TO 9-1 Flashcards
disperse verb
BrE /dɪˈspɜːs/ ; NAmE /dɪˈspɜːrs/
2) [transitive, intransitive] disperse (something) to spread or to make something spread over a wide area
synonym scatter
ex) Anyway, the American cities: lots of roads dispersed over large areas, almost no public transportation.
The seeds are dispersed by the wind.
운전비, 유지비, 운항비
running cost
ex) Now, one or two euros, that isn’t really a lot of money, I mean compared to parking charges and running costs, etc., so you would probably expect that car drivers wouldn’t really react to this fairly small charge.
time series
A time series is a series of data points listed (or graphed) in time order. Most commonly, a time series is a sequence taken at successive equally spaced points in time. 시계열
ex) But you see, there’s an interesting gap here in the time series in 2007.
cordon noun
BrE /ˈkɔːdn/ ; NAmE /ˈkɔːrdn/
a line or ring of police officers, soldiers, etc. guarding something or stopping people from entering or leaving a place
ex) Which means that we are now in a position where we have reduced traffic across this toll cordon with 20 percent, and reduced congestion by enormous numbers, and people aren’t even aware that they have changed, and they honestly believe that they have liked this all along.
Demonstrators broke through the police cordon.
slumber noun
BrE /ˈslʌmbə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈslʌmbər/
[uncountable, countable, usually plural] (literary) sleep; a time when somebody is asleep
ex) Chasing slumber
She fell into a deep and peaceful slumber.
The phone suddenly roused her from slumber.
I don’t want to wake him from his slumbers.
We could hear the breathing of someone in a deep slumber.
부두에 대려고 들어왔다.
At about 3:30 p.m., as the ferry Andrew J. Barberi came in for docking at the St. George terminal, it crashed into a concrete pier at full speed, killing 10 people and injuring 70 more.
incapacitate verb
BrE /ˌɪnkəˈpæsɪteɪt/ ; NAmE /ˌɪnkəˈpæsɪteɪt/
[usually passive] incapacitate somebody/something (formal) to make somebody/something unable to live or work normally
ex) The subsequent investigation by the NTSB found that the main cause of the accident was the “unexplained incapacitation” of the assistant captain – exhausted, he’d passed out at the boat’s controls.
He was incapacitated by old age and sickness.
mentally incapacitated people
AAA abbreviation
BrE /ˌeɪ eɪ ˈeɪ/ ; NAmE /ˌeɪ eɪ ˈeɪ/
1) NAmE especially /ˌtrɪpl ˈeɪ/ American Automobile Association (an American organization which provides services for car owners) 미국 자동차 서비스 협회
ex) In a recent AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety survey, over 40 percent of respondents reported having “fallen asleep or nodded off” while driving at least once.
졸음운전
drowsy driving; driving while drowsy
ex) Studies by the CDC, NTSB and other agencies estimate that drowsy driving may play a part in up to 6,000 fatal auto accidents annually.
갓길
shoulder noun
BrE /ˈʃəʊldə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈʃoʊldər/
6) [countable] (North American English) an area of ground at the side of a road where vehicles can stop in an emergency
ex) Those annoying “rumble strips” along the road’s shoulder are there for good reason.
No shoulder for next 5 miles.
도로 위의 요철 처리 부분 (고속이나 추락을 방지하기 위해 도로 위나 옆의 표면을 거칠게 만들어 그 위로 자동차가 달리면 털털거리게 해 놓은 것)
rumble strip (informal)
a series of raised strips across a road or along its edge that make a loud noise when a vehicle drives over them in order to warn the driver to go slower or that he or she is too close to the edge of the road
cf) 과속방지턱: speed bump [hump]
ex) Those annoying “rumble strips” along the road’s shoulder are there for good reason.
societal adjective
BrE /səˈsaɪətl/ ; NAmE /səˈsaɪətl/ only before noun
connected with society and the way it is organized
societal structure
ex) Unfortunately, societal exigencies such as overstuffed work schedules, family stress, and our constantly pinging smart phones conspire against our getting enough sleep.
Each of these stages is an element in a complex societal structure and cultural context.
