- (informal) to get married
libertarian noun
BrE /ˌlɪbəˈteəriən/ ; NAmE /ˌlɪbərˈteriən/
a person who strongly believes that people should have the freedom to do and think as they like
ex) Across the aisle, Fox New host John Stossel lived up to his libertarian reputation by painting tax-funded anti-obesity measures as Stalinist nightmares.
Stalinist adjective
BrE /ˈstɑːlɪnɪst/ ; NAmE /ˈstɑːlɪnɪst/
following or connected with the policies and beliefs of Stalin, especially that the Communist party should be the only party and that the central government should control the whole political and economic system
ex) Across the aisle, Fox New host John Stossel lived up to his libertarian reputation by painting tax-funded anti-obesity measures as Stalinist nightmares.
a Stalinist regime
implore verb
BrE /ɪmˈplɔː(r)/ ; NAmE /ɪmˈplɔːr/ (formal or literary)
to ask somebody to do something in an anxious way because you want or need it very much
synonym beseech, beg
ex) And Paul Campos, an author and law professor at the University of Colorado, Boulder, implored Americans to embrace body diversity and focus on achieving healthier lifestyles.
She implored him to stay.
‘Help me,’ he implored.
Tell me it’s true. I implore you.
live up to something
to do as well as or be as good as other people expect you to
ex) Across the aisle, Fox New host John Stossel lived up to his libertarian reputation by painting tax-funded anti-obesity measures as Stalinist nightmares.
Candidate Lee lived up to her notoriety as a poignant panelist today feverishly attacking Ms. Park on the 600 million won.
He failed to live up to his parents’ expectations.
The team called ‘The No-Hopers’ certainly lived up to its name.
be/get off to a /good/bad/slow etc start
- flying start noun
BrE ; NAmE
(less frequent flyer)
[singular]
** get off to a flying start, get off to a flyer
used for saying that something begins in a particular manner, especially a race or a competition
ex) By moderator John Donvan’s account, the debate got off to a slow start.
His business got off to a good start, but…
She got off to a slow start in her election campaign.
The Games are off to a flying start with `a new world record in the women’s marathon.
- a very fast start to a race, competition, etc.
** to make a very good start; to begin something well
ex) She’s got off to a flying start in her new career.
tick off
2) to count things on your fingers as you talk about them
ex) Peeke, ticking off weight-loss success stories, insisted that the government partner with citizens instead of bossing them around - yet her reliance on catchphrases like “bigger brain, better choices” and “no park, no play” may have alienated the audience.
She began ticking off on her fingers, ‘one: I’m hungry, two: I’m thirsty and three: I’m tired.’
boss someone around/about (informal)
to keep telling other people what to do
ex) Peeke, ticking off weight-loss success stories, insisted that the government partner with citizens instead of bossing them around - yet her reliance on catchphrases like “bigger brain, better choices” and “no park, no play” may have alienated the audience.
He’s used to bossing his little brother around.
pea-brain noun (informal)
- birdbrain noun
BrE /ˈbɜːdbreɪn/ ; NAmE /ˈbɜːrdbreɪn/ (especially North American English)
** bird-brained adjective (informal)
*** pea-brained adjective (informal)
a very stupid person
ex) He has a brain the size of a pea.
* a stupid person
** stupid in an annoying way
ex) a bird-brained idea
*** very stupid
alienate verb
BrE /ˈeɪliəneɪt/ ; NAmE /ˈeɪliəneɪt/
1) alienate somebody to make somebody less friendly or sympathetic towards you
ex) Peeke, ticking off weight-loss success stories, insisted that the government partner with citizens instead of bossing them around - yet her reliance on catchphrases like “bigger brain, better choices” and “no park, no play” may have alienated the audience.
His comments have alienated a lot of young voters.
stony adjective
BrE /ˈstəʊni/ ; NAmE /ˈstoʊni/ (stonier, stoniest)
2) showing a lack of feeling or sympathy
synonym cold
ex) Stossel’s challenge to the welfare state also got a stony reception (though a ripple of laughter ran through the hall when he mocked a recent law exempting Kit-Kat bars from “candy” status in schools because they contain flour).
They listened to him in stony silence.
She met Luke’s hard, stony eyes.
mock verb
BrE /mɒk/ ; NAmE /mɑːk/
1) [transitive, intransitive] mock (somebody/something) | mock (somebody) + speech to laugh at somebody/something in an unkind way, especially by copying what they say or do
synonym make fun of
ex) Stossel’s challenge to the welfare state also got a stony reception (though a ripple of laughter ran through the hall when he mocked a recent law exempting Kit-Kat bars from “candy” status in schools because they contain flour).
He’s always mocking my French accent.
The other children mocked her, laughing behind their hands.
You can mock, but at least I’m willing to have a try!
sell out
2) INFORMAL to do something that shows you no longer have the same moral principles that you used to have
ex) Campos was the first to engaged the sold-out crowd with his suggestion that the debate topic itself used misleading language.
Some fans thought she’d sold out to mainstream pop music.
misleading adjective
BrE /ˌmɪsˈliːdɪŋ/ ; NAmE /ˌmɪsˈliːdɪŋ/
giving the wrong idea or impression and making you believe something that is not true
synonym deceptive
ex) Campos was the first to engaged the sold-out crowd with his suggestion that the debate topic itself used misleading language.
misleading information/advertisements
It would be seriously misleading to suggest that television has no effect on children.
frame verb
BrE /freɪm/ ; NAmE /freɪm/
4) frame something to express something in a particular way
ex) “To have a motion that says, ‘Obesity is the government’s business’,” he said, “frames the debate as one … about a supposedly pathological state. Imagine if this debate were framed as ‘Eliminating body diversity is the government’s business.’ I think that would sound a lot different, but in point of fact there is no practical distinction between the two.”
You’ll have to be careful how you frame the question.
in point of fact
used to say what is true in a situation
ex) “To have a motion that says, ‘Obesity is the government’s business’,” he said, “frames the debate as one … about a supposedly pathological state. Imagine if this debate were framed as ‘Eliminating body diversity is the government’s business.’ I think that would sound a lot different, but in point of fact there is no practical distinction between the two.”
In point of fact, she is their adopted daughter.
unspool verb
/ʌnˈspuːl/
1) to remove (film, cotton, etc.) from a spool
2) (slang) to screen a film; to be presented or revealed on or as if on a motion-picture screen
ex) Campos unspooled a string of data suggesting that obesity’s adverse health effects were overblown. (Much of his case boiled down to the difference between correlation and causation.)
boil down to something
(not used in the progressive tenses) (of a situation, problem, etc.) to have something as a main or basic part
ex) Campos unspooled a string of data suggesting that obesity’s adverse health effects were overblown. (Much of his case boiled down to the difference between correlation and causation.)
In the end, what it all boils down to is money, or the lack of it.
correlation noun
BrE /ˌkɒrəˈleɪʃn/ ; NAmE /ˌkɔːrəˈleɪʃn/ [countable, uncountable]
- causation noun
BrE /kɔːˈzeɪʃn/ ; NAmE /kɔːˈzeɪʃn/ uncountable
a connection between two things in which one thing changes as the other does
ex) Campos unspooled a string of data suggesting that obesity’s adverse health effects were overblown. (Much of his case boiled down to the difference between correlation and causation.)
There is a direct correlation between exposure to sun and skin cancer.
the correlation of social power with wealth
- the process of one event causing or producing another event
body mass index nounbody mass index noun
BrE ; NAmE
(abbreviation BMI)
an approximate measure of whether somebody weighs too much or too little, calculated by dividing their weight in kilograms by their height in metres squared
ex) “The vast majority of people, and I’m going to say this about 27 times tonight, cannot intentionally modify their body mass in a long-term fashion,” he averred, before proposing that the drug companies funding obesity research have a strong interest in convincing us otherwise.
aver verb
BrE /əˈvɜː(r)/ ; NAmE /əˈvɜːr/
present simple I / you / we / they aver BrE /əˈvɜː(r)/ ; NAmE /əˈvɜːr/
he / she / it avers BrE /əˈvɜːz/ ; NAmE /əˈvɜːrz/
past simple averred BrE /əˈvɜːd/ ; NAmE /əˈvɜːrd/
past participle averred BrE /əˈvɜːd/ ; NAmE /əˈvɜːrd/
-ing form averring BrE /əˈvɜːrɪŋ/ ; NAmE /əˈvɜːrɪŋ/
aver that… | aver something | + speech (formal) to state firmly and strongly that something is true
synonym assert, declare
ex) “The vast majority of people, and I’m going to say this about 27 times tonight, cannot intentionally modify their body mass in a long-term fashion,” he averred, before proposing that the drug companies funding obesity research have a strong interest in convincing us otherwise.
She averred that she had never seen the man before.
cite verb
BrE /saɪt/ ; NAmE /saɪt/ (formal)
1) cite something (as something) to mention something as a reason or an example, or in order to support what you are saying
ex) In response, Peeke cited the National Weight Control Registry, a collection of 10,000 “successful losers” who dropped at least 30 pounds and maintained their slimmer build for more than a year.
He cited his heavy workload as the reason for his breakdown.
drop verb
BrE /drɒp/ ; NAmE /drɑːp/
3) [TRANSITIVE] to reduce something to a lower amount or value
ex) In response, Peeke cited the National Weight Control Registry, a collection of 10,000 “successful losers” who dropped at least 30 pounds and maintained their slimmer build for more than a year.
We had to drop the price of our house to sell it.
Be sure to drop your speed in wet weather.
build noun
BrE /bɪld/ ; NAmE /bɪld/
1) [uncountable, countable, usually singular] the shape and size of the human body
ex) In response, Peeke cited the National Weight Control Registry, a collection of 10,000 “successful losers” who dropped at least 30 pounds and maintained their slimmer build for more than a year.
a man of average build
weave verb
BrE /wiːv/ ; NAmE /wiːv/
3) [transitive] to put facts, events, details, etc. together to make a story or a closely connected whole
ex) Peeke maintained that the government could advance public health by weaving useful tips about obesity prevention and treatment into school curricula.
to weave a narrative
The biography weaves together the various strands of Einstein’s life.
arithmetic noun
BrE /əˈrɪθmətɪk/ ; NAmE /əˈrɪθmətɪk/ [uncountable]
1) the type of mathematics that deals with the adding, multiplying, etc. of numbers 산수, 연산
ex) “Because the schools can barely teach reading, writing, and arithmetic,” Stossel answered, to roars of laughter.
He’s not very good at arithmetic.
roar noun
BrE /rɔː(r)/ ; NAmE /rɔːr/
1) a loud deep sound made by an animal, especially a lion, or by somebody’s voice
ex) “Because the schools can barely teach reading, writing, and arithmetic,” Stossel answered, to roars of laughter.
His speech was greeted by a roar of applause.
roars of laughter
topple verb
BrE /ˈtɒpl/ ; NAmE /ˈtɑːpl/
2) [transitive] topple somebody/something to make somebody lose their position of power or authority
synonym overthrow
ex) But moments later, Satcher neatly toppled this call for triage: “Children who develop good eating habits and regular physical activity do better academically,” he countered.
a plot to topple the President
triage noun
BrE /ˈtriːɑːʒ/ ; NAmE /triːˈɑːʒ/ [uncountable]
(in a hospital) the process of deciding how seriously ill/sick or injured a person is, so that the most serious cases can be treated first
ex) But moments later, Satcher neatly toppled this call for triage: “Children who develop good eating habits and regular physical activity do better academically,” he countered.
counter verb
BrE /ˈkaʊntə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈkaʊntər/
1) [transitive, intransitive] to reply to somebody by trying to prove that what they said is not true
ex) But moments later, Satcher neatly toppled this call for triage: “Children who develop good eating habits and regular physical activity do better academically,” he countered.
Such arguments are not easily countered.
I tried to argue but he countered that the plans were not yet finished.
‘But I was standing right here!’ he countered.
Butler has countered with a lawsuit against the firm.
death blow noun
an event that destroys or puts an end to something
ex) When Stossel replied that they could do so by watching Peeke’s show on the Discovery Channel, Peeke was ready with the death blow.
They thought the arrival of television would deal a death blow to mass cinema audiences.
scold verb
BrE /skəʊld/ ; NAmE /skoʊld/
- tit for tat noun
BrE ; NAmE [uncountable]
[transitive, intransitive] scold somebody (for something/for doing something) | (+ speech) (formal) to speak angrily to somebody, especially a child, because they have done something wrong
synonym rebuke
ex) “Unfortunately, many people don’t have the Discovery Channel,” she scolded him.
He scolded them for arriving late.
Rose scolded the child gently for her bad behaviour.
‘Don’t be such a baby!’ he scolded.
- a situation in which you do something bad to somebody because they have done the same to you
ex) the routine tit for tat when countries expel each other’s envoys
tit-for-tat assassinations by rival gangs
envision verb
BrE /ɪnˈvɪʒn/ ; NAmE /ɪnˈvɪʒn/
1) envision something (formal) to imagine what a situation will be like in the future, especially a situation you intend to work towards
ex) Former Surgeon General Satcher envisioned the broadest role for the federal government in the battle of the bulge.
They envision an equal society, free of poverty and disease.
the Battle of the Bulge
a strong but unsuccessful attack by German forces against the Allies in southern Belgium in 1944. The word bulge means a swelling, so the phrase is also used in a humorous way to mean a struggle to lose weight, e.g. by going on a diet
ex) Former Surgeon General Satcher envisioned the broadest role for the federal government in the battle of the bulge.
I’m fighting the battle of the bulge.
unmatched adjective
BrE /ˌʌnˈmætʃt/ ; NAmE /ˌʌnˈmætʃt/
unmatched (by somebody/something) (formal) better than all others
ex) The state has unmatched resources to spread opportunity, he told me.
He had a talent unmatched by any other politician of this century.
fall into
5) to be able to be divided into several groups, categories, parts, etc.
ex) For the former surgeon general, federal intervention fell into three categories: Assessment (the collection of population data), making sure people have access to opportunities to live healthfully (e.g. building urban parks), and policy (e.g. establishing nutrition standards for school breakfasts and lunches).
My talk falls into three parts.
yield verb
BrE /jiːld/ ; NAmE /jiːld/
3) [transitive] yield something/somebody (up) (to somebody) (formal) to allow somebody to win, have or take control of something that has been yours until now
synonym surrender
ex) Though benign, his picture almost paralleled Stossel’s three–part description of the process by which government grows and liberty yields: “It starts with information. It moves to taxes. Then it moves to limits on what you can consume.”
He refused to yield up his gun.
(figurative) The universe is slowly yielding up its secrets.
parallel verb
BrE /ˈpærəlel/ ; NAmE /ˈpærəlel/
present simple I / you / we / they parallel BrE /ˈpærəlel/ ; NAmE /ˈpærəlel/
he / she / it parallels BrE /ˈpærəlelz/ ; NAmE /ˈpærəlelz/
past simple paralleled BrE /ˈpærəleld/ ; NAmE /ˈpærəleld/
past participle paralleled BrE /ˈpærəleld/ ; NAmE /ˈpærəleld/
-ing form paralleling BrE /ˈpærəlelɪŋ/ ; NAmE /ˈpærəlelɪŋ/
1) parallel something to be similar to something; to happen at the same time as something
ex) Though benign, his picture almost paralleled Stossel’s three–part description of the process by which government grows and liberty yields: “It starts with information. It moves to taxes. Then it moves to limits on what you can consume.”
Their legal system parallels our own.
The rise in unemployment is paralleled by an increase in petty crime.
imperative noun
BrE /ɪmˈperətɪv/ ; NAmE /ɪmˈperətɪv/
1) (formal) a thing that is very important and needs immediate attention or action
ex) Meanwhile, Campos traced the nation’s fat-phobia not to any kind of welfare imperative (or encroaching fascism), but to the desire for social status.
the economic imperative of quality education for all
proxy noun
BrE /ˈprɒksi/ ; NAmE /ˈprɑːksi/ (pl. proxies)
3) countable] proxy for something (formal or specialist) something that you use to represent something else that you are trying to measure or calculate
ex) “Body weight functions as a proxy for class,” he told me backstage. “All this health business is a smokescreen for a false construct - obesity - that expresses our unconscious prejudices.”
The number of patients on a doctor’s list was seen as a good proxy for assessing how hard they work.
smokescreen noun
BrE /ˈsməʊkskriːn/ ; NAmE /ˈsmoʊkskriːn/
1) something that you do or say in order to hide what you are really doing or intending
ex) “Body weight functions as a proxy for class,” he told me backstage. “All this health business is a smokescreen for a false construct - obesity - that expresses our unconscious prejudices.”
analogy noun
BrE /əˈnælədʒi/ ; NAmE /əˈnælədʒi/ (pl. analogies)
1) [countable] a comparison of one thing with another thing that has similar features; a feature that is similar
ex) Among other things, Feb. 7 was a night of analogies. Both Peeke and Satcher returned frequently to smoking as a doppelganger for overeating and observed that government intervention paid off in the tobacco wars. (Campos at one point challenged the comparison by asking, half seriously, whether his debate opponents recommended people renounce food.)
The teacher drew an analogy between the human heart and a pump.
There are no analogies with any previous legal cases.
doppelgänger noun
BrE /ˈdɒplɡæŋə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈdɑːplɡæŋər/ ; BrE /ˈdɒplɡeŋə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈdɑːplɡeŋər/ (from German)
a person’s doppelgänger is another person who looks exactly like them
ex) Among other things, Feb. 7 was a night of analogies. Both Peeke and Satcher returned frequently to smoking as a doppelganger for overeating and observed that government intervention paid off in the tobacco wars. (Campos at one point challenged the comparison by asking, half seriously, whether his debate opponents recommended people renounce food.)
pay off
(informal) (of a plan or an action, especially one that involves risk) to be successful and bring good results
ex) Among other things, Feb. 7 was a night of analogies. Both Peeke and Satcher returned frequently to smoking as a doppelganger for overeating and observed that government intervention paid off in the tobacco wars. (Campos at one point challenged the comparison by asking, half seriously, whether his debate opponents recommended people renounce food.)
The gamble paid off.
renounce verb
BrE /rɪˈnaʊns/ ; NAmE /rɪˈnaʊns/ (formal)
2) renounce something to state publicly that you no longer have a particular belief or that you will no longer behave in a particular way
ex) Among other things, Feb. 7 was a night of analogies. Both Peeke and Satcher returned frequently to smoking as a doppelganger for overeating and observed that government intervention paid off in the tobacco wars. (Campos at one point challenged the comparison by asking, half seriously, whether his debate opponents recommended people renounce food.)
to renounce ideals/principles/beliefs, etc.
a joint declaration renouncing the use of violence
Many were executed for refusing to renounce their religion.
erectile dysfunction
erectile adjective
BrE /ɪˈrektaɪl/ ; NAmE /ɪˈrektaɪl/ , also /ɪˈrektl/ (biology)
- impotence noun
BrE /ˈɪmpətəns/ ; NAmE /ˈɪmpətəns/ [uncountable]
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is the inability to get or keep an erection firm enough to have sexual intercourse. It is also sometimes also referred to as impotence.
ex) Obesity was also compared to breast cancer, the aging process, and erectile dysfunction.
- a condition in which a man is unable to achieve an erection (1) and is therefore unable to have full sex
male impotence
euphemism noun
BrE /ˈjuːfəmɪzəm/ ; NAmE /ˈjuːfəmɪzəm/
euphemism (for something) an indirect word or phrase that people often use to refer to something embarrassing or unpleasant, sometimes to make it seem more acceptable than it really is 완곡 어구 [표현]
ex) ‘Pass away’ is a euphemism for ‘die’.
