TO 9-1 Flashcards

Question

돌연변이 (현상 / 개체)

Answer 1

mutation 현상 ex) In fact, scientists have found a genetic mutation in people with bipolar disorder. mutant 개체

Answer 2

3) brave new (sometimes ironic) new in an impressive way ex) a vision of a brave new Britain * (a) brave new world a situation or society that changes in a way that is meant to improve people’s lives but is often a source of extra problems ex) the brave new world of technology

Answer 3

coming or existing between two events, dates, objects, etc. ex) Next year will mark the 60th anniversary of the first satellite, Sputnik. The intervening decades have brought wonders. Little had changed in the intervening years.

Answer 4

(need not, needn’t BrE /ˈniːdnt/ ; NAmE /ˈniːdnt/ ) used to state that something is/was not necessary or that only very little is/was necessary; used to ask if something is/was necessary ex) The satellites of America's Global Positioning System (GPS) have created a world in which no one need ever be lost again -- changing the human experience of place rather as a wristwatch changed the experience of time. You needn't bother asking Rick—I know he's too busy. I need hardly tell you (= you must already know) that the work is dangerous. If she wants anything, she need only ask. All you need bring are sheets. You needn't have worried (= it was not necessary for you to worry, but you did)—it all turned out fine. Need you have paid so much?

Answer 5

터덜터덜~ (트런들트런들) 1) [intransitive, transitive] trundle (something) + adv./prep. to move or roll somewhere slowly and noisily; to move something slowly and noisily, especially something heavy, with wheels ex) A train trundled across the bridge. 2) [intransitive] + adv./prep. (of a person) to walk slowly with heavy steps ex) Robots have trundled across the plains of Mars and swooped through the rings of Saturn.

Answer 6

수~~웁! (독수리가 먹이 낚아채러 슉) 급강하 1) [intransitive] (+ adv./prep.) (of a bird or plane) to fly quickly and suddenly downwards, especially in order to attack somebody/something synonym dive ex) Robots have trundled across the plains of Mars and swooped through the rings of Saturn. The aircraft swooped down over the buildings. A hawk swooped low over the field.

Answer 7

(formal) recently ex) Even so, space has of late become a bit dull. I haven't seen him of late. The situation has become more confusing of late.

Answer 8

(in writing or speech) a sudden change, that is not always intended, from a serious subject or feeling to something that is silly or not important 점강법 (진지하고 중요한 주제나 어조에서 갑자기 우스꽝스럽거나 평이한 내용이나 어조로 바뀌는 것. 반드시 의도적이지 않을 수도 있음) ex) But there is an undeniable bathos to the fact that the biggest business in a realm once synonymous with human transcendence is providing viewers on Earth with umpty-seven channels of satellites TV. a serious play with moments of comic bathos

Answer 9

such and such (often used in combination) ex) But there is an undeniable bathos to the fact that the biggest business in a realm once synonymous with human transcendence is providing viewers on Earth with umpty-seven channels of satellites TV. umpty percent of all new houses — Kansas City Star, Missouri the umpty-fifth regiment

Answer 10

constellation noun BrE /ˌkɒnstəˈleɪʃn/ ; NAmE /ˌkɑːnstəˈleɪʃn/ 1) a group of stars that forms a shape in the sky and has a name ex) A generation of entrepreneurs forged in Silicon Valley -- and backed by some of its venture capitalists -- are launching highly capable new devices ranging in size from shoe boxes to fridges and flying them in constellations of dozens of hundreds. The Little Bear constellation is still used by navigators at sea. 2) (formal) a group of related ideas, things or people ex) A generation of entrepreneurs forged in Silicon Valley -- and backed by some of its venture capitalists -- are launching highly capable new devices ranging in size from shoe boxes to fridges and flying them in constellations of dozens of hundreds. ex) a constellation of Hollywood talent

Answer 11

noun (slang) a person in a high position, especially a top-ranking army or navy officer. ex) Today's entrepreneurs at companies like Planet, BlackSky and Spire are hoping to sell not just snapshots of places that brass hats want to peer at.

Answer 12

Add the potential of small, smart satellites in their hundreds or even thousands to connect the billions of people too poor and remote to have yet been reached by the phone revolution, or the trillions of devices in the "internet of things," and this new space age will bring more than ever to the world below.