Such a development seems unlikely within the context of current societal values.
exigency noun
BrE /ˈeksɪdʒənsi/ ; NAmE /ˈeksɪdʒənsi/ ; BrE /ɪɡˈzɪdʒənsi/ ; NAmE /ɪɡˈzɪdʒənsi/ countable, usually plural, uncountable(formal)
an urgent need or demand that you must deal with
synonym demand
ex) Unfortunately, societal exigencies such as overstuffed work schedules, family stress, and our constantly pinging smart phones conspire against our getting enough sleep.
the exigencies of war
financial exigencies
The political exigencies facing both leaders mean they must resume talks if violence is to be avoided.
ping verb
BrE /pɪŋ/ ; NAmE /pɪŋ/
1) [intransitive, transitive] ping (something) to make a short, high ringing sound; to make something produce this sound
ex) Unfortunately, societal exigencies such as overstuffed work schedules, family stress, and our constantly pinging smart phones conspire against our getting enough sleep.
He threw himself to the ground as bullets pinged off the metal behind him.
You have to ping the bell on the desk to get someone to come and attend to you.
all-important adjective
extremely important
ex) Fortunately, while studies increasingly underscore the problematic nature of our national sleep debt, a new science of sleep suggests critical steps we can take as individuals and a society to achieve that elusive, all-important shut-eye.
Posture is all-important when you are sitting at a desk.
Lack of parking space is affecting the town’s all-important tourist industry.
미터법
the metric system noun
[singular]
the system of measurement that uses the metre, the kilogram and the litre as basic units
ex) The U.S. is the only country in the world that’s not using the metric system of measurement.
세계에서 미국만이 유일하게 아직도 미터법이 아닌 복잡한 단위들을 사용합니다. 다른 나라들은 모두 미터법을 도입해서 사용해 오고 있습니다.
ex) The U.S. is the only country in the world that’s not using the metric system of measurement. Every other country has switched to it.
측정 단위
measurement unit
un-American adjective
against American values or interests 비미국적인, 반미국적인
ex) The metric system is un-American, they said.
adamant adjective
BrE /ˈædəmənt/ ; NAmE /ˈædəmənt/
determined not to change your mind or to be persuaded about something
ex) Then in 1975, the government officially decided to switched to the metric system, but the detractors were adamant.
Eva was adamant that she would not come.
The government remained adamant that there was no more money available.
아직도 변화를 받아들이지 못했다.
They still couldn’t say yes to the change.
하지만 미국인들도 미국의 단위법이 국제 시대에 걸맞지 않는 걸 알고 있다. 때문에 2012년에 그에 관한 논쟁이 다시 불붙었고 지금까지도 계속되고 있다.
But they know theirs is incompatible in this global era. So the debate was reignited in 2012. And the debate still rages.
rage verb
BrE /reɪdʒ/ ; NAmE /reɪdʒ/
2) [intransitive] rage (on) (of a storm, a battle, an argument, etc.) to continue in a violent way
ex) But they know theirs is incompatible in this global era. So the debate was reignited in 2012. And the debate still rages.
The riots raged for three days.
The blizzard was still raging outside.
자살은 유전적 결함에서 비롯된다고 생각하는 경향이 사람들 사이에 점차 짙어지고 있다. 즉 자살이 하나의 질병이라는 것이다.
People increasingly believe that suicide comes from a genetic defect in people. That is, suicide is a medical condition.
돌연변이 (현상 / 개체)
mutation 현상
ex) In fact, scientists have found a genetic mutation in people with bipolar disorder.
mutant 개체
brave adjective
BrE /breɪv/ ; NAmE /breɪv/ (braver, bravest)
3) brave new (sometimes ironic) new in an impressive way
ex) a vision of a brave new Britain
* (a) brave new world
a situation or society that changes in a way that is meant to improve people’s lives but is often a source of extra problems
ex) the brave new world of technology
intervening adjective
BrE /ˌɪntəˈviːnɪŋ/ ; NAmE /ˌɪntərˈviːnɪŋ/ [only before noun]
coming or existing between two events, dates, objects, etc.
ex) Next year will mark the 60th anniversary of the first satellite, Sputnik. The intervening decades have brought wonders.