‘User fees’ is just a politician’s euphemism for taxes.
closing statement
A closing argument, summation, or summing up is the concluding statement of each party’s counsel reiterating the important arguments for the trier of fact, often the jury, in a court case. A closing argument occurs after the presentation of evidence.
ex) The debate ended with a sensational closing-statement arms race.
arms race noun
BrE ; NAmE [singular]
a situation in which countries compete to get the most and best weapons 군비 경쟁
ex) The debate ended with a sensational closing-statement arms race.
brandish verb
BrE /ˈbrændɪʃ/ ; NAmE /ˈbrændɪʃ/
brandish something to hold or wave something, especially a weapon, in an aggressive or excited way
ex) It began when John Stossel brandished the directions for a package of birth control pills and groused about how complicated they were, thanks to federal regulations.
grouse verb
BrE /ɡraʊs/ ; NAmE /ɡraʊs/
[intransitive, transitive] grouse (about somebody/something) | (+ speech) (informal) to complain about somebody/something in a way that other people find annoying
synonym grumble
ex) It began when John Stossel brandished the directions for a package of birth control pills and groused about how complicated they were, thanks to federal
conjure verb
BrE /ˈkʌndʒə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈkʌndʒər/ [intransitive, transitive]
conjure something↔up
1) to make something appear as a picture in your mind
synonym evoke
ex) Then David Satcher conjured up the ghost of a racist South to show that he was no stranger to government corruption. (“I’ve seen government at its worst, but I’ve also seen government at its best,” he concluded.)
That smell always conjures up memories of holidays in France.
He strained to conjure up her face and voice, but they had vanished.
be no/a stranger to something
(formal) to be familiar/not familiar with something because you have/have not experienced it many times before
ex) Then David Satcher conjured up the ghost of a racist South to show that he was no stranger to government corruption. (“I’ve seen government at its worst, but I’ve also seen government at its best,” he concluded.)
He is no stranger to controversy.
at its best/worst
of or at the highest/lowest standard of quality possible
ex) Then David Satcher conjured up the ghost of a racist South to show that he was no stranger to government corruption. (“I’ve seen government at its worst, but I’ve also seen government at its best,” he concluded.)
At his best, he is a gentle, generous and cheery father and husband. At his worst, he is made drunken dog.
You’ll love their new album; it’s simply jazz at its best.
outdo verb
BrE /ˌaʊtˈduː/ ; NAmE /ˌaʊtˈduː/
outdo somebody/something to do more or better than somebody else
synonym beat
ex) Not to be outdone, Pamela Peeke used her two-minute closing statement to recount a story about being chased by feral dogs in a poor neighborhood, ostensibly because it showed that it’s not always safe to exercise outside.
Sometimes small firms can outdo big business when it comes to customer care.
Not to be outdone (= not wanting to let somebody else do better), she tried again.
The brothers tried to outdo each other in everything.
ostensibly adverb
BrE /ɒˈstensəbli/ ; NAmE /ɑːˈstensəbli/ (formal)
according to what seems or is stated to be real or true, when this is perhaps not the case
synonym apparently
ex) Not to be outdone, Pamela Peeke used her two-minute closing statement to recount a story about being chased by feral dogs in a poor neighborhood, ostensibly because it showed that it’s not always safe to exercise outside.
Troops were sent in, ostensibly to protect the civilian population.
unnoticed adjective
BrE /ˌʌnˈnəʊtɪst/ ; NAmE /ˌʌnˈnoʊtɪst/ [not before noun]
* go unreported go unsaid go undetected go untreated go unpunished
not seen or noticed
ex) It will not have gone unnoticed that men are more violent than women.
His kindness did not go unnoticed by his staff.
Her death passed almost unnoticed.
perpetrate verb
BrE /ˈpɜːpətreɪt/ ; NAmE /ˈpɜːrpətreɪt/ (formal)
- perpetrator noun
BrE /ˈpɜːpətreɪtə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈpɜːrpətreɪtər/
(also North American English, informal perp)
** perpetuate verb
BrE /pəˈpetʃueɪt/ ; NAmE /pərˈpetʃueɪt/
to commit a crime or do something wrong or evil
ex) Men perpetrate about 90 percent of the world’s homicides and start all of the wars.
to perpetrate a crime/fraud/massacre
security breaches perpetrated by people working for the company
violence perpetrated against women and children
- a person who commits a crime or does something that is wrong or evil
ex) the perpetrators of the crime
We will do everything in our power to bring the perpetrators to justice.
** perpetuate something (formal) to make something such as a bad situation, a belief, etc. continue for a long time
ex) The authors perpetuate the myth that evolution prefers men to be polygamous and females to be monogamous, but we see every variation in other species.
to perpetuate injustice
This system perpetuated itself for several centuries.
Comics tend to perpetuate the myth that ‘boys don’t cry’.
perpetuate verb
BrE /pəˈpetʃueɪt/ ; NAmE /pərˈpetʃueɪt/
perpetuate something (formal) to make something such as a bad situation, a belief, etc. continue for a long time
ex) The authors perpetuate the myth that evolution prefers men to be polygamous and females to be monogamous, but we see every variation in other species.
to perpetuate injustice
This system perpetuated itself for several centuries.
Comics tend to perpetuate the myth that ‘boys don’t cry’.
homicide noun
BrE /ˈhɒmɪsaɪd/ ; NAmE /ˈhɑːmɪsaɪd/ countable, uncountable
the crime of killing somebody deliberately
synonym murder
ex) Men perpetrate about 90 percent of the world’s homicides and start all of the wars.
The jury reached a verdict of justifiable homicide.
He has been arrested on homicide and assault charges.
contend verb
BrE /kənˈtend/ ; NAmE /kənˈtend/
- contentious adjective
BrE /kənˈtenʃəs/ ; NAmE /kənˈtenʃəs/ (formal)
1) [transitive] contend that… (formal) to say that something is true, especially in an argument
synonym maintain
ex) A recent article in a prominent science journal contends that evolution has shaped men to be warriors.
I would contend that the minister’s thinking is flawed on this point.
2) [intransitive] contend (for something) to compete against somebody in order to gain something
ex) Three armed groups were contending for power.
* 1) likely to cause disagreement between people
opposite uncontentious
ex) a contentious issue/topic/subject
Both views are highly contentious.
Try to avoid any contentious wording.
The government’s treatment of refugees remains a highly contentious issue.
2) liking to argue; involving a lot of arguing
ex) a contentious meeting
coalition noun
BrE /ˌkəʊəˈlɪʃn/ ; NAmE /ˌkoʊəˈlɪʃn/
2) [countable + singular or plural verb] a group formed by people from several different groups, especially political ones, agreeing to work together for a particular purpose
ex) More specifically, the authors claim that men are biologically programmed to form coalitions that aggress against neighbors, and they do so in order to get women, either through force or by procuring resources that would make them more desirable.
a coalition of environmental and consumer groups
aggress verb
/əˈɡrɛs /
- aggression noun
BrE /əˈɡreʃn/ ; NAmE /əˈɡreʃn/ [uncountable]
(intransitive) to attack first or begin a quarrel
ex) More specifically, the authors claim that men are biologically programmed to form coalitions that aggress against neighbors, and they do so in order to get women, either through force or by procuring resources that would make them more desirable.
procure verb
BrE /prəˈkjʊə(r)/ ; NAmE /prəˈkjʊr/
1) [transitive] (formal) to obtain something, especially with difficulty
ex) More specifically, the authors claim that men are biologically programmed to form coalitions that aggress against neighbors, and they do so in order to get women, either through force or by procuring resources that would make them more desirable.
She managed to procure a ticket for the concert.
They procured a copy of the report for us.
They procured us a copy of the report.
hypothesis noun
BrE /haɪˈpɒθəsɪs/ ; NAmE /haɪˈpɑːθəsɪs/ (pl. hypotheses BrE /haɪˈpɒθəsiːz/ ; NAmE /haɪˈpɑːθəsiːz/ )
1) [countable] an idea or explanation of something that is based on a few known facts but that has not yet been proved to be true or correct 가설
synonym theory
ex) The male warrior hypothesis is alluring because it makes sense of male violence, but it is based on a dubious interpretation of the science.
to formulate/confirm a hypothesis
a hypothesis about the function of dreams
There is little evidence to support these hypotheses.
alluring adjective
BrE /əˈlʊərɪŋ/ ; NAmE /əˈlʊrɪŋ/
attractive and exciting in a mysterious way
ex) The male warrior hypothesis is alluring because it makes sense of male violence, but it is based on a dubious interpretation of the science.
an alluring smile
eschew verb
BrE /ɪsˈtʃuː/ ; NAmE /ɪsˈtʃuː/
eschew something (formal) to deliberately avoid or keep away from something
ex) A historical explanation of male violence does not eschew biological factors, but it minimizes them and assumes that men and women are psychologically similar.
He had eschewed politics in favour of a life practising law.
hunter-gatherer noun
a member of a group of people who do not live in one place but move around and live by hunting, fishing and gathering plants 수렵 채집인
ex) In hunter-gatherer societies, this strength differential doesn’t allow men to fully dominate women, because they depend on the food that women gather.
differential noun
BrE /ˌdɪfəˈrenʃl/ ; NAmE /ˌdɪfəˈrenʃl/
1) differential (between A and B) a difference in the amount, value or size of something, especially the difference in rates of pay for people doing different work in the same industry or profession
ex) In hunter-gatherer societies, this strength differential doesn’t allow men to fully dominate women, because they depend on the food that women gather.
wage/pay/income differentials
advent noun
BrE /ˈædvent/ ; NAmE /ˈædvent/
1) [singular] the advent of something/somebody the coming of an important event, person, invention, etc.
ex) But things change with the advent of intensive agriculture and herding.
the advent of new technology
herd verb
BrE /hɜːd/ ; NAmE /hɜːrd/
[transitive] herd something to make animals move together as a group
ex) But things change with the advent of intensive agriculture and herding.
a shepherd herding his flock
philander verb
/fɪˈlandə/
- philanderer noun
BrE /fɪˈlændərə(r)/ ; NAmE /fɪˈlændərər/ (old-fashioned, disapproving)
(of a man) readily or frequently enter into casual sexual relationships with women
ex) The economic dependency allows men to mistreat women, to philander, and to take over labor markets and political institutions.
they accepted that their husbands would philander with other women
- a man who has sexual relationships with many different women
ex) He had a reputation as a philanderer.
dispense with somebody | dispense with something
to stop using somebody/something because you no longer need them or it
synonym do away with
ex) With these assumptions, we can dispense with the male warrior hypothesis, which is advanced by Melissa McDonald, Carlos Navarrete, and Mark Van Vugt, in the latest issue of Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society.
Debit cards dispense with the need for cash altogether.
I think we can dispense with the formalities (= speak openly and naturally to each other).
advance verb
BrE /ədˈvɑːns/ ; NAmE /ədˈvæns/
5) [transitive] advance something (formal) to suggest an idea, a theory, or a plan for other people to discuss
synonym put forward
ex) With these assumptions, we can dispense with the male warrior hypothesis, which is advanced by Melissa McDonald, Carlos Navarrete, and Mark Van Vugt, in the latest issue of Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society.
The article advances a new theory to explain changes in the climate.
co-opt verb
BrE /ˌkəʊ ˈɒpt/ ; NAmE /ˌkoʊ ˈɑːpt/
1) co-opt somebody (onto/into something) to make somebody a member of a group, committee, etc. by the agreement of all the other members
ex) She was co-opted onto the board.
2) co-opt somebody (onto/into something) to include somebody in something, often when they do not want to be part of it
3) to use or take control of (something) for your own purposes
ex) These three psychologists imply that male violence is natural and inevitable, but all the evidence they offer can be explained by the simpler assumption that farming technologies allowed men co-opt power over the course of human history.
xenophobic adjective
BrE /ˌzenəˈfəʊbɪk/ ; NAmE /ˌzenəˈfoʊbɪk/ (disapproving)
feeling or showing dislike or fear of people from other countries
ex) The authors claim that men are more xenophobic than women, because they are wired to wage war.
xenophobic slogans
wired adjective
BrE /ˈwaɪəd/ ; NAmE /ˈwaɪərd/
- hardwired adjective
BrE /ˌhɑːdˈwaɪəd/ ; NAmE /ˌhɑːrdˈwaɪərd/
4) genetically determined; hardwired
ex) The authors claim that men are more xenophobic than women, because they are wired to wage war.
* (of a skill, quality or type of behaviour) present when you are born and not changing during your life
ex) On the male warrior hypothesis, women should fear foreigners as much as men do, because foreign men are hardwired to attack them, but women are actually more sympathetic to foreigners.
Many aspects of morality appear to be hardwired in the brain.
Anxiety is a hardwired response that everyone experiences.
There is evidence that we are hardwired to be musical.
hierarchy noun
BrE /ˈhaɪərɑːki/ ; NAmE /ˈhaɪərɑːrki/ (pl. hierarchies)
1) [countable, uncountable] a system, especially in a society or an organization, in which people are organized into different levels of importance from highest to lowest
ex) The authors contend that, compared to women, men prefer social dominance hierarchies, which testifies to their innately competitive nature.
the social/political hierarchy
She’s quite high up in the management hierarchy.
testify verb
BrE /ˈtestɪfaɪ/ ; NAmE /ˈtestɪfaɪ/
- testament noun
BrE /ˈtestəmənt/ ; NAmE /ˈtestəmənt/ (formal)
1) [intransitive, transitive] to make a statement that something happened or that something is true, especially as a witness in court
ex) The authors contend that, compared to women, men prefer social dominance hierarchies, which testifies to their innately competitive nature.
She refused to testify against her husband.
There are several witnesses who will testify for the defence.
He was summoned to testify before a grand jury about his role in the affair.
Evans testified to receiving $200 000 in bribes.
He testified (that) he was at the theatre at the time of the murder.
‘I was approached by a man I did not recognize,’ she testified.
- [countable, usually singular, uncountable] testament (to something) a thing that shows that something else exists or is true
synonym testimony
ex) The new model is a testament to the skill and dedication of the workforce.
prime verb
BrE /praɪm/ ; NAmE /praɪm/
1) to prepare somebody for a situation so that they know what to do, especially by giving them special information
synonym brief
ex) The authors cite a disturbing study in which men endorse war after being primed with a picture of an attractive woman, which suggests that male violence has a sexual motive.
They had been primed with good advice.
She was ready and primed for action.
He had primed his friends to give the journalists as little information as possible.
coercive adjective
BrE /kəʊˈɜːsɪv/ ; NAmE /koʊˈɜːrsɪv/ (formal)
using force or the threat of force
ex) But the link between sex and violence may derive from the fact that sex is often coercive in male dominant societies.
coercive measures/powers
ethnic adjective
BrE /ˈeθnɪk/ ; NAmE /ˈeθnɪk/
1) connected with or belonging to a nation, race or people that shares a cultural tradition
ex) But this is difficult to explain on any evolutionary hypothesis, since there would have been little ethnic diversity in our ancestral past.
ethnic homogeneity
ethnic cleansing
ethnic groups/communities
ethnic strife/tensions/violence (= between people from different races or peoples)
ethnic Albanians living in Germany
The country is divided along ethnic lines.
impregnation noun
BrE /ˌɪmpreɡˈneɪʃn/ ; NAmE /ˌɪmpreɡˈneɪʃn/ [uncountable]
1) impregnation (of something) (with something) the act of making a substance spread through an area so that the area is full of the substance
2) (formal) the act of making a woman or female animal pregnant
ex) The authors also remark that women become more racist at times of peak fertility, suggesting fear of impregnation by foreign invaders.
latent adjective
BrE /ˈleɪtnt/ ; NAmE /ˈleɪtnt/ [usually before noun]
- latency noun
BrE /ˈleɪtənsi/ ; NAmE /ˈleɪtənsi/ uncountable
existing, but not yet very noticeable, active or well developed
ex) A different explanation is that menstrual peaks also bring out strong emotions, which lets latent racism come to the fore.
latent disease
These children have a huge reserve of latent talent.
- the condition of existing, but not being very noticeable, active or well developed
ex) outbreaks of disease followed by periods of latency
pan out
(informal) (of events or a situation) to develop in a particular way
ex) The male warrior hypothesis makes many predictions that don’t pan out.
I’m happy with the way things have panned out.
effeminate adjective
BrE /ɪˈfemɪnət/ ; NAmE /ɪˈfemɪnət/ (disapproving)
(of a man or a boy) looking, behaving or sounding like a woman or a girl
ex) There is no evidence that men prefer foreign women - the Western ideal is Barbie - and women often like effeminate men: David Bowie would not be sexier with an enormous beard.
presupposition noun
BrE /ˌpriːsʌpəˈzɪʃn/ ; NAmE /ˌpriːsʌpəˈzɪʃn/ countable, uncountable
- presumption noun
BrE /prɪˈzʌmpʃn/ ; NAmE /prɪˈzʌmpʃn/
something that you believe to be true and use as the beginning of an argument even though it has not been proved; the act of believing it is true
synonym assumption
ex) There are dubious presuppositions as well.
theories based on presupposition and coincidence
- 1) [countable] something that is thought to be true or probable
ex) There is a general presumption that the doctor knows best.
anthropologist noun
BrE /ˌænθrəˈpɒlədʒɪst/ ; NAmE /ˌænθrəˈpɑːlədʒɪst/
- anthropology noun
BrE /ˌænθrəˈpɒlədʒi/ ; NAmE /ˌænθrəˈpɑːlədʒi/ [uncountable]
** archaeology noun
(North American English also archeology)
BrE /ˌɑːkiˈɒlədʒi/ ; NAmE /ˌɑːrkiˈɑːlədʒi/ [uncountable]
*** palaeontology noun(especially British English)
(usually North American English paleo-)
BrE /ˌpæliɒnˈtɒlədʒi/ , /ˌpeɪliɒnˈtɒlədʒi/ ; NAmE /ˌpeɪliɑːnˈtɑːlədʒi/ [uncountable]
a person who studies anthropology 인류학자
ex) The warrior hypothesis assumes there was constant warfare in our evolutionary past, but some anthropologists argue that ancestral populations were too sparse for frequent contact.
* the study of the human race, especially of its origins, development, customs and beliefs 인류학
ex) Social anthropology examines family relationships in detail.
** the study of cultures of the past, and of periods of history by examining the remains of buildings and objects found in the ground 고고학
*** the study of fossils (= the remains of animals or plants in rocks) as a guide to the history of life on earth 고생물학
sparse adjective
BrE /spɑːs/ ; NAmE /spɑːrs/ (sparser, sparsest)
only present in small amounts or numbers and often spread over a large area
ex) The warrior hypothesis assumes there was constant warfare in our evolutionary past, but some anthropologists argue that ancestral populations were too sparse for frequent contact.
the sparse population of the islands
Vegetation becomes sparse higher up the mountains.
The information available on the subject is sparse.
infanticide noun
BrE /ɪnˈfæntɪsaɪd/ ; NAmE /ɪnˈfæntɪsaɪd/ (formal)
1) [uncountable, countable] the crime of killing a baby; a person who is guilty of this crime
ex) These conditions lead to neglect, child abuse, and even infanticide.
2) [uncountable] (in some cultures) the practice of killing babies that are not wanted, for example because they are girls and not boys
ex) Fertility is probably maximized when men are non-violent and share in childcare, but in many societies men beat their wives, neglect their children, and practice sex-selective infanticide against girls.
polygamous adjective
BrE /pəˈlɪɡəməs/ ; NAmE /pəˈlɪɡəməs/ (specialist)
following the custom of having more than one wife at the same time
ex) The authors perpetuate the myth that evolution prefers men to be polygamous and females to be monogamous, but we see every variation in other species.
a polygamous marriage/society
monogamous adjective
BrE /məˈnɒɡəməs/ ; NAmE /məˈnɑːɡəməs/
- bigamous adjective
BrE /ˈbɪɡəməs/ ; NAmE /ˈbɪɡəməs/
1) in which somebody is married to only one person at a particular time
ex) The authors perpetuate the myth that evolution prefers men to be polygamous and females to be monogamous, but we see every variation in other species.
a monogamous marriage
- (of a marriage) in which one of the people is legally married to somebody else 중혼의 (bigamy 중혼 / bigamist 중혼자)
ex) a bigamous relationship
flip side noun
BrE ; NAmE [usually singular]flip side (of/to something)
1) different and less welcome aspects of an idea, argument or action; the opposite, less good, or less popular side of something
ex) On the flip side, women who gain power, like Margaret Thatcher and Condaleeza Rice, are often hawkish, suggesting that power, not gender, determines belligerence.
We’re now starting to see the flip side of the government’s economic policy.