Answer 13

The West Bank shares boundaries (demarcated by the Jordanian-Israeli armistice of 1949) to the west, north, and south with Israel, and to the east, across the Jordan River, with Jordan. The West Bank also contains a significant section of the western Dead Sea shore. ex) Twelve years ago, I picked up a camera for the first time to film the olive harvest in a Palestinian village in the West Bank. * Gaza Strip The Gaza Strip (/ˈɡɑːzəˈstrɪp/;[4]Arabic: قطاع غزة‎‎ Qiṭāʿ Ġazzah [qɪˈtˤɑːʕ ˈɣazza]), or simply Gaza, is a small self-governing Palestinian territory on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea, that borders Egypt on the southwest for 11 kilometers (6.8 mi) and Israel on the east and north along a 51 km (32 mi) border. Gaza, together with the West Bank, comprise the Palestinian territories claimed by the Palestinians as the State of Palestine. The territories of Gaza and the West Bank are separated from each other by Israeli territory. Both fall under the jurisdiction of the Palestinian Authority, but Gaza has since June 2007 been governed by Hamas, a Palestinian Islamic organization which came to power in free elections in 2006. It has been placed under an Israeli and U.S.-led international economic and political boycott from that time onwards.

Answer 14

1) Lit. to burn up completely. ex) But every time we turn our attention to the news, it seems like one more country has gone up in flames. The entire forest went up in flames! The expensive house went up in smoke.

Answer 15

glean something (from somebody/something) to obtain information, knowledge, etc., sometimes with difficulty and often from various different places ex) I wondered whether these variables held across cases, and if they did, what lessons we could glean for waging constructive conflict, in Palestine, Israel and elsewhere. These figures have been gleaned from a number of studies.

Answer 16

to make two ideas, facts or situations agree or combine well with each other; to agree or be consistent with another idea, fact or situation ex) The research squared up with my own documentation of political organizing in Israel and Palestine. The interests of farmers need to be squared with those of consumers. How can you square this with your conscience? Your theory does not square with the facts. What she was being asked to do did not square with her political beliefs.

Answer 17

2) a small area of land with fruit trees of particular types on it ex) The proposed route would require the destruction of this community's olive groves, their cemeteries and would ultimately close the village from all sides. an olive grove

Answer 18

The odds were massively stacked up against them.

Answer 19

1) [transitive] uproot something to pull a tree, plant, etc. out of the ground ex) But they had a secret weapon: a 15-year-old girl who courageously jumped in front of a bulldozer which was about to uproot an olive tree, stopping it. The storms uprooted a number of large trees.

Answer 20

the ability to understand and decide things quickly and well ex) And so it was that the women of Budrus went to the front lines day after day, using their creativity and acumen to overcome multiple obstacles they faced in a 10-month unarmed struggle. business/commercial/financial acumen He had demonstrated considerable business acumen. She has great financial acumen.

Answer 21

not willing to accept defeat, even in a difficult situation; very brave and determined ex) The separation barrier was changed completely to the internationally recognized green line, and the women of Budrus came to be known across the West Bank for their indomitable energy. an indomitable spirit an indomitable campaigner for human rights

Answer 22

in a quick or secret way so that other people do not notice ex) Having had to navigate being in the less powerful position in multiple aspects of their lives, women are often more adept at how to surreptitiously pressure for change against large, powerful actors. Martin glanced surreptitiously about him.

Answer 23

Intifada (انتفاضة intifāḍah) is an Arabic word literally meaning, as a noun, "tremor", "shivering", "shuddering". It is derived from an Arabic term nafada meaning "to shake", "shake off", "get rid of", as a dog might shrug off water, or as one might shake off sleep, or dirt from one's sandals, and is a key concept in contemporary Arabic usage referring to a legitimate uprising against oppression. It is often rendered into English as "uprising", "resistance", or "rebellion". In the Palestinian context, with which it is particularly associated, the word refers to attempts to "shake off" the Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip in the First and Second Intifadas, where it was originally chosen to connote "aggressive nonviolent resistance", a meaning it bore among Palestinian students in struggles in the 1980s and which they adopted as less confrontational than terms in earlier militant rhetoric since it bore no nuance of violence. The most wide-scale events described as Intifada. ex) In the late 1980s, an uprising started in Gaza, and quickly spread to the West Bank and East Jerusalem. It came to be known as the First Intifada, and people who have any visual memory of it generally conjure up something like this: Palestinian men throwing rocks at Israeli tanks.

Answer 24

faction noun BrE /ˈfækʃn/ ; NAmE /ˈfækʃn/ 1) [countable] a small group of people within a larger one whose members have some different aims and beliefs to those of the larger group ex) During the First Intifada, whole sectors of the Palestinian civilian population mobilized, cutting across generations, factions and class lines. rival factions within the administration

Answer 25

(informal) to be the person who controls a situation ex) For 18 months in the Intifada, women were the ones calling the shots behind the scenes: Palestinian women from all walks of life in charge of mobilizing hundreds of thousands of people in a concerted effort to withdraw consent from the occupation.

