MO Book 21 - Words 1 Flashcards

Question

이식 (수술)

Answer 1

transplantation noun BrE /ˌtrænsplɑːnˈteɪʃn/ ; NAmE /ˌtrænsplænˈteɪʃn/ ; BrE /ˌtrænzplɑːnˈteɪʃn/ ; NAmE /ˌtrænzplænˈteɪʃn/ [uncountable] 1) the process of taking an organ, skin, etc. from one person, animal, part of the body, etc. and putting it into or onto another ex) Procedures such as heart surgery and organ transplantation, and the treatment of some cancers, would be far riskier without effective antibiotics. liver/kidney/heart/lung/organ transplantation patients who undergo bone marrow transplantation

Answer 2

misuse noun BrE /ˌmɪsˈjuːs/ ; NAmE /ˌmɪsˈjuːs/ [uncountable, countable, usually singular] (formal) the act of using something in a dishonest way or for the wrong purpose ex) Misuse of antibiotics is speeding things up further. alcohol/drug misuse the misuse of power/authority a misuse of public funds * abuse noun BrE /əˈbjuːs/ ; NAmE /əˈbjuːs/ 1) [uncountable, singular] the use of something in a way that is wrong or harmful ex) alcohol/drug/solvent abuse The system of paying cash bonuses is open to abuse (= might be used in the wrong way). He was arrested on charges of corruption and abuse of power. What she did was an abuse of her position as manager. ** overuse noun BrE /ˌəʊvəˈjuːs/ ; NAmE /ˌoʊvərˈjuːs/ [uncountable, singular] the act of using something too much or too often ex) Overuse of antibiotics - patients taking them for illnesses where they are ineffective, and farmers feeding them to animals to promote growth - increases the pool of resistant bacteria even more. The problem of antibiotic overuse and misuse is not easy to control. An overuse of graphics in reports can be an unwelcome distraction.

Answer 3

5) [countable] pool (of something) a group of people available for work when needed ex) Overuse of antibiotics - patients taking them for illnesses where they are ineffective, and farmers feeding them to animals to promote growth - increases the pool of resistant bacteria even more. a pool of cheap labour a typing pool (= a group of people who share a company’s typing work)

Answer 4

connected with caring for the health of animals ex) A recent move to cut farmers' use of antibiotics in America, where as much as four-fifths of all antibiotics (by weight) are fed to animals, should help - though exempting use for veterinary purposes leaves a loophole. veterinary medicine/science

Answer 5

1) dispense something (to somebody) (formal) to give out something to people ex) The machine dispenses a range of drinks and snacks. 2) dispense something (to somebody) (formal) to provide something, especially a service, for people ex) The organization dispenses free health care to the poor. to dispense justice/advice 3) dispense something to prepare medicine and give it to people, as a job ex) Better dispensing guidlines and diagnostic tools would also help, as would the greater use of some vaccines (preventing flu, for example, can cut the number of cases of pneumonia). to dispense a prescription (British English) to dispense medicine (British English) a dispensing chemist * 1) a place in a hospital, shop/store, etc. where medicines are prepared for patients 2) (old-fashioned) a place where patients are treated, especially one run by a charity

Answer 6

pneumonia noun BrE /njuːˈməʊniə/ ; NAmE /nuːˈmoʊniə/ [uncountable] a serious illness affecting one or both lungs that makes breathing difficult ex) Better dispensing guidlines and diagnostic tools would also help, as would the greater use of some vaccines (preventing flu, for example, can cut the number of cases of pneumonia). She died from bronchial pneumonia.

Answer 7

sanitation noun BrE /ˌsænɪˈteɪʃn/ ; NAmE /ˌsænɪˈteɪʃn/ [uncountable] the equipment and systems that keep places clean, especially by removing human waste ex) Cleaner hospitals and better public sanitation are even more important: in defeating tuberculosis in western Europe, hygiene played a bigger role than drugs. disease resulting from poor sanitation A lack of clean water and sanitation were the main problems. * hygiene noun BrE /ˈhaɪdʒiːn/ ; NAmE /ˈhaɪdʒiːn/ [uncountable] the practice of keeping yourself and your living and working areas clean in order to prevent illness and disease ex) food hygiene personal hygiene In the interests of hygiene, please wash your hands.