It was only after they were married that she began to see the flip side of the fairy tale.
belligerence noun
BrE /bəˈlɪdʒərəns/ ; NAmE /bəˈlɪdʒərəns/ [uncountable]
- belligerent adjective
BrE /bəˈlɪdʒərənt/ ; NAmE /bəˈlɪdʒərənt/
** bellicose adjective
BrE /ˈbelɪkəʊs/ ; NAmE /ˈbelɪkoʊs/ ; BrE /ˈbelɪkəʊz/ ; NAmE /ˈbelɪkoʊz/ (formal)
1) unfriendly and aggressive feelings or behaviour
synonym hostility
ex) his drunken belligerence
* 1) unfriendly and aggressive
synonym hostile
ex) a belligerent attitude
He is always very belligerent towards me.
** having or showing a desire to argue or fight
synonym aggressive, warlike
dole something↔out (to somebody)
- judiciary noun
BrE /dʒuˈdɪʃəri/ ; NAmE /dʒuˈdɪʃieri/
(also the judiciary)
countable + singular or plural verb
(informal) to give out an amount of food, money, etc. to a number of people in a group
ex) Women in the judiciary dole out harsher penalties than men.
* the judges of a country or a state, when they are considered as a group
ex) an independent judiciary
suffice verb
BrE /səˈfaɪs/ ; NAmE /səˈfaɪs/ intransitive
- suffice (it) to say (that)…
(not used in the progressive tenses) to be enough for somebody/something
ex) Nor will it suffice to empower women.
Generally a brief note or a phone call will suffice.
One example will suffice to illustrate the point.
- used to suggest that although you could say more, what you do say will be enough to explain what you mean
ex) I won’t go into all the details. Suffice it to say that the whole event was a complete disaster.
precipitously adverb
BrE /prɪˈsɪpɪtəsli/ ; NAmE /prɪˈsɪpɪtəsli/ (formal)
- precipice noun
BrE /ˈpresəpɪs/ ; NAmE /ˈpresəpɪs/
1) in a way that is very steep, high and often dangerous
ex) The land dropped precipitously down to the rocky shore.
2) suddenly and to a very great extent
ex) Warfare did not decline precipitously with women’s suffrage, and during recent conflicts with Russia, 43 percent of Chechen suicide bombers have been women.
The dollar plunged precipitously.
3) very quickly, and without enough thought or care
synonym hastily (2)
ex) We don’t want to act precipitously.
* a very steep side of a high cliff, mountain or rock
ex) (figurative) The country was now on the edge of a precipice (= very close to disaster).
suffrage noun
BrE /ˈsʌfrɪdʒ/ ; NAmE /ˈsʌfrɪdʒ/ [uncountable]
the right to vote in political elections
ex) Warfare did not decline precipitously with women’s suffrage, and during recent conflicts with Russia, 43 percent of Chechen suicide bombers have been women.
universal suffrage (= the right of all adults to vote)
women’s suffrage
genocide noun
BrE /ˈdʒenəsaɪd/ ; NAmE /ˈdʒenəsaɪd/ [uncountable]
- massacre noun
BrE /ˈmæsəkə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈmæsəkər/ [countable, uncountable]
** mass killing
the murder of a whole race or group of people
ex) There have also been dozens of attempts at genocide since the Second World War.
* the killing of a large number of people especially in a cruel way
ex) the bloody massacre of innocent civilians
Nobody survived the massacre.
ignoble adjective
BrE /ɪɡˈnəʊbl/ ; NAmE /ɪɡˈnoʊbl/ (formal)
not good or honest; that should make you feel shame
synonym base
opposite noble
ex) In fact, Pinker too eagerly accepts the myth of the ignoble savage: the idea that humans are violent by nature.
ignoble thoughts
an ignoble person
sociological adjective
BrE /ˌsəʊsiəˈlɒdʒɪkl/ ; NAmE /ˌsoʊsiəˈlɑːdʒɪkl/
connected with the scientific study of the nature and development of society and social behaviour (= sociology)
ex) Attitudes towards slavery, torture, and honor killing change over time, and this should make us realize that the biological contribution to violence may be greatly outweighed by the sociological.
sociological theories
given noun
BrE /ˈɡɪvn/ ; NAmE /ˈɡɪvn/
something that is accepted as true, for example when you are discussing something, or planning something
ex) But that too is a historical fact, not a biological given.
mythical adjective
BrE /ˈmɪθɪkl/ ; NAmE /ˈmɪθɪkl/ [usually before noun]
1) (less frequent mythic) existing only in ancient myths
synonym legendary
ex) Forget About the Mythical Lone Inventor in the Garage
mythical beasts/heroes
2) (less frequent mythic) that does not exist or is not true
synonym fictitious
ex) the mythical ‘rich uncle’ that he boasts about
a mythical golden age when children always did what they were told
lone adjective
BrE /ləʊn/ ; NAmE /loʊn/ [only before noun]
1) without any other people or things
synonym solitary
ex) Forget About the Mythical Lone Inventor in the Garage
a lone sailor crossing the Atlantic
The attack was carried out by a lone gunman in a crowded shopping centre.
RSVP abbreviation(British English)
(also R.S.V.P. US English, British English)
BrE /ˌɑːr es viː ˈpiː/ ; NAmE /ˌɑːr es viː ˈpiː/
(written on invitations) please reply (from French ‘répondez s’il vous plaît’)
ex) For more information and to RSVP, visit the New America Foundation’s website.
workshop noun
BrE /ˈwɜːkʃɒp/ ; NAmE /ˈwɜːrkʃɑːp/
1) a room or building in which things are made or repaired using tools or machinery
ex) Where are the best scientific ideas created and developed?
a)
b) A basement workshop
c) ……
workbench noun
BrE /ˈwɜːkbentʃ/ ; NAmE /ˈwɜːrkbentʃ/
(also bench)
a long heavy table used for doing practical jobs, working with tools, etc.
ex) As Americans, we tend to embrace the notion that a brilliant inventor doesn’t need much more than a garage, a sturdy workbench, and a dream.
threadbare adjective
BrE /ˈθredbeə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈθredber/
1) (of cloth, clothing, etc.) old and thin because it has been used a lot
ex) From Thomas Edison to Iron Man, our inventor-heroes have been popularly viewed as single-combat warriors working feverishly in a basement or some other threadbare den of solitude.
a threadbare carpet
The carpets had worn rather threadbare.
2) (of an argument, excuse, etc.) that does not have much effect, especially because it has been used too much
den noun
BrE /den/ ; NAmE /den/
4) (old-fashioned, British English, informal) a room in a house where a person can work or study without being disturbed
ex) From Thomas Edison to Iron Man, our inventor-heroes have been popularly viewed as single-combat warriors working feverishly in a basement or some other threadbare den of solitude.
He would often retire to his den.
solitude noun
BrE /ˈsɒlɪtjuːd/ ; NAmE /ˈsɑːlətuːd/ [uncountable]
the state of being alone, especially when you find this pleasant
synonym privacy
ex) From Thomas Edison to Iron Man, our inventor-heroes have been popularly viewed as single-combat warriors working feverishly in a basement or some other threadbare den of solitude.
She longed for peace and solitude.
I returned to the solitude of my room.
He shut himself away to pray in solitude.
dingy adjective
BrE /ˈdɪndʒi/ ; NAmE /ˈdɪndʒi/ (dingier, dingiest)
dark and dirty
ex) And that’s unfortunate, because the myth that innovative genius burns brightest in dingy isolation has a real impact on the way this nation views the importance of the knowledge enterprise and the scientific infrastructure that supports it.
a dingy room/hotel
dingy curtains/clothes
enterprise noun
BrE /ˈentəpraɪz/ ; NAmE /ˈentərpraɪz/
3) [uncountable] the development of businesses by the people of a country rather than by the government
ex) And that’s unfortunate, because the myth that innovative genius burns brightest in dingy isolation has a real impact on the way this nation views the importance of the knowledge enterprise and the scientific infrastructure that supports it.
grants to encourage enterprise in the region
an enterprise culture (= in which people are encouraged to develop small businesses)
entrepreneurship noun
BrE /ˌɒntrəprəˈnɜːʃɪp/ ; NAmE /ˌɑːntrəprəˈnɜːrʃɪp/ [uncountable]
the activity of making money by starting or running businesses, especially when this involves taking financial risks; the ability to do this
ex) The reforms are designed to encourage entrepreneurship and promote business and investment.
His entrepreneurship helped put Preston on the map as a thriving cotton manufacturing town.
growth noun
BrE /ɡrəʊθ/ ; NAmE /ɡroʊθ/
5) [uncountable, countable] something that has grown
ex) I tested no fewer than 6,000 vegetable growths, and ransacked the world for the most suitable filament material.
The forest’s dense growth provides nesting places for a wide variety of birds.
several days’ growth of beard
Prune the shrub heavily now and fresh green growths should appear in March and April.
ransack verb
BrE /ˈrænsæk/ ; NAmE /ˈrænsæk/
ransack something (for something) to make a place untidy, causing damage, because you are looking for something
synonym turn upside down
ex) I tested no fewer than 6,000 vegetable growths, and ransacked the world for the most suitable filament material.
The house had been ransacked by burglars.
The palace was ransacked by rioters in 1848.
no fewer than
used to show that you consider a number to be surprisingly large
ex) I tested no fewer than 6,000 vegetable growths, and ransacked the world for the most suitable filament material.
No fewer than five hundred delegates attended the conference.
awe-inspiring adjective
impressive; making you feel respect and admiration
ex) It’s awe-inspiring to think of Edison sitting alone at his workbench in Menlo Park, N.J., patiently testing fiber after fiber, hour after hour, day after day.
The building was awe-inspiring in size and design.
an awe-inspiring masterpiece
patently adverb
BrE /ˈpeɪtəntli/ , /ˈpætəntli/ ; NAmE /ˈpætəntli/ (formal)
without doubt
synonym clearly
ex) It’s also patently untrue.
Her explanation was patently ridiculous.
It was patently obvious that she was lying.
burnish verb
BrE /ˈbɜːnɪʃ/ ; NAmE /ˈbɜːrnɪʃ/
burnish something (formal) to polish metal until it is smooth and shiny
ex) Edison succeeded in burnishing his public image as a lonely genius.
obituary noun
BrE /əˈbɪtʃuəri/ ; NAmE /oʊˈbɪtʃueri/ (pl. obituaries)
an article about somebody’s life and achievements, that is printed in a newspaper soon after they have died
ex) an obituary column/notice
garland verb
BrE /ˈɡɑːlənd/ ; NAmE /ˈɡɑːrlənd/
[usually passive] garland somebody/something (literary) to decorate somebody/something with a garland or garlands
ex) Here was a solitary genius revolutionizing the world - a genius that conquered conservatism, garlanded cities in light, and created wonders that transcended the predictions of Utopian poets.
The office was decked with garlands for the party.
transcend verb
BrE /trænˈsend/ ; NAmE /trænˈsend/
- ascend verb
BrE /əˈsend/ ; NAmE /əˈsend/ intransitive, transitive
** descend verb
BrE /dɪˈsend/ ; NAmE /dɪˈsend/
*** transcendentalism noun
[træ̀nsendéntəlìzm,-sən-]
transcend something (formal) to be or go beyond the usual limits of something
synonym exceed
ex) Here was a solitary genius revolutionizing the world - a genius that conquered conservatism, garlanded cities in light, and created wonders that transcended the predictions of Utopian poets.
His works by far transcend anything that has gone before.
What we felt for each other transcended all other emotions.
- to rise; to go up; to climb up
ex) The path started to ascend more steeply.
The air became colder as we ascended.
The results, ranked in ascending order (= from the lowest to the highest) are as follows:
Practise your scales ascending and descending.
The road ascends steeply from the harbour.
Mist ascended from the valley.
(figurative) He ascended to the peak of sporting achievement.
Her heart was thumping as she ascended the stairs.
(figurative) to ascend the throne (= become king or queen)
** [intransitive, transitive] (formal) to come or go down from a higher to a lower level
ex) The plane began to descend.
The results, ranked in descending order (= from the highest to the lowest) are as follows…
She descended the stairs slowly.
*** [uncountable] a philosophy, influenced by the Hindu religion, which emphasizes the spiritual benefits to people of periods of deep thought instead of action. It involves Transcendental Meditation, a way of relaxing by sitting quietly and repeating a special phrase over and over again. It was first introduced into Britain by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi and attracted much publicity when the Beatles practised it for a short period. Many people still practise it today, both in Britain and in the US, especially California. 초월주의, 선험 철학
newsreel noun
BrE /ˈnjuːzriːl/ ; NAmE /ˈnuːzriːl/
a short film of news that was shown in the past in cinemas/movie theaters
ex) But away from the reporters and the newsreel cameras, Edison was in fact that scientific captain, the executive director of a big, world-class laboratory.
old newsreel footage of the 1936 Olympics
plaque noun
BrE /plæk/ , also /plɑːk/ ; NAmE /plæk/
1) [countable] a flat piece of stone, metal, etc., usually with a name and dates on, attached to a wall in memory of a person or an event
ex) A more modern example of the gap between creation myth and reality can be found in the Palo Alto, Calif., garage where William Hewlett and David Packard worked together in 1938 to build custom electronic devices - a legendary partnership that eventually became the Hewlett-Packard Co. Today, that garage is marked with a plaque from the National Register of Historic Places declaring it “The Birthplace of ‘Silicon Valley.’”
A bronze plaque marks the house where the poet was born.
oscillator noun
BrE /ˈɒsɪleɪtə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈɑːsɪleɪtər/ (physics)
- oscillate verb
BrE /ˈɒsɪleɪt/ ; NAmE /ˈɑːsɪleɪt/
a piece of equipment for producing oscillating electric currents 진동자
- 1) [intransitive] oscillate (between A and B) (formal) to keep changing from one extreme of feeling or behaviour to another, and back again
synonym swing
ex) Her moods oscillated between depression and elation.
2) [intransitive] (physics) to keep moving from one position to another and back again
ex) Watch how the needle on the dial oscillates.
3) [intransitive] (physics) (of an electric current, radio waves, etc.) to change in strength or direction at regular intervals
undermine verb
BrE /ˌʌndəˈmaɪn/ ; NAmE /ˌʌndərˈmaɪn/
1) undermine something to make something, especially somebody’s confidence or authority, gradually weaker or less effective
ex) They threaten to undermine public support for the scientific infrastructure that is necessary to fuel American innovation and assure global economic competitiveness in the decades to come.
Our confidence in the team has been seriously undermined by their recent defeats.
This crisis has undermined his position.
Recent changes have undermined teachers’ morale.
carbon sink
noun
- carbon sequestration noun
BrE /ˌkɑːbən ˌsiːkwəˈstreɪʃn/ ; NAmE /ˌkɑːrbən ˌsiːkwəˈstreɪʃn/ [uncountable]
** carbon capture and storage noun
BrE /ˌkɑːbən ˌkæptʃər ən ˈstɔːrɪdʒ/ ; NAmE /ˌkɑːrbən ˌkæptʃər ən ˈstɔːrɪdʒ/
(also carbon capture and sequestration BrE ; NAmE )
[uncountable]
(ECOLOGY) a forest, ocean, or other natural environment viewed in terms of its ability to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere (이산화)탄소 흡수원, 온실가스 흡수원
A carbon sink is a natural or artificial reservoir that accumulates and stores some carbon-containing chemical compound for an indefinite period. The process by which carbon sinks remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere is known as carbon sequestration. Public awareness of the significance of CO2 sinks has grown since passage of the Kyoto Protocol, which promotes their use as a form of carbon offset. There are also different strategies used to enhance this process.
- the process of storing carbon dioxide that has been collected and removed from the atmosphere, in solid or liquid form 탄소 고립, 탄소 격리
Carbon sequestration is the process involved in carbon capture and the long-term storage of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO
2). Carbon sequestration describes long-term storage of carbon dioxide or other forms of carbon to either mitigate or defer global warming and avoid dangerous climate change. It has been proposed as a way to slow the atmospheric and marine accumulation of greenhouse gases, which are released by burning fossil fuels.
Carbon dioxide is naturally captured from the atmosphere through biological, chemical, or physical processes. Artificial processes have been devised to produce similar effects, including large-scale, artificial capture and sequestration of industrially produced CO
2 using subsurface saline aquifers, reservoirs, ocean water, aging oil fields, or other carbon sinks.
** the process of collecting carbon dioxide produced by burning coal, oil, etc. and other industrial processes, and storing it so that it does not affect the atmosphere 이산화탄소 포집 (포착) 및 저장
in years (months, days…) past
ex) In years past, these types of mission-focused teams of experts could be found in America’s renowned corporate laboratories, such as IBM, Xerox PARC, and AT&T’s Bell Laboratories - organizations designed to turn scientific discoveries into commercially viable inventions and technologies.
viable adjective
BrE /ˈvaɪəbl/ ; NAmE /ˈvaɪəbl/
1) that can be done; that will be successful
synonym feasible
ex) In years past, these types of mission-focused teams of experts could be found in America’s renowned corporate laboratories, such as IBM, Xerox PARC, and AT&T’s Bell Laboratories - organizations designed to turn scientific discoveries into commercially viable inventions and technologies.
viable companies and non-viable ones
a viable option/proposition
There is no viable alternative.
to be commercially/politically/financially/economically viable
If there was any delay then the rescue plan would cease to be viable.
prize verb
BrE /praɪz/ ; NAmE /praɪz/
1) [usually passive] to value something highly
synonym treasure
ex) I began my own career at Bell Labs, back in 1988, drawn by its reputation as a place where fundamental research was prized as the basic building block of technological innovation in the service of information technology.
People tend to prize innate gifts, particularly those often found in the entertainment industry.
an era when honesty was prized above all other virtues
Oil of cedarwood (삼목유) is highly prized for its use in perfumery.
building block noun
2) building blocks [plural] parts that are joined together in order to make a large thing exist
ex) I began my own career at Bell Labs, back in 1988, drawn by its reputation as a place where fundamental research was prized as the basic building block of technological innovation in the service of information technology.
Single words are the building blocks of language.
perverted adjective
BrE /pəˈvɜːtɪd/ ; NAmE /pərˈvɜːrtɪd/
not thought to be normal or acceptable by most people
ex) sexual acts, normal and perverted
She was having difficulty following his perverted logic.
They clearly take a perverted delight in watching others suffer.
long-distance calling
In telecommunications, a long-distance call or trunk call is a telephone call made outside a defined local area, usually to another city. These calls are typically characterized by their higher per-minute cost (“national rate” or “overseas rate” instead of local rate), by terminating at a destination served by a different local telephone exchange or by being carried over intercity trunks or interexchange carriers instead of a direct line between two adjacent exchanges. A long-distance call is not necessarily synonymous with a call to another telephone area code.
Before direct distance dial (first introduced in a handful of markets in 1951), all long-distance calls were operator assisted by a special long-distance operator even in exchanges where calls within the local exchange were direct dial. Completion of intercity calls was time-consuming and costly as each call was handled by multiple operators in multiple cities. Record keeping was also more complex, as the duration of every toll call had to be manually recorded for billing purposes.
In some countries (such as Canada and the US) long-distance rates were historically kept artificially high to subsidise unprofitable flat-rate local residential services. Intense competition between long-distance phone companies narrowed these gaps significantly in most developed nations in the late 20th century, although international calls to some countries continue to carry artificially high tolls as governments in those nations use them as a lucrative source of tax revenue.
antitrust adjective
BrE /ˌæntiˈtrʌst/ ; NAmE /ˌæntiˈtrʌst/ [only before noun]
- antitrust legislation noun
BrE ; NAmE [uncountable]
(of laws) preventing companies or groups of companies from controlling prices unfairly 독과점 금지의
- laws introduced in the US to encourage competition in business. Their main aim has been to prevent or control monopolies (= companies which are so large that no others can compete with them). The most important early antitrust laws passed by the United States Congress were the Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) and the Clayton Antitrust Act (1914).
charge-coupled device
A charge-coupled device (CCD) is a device for the movement of electrical charge, usually from within the device to an area where the charge can be manipulated, for example conversion into a digital value. This is achieved by “shifting” the signals between stages within the device one at a time. 전자 결합 소자
ex) The results were tremendous, both scientifically and commercially - the invention of the charge-coupled device and the laser, as well as vital contributions to computing, satellite communications, semiconductors, and wireless technologies.
deregulation noun
BrE /ˌdiːˌreɡjuˈleɪʃn/ ; NAmE /ˌdiːˌreɡjuˈleɪʃn/ [uncountable]
the process of making a trade, business activity, etc. free from rules and controls 규제 완화 [철폐], 자유화
synonym decontrol
ex) But in 1995, in the wake of deregulation, AT&T spun off the labs, resulting in sharply decreased research budgets and a much narrower focus on technological research with a shorter-term likelihood of commercial marketability.
spin something↔off
(business, especially North American English) to form a new company from parts of an existing one
ex) But in 1995, in the wake of deregulation, AT&T spun off the labs, resulting in sharply decreased research budgets and a much narrower focus on technological research with a shorter-term likelihood of commercial marketability.