Little had changed in the intervening years.
need modal verb
BrE /niːd/ ; NAmE /niːd/
(need not, needn’t BrE /ˈniːdnt/ ; NAmE /ˈniːdnt/ ) used to state that something is/was not necessary or that only very little is/was necessary; used to ask if something is/was necessary
ex) The satellites of America’s Global Positioning System (GPS) have created a world in which no one need ever be lost again – changing the human experience of place rather as a wristwatch changed the experience of time.
You needn’t bother asking Rick—I know he’s too busy.
I need hardly tell you (= you must already know) that the work is dangerous.
If she wants anything, she need only ask.
All you need bring are sheets.
You needn’t have worried (= it was not necessary for you to worry, but you did)—it all turned out fine.
Need you have paid so much?
trundle verb
BrE /ˈtrʌndl/ ; NAmE /ˈtrʌndl/
터덜터덜~ (트런들트런들)
1) [intransitive, transitive] trundle (something) + adv./prep. to move or roll somewhere slowly and noisily; to move something slowly and noisily, especially something heavy, with wheels
ex) A train trundled across the bridge.
2) [intransitive] + adv./prep. (of a person) to walk slowly with heavy steps
ex) Robots have trundled across the plains of Mars and swooped through the rings of Saturn.
swoop verb
BrE /swuːp/ ; NAmE /swuːp/
수~~웁! (독수리가 먹이 낚아채러 슉) 급강하
1) [intransitive] (+ adv./prep.) (of a bird or plane) to fly quickly and suddenly downwards, especially in order to attack somebody/something
synonym dive
ex) Robots have trundled across the plains of Mars and swooped through the rings of Saturn.
The aircraft swooped down over the buildings.
A hawk swooped low over the field.
of late
(formal) recently
ex) Even so, space has of late become a bit dull.
I haven’t seen him of late.
The situation has become more confusing of late.
bathos noun
BrE /ˈbeɪθɒs/ ; NAmE /ˈbeɪθɑːs/ uncountable
(in writing or speech) a sudden change, that is not always intended, from a serious subject or feeling to something that is silly or not important 점강법 (진지하고 중요한 주제나 어조에서 갑자기 우스꽝스럽거나 평이한 내용이나 어조로 바뀌는 것. 반드시 의도적이지 않을 수도 있음)
ex) But there is an undeniable bathos to the fact that the biggest business in a realm once synonymous with human transcendence is providing viewers on Earth with umpty-seven channels of satellites TV.
a serious play with moments of comic bathos
umpty adjective
\ˈəm(p)tē, -ti\
such and such (often used in combination)
ex) But there is an undeniable bathos to the fact that the biggest business in a realm once synonymous with human transcendence is providing viewers on Earth with umpty-seven channels of satellites TV.
umpty percent of all new houses — Kansas City Star, Missouri
the umpty-fifth regiment
별자리, 성좌
constellation noun
BrE /ˌkɒnstəˈleɪʃn/ ; NAmE /ˌkɑːnstəˈleɪʃn/
1) a group of stars that forms a shape in the sky and has a name
ex) A generation of entrepreneurs forged in Silicon Valley – and backed by some of its venture capitalists – are launching highly capable new devices ranging in size from shoe boxes to fridges and flying them in constellations of dozens of hundreds.
The Little Bear constellation is still used by navigators at sea.
2) (formal) a group of related ideas, things or people
ex) A generation of entrepreneurs forged in Silicon Valley – and backed by some of its venture capitalists – are launching highly capable new devices ranging in size from shoe boxes to fridges and flying them in constellations of dozens of hundreds.
ex) a constellation of Hollywood talent
brass hat
noun (slang)
a person in a high position, especially a top-ranking army or navy officer.
ex) Today’s entrepreneurs at companies like Planet, BlackSky and Spire are hoping to sell not just snapshots of places that brass hats want to peer at.