Answer 8

tuberculosis noun BrE /tjuːˌbɜːkjuˈləʊsɪs/ ; NAmE /tuːˌbɜːrkjəˈloʊsɪs/ [uncountable] (abbreviation TB) a serious infectious disease in which swellings appear on the lungs and other parts of the body ex) Cleaner hospitals and better public sanitation are even more important: in defeating tuberculosis in western Europe, hygiene played a bigger role than drugs.

Answer 9

``` * class noun BrE /klɑːs/ ; NAmE /klæs/ ``` 7) [countable] a group of people, animals or things that have similar characteristics or qualities ex) No new class of antibiotics has been discovered since 1987. It was good accommodation for a hotel of this class. different classes of drugs Dickens was in a different class from (= was much better than) most of his contemporaries. As a jazz singer she's in a class of her own (= better than most others). * variety noun BrE /vəˈraɪəti/ ; NAmE /vəˈraɪəti/ (pl. varieties) 3) [countable] variety (of something) a type of a thing, for example a plant or language, that is different from the others in the same general group ex) a variety of pesticide-resistant rice crops Apples come in a great many varieties. a rare variety of orchid different varieties of English My cooking is of the ‘quick and simple’ variety. * strain noun BrE /streɪn/ ; NAmE /streɪn/ 4) [countable] a particular type of plant or animal, or of a disease caused by bacteria, etc. ex) a new strain of virus a new strain of mosquitoes resistant to the poison This is only one of the many strains of the disease.

Answer 10

* 계 kingdom noun BrE /ˈkɪŋdəm/ ; NAmE /ˈkɪŋdəm/ 4) (biology) one of the five major groups into which all living things are organized ex) the animal/plant kingdom * 문 phylum noun BrE /ˈfaɪləm/ ; NAmE /ˈfaɪləm/ (pl. phyla BrE /ˈfaɪlə/ ; NAmE /ˈfaɪlə/ )(biology) a group into which animals, plants, etc. are divided, smaller than a kingdom and larger than a class ``` * 강 class noun BrE /klɑːs/ ; NAmE /klæs/ ``` 11) [countable] a group into which animals, plants, etc. that have similar characteristics are divided, below a phylum * 목 order noun BrE /ˈɔːdə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈɔːrdər/ 11) [countable] a group into which animals, plants, etc. that have similar characteristics are divided, smaller than a class and larger than a family ex) the order of primates * 과 family noun BrE /ˈfæməli/ ; NAmE /ˈfæməli/ (pl. families) 5) [countable] a group of related animals and plants; a group of related things, especially languages ex) Lions belong to the cat family. the Germanic family of languages * 속 genus noun BrE /ˈdʒiːnəs/ ; NAmE /ˈdʒiːnəs/ (pl. genera BrE /ˈdʒenərə/ ; NAmE /ˈdʒenərə/ )(biology) a group into which animals, plants, etc. that have similar characteristics are divided, smaller than a family and larger than a species * 종 species noun BrE /ˈspiːʃiːz/ ; NAmE /ˈspiːʃiːz/ (pl. species) a group into which animals, plants, etc. that are able to breed with each other and produce healthy young are divided, smaller than a genus and identified by a Latin name ex) a rare species of beetle There are many species of dog(s). a conservation area for endangered species

Answer 11

to stop supplying water; to be all used so that none is left; if a supply of something such as money runs dry, there is no more of it left ex) But as health officials struggle to keep old drugs working, the pipeline of new ones is running dry. Supplies of vaccines could run dry if there is an epidemic. The wells in most villages in the region have run dry. Vaccine supplies started to run dry as the flu outbreak reached epidemic proportions. Native resources of scientific talent and ingenuity have not run dry.

Answer 12

something that is in the pipeline is being discussed, planned or prepared and will happen or exist soon ex) But as health officials struggle to keep old drugs working, the pipeline of new ones is running dry. A new impotence drug is in the pipeline. Important new laws are already in the pipeline.

Answer 13

to have a successful result ex) Joint public-private efforts in America and Europe, while promising, will take time to bear fruit.

Answer 14

1) [usually singular] scourge (of somebody/something) (formal) a person or thing that causes trouble or suffering ex) Childhood obesity is today's scourge. the scourge of war/disease/poverty the effort to keep the scourge of drugs off our streets Inflation was the scourge of the 1970s.

Answer 15

* on current trends * if the trend holds ex) On current trends, half of all boys and 70% of girls may become overweight or obese in 30 years, experts warn.

Answer 16

the part of the body below the chest that contains the stomach, bowels, etc. ex) Patients reported pain in the lower chest or upper abdomen. * [only before noun] (anatomy) relating to or connected with the abdomen ex) And that the supplements can actually increase the risk of heart attacks, kidney stones, and abdominal pain.

Answer 17