The transportation operation will be spun off into a separate company.
bastion noun
BrE /ˈbæstiən/ ; NAmE /ˈbæstiən/
1) (formal) a group of people or a system that protects a way of life or a belief when it seems that it may disappear
ex) Bell Labs’ reign as the world’s greatest industrial laboratory ended in 2008 when it pulled out of basic science, material physics, and semiconductor research - a decision that put an end to one of the last bastions of basic research within the corporate world.
a bastion of male privilege
a bastion of freedom
2) a place that military forces are defending
ex) Singapore was the last bastion of British defences in South-East Asia.
spawn verb
BrE /spɔːn/ ; NAmE /spɔːn/
1) [intransitive, transitive] spawn (something) (of fish, frogs, etc.) to lay eggs
2) [transitive] spawn something (often disapproving) to cause something to develop or be produced
ex) But without basic research, we will not be able to create the new products that spawn new industries and create good new jobs.
The band’s album spawned a string of hit singles.
fall on somebody | fall on something | fall upon somebody | fall upon somethingno passive
2) to be the responsibility of somebody
ex) So, increasingly, the responsibility for funding basic scientific research has fallen on the federal government.
The full cost of the wedding fell on us.
unflagging adjective
BrE /ˌʌnˈflæɡɪŋ/ ; NAmE /ˌʌnˈflæɡɪŋ/ [usually before noun]
remaining strong; not becoming weak or tired
synonym tireless
ex) It requires armies of highly intelligent, highly educated people with deep curiosity, strong work ethics, and unflagging persistence.
unflagging energy
She had shown unflagging support for the cause.
critical mass noun
BrE ; NAmE [uncountable, singular]
1) (physics) the smallest amount of a substance that is needed for a nuclear chain reaction to take place 임계 질량
2) the minimum amount of resources, number of customers, etc. needed to start or support a project or an activity, or the minimum size that a project or activity needs to be in order to be successful
ex) It requires a critical mass of state-of-the-art laboratories and instruments.
The company needs one million customers to reach critical mass and start making a profit.
TV via Internet could only be developed once a critical mass of households had broadband access.
breakthrough noun
BrE /ˈbreɪkθruː/ ; NAmE /ˈbreɪkθruː/
- break new ground
** groundbreaking adjective
BrE /ˈɡraʊndbreɪkɪŋ/ ; NAmE /ˈɡraʊndbreɪkɪŋ/ [only before noun]
an important development that may lead to an agreement or achievement
ex) And perhaps most importantly, it requires a new, reality-based understanding that most breakthrough innovations are developed in laboratories, not garages or dorm rooms.
to make/achieve a breakthrough
a significant breakthrough in negotiations
a major breakthrough in cancer research
- to make a new discovery or do something that has not been done before
** making new discoveries; using new methods
ex) a groundbreaking piece of research
burn the midnight oil
to study or work until late at night
ex) But a lone inventor burning the midnight oil cannot match the impact of a team of brilliant experts working to develop that idea within a system designed to maximize discovery, with access to the best tools on earth - supercomputers, synchrotrons (싱크로트론/cyclotron 을 개량한 전자 가속 장치), accelerators, and all the other dazzling technologies that support science today.
dazzling adjective
BrE /ˈdæzlɪŋ/ ; NAmE /ˈdæzlɪŋ/
2) impressing somebody very much
synonym brilliant
ex) But a lone inventor burning the midnight oil cannot match the impact of a team of brilliant experts working to develop that idea within a system designed to maximize discovery, with access to the best tools on earth - supercomputers, synchrotrons (싱크로트론/cyclotron 을 개량한 전자 가속 장치), accelerators, and all the other dazzling technologies that support science today.
a dazzling display of oriental dance
might noun
BrE /maɪt/ ; NAmE /maɪt/
[uncountable] (formal or literary) great strength, energy or power
ex) The technological might of our National Laboratory system is unlikely to rival a musty garage in the public imagination.
America’s military might
I pushed the rock with all my might.
musty adjective
BrE /ˈmʌsti/ ; NAmE /ˈmʌsti/ (mustier, mustiest)
smelling damp and unpleasant because of a lack of fresh air
synonym dank
ex) The technological might of our National Laboratory system is unlikely to rival a musty garage in the public imagination.
a musty room
a musty smell of old books
These clothes smell musty.
shed noun
BrE /ʃed/ ; NAmE /ʃed/ (often in compounds)
1) a small simple building, usually built of wood or metal, used for keeping things in
ex) It may not be glamorous, but it’s important and it’s real - and personally, I think our real-world researchers are far more interesting and compelling than any mythical introverted genius working alone in a backyard shed.
a bicycle shed
(British English) a garden shed
a tool shed
fruit nounthe fruit/fruits of something
BrE /fruːt/ ; NAmE /fruːt/
the good results that you get from something such as hard work; the good results of an activity or a situation
ex) They would be paid as much as, or even more than, they now are, because the fruits of their labor would be distributed more evenly across society.
to enjoy the fruits of your labours (= the rewards for your hard work)
The book is the fruit of years of research.
The book is the fruit of a collaboration between several groups.
the fruits of your labour: Retirement is a time to relax and enjoy the fruits of your labour.
thesis noun
BrE /ˈθiːsɪs/ ; NAmE /ˈθiːsɪs/ (pl. theses BrE /ˈθiːsiːz/ ; NAmE /ˈθiːsiːz/ )
2) a statement or an opinion that is discussed in a logical way and presented with evidence in order to prove that it is true
ex) Its thesis was simple.
These latest findings support the thesis that sexuality is determined by nature rather than choice.
attend to somebody | attend to something
to deal with somebody/something; to take care of somebody/something
ex) The world had mush more urgent problems to attend to, including getting out of the Great Depression.
I have some urgent business to attend to.
A nurse attended to his needs constantly.
(British English, formal) Are you being attended to, Sir? (= for example, in a shop).
revert to something(formal)
1) to return to a former state; to start doing something again that you used to do in the past
ex) And Keynes himself never explicitly reverted to his vision, though the dream of a workless future was always there in the background of his thinking.
After her divorce she reverted to her maiden name.
His manner seems to have reverted to normal.
Try not to revert to your old eating habits.
He reverted to his native language (= started using it again).
The house was a school for a while, but has reverted to being a private house.
The area has reverted back to a wilderness.
For a while the children behaved well but they soon reverted to type(= returned to their usual ways).
2) to return to an earlier topic or subject
ex) So, to revert to your earlier question…
The conversation kept reverting to the events of March 6th.
이론가
theorist noun
BrE /ˈθɪərɪst/ ; NAmE /ˈθiːərɪst/ , /ˈθɪrɪst/
(also theoretician BrE /ˌθɪərəˈtɪʃn/ ; NAmE /ˌθiːərəˈtɪʃn/ , /ˌθɪrəˈtɪʃn/ )
a person who develops ideas and principles about a particular subject in order to explain why things happen or exist
ex) Indeed, it was as a theorist of short-term unemployment, not of long-run economic progress, that Keynes achieved world fame, with his great book, The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money.
a political theorist
an end in itself
a thing that is itself important and not just a part of something more important
ex) Making money cannot be an end it itself - at least for anyone not suffering from acute mental disorder.
acute adjective
BrE /əˈkjuːt/ ; NAmE /əˈkjuːt/
1) very serious or severe
ex) Making money cannot be an end it itself - at least for anyone not suffering from acute mental disorder.
There is an acute shortage of water.
acute pain
the world’s acute environmental problems
Competition for jobs is acute.
The scandal was an acute embarrassment for the President.
He was suffering from acute chest pains.
satiate verb
BrE /ˈseɪʃieɪt/ ; NAmE /ˈseɪʃieɪt/
[usually passive] satiate somebody/something (formal) to give somebody so much of something that they do not feel they want any more
ex) There will come a point when we will be satiated or disgusted or both. Or will we?
in the midst of something/of doing something
while something is happening or being done; while you are doing something
ex) We in the West are once more in the midst of a Great Contraction, the worst since the Great Depression.
a country in the midst of a recession
She discovered it in the midst of sorting out her father’s things.
She alone remained calm in the midst of all the confusion.
contraction noun
BrE /kənˈtrækʃn/ ; NAmE /kənˈtrækʃn/
1) [uncountable] the process of becoming smaller
opposite expansion
ex) We in the West are once more in the midst of a Great Contraction, the worst since the Great Depression.
the expansion and contraction of the metal
The sudden contraction of the markets left them with a lot of unwanted stock.
Physical stress caused by expansion and contraction can damage components within the computer.
vantage point noun
BrE /ˈvɑːntɪdʒ pɔɪnt/ ; NAmE /ˈvæntɪdʒ pɔɪnt/
(formal vantage)
a position from which you watch something; a point in time or a situation from which you consider something, especially the past
ex) The system under inspection is capitalism, and Keynes’s essay offers a vantage point from which to consider the future of capitalism.
The cafe was a good vantage point for watching the world go by.
From the vantage point of the present, the war seems to have achieved nothing.
bring something to light
to make new information known to people
ex) The situation has brought to light two defects in the system, usually obscured by the near-unanimous commitment to growth at almost any cost.
These facts have only just been brought to light.
obscure verb
BrE /əbˈskjʊə(r)/ ; NAmE /əbˈskjʊr/
obscure something to make it difficult to see, hear or understand something
ex) The situation has brought to light two defects in the system, usually obscured by the near-unanimous commitment to growth at almost any cost.
He did not foresee that they might become permanently entrenched, obscuring the very ideal they were initially intended to serve.
The view was obscured by fog.
We mustn’t let these minor details obscure the main issue.
A shadow fell across her face, obscuring her expression.
unanimous adjective
BrE /juˈnænɪməs/ ; NAmE /juˈnænɪməs/
1) if a decision or an opinion is unanimous, it is agreed or shared by everyone in a group
ex) The situation has brought to light two defects in the system, usually obscured by the near-unanimous commitment to growth at almost any cost.
a unanimous vote
unanimous support
The decision was not unanimous.
Unanimous agreement must be reached for this plan to go ahead.
The jury reached a unanimous verdict of ‘not guilty’.
She was the unanimous choice of the selection committee.
acquisitiveness noun
BrE /əˈkwɪzətɪvnəs/ ; NAmE /əˈkwɪzətɪvnəs/ uncountable
the quality of wanting very much to buy or get new possessions
ex) The banking crisis has shown yet again that the present system relies on motives of greed and acquisitiveness, which are morally repugnant.
We rejected the acquisitiveness of our parents’ generation.
yet another/more | yet again
used to emphasize an increase in number or amount or the number of times something happens
ex) The banking crisis has shown yet again that the present system relies on motives of greed and acquisitiveness, which are morally repugnant.
snow, snow and yet more snow
yet another diet book
Prices were cut yet again (= once more, after many other times).
repugnant adjective
BrE /rɪˈpʌɡnənt/ ; NAmE /rɪˈpʌɡnənt/ not usually before noun
making you feel strong dislike or disgust
synonym repulsive
ex) The banking crisis has shown yet again that the present system relies on motives of greed and acquisitiveness, which are morally repugnant.
We found his suggestion absolutely repugnant.
The idea of eating meat was repugnant to her.
palpable adjective
BrE /ˈpælpəbl/ ; NAmE /ˈpælpəbl/
that is easily noticed by the mind or the senses
ex) Second, the crisis has exposed capitalism’s palpable economic problems.
a palpable sense of relief
The tension in the room was almost palpable.
His statement is palpable nonsense.
inherently adverb
BrE /ɪnˈhɪərəntli/ , /ɪnˈherəntli/ ; NAmE /ɪnˈhɪrəntli/
according to or because of the basic nature of somebody/something
synonym intrinsically
ex) Our financial system is inherently unstable.
an inherently unworkable system
indebted adjective
BrE /ɪnˈdetɪd/ ; NAmE /ɪnˈdetɪd/
2) (of countries, governments, etc.) owing money to other countries or organizations
ex) Heavily indebted countries are told that the bond markets will not be satisfied until they have liquidated a large fraction of their national incomes.
a list of the fifteen most heavily indebted nations
plenty noun
BrE /ˈplenti/ ; NAmE /ˈplenti/
[uncountable] (formal) a situation in which there is a large supply of food, money, etc.
ex) He thought that with the coming of plenty, this motivational drive would lose its social approbation; that is, that capitalism would abolish itself when its work was done.
Everyone is happier in times of plenty.
We had food and drink in plenty.
They viewed the New World as a land of plenty.
liquidate verb
BrE /ˈlɪkwɪdeɪt/ ; NAmE /ˈlɪkwɪdeɪt/
1) [intransitive, transitive] liquidate (something) to close a business and sell everything it owns in order to pay debts
2) [transitive] liquidate something (finance) to sell something in order to get money
ex) Heavily indebted countries are told that the bond markets will not be satisfied until they have liquidated a large fraction of their national incomes.
to liquidate assets
3) [transitive] liquidate something (finance) to pay a debt
4) [transitive] liquidate somebody/something to destroy or remove somebody/something that causes problems
synonym annihilate
ex) The government tried to liquidate the rebel movement and failed.
approbation noun
BrE /ˌæprəˈbeɪʃn/ ; NAmE /ˌæprəˈbeɪʃn/ uncountable
approval or agreement
ex) He thought that with the coming of plenty, this motivational drive would lose its social approbation; that is, that capitalism would abolish itself when its work was done.
a shout of approbation
The King received the official approbation of the church.
unmindful adjective
BrE /ʌnˈmaɪndfl/ ; NAmE /ʌnˈmaɪndfl/
unmindful of somebody/something (formal) not giving thought or attention to somebody/something
opposite mindful
ex) Philosophers construct systems of perfect justice, unmindful of the messiness of empirical reality.
Unmindful of the cold and rain, he trudged on.
empirical adjective
BrE /ɪmˈpɪrɪkl/ ; NAmE /ɪmˈpɪrɪkl/ [usually before noun]
(formal) based on experiments or experience rather than ideas or theories
opposite theoretical
ex) Philosophers construct systems of perfect justice, unmindful of the messiness of empirical reality.
empirical evidence/knowledge/research
an empirical study
prophecy noun
BrE /ˈprɒfəsi/ ; NAmE /ˈprɑːfəsi/ (pl. prophecies)
1) [countable] a statement that something will happen in the future, especially one made by somebody with religious or magic powers
ex) Let’s begin by pondering the reasons for the failure of Keynes’s prophecy.
to fulfil a prophecy (= make it come true)
2) [uncountable] (formal) the power of being able to say what will happen in the future
ex) She was believed to have the gift of prophecy.
on adverb
BrE /ɒn/ ; NAmE /ɑːn/ , /ɔːn/
1) used to show that something continues
ex) Why, despite the surprising accuracy of this growth forecasts, are most of us, almost 100 years on, still working about as hard as we were when he wrote his futuristic essay?
He worked on without a break.
If you like a good story, read on.
inflame verb
BrE /ɪnˈfleɪm/ ; NAmE /ɪnˈfleɪm/ (formal)
1) inflame somebody/something to cause very strong feelings, especially anger or excitement, in a person or in a group of people
ex) The answer is that a free-market economy both gives employers the power to dictate hours and terms of work and inflames our innate tendency toward competitive, status-driven consumption.
His comments have inflamed teachers all over the country.
Her defiance inflamed his jealousy yet further.
The latest revelations are set to inflame public opinion still further.
2) inflame something to make a situation worse or more difficult to deal with
ex) The situation was further inflamed by the arrival of the security forces.
wither or wither away
[INTRANSITIVE] to become weaker or smaller and then disappear
ex) Keynes was well aware of the evils of capitalism but assumed that they would wither away once their work of wealth creation was done.
They worry that honoured traditions will wither.
Their love was withering away.
entrench verb
(also intrench)
BrE /ɪnˈtrentʃ/ ; NAmE /ɪnˈtrentʃ/
[usually passive] entrench something (sometimes disapproving) to establish something very firmly so that it is very difficult to change
ex) He did not foresee that they might become permanently entrenched, obscuring the very ideal they were initially intended to serve.
Sexism is deeply entrenched in our society.
entrenched attitudes/interests/opposition
This idea had firmly entrenched itself in his consciousness.
agent noun
BrE /ˈeɪdʒənt/ ; NAmE /ˈeɪdʒənt/
4) (formal) a person or thing that has an important effect on a situation
ex) John Stuart Mill, Karl Marx, Herbert Marcuse - even Adam Smith in bolder moments - all granted such motives a positive role as an agent of historical progress.
The charity has been an agent for social change.
make (your) peace with somebody
to end an argument with somebody, usually by saying you are sorry
ex) In the language of myth, Western civilization has made its peace with the Devil, in return for which it has been granted hitherto unimaginable resources of knowledge, power, and pleasure.
He made peace with his brother when their father was dying.
hitherto adverb
BrE /ˌhɪðəˈtuː/ ; NAmE /ˌhɪðərˈtuː/ (formal)
until now; until the particular time you are talking about
ex) In the language of myth, Western civilization has made its peace with the Devil, in return for which it has been granted hitherto unimaginable resources of knowledge, power, and pleasure.
a hitherto unknown species of moth
Her life hitherto had been devoid of adventure.
immortalize verb
(British English also -ise)
BrE /ɪˈmɔːtəlaɪz/ ; NAmE /ɪˈmɔːrtəlaɪz/
immortalize somebody/something (in something) to prevent somebody/something from being forgotten in the future, especially by mentioning them in literature, making films/movies about them, painting them, etc.
ex) This is, of course, the grand theme of the Faust legend, immortalized by Goethe.
The poet fell in love with her and immortalized her in his verse.
abundance noun
BrE /əˈbʌndəns/ ; NAmE /əˈbʌndəns/
[singular, uncountable] abundance (of something) (formal) a large quantity that is more than enough
ex) The irony, however, is that now that we have at last achieved abundance, the habits bred into us by capitalism have left us incapable of enjoying it properly.
breed verb
BrE /briːd/ ; NAmE /briːd/
present simple I / you / we / they breed BrE /briːd/ ; NAmE /briːd/
he / she / it breeds BrE /briːdz/ ; NAmE /briːdz/
past simple bred BrE /bred/ ; NAmE /bred/
past participle bred BrE /bred/ ; NAmE /bred/
-ing form breeding BrE /ˈbriːdɪŋ/ ; NAmE /ˈbriːdɪŋ/
4) [transitive, usually passive] breed something into somebody to educate somebody in a particular way as they are growing up
ex) The irony, however, is that now that we have at last achieved abundance, the habits bred into us by capitalism have left us incapable of enjoying it properly.
Fear of failure was bred into him at an early age.
evade verb
BrE /ɪˈveɪd/ ; NAmE /ɪˈveɪd/
1) evade (doing) something to escape from somebody/something or avoid meeting somebody
ex) Can we evade this fate?
For two weeks they evaded the press.
He managed to evade capture.
retrieve verb
BrE /rɪˈtriːv/ ; NAmE /rɪˈtriːv/
3) retrieve something to make a bad situation better; to get back something that was lost
ex) Can we evade this fate? Perhaps, but only if we can retrieve from centuries of neglect and distortion the idea of a good life, a life sufficient unto itself.
We must at the very least retrieve the output we have lost, because, as the economy is now organized, there is no other way to reduce unemployment and indebtedness, private and public.
You can only retrieve the situation by apologizing.