Answer 26

to hand something over to somebody else ex) The law also says, if someone's life is at stake, you are to give up that information. We had to give our passports up to the authorities. He gave up his seat to a pregnant woman (= stood up to allow her to sit down).

Answer 27

the part of a business that always makes a profit and that provides money for the rest of the business ex) Medical hotels could serve as a great cash cow when we're having 12 million foreign visitors every year.

Answer 28

A for-profit corporation is an organization which aims to earn profit through its operations and is concerned with its own interests and not those of the public (non-profit corporation). A for-profit corporation is usually an organization operating in the private sector which sets aims that eventually help the organization itself. ex) Hospitals should not be for-profit businesses.

Answer 29

very small and therefore unable to be seen or felt; opposite perceptible ex) It was often in the twilight hours, between the moment of lying down and the imperceptible instant of slipping off to sleep, that the terror would arise. imperceptible changes in temperature The differences were imperceptible to all but the most trained eye. There was an almost imperceptible pause as she gathered her breath to speak. The slight change in the taste was imperceptible to most people.

Answer 30

devoid of something completely lacking in something ex) It was not simply that I would no longer be there. It was that reality itself would collapse, devoid of any point of apprehension. The letter was devoid of warmth and feeling. The land is almost devoid of vegetation.

Answer 31

1) extremely frightened, especially so that you cannot move or decide what to do synonym terrified ex) Petrified before a void so vast that it could not be contained within thought, let alone a thinking being, it was impossible to know how long it would take to drift off into the abyss that silently beckoned me. a petrified expression I'm petrified of snakes. They were petrified with fear (= so frightened that they were unable to move or think). She was petrified that the police would burst in at any moment. 2) [only before noun] petrified trees, insects, etc. have died and been changed into stone over a very long period of time ex) a petrified forest

Answer 32

1) [intransitive, transitive] to give somebody a signal using your finger or hand, especially to tell them to move nearer or to follow you synonym signal ex) Petrified before a void so vast that it could not be contained within thought, let alone a thinking being, it was impossible to know how long it would take to drift off into the abyss that silently beckoned me. He beckoned to the waiter to bring the bill. He beckoned her over with a wave. The boss beckoned him into her office. She beckoned him to come and join them.

Answer 33

to prevent something bad from affecting you for a period of time; to delay something ex) Even to my young mind, they struck me as fantasies that had been elaborately constructed and forcefully imposed in order to stave off the horror. to stave off hunger The company managed to stave off bankruptcy for another few months.

Answer 34

causing a feeling of vertigo synonym dizzying * vertigo noun BrE /ˈvɜːtɪɡəʊ/ ; NAmE /ˈvɜːrtɪɡoʊ/ [uncountable] the feeling of dizziness and fear, and of losing your balance, that is caused in some people when they look down from a very high place ex) As I grew older, the appeal of philosophy was that it opened vantage points to stare into the vertiginous face of death, and to ponder the meaning of living in an uncertain world precariously perched on the absolute certainty of death. From the path there was a vertiginous drop to the valley below.

Answer 35

1) [intransitive] perch (on something) (of a bird) to land and stay on a branch, etc. ex) A robin was perching on the fence.\ 2) [intransitive, transitive] (informal) to sit or to make somebody sit on something, especially on the edge of it ex) As I grew older, the appeal of philosophy was that it opened vantage points to stare into the vertiginous face of death, and to ponder the meaning of living in an uncertain world precariously perched on the absolute certainty of death. We perched on a couple of high stools at the bar. She perched herself on the edge of the bed. My father used to perch me on the front of his bike.

Answer 36

1) [transitive, intransitive] chisel (something) (+ adv./prep.) to cut or shape wood or stone with a chisel (끌) ex) Growing up on a farm brought with it, moreover, the omnipresence of death, from raccoon and coyote attacks to trips to the slaughterhouse, or winter diseases that had my brother and me chiseling shallow graves for animals into frozen earth as young children. A name was chiselled into the stone. She was chiselling some marble. a temple chiselled out of solid rock

Answer 37

[often passive] imbue somebody/something (with something) (formal) to fill somebody/something with strong feelings, opinions or values synonym infuse ex) Life was imbued with death. Her voice was imbued with an unusual seriousness. He was imbued with a desire for social justice.

Answer 38

2) (of a person) to be harmed or affected by something bad ex) Today, my eldest child, at the age of 6, has fallen prey to these same fears. Since the attack, she had fallen prey to irrational fears.

Answer 39

4) [intransitive, transitive] to become fixed or stuck somewhere; to make something become fixed or stuck somewhere ex) With two fingers lodged in his mouth, he pulls down on his lower jaw as if he were trying to hold onto some self-supporting ledge of meaning. One of the bullets lodged in his chest. She lodged the number firmly in her mind.