1) [INTRANSITIVE] to arrive at a hotel or a private hospital where you have arranged to stay and give your personal details to the person working at the reception desk ex) Well, you know, if your doctor told you to take this, I would check in before you stop.

Answer 18

enough in quantity, or good enough in quality, for a particular purpose or need opposite inadequate ex) The other question that came from a viewer and this was asked often, what should women do to ensure they're getting adequate calcium and you say this pertains to men as well. an adequate supply of hot water The room was small but adequate. There is a lack of adequate provision for disabled students. He didn't give an adequate answer to the question. The space available is not adequate for our needs. training that is adequate to meet the future needs of industry

Answer 19

to exist or to apply in a particular situation or at a particular time ex) Living conditions are vastly different from those pertaining in their country of origin. Those laws no longer pertain. * (formal) to be connected with something/somebody ex) The other question that came from a viewer and this was asked often, what should women do to ensure they're getting adequate calcium and you say this pertains to men as well. the laws pertaining to adoption

Answer 20

osteoporosis noun BrE /ˌɒstiəʊpəˈrəʊsɪs/ ; NAmE /ˌɑːstioʊpəˈroʊsɪs/ (also brittle bone disease) [uncountable](medical) a condition in which the bones become weak and are easily broken, usually when people get older or because they do not eat enough of certain substances

Answer 21

* lift weights ex) So, lifting weights and then anything that gets you up on your feet, such as walking, jogging, running and dancing can help. * pump iron (informal) to do exercises in which you lift heavy weights in order to make your muscles stronger

Answer 22

(informal) to join in a discussion, an argument, an activity, etc. by saying something important, persuading somebody, or doing something to help ex) The American Cancer Society is now weighing in, changing their recommendations for the first time in more than a decade. We all weighed in with our suggestions. Finally the government weighed in with financial aid.

Answer 23

mammogram noun BrE /ˈmæməɡræm/ ; NAmE /ˈmæməɡræm/ an examination of a breast using X-rays to check for cancer ex) Tonight, the American Cancer Society now saying women should start having mammograms at the age of 45, five years later than its previous recommendation of 40. * mammography noun BrE /mæˈmɒɡrəfi/ ; NAmE /mæˈmɑːɡrəfi/ [uncountable] the use of X-rays to check for cancer in a breast ex) The new guidelines are based on increasing evidence that mammography often produces false positives in younger women.

Answer 24

false positive/negative an incorrect result of a scientific test ex) The new guidelines are based on increasing evidence that mammography often produces false positives in younger women. One of the biggest complaints about current tests is that they give false positive results.

Answer 25

1) the bottom line [singular] the most important thing that you have to consider or accept; the essential point in a discussion, etc. ex) Dr. Jen Ashton with the bottom line for women watching right here in a moment. The bottom line is that we have to make a decision today. 2) (business) [countable] the amount of money that is a profit or a loss after everything has been calculated ex) The bottom line for 2014 was a pre-tax profit of £85 million. Sales last month failed to add to the company’s bottom line.

Answer 26

on most occasions, or in most situations; usually; in a way that is typical of somebody/something ex) And I hope that the insurance companies are still gonna pay for it if you wanna have it more often than that. As often as not, he's late for work. More often than not, the arguments could have been avoided.

Answer 27

3) so (that…) used to show the purpose of something ex) The American Cancer Society also dropping its previous recommendation that women have a manual exam, so doctors can feel for abnormalities, because it's never been shown to save lives. But I gave you a map so you wouldn't get lost! She worked hard so that everything would be ready in time.

Answer 28

a feature or characteristic in a person’s body or behaviour that is not usual and may be harmful, worrying or cause illness ex) The American Cancer Society also dropping its previous recommendation that women have a manual exam, so doctors can feel for abnormalities, because it's never been shown to save lives. abnormalities of the heart congenital/foetal abnormality

Answer 29

ob-gyn noun BrE /ˌəʊ biː ˌdʒiː waɪ ˈen/ ; NAmE /ˌoʊ biː ˌdʒiː waɪ ˈen/ (North American English, informal) 1) [uncountable] the branches of medicine concerned with the birth of children (= obstetrics) and the diseases of women (= gynaecology) 2) [countable] a doctor who is trained in this type of medicine ex) Let's get right to Dr. Jen Ashton, an OB-GYN herself. * obstetrician BrE /ˌɒbstəˈtrɪʃn/ ; NAmE /ˌɑːbstəˈtrɪʃn/ gynecologist (AmE) gynaecologist (BrE) BrE /ˌɡaɪnəˈkɒlədʒɪst/ ; NAmE /ˌɡaɪnəˈkɑːlədʒɪst/