거기에다가 작고 똑똑한 몇 백 개, 아니 몇 천 개의 위성들을 쏘아 너무 가난하고 외진 곳에 있어서 아직까지 전화기 혁명의 혜택도 받고 있지 못하는 사람들을 연결해 줄 수 있을 가능성을 한 번 생각해 보세요. 아니면 “사물 인터넷”에 쓰이는 몇 조개의 장치들을 생각해 보세요. 그러면 이러한 새로운 우주 시대가 그 아래 세상에 어느 때보다도 많을 것을 가져다 줄 것입니다.
Add the potential of small, smart satellites in their hundreds or even thousands to connect the billions of people too poor and remote to have yet been reached by the phone revolution, or the trillions of devices in the “internet of things,” and this new space age will bring more than ever to the world below.
서안 지구
- 가자 지구
The West Bank shares boundaries (demarcated by the Jordanian-Israeli armistice of 1949) to the west, north, and south with Israel, and to the east, across the Jordan River, with Jordan. The West Bank also contains a significant section of the western Dead Sea shore.
ex) Twelve years ago, I picked up a camera for the first time to film the olive harvest in a Palestinian village in the West Bank.
* Gaza Strip
The Gaza Strip (/ˈɡɑːzəˈstrɪp/;[4]Arabic: قطاع غزة Qiṭāʿ Ġazzah [qɪˈtˤɑːʕ ˈɣazza]), or simply Gaza, is a small self-governing Palestinian territory on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea, that borders Egypt on the southwest for 11 kilometers (6.8 mi) and Israel on the east and north along a 51 km (32 mi) border. Gaza, together with the West Bank, comprise the Palestinian territories claimed by the Palestinians as the State of Palestine. The territories of Gaza and the West Bank are separated from each other by Israeli territory. Both fall under the jurisdiction of the Palestinian Authority, but Gaza has since June 2007 been governed by Hamas, a Palestinian Islamic organization which came to power in free elections in 2006. It has been placed under an Israeli and U.S.-led international economic and political boycott from that time onwards.
go up in flames/go up in smoke
1) Lit. to burn up completely.
ex) But every time we turn our attention to the news, it seems like one more country has gone up in flames.
The entire forest went up in flames!
The expensive house went up in smoke.
glean verb
BrE /ɡliːn/ ; NAmE /ɡliːn/
glean something (from somebody/something) to obtain information, knowledge, etc., sometimes with difficulty and often from various different places
ex) I wondered whether these variables held across cases, and if they did, what lessons we could glean for waging constructive conflict, in Palestine, Israel and elsewhere.
These figures have been gleaned from a number of studies.
square something with something | square with something
to make two ideas, facts or situations agree or combine well with each other; to agree or be consistent with another idea, fact or situation
ex) The research squared up with my own documentation of political organizing in Israel and Palestine.
The interests of farmers need to be squared with those of consumers.
How can you square this with your conscience?
Your theory does not square with the facts.
What she was being asked to do did not square with her political beliefs.
grove noun
BrE /ɡrəʊv/ ; NAmE /ɡroʊv/
2) a small area of land with fruit trees of particular types on it
ex) The proposed route would require the destruction of this community’s olive groves, their cemeteries and would ultimately close the village from all sides.
an olive grove
상황은 그들한테 엄청나게 불리했습니다.
The odds were massively stacked up against them.
uproot verb
BrE /ˌʌpˈruːt/ ; NAmE /ˌʌpˈruːt/
1) [transitive] uproot something to pull a tree, plant, etc. out of the ground
ex) But they had a secret weapon: a 15-year-old girl who courageously jumped in front of a bulldozer which was about to uproot an olive tree, stopping it.
The storms uprooted a number of large trees.
acumen noun
BrE /ˈækjəmən/ ; NAmE /ˈækjəmən/ ; BrE /əˈkjuːmən/ ; NAmE /əˈkjuːmən/ [uncountable]
the ability to understand and decide things quickly and well
ex) And so it was that the women of Budrus went to the front lines day after day, using their creativity and acumen to overcome multiple obstacles they faced in a 10-month unarmed struggle.
business/commercial/financial acumen
He had demonstrated considerable business acumen.