Answer 40

1) a narrow flat piece of rock that sticks out from a cliff ex) With two fingers lodged in his mouth, he pulls down on his lower jaw as if he were trying to hold onto some self-supporting ledge of meaning. seabirds nesting on rocky ledges

Answer 41

a drink of medicine or poison; a liquid with magic powers ex) He wants to know when the scientists will develop a potion that will allow us to live forever. a magic/love potion (humorous) I've tried all sorts of drugs, creams, pills and potions.

Answer 42

[transitive, intransitive] + speech | interject (something) (formal) to interrupt what somebody is saying with your opinion or a remark ex) Then he interjects that even his awkward sums might not add up because there could be an accident causing him to die before me. ‘You're wrong,’ interjected Susan.

Answer 43

2) [intransitive] (especially of a problem, feeling or quality) to become gradually weaker or smaller ex) He returns me to those terrors, which have surprisingly receded with the years. The prospect of bankruptcy has now receded (= it is less likely). The pain was receding slightly.

Answer 44

present as a natural part of something; present everywhere ex) In looking back from this immanent afterlife on my earlier terrors, and how they have been slowly buried over time, I see now that they were overly fixated on my own biological death. God is immanent in the world.

Answer 45

[not before noun] fixated (on somebody/something) always thinking and talking about somebody/something in a way that is not normal ex) In looking back from this immanent afterlife on my earlier terrors, and how they have been slowly buried over time, I see now that they were overly fixated on my own biological death. He is fixated on things that remind him of his childhood.

Answer 46

happening immediately ex) Since I recognized eternal transcendence as nothing more than a comforting illusion, the only thing left was my finite life in the here and now, which was destined to disappear forever in an instantaneous blackout. an instantaneous response Death was almost instantaneous.

Answer 47

2) (formal) a class in a society ex) The biological stratum, which I naively took to mean life in general, is in certain ways a long process of demise -- we are all dying all the time, just at different rhythms. people from all social strata

Answer 48

1) the end or failure of an institution, an idea, a company, etc. 2) (formal or humorous) death ex) The biological stratum, which I naively took to mean life in general, is in certain ways a long process of demise -- we are all dying all the time, just at different rhythms. his imminent/sudden/sad demise

Answer 49

an object that is made by a person, especially something of historical or cultural interest ex) The artifacts that we have produced also persevere, which can range from our physical imprint on the world to objects we have made or writings like this one.

Answer 50

1) an occasion before or after a funeral when people gather to remember the dead person, traditionally held the night before the funeral to watch over the body before it is buried (초상집에서의) 경야 2) the track that a boat or ship leaves behind on the surface of the water 항적 ex) In living, we trace a wake in the world.

Answer 51

2) [transitive, usually passive, intransitive] intertwine (something) to be or become very closely connected with something/somebody else ex) They intertwine and merge with the broader world out of which we are woven. Their political careers had become closely intertwined.

Answer 52

(very formal) a limited state or quality 유한성 ex) Authentic existence is perhaps less about boldly confronting the inevitable reality of our own finitude than about recognizing and cultivating the multiple dimensions of our lives.

Answer 53

1) a small part of something that still exists after the rest of it has stopped existing synonym trace ex) They carry on in the physical world, in the material and cultural vestiges we leave, as well as in the psychological and social effects we have on those around us. the last vestiges of the old colonial regime

Answer 54

a person who makes formal speeches in public or is good at public speaking ex) He wasn't the only man who suffered in pre-civil rights America, and he certainly wasn't the only great orator of the day. a fine political orator

Answer 55

the abbreviation for ‘unique selling proposition’ or ‘unique selling point’ (a feature of a product or service that makes it different from all the others that are available and is a reason for people to choose it) ex) Some know how they do it, whether you call it your differentiated value proposition or your proprietary process or your USP. You need to come up with a USP. Your USP has to tell people why they should do business with you. Their USP was that they guaranteed delivery in 30 minutes or less.

Answer 56

a device that records video onto a hard disk or other memory device, using digital technology (the abbreviation for ‘digital video recorder’) synonym PVR the abbreviation for ‘personal video recorder’ (a device that records video onto a hard disk or other memory device, using digital technology) ex) But we're also perfectly comfortable buying an MP3 player from Apple, or a phone from Apple, or a DVR from Apple.

Answer 57

neocortex noun BrE /ˌniːəʊˈkɔːteks/ ; NAmE /ˌniːoʊˈkɔːrteks/ (anatomy) part of the brain that controls sight and hearing ex) The neocortex is responsible for all of our rational and analytical thought and language.