Employers are anxious to retrieve the investment they have made in training their employees.
unto preposition
BrE /ˈʌntə/ ; NAmE /ˈʌntə/ ; BrE before vowels /ˈʌntu/ ; NAmE before vowels /ˈʌntu/ (old use)
1) to or towards somebody/something
ex) Can we evade this fate? Perhaps, but only if we can retrieve from centuries of neglect and distortion the idea of a good life, a life sufficient unto itself.
The angel appeared unto him in a dream.
2) until a particular time or event
ex) The knights swore loyalty unto death.
occidental adjective
BrE /ˌɒksɪˈdentl/ ; NAmE /ˌɑːkɪˈdentl/ (formal)
from or connected with the western part of the world, especially Europe and America
ex) Here we must draw on the rich storehouse of premodern wisdom, Occidental and Oriental.
juggernaut noun
BrE /ˈdʒʌɡənɔːt/ ; NAmE /ˈdʒʌɡərnɔːt/
2(formal) a large and powerful force or institution that cannot be controlled
ex) Opposition to the growth juggernaut has gathered pace in recent years.
a bureaucratic juggernaut
gather verb
BrE /ˈɡæðə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈɡæðər/
7) [transitive] gather something to increase in speed, force, etc.
ex) Opposition to the growth juggernaut has gathered pace in recent years.
The truck gathered speed.
During the 1980s the green movement gathered momentum.
Thousands of these machines are gathering dust (= not being used) in stockrooms.
disastrous adjective
BrE /dɪˈzɑːstrəs/ ; NAmE /dɪˈzæstrəs/
very bad, harmful or unsuccessful
synonym catastrophic, devastating
ex) Growth, say critics, is not only failing to make us happier; it is also environmentally disastrous.
a disastrous harvest/fire/result
Lowering interest rates could have disastrous consequences for the economy.
It was a disastrous start to the season for the team.
may (very) well/easily
used for saying that something is fairly likely to be true or is fairly likely to happen
ex) Both claims may well be true, but they fail to capture our deeper objection to endless growth, which is that it is senseless.
What you say may very well be true.
A small technical error may easily result in a serious accident.
It may well be that the information is not available.
take something↔up
7) to accept something that is offered or available
ex) To found our case against growth on the fact that it is damaging to happiness or the environment is to invite our opponents to show that it is not, in fact, damaging in those ways - an invitation they have been quick to take up.
to take up a challenge
She took up his offer of a drink.
down preposition
BrE /daʊn/ ; NAmE /daʊn/
2) along; towards the direction in which you are facing
ex) The whole argument then disappears down an academic cul-de-sac.
He lives just down the street.
Go down the road till you reach the traffic lights.
There’s a bridge a mile down the river from here.
unending adjective
BrE /ʌnˈendɪŋ/ ; NAmE /ʌnˈendɪŋ/
seeming to last for ever
ex) The point to keep in mind is that we know, prior to anything scientists or statisticians can tell us, that the unending pursuit of wealth is madness.
a seemingly unending supply of money
the latest in an unending round of meetings
She complained about the seemingly unending stream of violent programmes on television.
crop up
to appear or happen, especially when it is not expected
synonym come up (4)
ex) In discussing our ideas with friends and acquaintances, we find that several objections have cropped up regularly.
His name just cropped up in conversation.
I’ll be late—something’s cropped up at home.
exigency noun
BrE /ˈeksɪdʒənsi/ ; NAmE /ˈeksɪdʒənsi/ ; BrE /ɪɡˈzɪdʒənsi/ ; NAmE /ɪɡˈzɪdʒənsi/ countable, usually plural, uncountable(formal)
an urgent need or demand that you must deal with
synonym demand
ex) But we should not let the exigencies of the hour cloud our view of ultimate ends.
the exigencies of war
financial exigencies
The political exigencies facing both leaders mean they must resume talks if violence is to be avoided.
cloud verb
BrE /klaʊd/ ; NAmE /klaʊd/
[transitive] cloud something if something clouds your judgement, memory, etc., it makes it difficult for you to understand or remember something clearly
ex) But we should not let the exigencies of the hour cloud our view of ultimate ends.
Doubts were beginning to cloud my mind.
His judgement was clouded by jealousy.
pen verb
BrE /pen/ ; NAmE /pen/
1) pen something (formal) to write something
ex) Keynes’s own utopia was penned at the bottom of the Great Depression. “My purpose in this essay,” he wrote, “is not to examine the present… but to disembarrass myself of short views and take wings into the future.”
He penned a letter to the local paper.
See related entries: Writing and publishing
2) pen somebody/something (in/up) to shut an animal or a person in a small space
ex) At clipping time sheep need to be penned.
The whole family were penned up in one room for a month.
disembarrass verb
\ˌdis-əm-ˈbar-əs\
to free (as oneself) from something troublesome or superfluous
ex) Keynes’s own utopia was penned at the bottom of the Great Depression. “My purpose in this essay,” he wrote, “is not to examine the present… but to disembarrass myself of short views and take wings into the future.”
go/turn sour
- estranged adjective
BrE /ɪˈstreɪndʒd/ ; NAmE /ɪˈstreɪndʒd/ (formal)
to stop being pleasant or working properly
ex) How New York’s Love Affair With Starbucks Turned Sour
It always comes as a surprise when apparently successful marriages turn sour, and most people in dysfunctional relationships wait far too long to leave.
Their relationship soon went sour.
- 1) [usually before noun] no longer living with your husband or wife
ex) The long-estranged family members got together today after 60 years of separation.
his estranged wife Emma
She is attempting to contact her estranged husband to break the news.
He is being questioned in connection with the death of his estranged wife.
She has been estranged from her husband since 1999.
2) estranged (from somebody) no longer friendly, loyal or in contact with somebody
ex) He became estranged from his family after the argument.
Formerly close friends, they had been estranged from each other for many years.
3) estranged (from something) no longer involved in or connected with something, especially something that used to be important to you
ex) She felt estranged from her former existence.
finicky adjective
BrE /ˈfɪnɪki/ ; NAmE /ˈfɪnɪki/
1) (disapproving) too worried about what you eat, wear, etc.; disliking many things
synonym fussy
ex) a finicky eater
2) needing great care and attention to detail
synonym fiddly
ex) Starbucks’ successful seduction of the notoriously finicky New York City consumer began with a dramatic grand geste.
It’s a very finicky job.
geste noun
(pl. gestes) from French
gesture (=something that you do or say to show a particular feeling or intention)
ex) Starbucks’ successful seduction of the notoriously finicky New York City consumer began with a dramatic grand geste.
salvo noun
BrE /ˈsælvəʊ/ ; NAmE /ˈsælvoʊ/ (pl. salvos, salvoes)
- blitz noun
BrE /blɪts/ ; NAmE /blɪts/
the act of firing several guns or dropping several bombs, etc. at the same time; a sudden attack
ex) The 1994 opening of the first Manhattan Starbucks at Broadway and 87th Street on the Upper West Side - the opening salvo in CEO Howard Schultz’s fierce courtship of the Big Apple - earned manic coverage from the press.
The first salvo exploded a short distance away.
(figurative) The newspaper article was the opening salvo in what proved to be a long battle.
1) [countable, usually singular] something which is done with a lot of energy
ex) an advertising/a media blitz (= a lot of information about something on television, in newspapers, etc.)
2) [countable, usually singular] a sudden attack
ex) Five shops were damaged in a firebomb blitz.
blitz on something
(figurative) a blitz on passengers who avoid paying fares
(figurative) I’ve had a blitz on the house (= cleaned it very thoroughly).
3) the Blitz [singular] the German air attacks on the United Kingdom in 1940–1
언론에 엄청 많이 등장하다. 언론의 뜨거운 관심을 받다.
The 1994 opening of the first Manhattan Starbucks at Broadway and 87th Street on the Upper West Side - the opening salvo in CEO Howard Schultz’s fierce courtship of the Big Apple - earned manic coverage from the press.
- The disappearance of the idol star earned huge coverage in the media.
courtship noun
BrE /ˈkɔːtʃɪp/ ; NAmE /ˈkɔːrtʃɪp/
1) [countable, uncountable] (old-fashioned) the time when two people have a romantic relationship before they get married; the process of developing this relationship
ex) They married after a short courtship.
Mr Elton’s courtship of Harriet
2) [uncountable] the special way animals behave in order to attract a mate for producing young animals
ex) courtship displays
3) [uncountable] courtship (of somebody/something) (formal) the process or act of attracting a business partner, etc.
ex) The 1994 opening of the first Manhattan Starbucks at Broadway and 87th Street on the Upper West Side - the opening salvo in CEO Howard Schultz’s fierce courtship of the Big Apple - earned manic coverage from the press.
the company’s courtship by the government
crowd control
Crowd control is a public security practise where large crowds are managed to prevent the outbreak of crowd crushes, affray, fights involving drunk and disorderly people or riots. Crowd crushes in particular can cause many hundreds of fatalities.
ex) “We had to have crowd control at the door,” Schultz exulted, but he knew he’d need more than one outlet - even one very large outlet -to convince skeptical New Yorkers that his intentions were honorable.
exult verb
BrE /ɪɡˈzʌlt/ ; NAmE /ɪɡˈzʌlt/ intransitive, transitive
to feel and show that you are very excited and happy because of something that has happened
ex) “We had to have crowd control at the door,” Schultz exulted, but he knew he’d need more than one outlet - even one very large outlet -to convince skeptical New Yorkers that his intentions were honorable.
He leaned back, exulting at the success of his plan.
‘We won!’ she exulted.
outlet noun
BrE /ˈaʊtlet/ ; NAmE /ˈaʊtlet/
2) (business) a shop/store or an organization that sells goods made by a particular company or of a particular type
ex) “We had to have crowd control at the door,” Schultz exulted, but he knew he’d need more than one outlet - even one very large outlet -to convince skeptical New Yorkers that his intentions were honorable.
The business has 34 retail outlets in this state alone.
그 이후 몇 년 간
In the years that followed, Starbucks eventually won over many of even the most cynical New Yorkers, including me.
win over somebody | win over somebody to something | win round somebody | win round somebody to something | win around somebody | win around somebody to something | win somebody over | win somebody over to something | win somebody round | win somebody round to something | win somebody around | win somebody around to something
to get somebody’s support or approval by persuading them that you are right
ex) In the years that followed, Starbucks eventually won over many of even the most cynical New Yorkers, including me.
If the U.S. were to succeed in the reconstruction efforts in Iraq, it first needs to win over the hearts and minds of the people there.
She’s against the idea but I’m sure I can win her over.
엄청 짧은 시간. 순간. (figurative)
A New York minute is an instant. Or as Johnny Carson once said, it’s the interval between a Manhattan traffic light turning green and the guy behind you honking his horn.
It appears to have originated in Texas around 1967. It is a reference to the frenzied and hectic pace of New Yorkers’ lives. A New Yorker does in an instant what a Texan would take a minute to do.
ex) I don’t give a New York minute about it.
I’ll have that ready for you in a New York Minute.
It was all over in a New York minute.
I turned that shit off in a New York Minute.
When I was in the Bronx I got mugged, shot, raped, and murdered in a New York Minute. In Detroit it would take at least 2.
go public
- enlist verb
BrE /ɪnˈlɪst/ ; NAmE /ɪnˈlɪst/
1) to tell people about something that is a secret
ex) A court order failed to stop her going public with the story.
2) (of a company) to start selling shares on the stock exchange
ex) Schultz, a native New Yorker, took his time planning to enter the market - the company had gone public two years earlier - and cleverly used his personal familiarity with our weaknesses to break down our resistance.
break something↔down
2) to destroy something or make it disappear, especially a particular feeling or attitude that somebody has
ex) Schultz, a native New Yorker, took his time planning to enter the market - the company had gone public two years earlier - and cleverly used his personal familiarity with our weaknesses to break down our resistance.
to break down resistance/opposition
to break down somebody’s reserve/shyness
Attempts must be made to break down the barriers of fear and hostility which divide the two communities.
well-stocked adjective
a well-stocked shop has plenty of things in it to choose from
ex) Starbucks’ many gestures of affection included comfortable chairs intended to erase the pressures of urban life from the mind and body; clean, well-stocked bathrooms in a city otherwise designed to test the limits of the human bladder; cheap refills for discount-mad old-timers.
그게 아니라면 인간 방광의 한계를 시험하기 딱 좋은 이런 도시에 생긴 깨끗하고 물품들이 잘 구비되어 있는 화장실
Starbucks’ many gestures of affection included comfortable chairs intended to erase the pressures of urban life from the mind and body; clean, well-stocked bathrooms in a city otherwise designed to test the limits of the human bladder; cheap refills for discount-mad old-timers.
old-timer noun
- old school adjective
someone who has a lot of knowledge and experience because they have been doing something for a long time; an old man
ex) Starbucks’ many gestures of affection included comfortable chairs intended to erase the pressures of urban life from the mind and body; clean, well-stocked bathrooms in a city otherwise designed to test the limits of the human bladder; cheap refills for discount-mad old-timers.
* old-fashioned or traditional
ex) I’m old school.
jaded adjective
BrE /ˈdʒeɪdɪd/ ; NAmE /ˈdʒeɪdɪd/
tired and bored, usually because you have had too much of something
ex) It was enough to make the most jaded New Yorkers suspend disbelief and forget they were patronizing a global corporate fast-food monolith.
I felt terribly jaded after working all weekend.
It was a meal to tempt even the most jaded palate.
patronize verb
(British English also -ise)
BrE /ˈpætrənaɪz/ ; NAmE /ˈpeɪtrənaɪz/
1) [transitive, intransitive] patronize (somebody) (disapproving) to treat somebody in a way that seems friendly, but which shows that you think that they are not very intelligent, experienced, etc.
ex) Some television programmes tend to patronize children.
2) [transitive] patronize something (formal) to be a regular customer of a shop/store, restaurant, etc.
ex) It was enough to make the most jaded New Yorkers suspend disbelief and forget they were patronizing a global corporate fast-food monolith.
The club is patronized by students and locals alike.
3) [transitive] patronize somebody/something to help a particular person, organization or activity by giving them money
ex) She patronizes many contemporary British artists.
monolith noun
BrE /ˈmɒnəlɪθ/ ; NAmE /ˈmɑːnəlɪθ/
2) (often disapproving) a single, very large organization, etc. that is very slow to change and not interested in individual people
ex) It was enough to make the most jaded New Yorkers suspend disbelief and forget they were patronizing a global corporate fast-food monolith.
holdout noun
an act of resisting something or refusing to accept what is offered; a person or organization who resists something or refuses to accept an offer
ex) I was a long-time holdout.
a defiant holdout against a commercial culture
aversion noun
BrE /əˈvɜːʃn/ ; NAmE /əˈvɜːrʒn/ [countable, uncountable]
a strong feeling of not liking somebody/something
ex) In addition to my natural aversion to calling a small coffee a “tall,” I felt a deep loyalty to the local Cuban diner where I had written most of my first book.
a strong aversion
He had an aversion to getting up early.
내 첫 번째 책의 대부분을 쓴 동네 쿠바 식당에 대해 단골로서의 의리를 지키고 싶었다.
In addition to my natural aversion to calling a small coffee a “tall,” I felt a deep loyalty to the local Cuban diner where I had written most of my first book.
- To succeed in business, you need to be able to keep customer loyalty strong.
ensconce verb
BrE /ɪnˈskɒns/ ; NAmE /ɪnˈskɑːns/
be ensconced (+adv./prep.) | ensconce yourself (+adv./prep.) (formal) if you are ensconced or ensconce yourself somewhere, you are made or make yourself comfortable and safe in that place or position
ex) By the time Starbucks started offering free Wi-Fi in 2008, however, my laptop and I were already ensconced in an oversized comfortable chair at the branch around the corner.
He ensconced himself in my bedroom as if he owned it.
The teacher was ensconced in an elaborate wooden chair.
enumerate verb
BrE /ɪˈnjuːməreɪt/ ; NAmE /ɪˈnuːməreɪt/
enumerate something (formal) to name things on a list one by one
ex) It wasn’t just the previously enumerated enticements; it was the fact that Starbucks had maintained and enhanced them over more than a decade.
She enumerated the main points.
Let me enumerate the benefits for you.
They were asked to enumerate the factors that had influenced their choice.
enticement noun
BrE /ɪnˈtaɪsmənt/ ; NAmE /ɪnˈtaɪsmənt/ [countable, uncountable]
something that you offer to somebody in order to persuade them to go somewhere or to do something; the act of offering an enticement
ex) It wasn’t just the previously enumerated enticements; it was the fact that Starbucks had maintained and enhanced them over more than a decade.
The party is offering low taxation as its main enticement.
slick adjective
BrE /slɪk/ ; NAmE /slɪk/ (slicker, slickest)
1) (sometimes disapproving) done or made in a way that is clever and efficient but often does not seem to be sincere or lacks important ideas
ex) This no longer felt like a slick come-on.
a slick advertising campaign
a slick performance
You had to admire the slick presentation of last night’s awards ceremony.
come-on noun
BrE ; NAmE usually singular
an object or action which is intended to attract somebody or to persuade them to do something
ex) This no longer felt like a slick come-on.
She was definitely giving him the come-on (= trying to attract him sexually).
for real
genuine or serious
ex) These guys were for real - they understood New Yorkers’ idiosyncratic needs and seemed committed to satisfying them long term. Until recently.
This is not a fire drill—it’s for real.
(North American English) He managed to convince voters that he was for real.
I don’t think her tears were for real.
piggyback on somebody | piggyback on something
to use something that already exists as a support for your own work; to use a larger organization, etc. for your own advantage
ex) Maybe we should just piggyback on the wi-fi signal from the Anycall after-sales service center right next door.
idiosyncratic adjective
BrE /ˌɪdiəsɪŋˈkrætɪk/ ; NAmE /ˌɪdiəsɪŋˈkrætɪk/
- idiosyncrasy noun
BrE /ˌɪdiəˈsɪŋkrəsi/ ; NAmE /ˌɪdiəˈsɪŋkrəsi/ countable, uncountable
unusual and particular to a person or thing
ex) These guys were for real - they understood New Yorkers’ idiosyncratic needs and seemed committed to satisfying them long term. Until recently.
His teaching methods are idiosyncratic but successful.
- a person’s particular way of behaving, thinking, etc., especially when it is unusual; an unusual feature
synonym eccentricity (BrE /ˌeksenˈtrɪsəti/ ; NAmE /ˌeksenˈtrɪsəti/ (pl. eccentricities))
ex) Wearing a raincoat, even on a hot day, is one of her idiosyncrasies.
The car has its little idiosyncrasies.
settle in | settle into something
to move into a new home, job, etc. and start to feel comfortable there
ex) Starbucks’ relationship with New Yorkers has now settled into middle age.
How are the kids settling into their new school?
It’s not always easy for a new player to settle in.
forge verb
BrE /fɔːdʒ/ ; NAmE /fɔːrdʒ/
1) [transitive] forge something to put a lot of effort into making something successful or strong so that it will last
ex) And as anyone who’s ever forged bonds in the throes of passion knows, time tends to dull a suitor’s ardor.
a move to forge new links between management and workers
Strategic alliances are being forged with major European companies.
She forged a new career in the music business.
They forged a lead in the first 30 minutes of the game.
in the throes of something/of doing something
in the middle of an activity, especially a difficult or complicated one
ex) And as anyone who’s ever forged bonds in the throes of passion knows, time tends to dull a suitor’s ardor.
The country was in the throes of revolutionary change.
We’re in the throes of moving to a new office, so the place is in chaos at the moment.
suitor noun
BrE /ˈsuːtə(r)/ , also /ˈsjuːtə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈsuːtər/
1) (old-fashioned) a man who wants to marry a particular woman
ex) And as anyone who’s ever forged bonds in the throes of passion knows, time tends to dull a suitor’s ardor.
He was an ardent suitor.
In the play, the heroine has to choose between three suitors.
2) (business) a company that wants to buy another company
ex) a merger proposal from an unwanted suitor
ardour noun (especially US English ardor) BrE /ˈɑːdə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈɑːrdər/ [uncountable](formal)
very strong feelings of enthusiasm or love
synonym passion
ex) And as anyone who’s ever forged bonds in the throes of passion knows, time tends to dull a suitor’s ardor.