She has great financial acumen.
indomitable adjective
BrE /ɪnˈdɒmɪtəbl/ ; NAmE /ɪnˈdɑːmɪtəbl/ (formal, approving)
not willing to accept defeat, even in a difficult situation; very brave and determined
ex) The separation barrier was changed completely to the internationally recognized green line, and the women of Budrus came to be known across the West Bank for their indomitable energy.
an indomitable spirit
an indomitable campaigner for human rights
surreptitiously adverb
BrE /ˌsʌrəpˈtɪʃəsli/ ; NAmE /ˌsɜːrəpˈtɪʃəsli/
in a quick or secret way so that other people do not notice
ex) Having had to navigate being in the less powerful position in multiple aspects of their lives, women are often more adept at how to surreptitiously pressure for change against large, powerful actors.
Martin glanced surreptitiously about him.
Intifada
Intifada (انتفاضة intifāḍah) is an Arabic word literally meaning, as a noun, “tremor”, “shivering”, “shuddering”. It is derived from an Arabic term nafada meaning “to shake”, “shake off”, “get rid of”, as a dog might shrug off water, or as one might shake off sleep, or dirt from one’s sandals, and is a key concept in contemporary Arabic usage referring to a legitimate uprising against oppression. It is often rendered into English as “uprising”, “resistance”, or “rebellion”.
In the Palestinian context, with which it is particularly associated, the word refers to attempts to “shake off” the Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip in the First and Second Intifadas, where it was originally chosen to connote “aggressive nonviolent resistance”, a meaning it bore among Palestinian students in struggles in the 1980s and which they adopted as less confrontational than terms in earlier militant rhetoric since it bore no nuance of violence. The most wide-scale events described as Intifada.
ex) In the late 1980s, an uprising started in Gaza, and quickly spread to the West Bank and East Jerusalem. It came to be known as the First Intifada, and people who have any visual memory of it generally conjure up something like this: Palestinian men throwing rocks at Israeli tanks.
파벌, 파당, 당파, 분파
faction noun
BrE /ˈfækʃn/ ; NAmE /ˈfækʃn/
1) [countable] a small group of people within a larger one whose members have some different aims and beliefs to those of the larger group
ex) During the First Intifada, whole sectors of the Palestinian civilian population mobilized, cutting across generations, factions and class lines.
rival factions within the administration
call the shots/tune
(informal) to be the person who controls a situation
ex) For 18 months in the Intifada, women were the ones calling the shots behind the scenes: Palestinian women from all walks of life in charge of mobilizing hundreds of thousands of people in a concerted effort to withdraw consent from the occupation.
give something↔up (to somebody)
to hand something over to somebody else
ex) The law also says, if someone’s life is at stake, you are to give up that information.
We had to give our passports up to the authorities.
He gave up his seat to a pregnant woman (= stood up to allow her to sit down).
cash cow noun
BrE ; NAmE (business)
the part of a business that always makes a profit and that provides money for the rest of the business
ex) Medical hotels could serve as a great cash cow when we’re having 12 million foreign visitors every year.
(공공 기관, 병원 등이) 영리의, 이익을 추구하는
A for-profit corporation is an organization which aims to earn profit through its operations and is concerned with its own interests and not those of the public (non-profit corporation). A for-profit corporation is usually an organization operating in the private sector which sets aims that eventually help the organization itself.
ex) Hospitals should not be for-profit businesses.
imperceptible adjective
BrE /ˌɪmpəˈseptəbl/ ; NAmE /ˌɪmpərˈseptəbl/ (formal)
very small and therefore unable to be seen or felt;
opposite perceptible
ex) It was often in the twilight hours, between the moment of lying down and the imperceptible instant of slipping off to sleep, that the terror would arise.
imperceptible changes in temperature
The differences were imperceptible to all but the most trained eye.
There was an almost imperceptible pause as she gathered her breath to speak.
The slight change in the taste was imperceptible to most people.
devoid adjective
BrE /dɪˈvɔɪd/ ; NAmE /dɪˈvɔɪd/
devoid of something completely lacking in something
ex) It was not simply that I would no longer be there. It was that reality itself would collapse, devoid of any point of apprehension.
The letter was devoid of warmth and feeling.