Answer 58

limbic system noun BrE /ˈlɪmbɪk sɪstəm/ ; NAmE /ˈlɪmbɪk sɪstəm/ (biology) a system of nerves in the brain involving several different areas, concerned with basic emotions such as fear and anger and basic needs such as the need to eat and to have sex ex) The middle two sections make up our limbic brains, and our limbic brains are responsible for all of our feelings like trust and loyalty.

Answer 59

The early majority is a group of people who purchase or try new products -- typically technology -- after a much smaller population of innovators and early adopters have done so. ex) So it's this here, this little gap that you have to close, as Jeffrey Moore calls it, "Crossing the Chasm" -- because, you see, the early majority will not try something until someone else has tried it first.

Answer 60

a slow and lazy person, organization, etc. ex) The next 34% are your early majority, your late majority and your laggards.

Answer 61

a disk with finger holes that is affixed to a telephone and rotated to match up the finger holes with the letters and digits of a telephone number. ex) The only reason these people buy touch-tone phones is because you can't buy rotary phones anymore.

Answer 62

1) [countable] (literary) a deep crack or opening in the ground 2) [singular] chasm (between A and B) (formal) a very big difference between two people or groups, for example because they have different attitudes synonym gulf ex) So it's this here, this little gap that you have to close, as Jeffrey Moore calls it, "Crossing the Chasm" -- because, you see, the early majority will not try something until someone else has tried it first. the yawning chasm of the generation gap

Answer 63

not as good as normal; not acceptable synonym inferior ex) These are the people who spent 40,000 dollars on flat-screen TVs when they first came out, even though the technology was substandard. substandard goods

Answer 64

sentencing policy ex) This is partly the result of saner sentencing policies for nonviolent drug offenders, who are more likely to be given probation and drug treatment than in the past.

Answer 65

2) revisit something to return to an idea or a subject and discuss it again ex) The zealous pursuit of these sentences began in the 1970s, becoming something of a fad; it is past time to revisit the practice. It's an idea that may be worth revisiting at a later date.

Answer 66

a person who has been sent to prison for their whole life ex) Many of these lifers were convicted of nonviolent crimes or of crimes that occurred before they turned 18. There are many more lifers in jail than there used to be.

Answer 67

capital crime [offense] A crime, such as murder or betrayal of one's country, that is treated so seriously that death may be considered an appropriate punishment. ex) Harsher sentences once reserved for people convicted of capital crimes were expanded to include robbery, assault and nonviolent drug offenses.

Answer 68

clemency noun BrE /ˈklemənsi/ ; NAmE /ˈklemənsi/ [uncountable](formal) kindness shown to somebody when they are being punished; willingness not to punish somebody so severely synonym mercy ex) States restricted the use of parole and governors who feared being portrayed as soft on crime began to deny virtually all clemency requests. a plea for clemency He was executed by firing squad despite widespread pleas for clemency. His lawyers appealed for clemency on the grounds of ill health.

Answer 69

geriatric noun BrE /ˌdʒeriˈætrɪk/ ; NAmE /ˌdʒeriˈætrɪk/ 1) geriatrics [uncountable] the branch of medicine concerned with the diseases and care of old people ex) But these long sentences are turning prisons into geriatric centers where the cost of care is prohibitively high. 2) [countable] (informal, offensive) an old person, especially one with poor physical or mental health ex) I'm not a geriatric yet, you know! * gerontology noun BrE /ˌdʒerɒnˈtɒlədʒi/ ; NAmE /ˌdʒerənˈtɑːlədʒi/ [uncountable] the scientific study of old age and the process of growing old

Answer 70

executive clemency the power (usually of a president or governor) to pardon or commute the sentence of someone convicted in that jurisdiction ex) States need to encourage more rational sentencing, restore the use of executive clemency and bring parole back in the corrections process.

Answer 71

the leading position at the start of a race involving cars or bicycles ex) In the short term Uber is in pole position to lead the revolution because of its dominance of chauffeured ride-hailing, a part of the transport market that will see some of the fastest growth.

Answer 72

the business of transporting goods by road or railway; money charged for this ex) It is also branching out into new areas, such as food delivery and long-distance cargo haulage using autonomous trucks. the road haulage industry a haulage firm/contractor How much is haulage?

Answer 73

3) [intransitive] + adv./prep. (informal) (of a number of people) to go somewhere quickly without order or control ex) As more firms pile into ride-sharing, and autonomous vehicles become part of the mix, the business may prove to be less lucrative than expected. The coach finally arrived and we all piled on. Children were piling out of the school bus.

Answer 74

the largest or best part of something when it is divided ex) By matching riders with drivers, Uber can offer transport services without owning a single vehicle, and keep the lion's share of the profits.