His revolutionary ardour was an example to his followers.
romantic ardour
stand-offish adjective
BrE /ˌstænd ˈɒfɪʃ/ ; NAmE /ˌstænd ˈɔːfɪʃ/ , /ˌstænd ˈɑːfɪʃ/ (informal)
not friendly towards other people; a stand-offish person behaves in a formal way that is not friendly because they do not want to get involved with other people
synonym aloof
ex) The idiosyncratic qualities that once made New Yorkers the object of such intense interest and attention in the first place - our stand-offishness, our demanding nature, our very unattainability - have come to be viewed as annoyances, or worse.
unattainable adjective
BrE /ˌʌnəˈteɪnəbl/ ; NAmE /ˌʌnəˈteɪnəbl/
impossible to achieve or reach
opposite attainable
ex) The idiosyncratic qualities that once made New Yorkers the object of such intense interest and attention in the first place - our stand-offishness, our demanding nature, our very unattainability - have come to be viewed as annoyances, or worse.
an unattainable goal
Setting unattainable goals will only lead to frustration.
cushy adjective
BrE /ˈkʊʃi/ ; NAmE /ˈkʊʃi/ (cushier, cushiest)(informal, often disapproving)
very easy and pleasant; needing little or no effort
ex) The cushy chairs were the first to go.
a cushy job
편안한 의자들이 제일 먼저 없어졌습니다.
넌 그런 태도 버려야 돼.
The cushy chairs were the first to go.
This attitude of yours must go.
flagship noun
BrE /ˈflæɡʃɪp/ ; NAmE /ˈflæɡʃɪp/
1) the main ship in a fleet of ships in the navy
2) [usually singular] the most important product, service, building, etc. that an organization owns or produces
ex) The original flagship New York City store was shuttered.
The company is opening a new flagship store in London.
shutter verb
/ˈʃʌt̮ər/ [transitive]
2) to close a business, store, etc. permanently or for a limited time
ex) The original flagship New York City store was shuttered.
The strike shuttered theaters for three weeks.
linger verb
BrE /ˈlɪŋɡə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈlɪŋɡər/
2) [intransitive] (+ adv./prep.) to stay somewhere for longer because you do not want to leave; to spend a long time doing something
ex) Then some city Starbucks stores began discouraging laptop users from lingering during peak hours.
She lingered for a few minutes to talk to Nick.
We lingered over breakfast on the terrace.
wee adjective
BrE /wiː/ ; NAmE /wiː/ (informal)
- wee noun
BrE /wiː/ ; NAmE /wiː/
(also wee-wee)
(informal, especially British English)(often used by young children or when you are talking to them)
1) (especially Scottish English) very small in size
ex) Last winter, under the headline, “Just a ‘wee’ change,” the New York Post reported that a few city Starbucks locations had closed their restrooms to the public.
a wee girl
2) small in amount; little
ex) Just a wee drop of milk for me.
I felt a wee bit guilty about it.
- 1) [singular] an act of passing liquid waste (called urine) from your body
ex) to do/have a wee
I’m going for a wee.
Mummy, I need a wee.
2) [uncountable] = urine
ex) a puddle of wee
grilling noun
BrE /ˈɡrɪlɪŋ/ ; NAmE /ˈɡrɪlɪŋ/ [usually singular]
a period of being questioned closely about your ideas, actions, etc.
ex) Those discounted refills (actually free if you have a Starbucks Rewards card) now are the subject of increasingly frequent grilling at the counter by those once highly solicitous baristas: Did you really consume that beverage in the store?
The minister faced a tough grilling at today’s press conference.
solicitous adjective
BrE /səˈlɪsɪtəs/ ; NAmE /səˈlɪsɪtəs/ (formal)
being very concerned for somebody and wanting to make sure that they are comfortable, well or happy
synonym attentive
ex) Those discounted refills (actually free if you have a Starbucks Rewards card) now are the subject of increasingly frequent grilling at the counter by those once highly solicitous baristas: Did you really consume that beverage in the store?
She was very solicitous for our welfare.
a solicitous host
attest verb
BrE /əˈtest/ ; NAmE /əˈtest/ (formal)
1) [intransitive, transitive] attest (to something) | attest (that…) | attest (something) to show or prove that something is true
synonym bear/give witness (to something)
ex) And, as message boards with names like www.ihatestarbucks.com attest, the interrogation sometimes continues as to whether the consumption actually took place over the last hour.
Contemporary accounts attest to his courage and determination.
She is, as countless stories about her attest, deeply religious.
besiege verb
BrE /bɪˈsiːdʒ/ ; NAmE /bɪˈsiːdʒ/
2) [usually passive] besiege somebody/something (especially of something unpleasant or annoying) to surround somebody/something in large numbers
ex) What happened? New Yorkers, forever besieged by alternative fads, require constant wooing.
The actress was besieged by reporters at the airport.
incumbent adjective
BrE /ɪnˈkʌmbənt/ ; NAmE /ɪnˈkʌmbənt/
2) (of an official or regime) currently holding office
ex) And the impact of the 2008 banking system collapse on the local economy made us require even more emotional reinforcement from incumbent purveyors than usual.
woo verb
BrE /wuː/ ; NAmE /wuː/
1) woo somebody to try to get the support of somebody
ex) What happened? New Yorkers, forever besieged by alternative fads, require constant wooing.
Voters are being wooed with promises of lower taxes.
Selected items are being sold at half price to woo customers into the store.
2) woo somebody (old-fashioned) (of a man) to try to persuade a woman to love him and marry him
synonym court
purveyor noun
BrE /pəˈveɪə(r)/ ; NAmE /pərˈveɪər/ (formal)
a person or company that supplies something
ex) And the impact of the 2008 banking system collapse on the local economy made us require even more emotional reinforcement from incumbent purveyors than usual.
Brown and Son, purveyors of fine wines
resonance noun
BrE /ˈrezənəns/ ; NAmE /ˈrezənəns/
3) [uncountable, countable] (formal) (in a piece of writing, music, etc.) the power to bring images, feelings, etc. into the mind of the person reading or listening; the images, etc. produced in this ; an emotional effect produced by something that reminds you of something else
ex) Furthermore, though occupying Manhattan may once have had personal and corporate resonance to Howard Schultz’s Starbucks, today the island’s branches represents barely 1 percent of the chain’s stores globally.
This is an anniversary that has great resonance for survivors of the train crash.
inertia noun
BrE /ɪˈnɜːʃə/ ; NAmE /ɪˈnɜːrʃə/ [uncountable]
1) (usually disapproving) lack of energy; lack of desire or ability to move or change
ex) Insecurity and habit both encourage inertia.
I can’t seem to throw off this feeling of inertia.
the forces of institutional inertia in the school system
2) (physics) a property (= characteristic) of matter (= a substance) by which it stays still or, if moving, continues moving in a straight line unless it is acted on by a force outside itself 관성
상황이 최악으로 치닫는다 할지라도 (이렇게 나쁠지라도)
The biggest obstacle to making such a needed change is the fear that as bad as things get, it will not be possible to find a better alternative.
As bad as things get, I’ll never give up on you.
sell out | sell out to somebody | sell out to something
2) to sell your business or a part of your business
ex) My Cuban diner sold out to a new owner and started serving pizza a few years ago and no longer holds the charms it once did.
The company eventually sold out to a multinational media group.
stranglehold noun
BrE /ˈstræŋɡlhəʊld/ ; NAmE /ˈstræŋɡlhoʊld/ [singular]
2) stranglehold (on something) complete control over something that makes it impossible for it to grow or develop well
ex) The good news is that competitors seem to have sensed the loosening of Starbucks’ stranglehold on the market and begun to make their moves.
The company now had a stranglehold on the market.
attempts to break the US stranglehold on the industry
phalanx noun
BrE /ˈfælæŋks/ ; NAmE /ˈfælæŋks/ (formal)
a group of people or things standing very close together
ex) Until recently, no other major coffee chain dared to confront the almost 200-strong phalanx of Starbucks in the city.
The protesters ran into a solid phalanx of riot police.
veritable adjective
BrE /ˈverɪtəbl/ ; NAmE /ˈverɪtəbl/ only before noun
a word used to emphasize that somebody/something can be compared to somebody/something else that is more exciting, more impressive, etc.
synonym positive
ex) More importantly, a veritable army of excellent mini-chains, mostly New York-based, have extended their tentacles into former Starbucks territory: from Joe the Art of Coffee to Cafe Grumpy (recently featured in a storyline on HBO’s Girls), all reflect a more authentically Gothamite ethos.
The meal that followed was a veritable banquet.
tentacle noun
BrE /ˈtentəkl/ ; NAmE /ˈtentəkl/
2) tentacles [plural] (usually disapproving) the influence that a large place, organization or system has and that is hard to avoid
ex) More importantly, a veritable army of excellent mini-chains, mostly New York-based, have extended their tentacles into former Starbucks territory: from Joe the Art of Coffee to Cafe Grumpy (recently featured in a storyline on HBO’s Girls), all reflect a more authentically Gothamite ethos.
The tentacles of satellite television are spreading even wider.
authentically adverb
BrE /ɔːˈθentɪkli/ ; NAmE /ɔːˈθentɪkli/
1) in a way that is true and accurate
ex) These are novels that authentically represent human experience.
2) in a way that is exactly the same as the original
ex) More importantly, a veritable army of excellent mini-chains, mostly New York-based, have extended their tentacles into former Starbucks territory: from Joe the Art of Coffee to Cafe Grumpy (recently featured in a storyline on HBO’s Girls), all reflect a more authentically Gothamite ethos.
authentically flavoured Mexican dishes
an authentically constructed Wild West town
Gotham noun
BrE /ˈɡɒθəm/ ; NAmE /ˈɡɑːθəm/ (informal)
- Gothamite noun
(ˈɡɒθəˌmaɪt )
New York City
- (US) a native or inhabitant of New York City
ex) More importantly, a veritable army of excellent mini-chains, mostly New York-based, have extended their tentacles into former Starbucks territory: from Joe the Art of Coffee to Cafe Grumpy (recently featured in a storyline on HBO’s Girls), all reflect a more authentically Gothamite ethos.
ethos noun
BrE /ˈiːθɒs/ ; NAmE /ˈiːθɑːs/ singular
the moral ideas and attitudes that belong to a particular group or society
ex) More importantly, a veritable army of excellent mini-chains, mostly New York-based, have extended their tentacles into former Starbucks territory: from Joe the Art of Coffee to Cafe Grumpy (recently featured in a storyline on HBO’s Girls), all reflect a more authentically Gothamite ethos.
an ethos of public service
the carefree Californian ethos
헤어지는 건 결코 쉽지 않다.
Breaking up is never easy, and some unpleasant feelings are bound to ensue.
bound adjective
BrE /baʊnd/ ; NAmE /baʊnd/
[not before noun]
1) bound to do/be something certain or likely to happen, or to do or be something
ex) Breaking up is never easy, and some unpleasant feelings are bound to ensue - but they are always, always followed by relief.
There are bound to be changes when the new system is introduced.
It’s bound to be sunny again tomorrow.
You’ve done so much work—you’re bound to pass the exam.
It was bound to happen sooner or later (= we should have expected it).
You’re bound to be nervous the first time (= it’s easy to understand).
ensue verb
BrE /ɪnˈsjuː/ ; NAmE /ɪnˈsuː/ intransitive
to happen after or as a result of another event
synonym follow
ex) Breaking up is never easy, and some unpleasant feelings are bound to ensue - but they are always, always followed by relief.
An argument ensued.
The riot police swooped in and chaos ensued.
someplace adverb,pronoun
BrE /ˈsʌmpleɪs/ ; NAmE /ˈsʌmpleɪs/ (North American English)
= somewhere
ex) I chatted with the barista, and she informed me that they no longer provide refills, since it was no longer reasonable to think that anyone would remain in the store in the absence of someplace to sit.
It has to go someplace.
Can’t you do that someplace else?
We need to find someplace to live.
My glasses have to be around here someplace.
Are you spending Thanksgiving at your parents’, or are you going someplace else?
roast verb
BrE /rəʊst/ ; NAmE /roʊst/
3) [transitive] roast somebody (informal or humorous) to be very angry with somebody; to criticize somebody strongly
ex) It turns out that 1994 newspaper headline was right: Starbucks did roast New York. Just not in the way we originally thought.
conspicuous adjective
BrE /kənˈspɪkjuəs/ ; NAmE /kənˈspɪkjuəs/
easy to see or notice; likely to attract attention
opposite inconspicuous
ex) Conspicuous Consumption
Mary’s red hair always made her conspicuous at school.
I felt very conspicuous in my new car.
The advertisements were all posted in a conspicuous place.
The event was a conspicuous success (= a very great one).
Bay windows are a conspicuous feature of his architecture.
송로 (버섯)
truffle noun
BrE /ˈtrʌfl/ ; NAmE /ˈtrʌfl/
1) an expensive type of fungus that grows underground, used in cooking
ex) A New York City food truck is selling a $666 hamburger dubbed the “Douche Burger,” which contains lobster, caviar, truffles, and a beef patty wrapped in six sheets of gold leaf.
gold leaf noun
BrE ; NAmE
(also gold foil)
[uncountable]
gold that has been made into a very thin sheet and is used for decoration
ex) A New York City food truck is selling a $666 hamburger dubbed the “Douche Burger,” which contains lobster, caviar, truffles, and a beef patty wrapped in six sheets of gold leaf.
fill noun
BrE /fɪl/ ; NAmE /fɪl/ [singular]
1) your fill (of something/somebody) as much of something/somebody as you are willing to accept
ex) I’ve had my fill of entertaining for one week.
2) your fill (of food/drink) as much as you can eat/drink
ex) Theoretically, you could eat your fill of 24-karat gold without falling ill.
All we had was what was left after the guests had eaten their fill.
The pigs had had their fill of the leftovers.
carat noun
BrE /ˈkærət/ ; NAmE /ˈkærət/
(abbreviation ct)
(usually North American English karat)
2) (especially British English) (usually North American English karat) a unit for measuring how pure gold is. The purest gold is 24 carats.
ex) Theoretically, you could eat your fill of 24-karat gold without falling ill.
an 18-carat gold ring
fall ill
to become ill; to sicken
ex) Theoretically, you could eat your fill of 24-karat gold without falling ill.
inert adjective
BrE /ɪˈnɜːt/ ; NAmE /ɪˈnɜːrt/
1) (formal) without power to move or act; not moving; someone who is inert does nothing when they should be taking action
ex) He lay inert with half-closed eyes.
The president has to operate within an inert political system.
2) (chemistry) without active chemical or other properties (= characteristics); an inert substance does not produce a chemical reaction when it is mixed with other substances
ex) Pure gold is chemically inert and passes through the human digestive system without being absorbed into the body.
an inert gas
gilding noun
- gild verb
BrE /ɡɪld/ ; NAmE /ɡɪld/
BrE /ˈɡɪldɪŋ/ ; NAmE /ˈɡɪldɪŋ/ [uncountable]
a layer of gold or gold paint; the surface that this makes
- 2) gild something to cover something with a thin layer of gold or gold paint
ex) Non-edible gold leaf, which is used for gilding, sometimes contains copper, which can be toxic in high doses.
콜로이드질 금 (아교질 금)
colloidal gold
ex) Consuming impure gold preparations such as colloidal gold or gold salts can lead to a change in skin pigmentation and other adverse health effects.
pigmentation noun
BrE /ˌpɪɡmenˈteɪʃn/ ; NAmE /ˌpɪɡmenˈteɪʃn/ [uncountable]
the presence of pigments in skin, hair, leaves, etc. that causes them to be a particular colour
ex) Consuming impure gold preparations such as colloidal gold or gold salts can lead to a change in skin pigmentation and other adverse health effects.
The dark pigmentation of the skin gives protection in hot climates.
첨가물, 첨가제
additive noun
BrE /ˈædətɪv/ ; NAmE /ˈædətɪv/
a substance that is added in small amounts to something, especially food, in order to improve it, give it colour, make it last longer, etc.
ex) Gold is an approved food additive in the European Union, and an independent European food-safety certification agency, TUV Rheinland, has deemed 23-karat gold leaf safe for consumption. Gold and silver leaf are also ceretified kosher.
food additives
The classification of additives by ‘E’ number is made under an EU directive.
additive-free orange juice
chemical additives in petrol
(음식이) 유대교 율법에 따라 만든
kosher adjective
BrE /ˈkəʊʃə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈkoʊʃər/
1) (of food) prepared according to the rules of Jewish law
ex) Gold is an approved food additive in the European Union, and an independent European food-safety certification agency, TUV Rheinland, has deemed 23-karat gold leaf safe for consumption. Gold and silver leaf are also ceretified kosher.
a kosher meal
a kosher butcher/restaurant (= one that prepares or serves this food).
adorn verb
BrE /əˈdɔːn/ ; NAmE /əˈdɔːrn/ often passive
to make something/somebody look more attractive by decorating it or them with something
ex) Europeans have been adding gold leaf to food and liquor (like Danziger Goldwasser) since the Renaissance, and gold leaf can also be found adorning certain Japanese candies and South Asian pastries.
Gold rings adorned his fingers.
(ironic) Graffiti adorned the walls.
The walls were adorned with paintings.
The children adorned themselves with flowers.
homeopath noun
(British English also homoeo-)
BrE /ˈhəʊmiəpæθ/ ; NAmE /ˈhoʊmiəpæθ/ ; BrE /ˈhɒmiəpæθ/ ; NAmE /ˈhɑːmiəpæθ/
- homeopathy noun
(British English also homoeo-)
BrE /ˌhəʊmiˈɒpəθi/ ; NAmE /ˌhoʊmiˈɑːpəθi/ ; BrE /ˌhɒmiˈɒpəθi/ ; NAmE /ˌhɑːmiˈɑːpəθi/ [uncountable]
** homeopathic adjective
(British English also homoeo-)
BrE /ˌhəʊmiəˈpæθɪk/ ; NAmE /ˌhoʊmiəˈpæθɪk/ ; BrE /ˌhɒmiəˈpæθɪk/ ; NAmE /ˌhɑːmiəˈpæθɪk/
a person who treats illness using homeopathic methods
ex) Homeopaths have prescribed gold as a treatment for heart disease, arthritis, depression, and other ailments for hundreds of years, but gold’s usefulness as a medicine has not been demonstrated.
* a system of treating diseases or conditions using very small amounts of the substance that causes the disease or condition 동종 요법
** using homeopathy (= a system of treating diseases or conditions using very small amounts of the substance that causes the disease or condition)
homeopathic medicines/remedies/treatments
dash noun
BrE /dæʃ/ ; NAmE /dæʃ/
3) [countable, usually singular] dash (of something) a small amount of something that is added to something else
ex) A gram of edible gold would add a dash of glitter to 150 to 200 champagne flutes, or wrap about 4 Douche Burgers.
Add a dash of lemon juice.
The rug adds a dash of colour to the room.
The album is a mixture of rock and gospel, with a dash of jazz thrown in.
flute noun
BrE /fluːt/ ; NAmE /fluːt/
2) champagne flute a tall narrow glass used for drinking champagne
ex) A gram of edible gold would add a dash of glitter to 150 to 200 champagne flutes, or wrap about 4 Douche Burgers.
inexorable adjective
BrE /ɪnˈeksərəbl/ ; NAmE /ɪnˈeksərəbl/ (formal)
(of a process) that cannot be stopped or changed
synonym relentless
ex) The inexorable rise in health care spending, as all of us know, is a problem.
the inexorable rise of crime
This is where the inexorable logic of the theory breaks down.
zero in on somebody | zero in on something
1) to fix all your attention on the person or thing mentioned
ex) In the endless debate about “health care reform,” few have zeroed in on the practical actions we should be taking now to make Americans healthier.
They zeroed in on the key issues.
2) to aim guns, etc. at the person or thing mentioned
code noun
BrE /kəʊd/ ; NAmE /koʊd/
- 형법
5) [countable] a system of laws or written rules that state how people in an institution or a country should behave
ex) In the last several years, he’s changed the city’s health code to mandate restrictions on sodas and trans fats - products that, when consumed over the long term, harm people.