The land is almost devoid of vegetation.
petrified adjective
BrE /ˈpetrɪfaɪd/ ; NAmE /ˈpetrɪfaɪd/
1) extremely frightened, especially so that you cannot move or decide what to do
synonym terrified
ex) Petrified before a void so vast that it could not be contained within thought, let alone a thinking being, it was impossible to know how long it would take to drift off into the abyss that silently beckoned me.
a petrified expression
I’m petrified of snakes.
They were petrified with fear (= so frightened that they were unable to move or think).
She was petrified that the police would burst in at any moment.
2) [only before noun] petrified trees, insects, etc. have died and been changed into stone over a very long period of time
ex) a petrified forest
beckon verb
BrE /ˈbekən/ ; NAmE /ˈbekən/
1) [intransitive, transitive] to give somebody a signal using your finger or hand, especially to tell them to move nearer or to follow you
synonym signal
ex) Petrified before a void so vast that it could not be contained within thought, let alone a thinking being, it was impossible to know how long it would take to drift off into the abyss that silently beckoned me.
He beckoned to the waiter to bring the bill.
He beckoned her over with a wave.
The boss beckoned him into her office.
She beckoned him to come and join them.
stave something↔off (staved, staved)
to prevent something bad from affecting you for a period of time; to delay something
ex) Even to my young mind, they struck me as fantasies that had been elaborately constructed and forcefully imposed in order to stave off the horror.
to stave off hunger
The company managed to stave off bankruptcy for another few months.
vertiginous adjective
BrE /vɜːˈtɪdʒɪnəs/ ; NAmE /vɜːrˈtɪdʒɪnəs/ (formal)
causing a feeling of vertigo
synonym dizzying
- vertigo noun
BrE /ˈvɜːtɪɡəʊ/ ; NAmE /ˈvɜːrtɪɡoʊ/ [uncountable]
the feeling of dizziness and fear, and of losing your balance, that is caused in some people when they look down from a very high place
ex) As I grew older, the appeal of philosophy was that it opened vantage points to stare into the vertiginous face of death, and to ponder the meaning of living in an uncertain world precariously perched on the absolute certainty of death.
From the path there was a vertiginous drop to the valley below.
perch verb
BrE /pɜːtʃ/ ; NAmE /pɜːrtʃ/
1) [intransitive] perch (on something) (of a bird) to land and stay on a branch, etc.
ex) A robin was perching on the fence.\
2) [intransitive, transitive] (informal) to sit or to make somebody sit on something, especially on the edge of it
ex) As I grew older, the appeal of philosophy was that it opened vantage points to stare into the vertiginous face of death, and to ponder the meaning of living in an uncertain world precariously perched on the absolute certainty of death.
We perched on a couple of high stools at the bar.
She perched herself on the edge of the bed.
My father used to perch me on the front of his bike.
chisel verb
BrE /ˈtʃɪzl/ ; NAmE /ˈtʃɪzl/
present simple I / you / we / they chisel BrE /ˈtʃɪzl/ ; NAmE /ˈtʃɪzl/
he / she / it chisels BrE /ˈtʃɪzlz/ ; NAmE /ˈtʃɪzlz/
past simple chiselled BrE /ˈtʃɪzld/ ; NAmE /ˈtʃɪzld/
past participle chiselled BrE /ˈtʃɪzld/ ; NAmE /ˈtʃɪzld/
(especially US English) past simple chiseled BrE /ˈtʃɪzld/ ; NAmE /ˈtʃɪzld/
(especially US English) past participle chiseled BrE /ˈtʃɪzld/ ; NAmE /ˈtʃɪzld/
-ing form chiselling BrE /ˈtʃɪzlɪŋ/ ; NAmE /ˈtʃɪzlɪŋ/
(especially US English) -ing form chiseling BrE /ˈtʃɪzlɪŋ/ ; NAmE /ˈtʃɪzlɪŋ/
1) [transitive, intransitive] chisel (something) (+ adv./prep.) to cut or shape wood or stone with a chisel (끌)
ex) Growing up on a farm brought with it, moreover, the omnipresence of death, from raccoon and coyote attacks to trips to the slaughterhouse, or winter diseases that had my brother and me chiseling shallow graves for animals into frozen earth as young children.
A name was chiselled into the stone.
She was chiselling some marble.
a temple chiselled out of solid rock