Answer 75

4) [countable] fleet (of something) a group of planes, buses, taxis, etc. travelling together or owned by the same organization ex) In a self-driving world, Uber might also have to own and operate its own fleet, undermining its "asset-light" model. the company’s new fleet of vans

Answer 76

very; in an unusual way ex) Unlike Apple or Google, it is singularly focused on transport; unlike incumbent carmakers, it does not have a legacy car-manufacturing business to protect. singularly beautiful He chose a singularly inappropriate moment to make his request.

Answer 77

an amount of money that a government or an organization has available to spend on a particular plan, project, etc. ex) Its recent rapprochement with Didi, its main rival in China, has removed a major distraction, allowing it to devote its $9 billion war chest to developing new technology.

Answer 78

buttress somebody/something (formal) to support or give strength to somebody/something ex) Today's students are amazing, but they bathe one another in oceans of affirmation and praise, as if buttressing one another against some insecurity. The sharp increase in crime seems to buttress the argument for more police officers on the street. The galleries were well buttressed by huge timbers.

Answer 79

to come from something or somewhere synonym issue from ex) Whatever one thinks of the campus protests, the desire for trigger warnings and safe spaces does seem to emanate from a place of emotional fragility. The sound of loud music emanated from the building. The proposal originally emanated from the UN.

Answer 80

orchid noun BrE /ˈɔːkɪd/ ; NAmE /ˈɔːrkɪd/ a plant with brightly coloured flowers of unusual shapes. There are many different types of orchid and some of them are very rare. ex) And if you hang around the middle aged, you hear a common story line to explain the rise of the orchid generation.

Answer 81

very difficult and tiring, needing great effort for a long time synonym punishing ex) Then they went off to do grueling work in the factory or they learned toughness and grit in the military. a gruelling journey/schedule I've had a gruelling day.

Answer 82

[usually passive] to separate one place or area from another with a wall ex) There was a greater tendency in years gone by to wall off emotions, to put on a thick skin -- for some men to be stone-like and uncommunicative and for some women to be brittle, brassy and untouchable.

Answer 83

2) (informal, disapproving) (of a woman) dressing in a way that makes her sexual attraction obvious, but without style ex) There was a greater tendency in years gone by to wall off emotions, to put on a thick skin -- for some men to be stone-like and uncommunicative and for some women to be brittle, brassy and untouchable. the brassy blonde behind the bar

Answer 84

not changing in your attitudes or aims synonym firm ex) Mother Teresa may not have been intrinsically steadfast, but she was steadfast in the name of God. steadfast loyalty He remained steadfast in his determination to bring the killers to justice.

Answer 85

A telos (from the Greek τέλος for "end", "purpose", or "goal") is an end or purpose, in a fairly constrained sense used by philosophers such as Aristotle. It is the root of the term "teleology," roughly the study of purposiveness, or the study of objects with a view to their aims, purposes, or intentions. the end term of a goal-directed process; especially, the Aristotelian final cause. 목적인 ex) People are much stronger than they think they are when in pursuit of their telos, their purpose for living.

Answer 86

2) (formal) tending to damage something gradually ex) It's caused by the ethos of the modern university, which in the name of "critical thinking" encourages students to be detached and corrosively skeptical. Unemployment is having a corrosive effect on our economy.

Answer 87

without thinking about the results or effects of a particular action ex) We are all fragile when we don't know what our purpose is, when we haven't thrown ourselves with abandon into a social role, when we haven't committed ourselves to certain people, when we feel like a swimmer in an ocean with no edge.

Answer 88

(informal) someone who is strong enough to deal with difficult or violent situations ex) We live in an age when it's considered sophisticated to be disenchanted. But people who are enchanted are the real tough cookies.

Answer 89

filled with horror and surprise when you see or hear something synonym horrified ex) In the 1920s, people were aghast at the phenomenon of young people living alone in rooming houses and apartments. Erica looked at him aghast. He stood aghast at the sight of so much blood.

Answer 90

[intransitive] room (with somebody) | room (together) (North American English) to rent a room somewhere; to share a rented room or flat/apartment with somebody ex) In the 1920s, people were aghast at the phenomenon of young people living alone in rooming houses and apartments. She and Nancy roomed together at college.

Answer 91

2) [uncountable, countable] evil or immoral behaviour; an evil or immoral quality in somebody’s character ex) Removal from family supervision was an invitation to vice and moral chaos. The film ended most satisfactorily: vice punished and virtue rewarded. Greed is a terrible vice. (humorous) Cigarettes are my only vice.

Answer 92

one of two or more facts, figures, etc. that are closely connected and affect or depend on each other ex) Senetor Daniel Patrick Moynihan issued a report identifying single parenthood as a major correlate of serious crimes. Drug use is a significant correlate of property crime.