* the penal code
parter noun
\ˈpär|tə(r), ˈpȧ|, |tə-\
[IN COMBINATION] A broadcast or published work with a specified number of parts; a person or thing that parts; separator
ex) The answer, I suggest, is a two-parter: first, when the scientific data clearly and overwhelmingly demonstrate that one behavior or another can substantially reduce - or, conversely, raise - a person’s risk of disease; and second, when all of us are stuck paying for one another’s medical bills (which is what we do now, by way of Medicare, Medicaid and other taxpayer-financed health care programs).
he show was a two-parter, but we stopped watching halfway through.
the first in a six-parter
conversely adverb
BrE /ˈkɒnvɜːsli/ ; NAmE /ˈkɑːnvɜːrsli/ (formal)
in a way that is the opposite or reverse of something
ex) The answer, I suggest, is a two-parter: first, when the scientific data clearly and overwhelmingly demonstrate that one behavior or another can substantially reduce - or, conversely, raise - a person’s risk of disease; and second, when all of us are stuck paying for one another’s medical bills (which is what we do now, by way of Medicare, Medicaid and other taxpayer-financed health care programs).
You can add the fluid to the powder, or, conversely, the powder to the fluid.
Women suffering from anorexia are still convinced that their thin, frail bodies are fat and unsightly. Conversely, some people who are a great deal heavier than they should be can persuade themselves that they are ‘just right’.
신3종 전염병 혼합 백신
- 소아마비
MMR abbreviation
BrE /ˌem em ˈɑː(r)/ ; NAmE /ˌem em ˈɑːr/
measles, mumps, rubella
ex) In such cases, encouraging a healthy behavior, or discouraging an unhealthy one, ought to be a matter of public policy - which is why, for instance, we insist on vaccinating children for the measles, mumps, rubella and polio; we know these preventive strategies save lives.
an MMR jab (= a vaccine given to small children to prevent these three diseases)
- polio noun
BrE /ˈpəʊliəʊ/ ; NAmE /ˈpoʊlioʊ/
(formal poliomyelitis BrE /ˌpəʊliəʊˌmaɪəˈlaɪtɪs/ ; NAmE /ˌpoʊlioʊˌmaɪəˈlaɪtɪs/ )
[uncountable]
an infectious disease that affects the central nervous system and can cause temporary or permanent paralysis (= loss of control or feeling in part or most of the body)
analgesic adjective
BrE /ˌænəlˈdʒiːzɪk/ ; NAmE /ˌænəlˈdʒiːzɪk/ (medical)
analgesic noun
BrE /ˌænəlˈdʒiːzɪk/ ; NAmE /ˌænəlˈdʒiːzɪk/ (medical)
that reduces pain
ex) analgesic drugs/effects
* a substance that reduces pain
synonym painkiller
ex) Developed in 1897 by the German chemist Felix Hoffmann, aspirin, or acetylsalicylic acid, has long proved its value as an analgesic.
Aspirin is a mild analgesic.
millennium noun
BrE /mɪˈleniəm/ ; NAmE /mɪˈleniəm/ (pl. millennia BrE /mɪˈleniə/ ; NAmE /mɪˈleniə/ , millenniums)
1) a period of 1 000 years, especially as calculated before or after the birth of Christ
ex) Two millenniums before that, Hippocrates, the father of modern medicine, used its active ingredient - which he extracted from the bark and leaves of the willow tree - to help alleviate pain and fevers.
the second millennium AD
For millennia, it was accepted that the earth was at the centre of the universe.
2) the millennium the time when one period of 1 000 years ends and another begins
ex) How did you celebrate the millennium?
bark noun
BrE /bɑːk/ ; NAmE /bɑːrk/ [uncountable, countable]
1) the outer covering of a tree
ex) Two millenniums before that, Hippocrates, the father of modern medicine, used its active ingredient - which he extracted from the bark and leaves of the willow tree - to help alleviate pain and fevers.
버드나무 (버들)
willow noun
BrE /ˈwɪləʊ/ ; NAmE /ˈwɪloʊ/
1) [countable] a tree with long thin branches and long thin leaves, that often grows near water
ex) Two millenniums before that, Hippocrates, the father of modern medicine, used its active ingredient - which he extracted from the bark and leaves of the willow tree - to help alleviate pain and fevers.
~에 대해 잘 알게 되다. 통찰하다. 간파하다.
gain [have] (an) insight into
ex) Since then, we’ve gained insight into both the biological mechanism and the effects of this chemical compound.
심혈관의, 심장혈관계의
cardiovascular adjective
BrE /ˌkɑːdiəʊˈvæskjələ(r)/ ; NAmE /ˌkɑːrdioʊˈvæskjələr/ (medical)
connected with the heart and the blood vessels (= the tubes that carry blood around the body)
ex) Many high-quality research studies have confirmed that the use of aspirin substantially reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease.
위장의
gastrointestinal adjective
BrE /ˌɡæstrəʊɪnˈtestɪnl/ , also /ˌɡæstrəʊɪnteˈstaɪnl/ ; NAmE /ˌɡæstroʊɪnˈtestɪnl/ (medical)
of or related to the stomach and intestines
ex) Indeed, the evidence for this is so abundant and clear that, in 209, the United States Preventive Services Task Force strongly recommended that men ages 45 to 79, and women ages 55 to 79, take a low-dose aspirin pill daily, with the exception for those who are already at higher risk for gastrointestinal bleeding or who have certain other health issues. (As an anticoagulant, aspirin can increase the risk of bleeding - a serious and potentially deadly issue for some people.)
task force noun
2) a group of people who are brought together to deal with a particular problem
ex) Indeed, the evidence for this is so abundant and clear that, in 209, the United States Preventive Services Task Force strongly recommended that men ages 45 to 79, and women ages 55 to 79, take a low-dose aspirin pill daily, with the exception for those who are already at higher risk for gastrointestinal bleeding or who have certain other health issues. (As an anticoagulant, aspirin can increase the risk of bleeding - a serious and potentially deadly issue for some people.)
a drug task force
The government has set up a task force to improve standards in schools.
혈액 응고 방지제, 항응혈제, 항응고제
anticoagulant noun
BrE /ˌæntikəʊˈæɡjələnt/ ; NAmE /ˌæntikoʊˈæɡjələnt/ (medical)
(blood thinner / blood-thinning medication)
a substance that stops the blood from becoming thick and forming clots
ex) As an anticoagulant, aspirin can increase the risk of bleeding - a serious and potentially deadly issue for some people.
세계 3대 의학 잡지
1) The Lancet: a British journal for doctors and other medical workers which first appeared in 1823. It is published every week and contains articles on new medical procedures, drugs, etc. It has many readers in other countries, and is considered to be one of the most important medical journals. There is also an online edition and several other specialist journals associated with the main title.
ex) In March, The Lancet published two more papers bolstering the case for this ancient drug.
2) The New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM): The New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) is a weekly medical journal published by the Massachusetts Medical Society. It is among the most prestigious peer-reviewed medical journals[1] as well as the oldest continuously published one.
3) The Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA): JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association is a peer-reviewed medical journal published 48 times a year by the American Medical Association. It publishes original research, reviews, and editorials covering all aspects of the biomedical sciences. The journal was established in 1883 with Nathan Smith Davis as the founding editor. The journal’s current editor-in-chief is Howard Bauchner of Boston University, who succeeded Catherine DeAngelis on July 1, 2011.
bolster verb
BrE /ˈbəʊlstə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈboʊlstər/
- beef something↔up
to improve something or make it stronger
ex) In March, The Lancet published two more papers bolstering the case for this ancient drug.
to bolster somebody’s confidence/courage/morale
I needed to stress the bus driver’s evidence in order to bolster my case.
Falling interest rates may help to bolster up the economy.
- (informal) to make something bigger, better, more interesting, etc.
ex) Security has been beefed up for the royal visit.
They’re taking on more workers to beef up production.
선암, 선세포암, 선종
- 상피성 암, 암종
adenocarcinoma noun
/ˌadn-ōˌkärsəˈnōmə/ (medical)
a malignant tumor formed from glandular structures in epithelial tissue
ex) The first, reviewing five long-term studies involving more than 17,000 patients, found that a daily low-dose aspirin lowered the risk of getting adenocarcinomas - common malignant cancers that develop in the lungs, colon and prostate - by an average of 46 percent.
- carcinoma noun
BrE /ˌkɑːsɪˈnəʊmə/ ; NAmE /ˌkɑːrsɪˈnoʊmə/ (medical)
a cancer that affects the top layer of the skin or the lining of the body’s internal organs
결장
- 직장
** 전립선
colon noun
BrE /ˈkəʊlən/ ; NAmE /ˈkoʊlən/
ex) The first, reviewing five long-term studies involving more than 17,000 patients, found that a daily low-dose aspirin lowered the risk of getting adenocarcinomas - common malignant cancers that develop in the lungs, colon and prostate - by an average of 46 percent.
- rectum noun
BrE /ˈrektəm/ ; NAmE /ˈrektəm/ (pl. rectums, recta BrE /ˈrektə/ ; NAmE /ˈrektə/ )(anatomy)
the end section of the tube where food waste collects before leaving the body through the anus
** prostate noun
BrE /ˈprɒsteɪt/ ; NAmE /ˈprɑːsteɪt/
(also prostate gland)
a small organ in men, near the bladder, that produces a liquid in which sperm is carried
대조군, 통제군
control [comparison] group
(in an experiment or clinical trial) a group of subjects closely resembling the treatment group in many demographic variables but not receiving the active medication or factor under study and thereby serving as a comparison group when treatment results are evaluated. Origin of control group Expand.
ex) In a subsection of the study group, three years of daily aspirin use reduced the risk of developing cancer by almost 25 percent when compared with the aspirin-free control group.
scream out (for something)
to be in need of attention in a very noticeable way; to state something in a loud way that is difficult to ignore, or to be immediately obvious
synonym cry out
ex) The data are screaming out to us.
These books scream out to be included in a list of favourites.
‘Devil Dogs’, the headlines screamed.
It was the kind of shirt that screamed vulgarity.
It’s a badly written essay, and the grammatical mistakes just scream out at you.
혈전, 응혈, 핏덩어리, 피떡, 피딱지
blood clot noun
BrE ; NAmE
(also clot)
a lump that is formed when blood dries or becomes thicker
ex) Aspirin, one of the oldest remedies on the planet, helps prevent heart disease through what is likely to be a variety of mechanisms, including keeping blood clots from forming.
a blood clot on the brain
dampen verb
BrE /ˈdæmpən/ ; NAmE /ˈdæmpən/
2) dampen something to make something such as a feeling or a reaction less strong
ex) And experts believe it helps prevent cancer, in part, by dampening an immune response called inflammation.
None of the setbacks could dampen his enthusiasm for the project.
She wasn’t going to let anything dampen her spirits today.
untold adjective
BrE /ˌʌnˈtəʊld/ ; NAmE /ˌʌnˈtoʊld/
1) [only before noun] used to emphasize how large, great, unpleasant, etc. something is
synonym immeasurable
ex) So the question remains: given the evidence we have, why is it mearly voluntary for physicians to inform their patients about a health care intervention that could not only help them, but also save untold billions in taxpayer dollars each years?
untold misery/wealth
These gases cause untold damage to the environment.
caveat noun
BrE /ˈkæviæt/ ; NAmE /ˈkæviæt/ (formal, from Latin)
a warning that particular things need to be considered before something can be done
ex) But with such caveats in place, it still ought to be possible to encourage aspirin’s use in those for whom the potential benefits would be obvious and the risks minimal.
Any discussion of legal action must be preceded by a caveat on costs.
enlist verb
BrE /ɪnˈlɪst/ ; NAmE /ɪnˈlɪst/
1) [transitive] to persuade somebody to help you or to join you in doing something
ex) They hoped to enlist the help of the public in solving the crime.
We were enlisted as helpers.
We were enlisted to help.
사법관, 재판관 (최고법원 판사)
- 대법관, 대법원장, 수석재판관
justice noun
BrE /ˈdʒʌstɪs/ ; NAmE /ˈdʒʌstɪs/
4) (also Justice) [countable] (North American English) a judge in a court (also used before the name of a judge)
a. Justice used as a title before the name of a judge
ex) As the former Supreme Court justice Potter Stewart once said, “There is a big difference between what we have the right to do and what is right to do.”
The trial judge, Mr Justice Mitchell, adjourned the proceedings.
- chief justice noun
BrE /ˌtʃiːf ˈdʒʌstɪs/ ; NAmE /ˌtʃiːf ˈdʒʌstɪs/
(also Chief Justice)
the most important judge in a court, especially the US Supreme Court
unequivocally adverb
BrE /ˌʌnɪˈkwɪvəkəli/ ; NAmE /ˌʌnɪˈkwɪvəkəli/ (formal)
very clearly and firmly
synonym unambiguously
ex) Everyone may want the right to use tobacco products and engage in other behaviors that are unequivocally linked with disease - or have the right not to wear a seat belt and refrain from other actions that may protect their well-being.
We are unequivocally in favour of the changes.
He stated unequivocally that he knew nothing about the document.
국기에 대한 맹세
- 국가
the Pledge of Allegiance noun
BrE ; NAmE [singular]
a formal promise to be loyal to the US, which Americans make standing in front of the flag with their right hand on their heart
- national anthem noun
BrE /ˌnæʃnəl ˈænθəm/ ; NAmE /ˌnæʃnəl ˈænθəm/
the official song of a nation that is sung on special occasions
at long last
after a long time
synonym finally
ex) Health care reform should, at long last, focus on the latter.
At long last his prayers had been answered.
(특히 공룡이) 지구를 돌아다니다, 떠돌다, 어슬렁대다
roam the earth
ex) It roamed the earth about 243 millinon years ago, 10 million years before other early dinosaurs, like Eoraptor and Herrerasaurus.
- roam verb
BrE /rəʊm/ ; NAmE /roʊm/
1) [intransitive, transitive] to walk or travel around an area without any definite aim or direction
synonym wander
ex) The sheep are allowed to roam freely on this land.
to roam the countryside/the streets, etc.
고생물학자
palaeontologist noun(especially British English)
(usually North American English paleo-)
BrE /ˌpæliɒnˈtɒlədʒɪst/ , /ˌpeɪliɒnˈtɒlədʒɪst/ ; NAmE /ˌpeɪliɑːnˈtɑːlədʒɪst/
a person who studies fossils
ex) “We’re being cautious about saying it’s the earliest dinosaur,” said Sarah Werning a paleontologist at the University of California, Berkeley, and an author of the study, which appears in the journal Biology Letters.
fossilize verb
(British English also -ise)
BrE /ˈfɒsəlaɪz/ ; NAmE /ˈfɑːsəlaɪz/
1) [transitive, usually passive, intransitive] fossilize (something) to become or make something become a fossil
ex) The fossilized bones of Nyasasaurus parringtoni were excavated in the 1930s in Tanzania and reside in the Natural History Museum of London.
fossilized bones
excavate verb
BrE /ˈekskəveɪt/ ; NAmE /ˈekskəveɪt/
- excavator noun
BrE /ˈekskəveɪtə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈekskəveɪtər/
1) to dig in the ground to look for old buildings or objects that have been buried for a long time; to find something by digging in this way
ex) The fossilized bones of Nyasasaurus parringtoni were excavated in the 1930s in Tanzania and reside in the Natural History Museum of London.
The site has been excavated by archaeologists.
The area has not yet been fully excavated.
pottery and weapons excavated from the burial site
- 2) a person who digs in the ground to look for old buildings and objects
등골뼈, 척추골 (척추를 이루는 각각의 뼈)
vertebra noun
BrE /ˈvɜːtɪbrə/ ; NAmE /ˈvɜːrtɪbrə/
(pl. vertebrae BrE /ˈvɜːtɪbreɪ/ ; NAmE /ˈvɜːrtɪbreɪ/ ; BrE /ˈvɜːtɪbriː/ ; NAmE /ˈvɜːrtɪbriː/ )
any of the small bones that are connected together to form the spine
ex) The bones include one humerus, or upper arm bone, and six vertebrae.
상완골, 위팔뼈
humerus noun
BrE /ˈhjuːmərəs/ ; NAmE /ˈhjuːmərəs/ (pl. humeri BrE /ˈhjuːməraɪ/ ; NAmE /ˈhjuːməraɪ/ )(anatomy)
the large bone in the top part of the arm between the shoulder and the elbow
ex) The bones include one humerus, or upper arm bone, and six vertebrae.
(새 등의) 볏, 관모
crest noun
BrE /krest/ ; NAmE /krest/
a group of feathers that stand up on top of a bird’s head
ex) The upper arm bone also has an enlarged crest, to anchor upper arm muscles - another feature common in early dinosaurs.
The male is recognizable by its yellow crest.
anchor verb
BrE /ˈæŋkə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈæŋkər/
2) [transitive] anchor something to fix something firmly in position so that it cannot move
ex) The upper arm bone also has an enlarged crest, to anchor upper arm muscles - another feature common in early dinosaurs.
Make sure the table is securely anchored.
The crane is securely anchored at two points.
The ropes were anchored to the rocks.
rank verb
BrE /ræŋk/ ; NAmE /ræŋk/ (not used in the progressive tenses)
1) [transitive, intransitive] to give somebody/something a particular position on a scale according to quality, importance, success, etc.; to have a position of this kind
ex) France ranked twenty-fifth in a new evaluation of educational systems by the Economist Intelligence Unit.
The tasks have been ranked in order of difficulty.
She is currently the highest ranked player in the world.
top-ranked players
Voters regularly rank education as being more important than defence.
Last year, he was ranked second in his age group.
At the height of her career she ranked second in the world.
The university is ranked number one in the country for engineering.
It certainly doesn’t rank as his greatest win.
The restaurant ranks among the finest in town.
This must rank with (= be as good as) the greatest movies ever made.
Health and education rank highly with voters.
(North American English) You just don’t rank (= you’re not good enough).
1위를 하다
- ~을 빼면 일등이다,~에 버금가다
top [head] the list
be second to none
- be second only to~
(학위) 논문
dissertation noun
BrE /ˌdɪsəˈteɪʃn/ ; NAmE /ˌdɪsərˈteɪʃn/
dissertation (on something) a long piece of writing on a particular subject, especially one written for a university degree
ex) Charig in his doctoral dissertation.
한 가지 말씀 드리자면 (이해를 돕기 위해)
To give you an idea how bad that is, the United States, whose citizens are accustomed to being told how poorly educated they are, ranked seventeenth.
emancipation noun
BrE /ɪˌmænsɪˈpeɪʃn/ ; NAmE /ɪˌmænsɪˈpeɪʃn/ uncountable
the act of freeing somebody, especially from legal, political or social restrictions
ex) The French President’s emancipation proclamation regarding homework may give heart not only to les enfants de la partrie but to the many opponents of homework in this country as well - the parents and the progressive educators who have long insisted that compelling children to draw parallelograms, conjugate irregular verbs, and outline chapters from their textbooks after school hours is (the reasons vary) mindless, unrelated to academic achievement, negatively related to academic achievement, and a major contributor to the great modern evil, stress.
the emancipation of slaves
proclamation noun
BrE /ˌprɒkləˈmeɪʃn/ ; NAmE /ˌprɑːkləˈmeɪʃn/ [countable, uncountable]
an official statement about something important that is made to the public; the act of making an official statement
ex) The French President’s emancipation proclamation regarding homework may give heart not only to les enfants de la partrie but to the many opponents of homework in this country as well - the parents and the progressive educators who have long insisted that compelling children to draw parallelograms, conjugate irregular verbs, and outline chapters from their textbooks after school hours is (the reasons vary) mindless, unrelated to academic achievement, negatively related to academic achievement, and a major contributor to the great modern evil, stress.
The King issued a proclamation dissolving Parliament.
Restrictions governing building in London were first issued by royal proclamation.
The government restricted the use of water by proclamation.
give somebody (fresh) heart
to make somebody feel positive, especially when they thought that they had no chance of achieving something
ex) The French President’s emancipation proclamation regarding homework may give heart not only to les enfants de la partrie but to the many opponents of homework in this country as well - the parents and the progressive educators who have long insisted that compelling children to draw parallelograms, conjugate irregular verbs, and outline chapters from their textbooks after school hours is (the reasons vary) mindless, unrelated to academic achievement, negatively related to academic achievement, and a major contributor to the great modern evil, stress.