Answer 30

1) a person whose job involves working with numbers, such as an accountant 2) a computer or computer program that works with numbers and calculates data

Answer 31

to think hard in order to find an answer to something ex) There were many women in the newsroom today who were scratching their heads, saying this is a major change. Experts have been scratching their heads over the increase in teenage crime.

Answer 32

1. unilateral adjective BrE /ˌjuːnɪˈlætrəl/ ; NAmE /ˌjuːnɪˈlætrəl/ done by one member of a group or an organization without the agreement of the other members ex) The industry argues that companies do not make unilateral decisions on packaging size, because the Food and Drug Administration has to approve those decisions. a unilateral decision a unilateral declaration of independence They were forced to take unilateral action. They had campaigned vigorously for unilateral nuclear disarmament (= when one country gets rid of its nuclear weapons without waiting for other countries to do the same). 2. bilateral adjective BrE /ˌbaɪˈlætərəl/ ; NAmE /ˌbaɪˈlætərəl/ 1) involving two groups of people or two countries ex) bilateral relations/agreements/trade/talks 3. trilateral adjective BrE /ˌtraɪˈlætərəl/ ; NAmE /ˌtraɪˈlætərəl/ involving three groups of people or three countries ex) trilateral talks 4. multilateral adjective BrE /ˌmʌltiˈlætərəl/ ; NAmE /ˌmʌltiˈlætərəl/ 1) in which three or more groups, nations, etc. take part ex) multilateral negotiations The peace talks are to be conducted on a multilateral basis. multilateral nuclear disarmament 2) having many sides or parts

Answer 33

to use an idea, a fact, a situation, etc. as the point from which something can be developed ex) But the F.D.A. can base its decisions only on safety considerations and cannot consider cost in regulating drugs. What are you basing this theory on?

Answer 34

a small glass container, for medicine or perfume ex) In guidelines issued last year, the F.D.A. told pharmaceutical companies that vials "should not contain a significant volume beyond what would be considered a usual or maximum dose" because that could lead to the inappropriate and hazardous use of leftover drugs. a vial of pills/perfume/toilet water

Answer 35

involving risk or danger, especially to somebody’s health or safety ex) In guidelines issued last year, the F.D.A. told pharmaceutical companies that vials "should not contain a significant volume beyond what would be considered a usual or maximum dose" because that could lead to the inappropriate and hazardous use of leftover drugs. hazardous waste/chemicals a hazardous journey It would be hazardous to invest so much. a list of products that are potentially hazardous to health

Answer 36

recoup something (formal) to get back an amount of money that you have spent or lost synonym recover ex) Of course, if the regulators require that the drugs be sold in more sizes, manufacturers could try to recoup lost revenue by raising prices for smaller amounts. We hope to recoup our initial investment in the first year. The firm is hoping to recoup losses on car sales in the UK with this new model.

Answer 37

* hardening of the arteries * arteriosclerosis noun BrE /ɑːˌtɪəriəʊskləˈrəʊsɪs/ ; NAmE /ɑːrˌtɪrioʊskləˈroʊsis/ [uncountable](medical) a condition in which the walls of the arteries become thick and hard, making it difficult for blood to flow ex) Stress in childhood may be linked to hardening of the arteries in adulthood, new research suggests.

Answer 38

a standard or principle by which something is judged, or with the help of which a decision is made ex) Using these criteria, they calculated a stress score. The main criterion is value for money. What criteria are used for assessing a student's ability?

Answer 39

tomography noun BrE /təˈmɒɡrəfi/ ; NAmE /təˈmɑːɡrəfi/ [uncountable] a way of producing an image of the inside of the human body or a solid object using X-rays or ultrasound * Computed Tomography * CT scan * CAT scan A CT scan, also called X-ray computed tomography (X-ray CT) and computerized axial tomography scan (CAT scan), makes use of computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional (tomographic) images (virtual "slices") of specific areas of a scanned object, allowing the user to see inside the object without cutting. ex) When the members of the group were 40 to 46 years old, they used computed tomography to measure coronary artery calcification, a marker of atherosclerosis and a risk factor for cardiovascular disease.

Answer 40

coronary artery noun BrE ; NAmE (anatomy) either of the two arteries that supply blood to the heart ex) When the members of the group were 40 to 46 years old, they used computed tomography to measure coronary artery calcification, a marker of atherosclerosis and a risk factor for cardiovascular disease.