Answer 93

2) cushion somebody/something (against/from something) to protect somebody/something from being hurt or damaged or from the unpleasant effects of something ex) In that natural experiment, single mothers were cushioned from poverty by generous child support provisions of the welfare state. The south of the country has been cushioned from the worst effects of the recession. He broke the news of my brother's death to me, making no effort to cushion the blow (= make the news less shocking). Homeowners will be cushioned from any tax rises.

Answer 94

no longer fashionable synonym outmoded ex) Given that children do not need their parents to marry and that women are no longer dependents of their husbands, there is a growing impression that marriage is passé. Her ideas on food are distinctly passé.

Answer 95

1) [intransitive, transitive] (of thoughts, plans, beliefs, etc.) to become clear and fixed; to make thoughts, beliefs, etc. clear and fixed ex) This impression crystallizes in rising single parenthood ratios. Our ideas began to crystallize into a definite plan. The final chapter crystallizes all the main issues.

Answer 96

2) weak and not having much effect synonym feeble ex) If marriage no longer serves the functions that it fulfilled in the past, should we care that it has become so anemic? an anaemic performance

Answer 97

1) [only before noun] used to show that you are referring to a particular proverb or well-known phrase ex) Children of such marriages are born with the proverbial silver spoon in their mouth. Let's not count our proverbial chickens. He drinks like the proverbial fish.

Answer 98

tax that you must pay on the money or property that you receive from somebody when they die ex) That role for marriage is more relevant in highly unequal societies with a lot of inherited wealth than in more egalitarian countries where death duties discourage hoarding of wealth.

Answer 99

Whether a couple marries or not makes little difference for the welfare of their children who are, after all, guaranteed the necessities for living independent of the marital status of their parents.

Answer 100

1) (also be comprised of) comprise something to have somebody/something as parts or members synonym consist of ex) However, the study did show that children living in urban areas reported significantly higher levels of screen time, with screen time comprised of television, DVDs, the internet or computer games. The collection comprises 327 paintings. The committee is comprised of representatives from both the public and private sectors.

Answer 101

1) [countable] row (about/over something) a serious disagreement between people, organizations, etc. about something ex) A row over Mylan's EpiPen allergy medicine raises fresh questions about how drugs are priced. A row has broken out over education.

Answer 102

anger synonym wrath ex) Over the past week their ire engulfed Mylan, a generic-drug firm, which had raised the price of its EpiPen, an injectable medicine that fends off deadly allergic reactions, to $608, from about $100 in 2007. to arouse/raise/provoke the ire of local residents (US English) to draw the ire of local residents The plans provoked the ire of the conservationists.

Answer 103

a noisy and violent fight involving a group of people, usually in a public place ex) The brawl is far from over. a drunken brawl Police officers were injured in a mass brawl outside a nightclub.

Answer 104

The average launch price of a range of cancer drugs, adjusted for inflation and health benefits, grew by 10% each year between 1995 and 2013, according to a recent paper from the Journal of Economic Perspectives.

Answer 105

6) (especially British English) able to be found in a place ex) Since there is now little general inflation about, he says, "it's price gouging." There was nobody about. There's a lot of flu about. She’s somewhere about—I saw her a few minutes ago.

Answer 106

It's price gouging.

Answer 107

hepatitis noun BrE /ˌhepəˈtaɪtɪs/ ; NAmE /ˌhepəˈtaɪtɪs/ [uncountable] a serious disease of the liver. There are three main forms: hepatitis A (the least serious, caused by infected food), hepatitis B and hepatitis C (both very serious and caused by infected blood). ex) Some new medicines are impressive, such as Gilead's $84,000 cure for Hepatitis C, Sovaldi, but others are not. Have you had your hepatitis B vaccination?

Answer 108

1) to describe somebody/something as being something bad or unpleasant, especially unfairly ex) Many in the industry branded its boss, Martin Shkreli, and evil anomaly. They were branded as liars and cheats. The newspapers branded her a hypocrite.

Answer 109

I also used to think that all of our food came from these happy, little farms where pigs rolled in mud and cows grazed on grass all day. * graze verb BrE /ɡreɪz/ ; NAmE /ɡreɪz/ 1) [intransitive, transitive] (of cows, sheep, etc.) to eat grass that is growing in a field ex) There were cows grazing beside the river. The horses were grazing on the lush grass. The field had been grazed by sheep.