평행사변형
parallelogram noun
BrE /ˌpærəˈleləɡræm/ ; NAmE /ˌpærəˈleləɡræm/ (geometry)
a flat shape with four straight sides, the opposite sides being parallel and equal to each other
ex) The French President’s emancipation proclamation regarding homework may give heart not only to les enfants de la partrie but to the many opponents of homework in this country as well - the parents and the progressive educators who have long insisted that compelling children to draw parallelograms, conjugate irregular verbs, and outline chapters from their textbooks after school hours is (the reasons vary) mindless, unrelated to academic achievement, negatively related to academic achievement, and a major contributor to the great modern evil, stress.
(동사가) 활용하다, (동사를) 활용시키다
conjugate verb
BrE /ˈkɒndʒəɡeɪt/ ; NAmE /ˈkɑːndʒəɡeɪt/ (grammar)
1) [transitive] conjugate something to give the different forms of a verb, as they vary according to number, person, tense, etc.
ex) The French President’s emancipation proclamation regarding homework may give heart not only to les enfants de la partrie but to the many opponents of homework in this country as well - the parents and the progressive educators who have long insisted that compelling children to draw parallelograms, conjugate irregular verbs, and outline chapters from their textbooks after school hours is (the reasons vary) mindless, unrelated to academic achievement, negatively related to academic achievement, and a major contributor to the great modern evil, stress.
2) [intransitive] (of a verb) to have different forms, showing number, person, tense, etc.
ex) How does this verb conjugate?
mindless adjective
BrE /ˈmaɪndləs/ ; NAmE /ˈmaɪndləs/
1) done or acting without thought and for no particular reason or purpose
synonym senseless
ex) The French President’s emancipation proclamation regarding homework may give heart not only to les enfants de la partrie but to the many opponents of homework in this country as well - the parents and the progressive educators who have long insisted that compelling children to draw parallelograms, conjugate irregular verbs, and outline chapters from their textbooks after school hours is (the reasons vary) mindless, unrelated to academic achievement, negatively related to academic achievement, and a major contributor to the great modern evil, stress.
mindless violence
mindless vandals
affluent adjective
BrE /ˈæfluənt/ ; NAmE /ˈæfluənt/ (formal)
having a lot of money and a good standard of living
synonym prosperous, wealthy
ex) He thinks that homework gives children whose parents are able to help them with it - more educated and affluent parents, presumably - an advantage over children whose parents are not.
affluent Western countries
a very affluent neighbourhood
부자, 돈이 많은…
1) well-to-do adjective
having a lot of money
synonym rich, wealthy
ex) a well-to-do family
They’re very well-to-do.
She was the daughter of a respected and well-to-do London merchant.
2) well off adjective
(better off) having a lot of money
synonym rich
ex) a well-off family
They are much better off than us.
3) opulent adjective
BrE /ˈɒpjələnt/ ; NAmE /ˈɑːpjələnt/ (formal)
(of people) extremely rich
synonym wealthy
ex) the opulent elite of Europe
4) moneyed adjective
(also monied)
BrE /ˈmʌnid/ ; NAmE /ˈmʌnid/ only before noun
having a lot of money
synonym rich
ex) the moneyed classes
- 가난한, 쪼들리는…
1) impoverished adjective
BrE /ɪmˈpɒvərɪʃt/ ; NAmE /ɪmˈpɑːvərɪʃt/
very poor; without money
ex) impoverished peasants
the impoverished areas of the city
2) destitute adjective
BrE /ˈdestɪtjuːt/ ; NAmE /ˈdestɪtuːt/
without money, food and the other things necessary for life
ex) When he died, his family was left completely destitute.
3) penniless adjective
BrE /ˈpeniləs/ ; NAmE /ˈpeniləs/
having no money; very poor
synonym destitute
ex) a penniless student
4) poverty-stricken adjective
extremely poor; with very little money
ex) poverty-stricken families/countries
He came from a poverty-stricken family in turn of the century Brooklyn.
The organization works in many war-torn and poverty-stricken countries
roundly adverb
BrE /ˈraʊndli/ ; NAmE /ˈraʊndli/
strongly or by a large number of people; in a strong and clear way
ex) Homework is an institution roundly disliked by all who participate in it.
The report has been roundly criticized.
The police tactics were roundly condemned by protest organizers.
They were roundly defeated (= they lost by a large number of points).
제발 ~는 아니기를!!! ~가 일어나서는 큰일이야
- 별일 없으면, 모든 게 생각처럼만 되면, 그렇게만 된다면
God/Heaven forbid (that…)
(informal) used to say that you hope that something will not happen
ex) Parents hate it because it makes their children unhappy, but God forbid they should get a check-minus or other less-than-perfect grade on it.
God forbid
‘Maybe you’ll end up as a lawyer, like me.’ ‘God forbid!’
- God willing
(informal) used to say that you hope that things will happen as you have planned and that there will be no problems
ex) I’ll be back next week, God willing.
check minus
noun
an acknowledgment that a school assignment, such as a paper, was completed but is not satisfactory
ex) Parents hate it because it makes their children unhappy, but God forbid they should get a check-minus or other less-than-perfect grade on it.
a check minus on the lab paper
luck out
(North American English, informal) to be lucky
ex) Grading homework is teachers’ never-ending homework. Compared to that, Sisypus lucked out.
I guess I really lucked out when I met her.
Sisyphus noun
/ˈsɪsᵻfəs/
In Greek mythology Sisyphus (/ˈsɪsᵻfəs/; Greek: Σίσυφος, Sísuphos) was the king of Ephyra (now known as Corinth). He was punished for his self-aggrandizing craftiness and deceitfulness by being forced to roll an immense boulder up a hill, only to watch it roll back down, repeating this action for eternity.
ex) Grading homework is teachers’ never-ending homework. Compared to that, Sisypus lucked out.
be better off (doing something)
used to say that somebody is/would be happier or more satisfied if they were in a particular position or did a particular thing
ex) Does this mean that we would be better off getting rid of it?
She’s better off without him.
The weather was so bad we’d have been better off staying at home.
stand up (to something)
to remain valid even when tested, examined closely, etc.
ex) Two counts in the standard argument against homework don’t appear to stand up.
His argument simply doesn’t stand up to close scrutiny.
I’m afraid this document will never stand up in a court of law.
busywork noun
BrE /ˈbɪziwɜːk/ ; NAmE /ˈbɪziwɜːrk/ uncountable
work that is given to somebody to keep them busy, without really being useful
ex) The first is that homework is busywork, with no effect on academic achievement.
overload noun
BrE /ˈəʊvələʊd/ ; NAmE /ˈoʊvərloʊd/
[uncountable, singular] too much of something
ex) He also thinks that there is such a thing as homework overload - he recommends no more than ten minutes per grade a night.
In these days of technological change we all suffer from information overload.
An electrical overload caused the fuse to blow.
unsubstantiated adjective
BrE /ˌʌnsəbˈstænʃieɪtɪd/ ; NAmE /ˌʌnsəbˈstænʃieɪtɪd/ (formal)
not proved to be true by evidence
synonym unsupported
ex) The other unsubstantiated complaint about homework is that it is increasing.
an unsubstantiated claim/rumour, etc.
The court found that most of her claims were unsubstantiated.
There were unsubstantiated rumours of abuse at the prison.
sputnik noun
BrE /ˈspʌtnɪk/ ; NAmE /ˈspʌtnɪk/ ; BrE /ˈspʊtnɪk/ ; NAmE /ˈspʊtnɪk/ (from Russian)
a satellite of the type that was put into space by the Soviet Union
ex) In 2003, Brian Gill (then at RAND) and Steven Schlossman (Carnegie Mellon) showed that, except for a post-Sputnik spike in the early nineteen-sixties and a small increases for the youngest kids in the mid-nineteen-eighties, after the publication of “A Nation at Risk,” by the Department of Education, which prescribed more homework, the amount of time American students spend on homework has not changed since the nineteen-forties.
Sputnik 1 was the world’s first space satellite.
back-breaking adjective
(of physical work) very hard and tiring
ex) The No. 2 country in the world, on the other hand, is South Korea, whose schools are notorious for their backbreaking rigidity.
She realized with dismay that the task would take weeks of back-breaking work.
rigidity noun
BrE /rɪˈdʒɪdəti/ ; NAmE /rɪˈdʒɪdəti/
1) [uncountable, countable] (often disapproving) the quality of being very strict and difficult to change
synonym inflexibility
ex) The No. 2 country in the world, on the other hand, is South Korea, whose schools are notorious for their backbreaking rigidity.
the rigidity of the law on this issue
the rigidities and routines of home
crammer noun
BrE /ˈkræmə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈkræmər/ (British English)
a school or book that prepares people quickly for exams
ex) Competition is so fierce that the government has cracked down on what are called private “crammer” schools, making it illegal for them to stay open after 10 P.M. (though some attempt to get around this by disguising themselves as libraries).
get around or get round
3) [TRANSITIVE] get around something to find a way of dealing with a problem or of avoiding it
ex) Competition is so fierce that the government has cracked down on what are called private “crammer” schools, making it illegal for them to stay open after 10 P.M. (though some attempt to get around this by disguising themselves as libraries).
There are ways of getting around the tax rules.
You can’t get around the fact that smoking kills.
instil verb(British English)
(North American English instill)
BrE /ɪnˈstɪl/ ; NAmE /ɪnˈstɪl/
- distil verb
(North American English distill)
BrE /dɪˈstɪl/ ; NAmE /dɪˈstɪl/
instil something (in/into somebody) to gradually make somebody feel, think or behave in a particular way over a period of time
ex) Yet both systems are successful, and the reason is that Finnish schools are doing what Finns want them to do, which is to bring everyone up to the same level and instill a commitment to equality, and South Korean schools are doing what South Koreans want, which is to enable hard workers to get ahead.
to instil confidence/discipline/fear into somebody
- 1) distil something (from something) to make a liquid pure by heating it until it becomes a gas, then cooling it and collecting the drops of liquid that form
ex) to distil fresh water from sea water
distilled water
2) distil something to make something such as a strong alcoholic drink in this way
ex) The factory distils and bottles whisky.
3) distil something (from/into something) (formal) to get the essential meaning or ideas from thoughts, information, experiences, etc.
ex) The notes I made on my travels were distilled into a book.
평등주의자
- 평등주의의
** 평등주의
egalitarian noun
BrE /iˌɡælɪˈteəriən/ ; NAmE /iˌɡælɪˈteriən/
a person who believes that everyone is equal and should have the same rights and opportunities
ex) He described himself as ‘an egalitarian’.
- egalitarian adjective
BrE /iˌɡælɪˈteəriən/ ; NAmE /iˌɡælɪˈteriən/
based on, or holding, the belief that everyone is equal and should have the same rights and opportunities
ex) Americans have an egalitarian approach to inequality: they want everyone to have an equal chance to become better-off than everyone else.
an egalitarian society
a highly egalitarian system of taxation
** egalitarianism noun
BrE /iˌɡælɪˈteəriənɪzəm/ ; NAmE /iˌɡælɪˈteriənɪzəm/ [uncountable]
the belief that everyone is equal and should have the same rights and opportunities
ex) For him, the highest political ideals were social progress, egalitarianism and democracy.
by and large
used when you are saying something that is generally, but not completely, true
ex) By and large, for most people school is the mechanism for achieving this.
By and large, I enjoyed my time at school.
일리가 있어~
Still, Hollande has a point.
드러내고 말하고 싶어하지 않지만 다들 암묵적으로 알고 있는 사실
dirty little secret
a secret that you don’t want anyone to know but someone finds out about it sooner or later
ex) The dirty little secret of education reform is that one of the greatest predictors of academic success is household income.
You’ve got a dirty little secret about me that I’d like to know.
status quo noun
BrE /ˌsteɪtəs ˈkwəʊ/ ; NAmE /ˌsteɪtəs ˈkwoʊ/ singular
the situation as it is now, or as it was before a recent change
ex) The educational system is supposed to be an engine of opportunity and social readjustment, but in some ways it operates as a perpetuator of the status quo.
to defend/restore the status quo
conservatives who want to maintain the status quo
They wanted a return to the status quo before the war.
There are many people who wish to maintain the status quo.
join the ranks of something
to become part of a large group or organization
ex) Even though it cannot feed its people, North Korea has joined the ranks of countries with the money and expertise to build and launch a long-range rocket and put a satellite into space.
Their country will join the ranks of the most developed nations of the world in four or five years.
위성을 (성공적으로) 발사하다
Even though it cannot feed its people, North Korea has joined the ranks of countries with the money and expertise to build and launch a long-range rocket and put a satellite into space.
deprivation noun
BrE /ˌdeprɪˈveɪʃn/ ; NAmE /ˌdeprɪˈveɪʃn/ [uncountable, countable]
the fact of not having something that you need, like enough food, money or a home; the process that causes this
ex) That’s bad for North Koreans, who suffer from harsh deprivation caused by a brutal regime, and for the region, which must once again try to manage North Korean’s aggressive behavior.
neglected children suffering from social deprivation
sleep deprivation
the deprivation of war (= the suffering caused by not having enough of some things)
the deprivations and hardships resulting from the blockade
solidify verb
BrE /səˈlɪdɪfaɪ/ ; NAmE /səˈlɪdɪfaɪ/
2) [intransitive, transitive] (formal) (of ideas, etc.) to become or to make something become more definite and less likely to change
ex) The country’s young leader, Kim Jong-un, has given his people something to celebrate and has probalby solidified his political control in the process.\
Vague objections to the system solidified into firm opposition.
They solidified their position as Britain’s top band.
fall apart
2) to have so many problems that it is no longer possible to exist or function; to lose control of your emotions and become unable to deal with a difficult situation; if something such as an organization, agreement, or relationship falls apart, it no longer continues
ex) Wednesday’s launch is an embarrassment for China, which has failed to restrain North Korea’s nuclear and missile programs in any significant way since an American-North Korean agreement that froze the North’s plutonium program fell apart in 2002.
Some men would fall apart if their wives left them.
Their marriage finally fell apart.
The deal fell apart when we failed to agree on a price.
The NATO alliance was in danger of falling apart.
유엔안전보장이사회 (유엔안보리)
the Security Council noun
(also the UN Security Council, the United Nations Security Council) [singular]
the part of the United Nations that tries to keep peace and order in the world, consisting of representatives of fifteen countries
ex) Under United Nations Security Council resolutions, North Korea is banned from developing nuclear- and missile-related technology.
- 상임이사국 (Permanent members of the U.N.S.C.)
the U.S/Russia/China/France/Britain
defiant adjective
BrE /dɪˈfaɪənt/ ; NAmE /dɪˈfaɪənt/
openly refusing to obey somebody/something, sometimes in an aggressive way
ex) But Mr. Kim seems as defiant of those demands as his father, Kim Jong-il, who died last December.
a defiant teenager
The terrorists sent a defiant message to the government.
redemption noun
BrE /rɪˈdempʃn/ ; NAmE /rɪˈdempʃn/ [uncountable]
1) (formal) the act of saving or state of being saved from the power of evil; the act of redeeming
ex) The week’s missile launch is an act of political redemption for Mr. Kim; a launch in April failed as the rocket disintegrated soon after takeoff.
the redemption of the world from sin
2) (finance) the act of exchanging shares for money (= of redeeming them)
disintegrate verb
BrE /dɪsˈɪntɪɡreɪt/ ; NAmE /dɪsˈɪntɪɡreɪt/
1) [intransitive] to break into small parts or pieces and be destroyed; to be completely destroyed by breaking into lots of very small pieces, for example as the result of an explosion
ex) The week’s missile launch is an act of political redemption for Mr. Kim; a launch in April failed as the
rocket disintegrated soon after takeoff.
The rocket disintegrated when it re-entered the Earth’s atmosphere.
The plane disintegrated as it fell into the sea.
The wall just disintegrated in a shower of fragments and dust.
2)
[intransitive] to become much less strong or united and be gradually destroyed; if an organization or society disintegrates, it stops working effectively and fails completely
synonym fall apart (2)
ex) By 1688, King James’ regime was beginning to disintegrate.
family disintegration
The authority of the central government was rapidly disintegrating.
대량 살상 [파괴] 무기
Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)
- nuclear / biological / chemical
- missiles (rockets): delivery means
noteworthy adjective
BrE /ˈnəʊtwɜːði/ ; NAmE /ˈnoʊtwɜːrði/
deserving to be noticed or to receive attention because it is unusual, important or interesting
synonym significant
ex) Still, it is noteworthy that just months after a spectacular failure, the North Koreans have corrected their mistakes.
a noteworthy feature
It is noteworthy that only 15% of senior managers are women.
The bridge is noteworthy for its sheer size.
the thing that makes this era so noteworthy
withhold verb
BrE /wɪðˈhəʊld/ ; NAmE /wɪðˈhoʊld/ ; BrE /wɪθˈhəʊld/ ; NAmE /wɪθˈhoʊld/
withhold something (from somebody/something) (formal) to refuse to give something to somebody; to deliberately not give something to someone
synonym keep back
ex) Several years ago, China reportedly withheld fuel supplies from North Korea for a few days to signal its disapproval of the North’s ambitions.
She was accused of withholding information from the police.
Payment was withheld until the work was completed.
The government was threatening to withhold future financial aid.
Several nations decided to withhold their support for the treaty.
He suggested they withhold payment.
if any
Many times, this expression used after an already stated quantity (usually a small one) to further emphasize the unlikelihood of something by using hyperbole. Other times, to refer simply to a noun.
Examples: Sally is only able to have two of those candies, if any (at all). I don’t think I’ve ever had more than three conversations with him, if any (at all). Her feelings, if any, were not shown.
-It is used as a continuation to an already mentioned noun - and, in so doing, it takes the same verb associated with that noun
Examples (based on the above sentences): Sally is able to have two of those candies, if (She is able to have) any. I don’t think I’ve ever had more than three conversations with him, if (I’ve had) any (with him). Her feelings. If (she has) any (at all), were not shown.
ex) This time, China said it “regrets” the launching but has given no indication what steps, if any, it would take.
rein in | rein back
1) [TRANSITIVE] to limit or control something that has developed too much or has continued for too long; to start to control somebody/something more strictly
ex) Though, as a senior American official told The Times, China’s continued failure to rein in Mr. Kim will result in an even greater American military presence in the Pacific, something the Chinese government would abhor.
France has asked its EU partners to rein in their criticism of nuclear testing.
abhor verb
BrE /əbˈhɔː(r)/ ; NAmE /əbˈhɔːr/
(not used in the progressive tenses) abhor something (formal) to hate something, for example a way of behaving or thinking, especially for moral reasons; to dislike something very much, usually because you think it is immoral
synonym detest, loathe
ex) Though, as a senior American official told The Times, China’s continued failure to rein in Mr. Kim will result in an even greater American military presence in the Pacific, something the Chinese government would abhor.
She abhors violence.
Most decent people abhor corruption in government.
She abhors any form of cruelty towards animals.
extort verb
BrE /ɪkˈstɔːt/ ; NAmE /ɪkˈstɔːrt/
extort something (from somebody) to make somebody give you something by threatening them
ex) There never have been easy answers on North Korea, kwhich uses provocative behavior to try to extort better deals from the United States and its partners.
The gang extorted money from over 30 local businesses.
국제 사회
the international community
the countries of the world considered collectively.
ex) The international community should enforce existing sanctions and tighten them, and keep the door open for dialogue.
instability noun
BrE /ˌɪnstəˈbɪləti/ ; NAmE /ˌɪnstəˈbɪləti/ uncountable, countable, usually plural
1) the quality of a situation in which things are likely to change or fail suddenly
ex) But history suggests that China’s fear of North Korean instability will once again trump concerns about the North’s nuclear ambitions.
political and economic instability
trump verb
BrE /trʌmp/ ; NAmE /trʌmp/
2) trump something/somebody to beat something that somebody says or does by saying or doing something even better; to win or to succeed, for example in sports or business, because you have an advantage that your opponent does not have
ex) But history suggests that China’s fear of North Korean instability will once again trump concerns about the North’s nuclear ambitions.
They were trumped by another firm that made a lower bid.