Answer 41

calcification noun BrE /ˌkælsɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/ ; NAmE /ˌkælsɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/ [uncountable](specialist) the process of becoming hard when calcium salts are added ex) When the members of the group were 40 to 46 years old, they used computed tomography to measure coronary artery calcification, a marker of atherosclerosis and a risk factor for cardiovascular disease.

Answer 42

multiple sclerosis noun BrE ; NAmE [uncountable] (abbreviation MS) a disease of the nervous system that gets worse over a period of time with loss of feeling and loss of control of movement and speech

Answer 43

1) (of an excuse or explanation) reasonable and likely to be true ex) There are plausible mechanisms for the connection, including stress-induced increases in inflammation, which in animal models have been linked to a variety of ailments. Her story sounded perfectly plausible. The only plausible explanation is that he forgot.

Answer 44

an illness that is not very serious ex) There are plausible mechanisms for the connection, including stress-induced increases in inflammation, which in animal models have been linked to a variety of ailments. childhood/common/minor ailments I got all the usual childhood ailments. Below is a list of common childhood ailments.

Answer 45

2) to act or behave in the way that somebody else has just done ex) Mexico, by far the heftiest country in the world, began imposing 1 peso for every liter in 2013. That led to a 6% reduction in soda consumption in 2014. France, Norway, Finland and about 30 states in the U.S. followed suit.

Answer 46

a Mexican peso ex) How many of these adobe dollars does it take to buy a can of pop here?

Answer 47

to become ill; to sicken ex) Chipotle, the popular Mexican restaurant is taking drastic action, closing 43 restaurants in two states after 22 people fell ill, raising fears of an E. coli outbreak.

Answer 48

a type of bacteria that lives inside humans and some animals, some forms of which can cause food poisoning ex) Chipotle, the popular Mexican restaurant is taking drastic action, closing 43 restaurants in two states after 22 people fell ill, raising fears of an E. coli outbreak.

Answer 49

used to describe somebody who is hoping to become the type of person mentioned ex) Popular Mexican food chain Chipotle closing 43 of its restaurants in Oregon and Washington state, would-be patrons were greeted with this message on the door. "FYI, We are closed due to a supply chain issue." a would-be actor advice for would-be parents

Answer 50

general health and happiness ex) The safety and well-being of our customers is always our highest priority. emotional/physical/psychological well-being to have a sense of well-being We try to ensure the well-being of our employees. * the state of being healthy ex) wellness and disease prevention a wellness centre offering yoga and tai chi

Answer 51

incubation noun BrE /ˌɪŋkjuˈbeɪʃn/ ; NAmE /ˌɪŋkjuˈbeɪʃn/ [countable] (also incubation period) (medical or biology) the time between somebody being infected with a disease and the appearance of the first symptoms (= signs) ex) And because symptoms could take more than a week to show up, health officials expect the number of victims to rise. The incubation period of the virus is 24 to 48 hours.

Answer 52

* pink slime * lean beef trimmings * ground beef * finely textured beef * lean finely textured beef * boneless lean beef trimmings / BLBT a meat-based product used as a food additive to ground beef and beef-based processed meats, as a filler or to reduce the overall fat content of ground beef. ex) The company All American Meats is now recalling 167,000 pounds of ground beef over fears of E. coli as well.

Answer 53

1) [transitive, intransitive] to clean something by rubbing it hard, perhaps with a brush and usually with soap and water ex) Tonight, Chipotle is scrubbing its shuttered restaurants and under fire, this lawsuit filed by an E. coli victim claiming a burrito bowl she ate made her so sick she needed medical attention a week later, claiming the pain was so severe, she missed and will continue to miss work because of her illness. I found him in the kitchen, scrubbing the floor. He stepped into the shower and scrubbed himself all over. She scrubbed the counters down with bleach. The woman scrubbed at her face with a tissue. Scrub the vegetables clean.

Answer 54

* Eastern Standard Time noun BrE ; NAmE [uncountable] (abbreviation EST) (also Eastern time) the time used in the winter in the eastern US and Canada, which is five hours earlier than UTC * Pacific Standard Time noun BrE ; NAmE [uncountable] (abbreviation PST) the time used in winter in the western parts of Canada and the US that is eight hours earlier than UTC ex) Most but not all of the victims have told health officials they ate at Chipotle, leading the restaurant chain to voluntarily close 43 restaurants in the Pacific Northwest, even though a direct link is uncertain.