Answer 110

1) irradiate something (specialist) to treat food with gamma radiation in order to preserve it (전문 용어) (식품을 저장하기 위해) 방사능 처리를 하다[방사선을 쬐다] ex) Then they irradiate our food, trying to make it last longer, so it can travel thousands of miles from where it's grown to the supermarkets. 2) irradiate something (with something) (literary) to make something look brighter and happier ex) faces irradiated with joy

Answer 111

1) (less frequent, informal sparkly BrE /ˈspɑːkli/ ; NAmE /ˈspɑːrkli/ ) shining and flashing with light ex) My little cousin told his dad that he would rather have the organic Toasted O's cereal because Birke said he shouldn't eat sparkly cereal. the calm and sparkling waters of the lake sparkling blue eyes

Answer 112

Incredible stigma exists around almost all mental health conditions, and depression is no different.

Answer 113

1) [transitive] tout somebody/something (as something) to try to persuade people that somebody/something is important or valuable by praising them/it ex) Over centuries a diverse group of thinkers from economists to scientists have all touted theories that would blame the individual for the depression and difficulties they're experiencing and leave it at that. She's being touted as the next leader of the party. Their much-touted expansion plans have come to nothing.

Answer 114

(informal) to say or do nothing more about something ex) Over centuries a diverse group of thinkers from economists to scientists have all touted theories that would blame the individual for the depression and difficulties they're experiencing and leave it at that. We'll never agree, so let's just leave it at that.

Answer 115

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) [cerebral spinal fluid] is a clear, colorless body fluid found in the brain and spine. It is produced in the choroid plexuses of the ventricles of the brain. It acts as a cushion or buffer for the brain's cortex, providing basic mechanical and immunological protection to the brain inside the skull. cerebral adjective BrE /ˈserəbrəl/ ; NAmE /səˈriːbrəl/ ex) Researchers found that by isolating specific metabolic deficiencies determined through an analysis of a patient's cerebral spinal fluid (CSF), specific metabolic and neurotransmitter deficiencies can be identified and implemented with almost miraculously positive results.

Answer 116

1) a period during which a serious illness improves for a time and the patient seems to get better ex) In the case of one patient whose depression was so severe that no previous medical or therapeutic intervention was effective, an analysis and subsequent treatment based off specific neurological deficiencies found in his CSF led to a complete remission of his depression. The patient has been in remission for the past six months. The symptoms reappeared after only a short remission. a period of remission

Answer 117

1) a thing that is very heavy and difficult to lift or move ex) Free from the deadweight of hopelessness and feelings of worthlessness and inadequacy, the man in the study enrolled in college and ultimately graduated with honors. The sleeping child was a dead weight in her arms.

Answer 118

the process of solving a problem by trying various methods until you find a method that is successful Children learn to use computer programs by trial and error. 시행착오법 ex) While some people with the mos severe and chronic forms of depression will find relief in new treatment options like CSF analysis, traditional talk therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, and even the trial-and-error method of identifying helpful medications all have been found to decrease depression symptoms and improve the patient's overall well-being on a case-by-case basis.

Answer 119

drunk driving drinking and driving driving under the influence (of alcohol) (DUI) driving while intoxicated (DWI) ex) But the developers maintain that the app will rather discourage people from driving under the influence.

Answer 120

Buyer beware. Caveat emptor. caveat emptor noun BrE /ˌkæviæt ˈemptɔː(r)/ ; NAmE /ˌkæviæt ˈemptɔːr/ (from Latin) the principle that a person who buys something is responsible for finding any faults in the thing they buy ex) The sale is subject to the caveat emptor principle.

Answer 121

[intransitive] + adv./prep. (British English, informal) to move or travel without any hurry ex) In a research park in Culham, a sleepy village south of Oxford, a driverless car pootles around a short track. She pootled along in her old car.

Answer 122

1) [uncountable] a street in London where there are many government offices ex) The changes will affect a number of Whitehall departments. 2) [singular + singular or plural verb] a way of referring to the British Government ex) It is the sort of ambition Whitehall policymakers applaud. Whitehall are/is refusing to comment.

Answer 123

Until quite recently, British universities lagged behind their foreign counterparts when it came to turning journal articles into cash.

Answer 124

Cambridge, Oxford and Imperial College London took three of the top five spots in rankings of the universities most supportive of technological development.

Answer 125

1) (British English) a teacher at a university, especially Oxford or Cambridge ex) One-third of dons now work with private companies. an Oxford don

Answer 126

to cause somebody to learn and remember ideas, moral principles, etc., especially by repeating them often ex) From the late 1990, the government sought to inculcate the entrepreneurial spirit found in leading American universities, particularly Stanford and MIT. to inculcate a sense of responsibility in somebody to inculcate somebody with a sense of responsibility

Answer 127

[singular] dearth (of something) a lack of something; the fact of there not being enough of something synonym scarcity ex) Cambridge, Oxford and Imperial have set up investment funds to put money into early-stage funding for business spin-offs, of which there is a relative dearth in Britain. There was a dearth of reliable information on the subject.