Answer 55

2) [countable] a statement in which somebody admits that something is true, especially something wrong or bad that they have done ex) We're gonna turn now to a stunning new admission from Volkswagen tonight. He is a thief by his own admission (= he has admitted it). an admission of guilt/failure/defeat The minister's resignation was an admission that she had lied.

Answer 56

3) not normal; not according to the usual rules synonym abnormal ex) The company's internal investigation now revealing 800,000 additional vehicles with irregular carbon dioxide emission levels. an irregular practice His behaviour is highly irregular.

Answer 57

1) a child of a particular person or couple ex) Does exercise during pregnancy lead to exercise-loving offspring? the problems parents have with their teenage offspring to produce/raise offspring 2) the young of an animal or plant ex) Female badgers may give birth to as many as five offspring. The beast was believed to be the offspring of a panther.

Answer 58

rodent noun BrE /ˈrəʊdnt/ ; NAmE /ˈroʊdnt/ any small animal that belongs to a group of animals with strong sharp front teeth. Mice, rats and squirrels are all rodents. ex) Mice born to mothers that run during their pregnancies grow up to be rodents that love to run as adults, according to a thought-provoking new animal experiment, while pups with sedentary moms had a less-enthusiastic attitude toward exercise.

Answer 59

making people think seriously about a particular subject or issue ex) Mice born to mothers that run during their pregnancies grow up to be rodents that love to run as adults, according to a thought-provoking new animal experiment, while pups with sedentary moms had a less-enthusiastic attitude toward exercise. a brilliant and thought-provoking play

Answer 60

1) = puppy 2) a young animal of various species (= types) ex) Mice born to mothers that run during their pregnancies grow up to be rodents that love to run as adults, according to a thought-provoking new animal experiment, while pups with sedentary moms had a less-enthusiastic attitude toward exercise. a seal pup

Answer 61

to be a common feature in a particular family ex) Most of us have probably observed that activity patterns tend to run in families, a situation that has been confirmed in studies involving both people and animals. Heart disease runs in the family.

Answer 62

1) related to or typical of a family ex) Logically, home environment and nurture influence familial activity levels; children learn from and mimic their parents. 2) (medical) (of diseases, conditions, etc.) affecting several members of a family ex) familial left-handedness

Answer 63

1) having an effect on something ex) Recent science, however, suggests that there are other, deeper biological influences at work as well, including genetics. There is a hidden force at work here. That's called 'community spirit.' She suspected that secret influences were at work.

Answer 64

1) a small piece of something, especially information or news ex) A number of studies have identified various snippets of DNA that, if someone carries them, predispose that person to be quite active, while other gene variations may nudge someone toward being a couch potato. Have you got any interesting snippets for me? a snippet of information 2) a short piece of a conversation, piece of music, etc.

Answer 65

1) to influence somebody so that they are likely to think or behave in a particular way; to make someone likely to think, feel, or behave in a particular way ex) A number of studies have identified various snippets of DNA that, if someone carries them, predispose that person to be quite active, while other gene variations may nudge someone toward being a couch potato. Is there a set of conditions that predisposes a nation to revolution? He believes that some people are predisposed to criminal behaviour. Her good mood predisposed her to enjoy the play. 2) predispose somebody to something to make it likely that you will suffer from a particular illness ex) a mutation that predisposes some people to lung cancer Stress can predispose people to heart attacks. He has a predisposition to breast cancer. The gene predisposes the carrier to breast cancer.

Answer 66

to happen after or as a result of another event synonym follow ex) After a week with wheels, the females were matched with male mice from the same genetic line. Pregnancies ensued. An argument ensued. The riot police swooped in and chaos ensued.

Answer 67

(of a female animal) pregnant ex) The other mice were allowed o continue running at will throughout their pregnancies, and they did keep running, although their distance and speed declined as they grew heavy with young.

Answer 68

wean somebody/something (off/from something) to gradually stop feeding a baby or young animal with its mother’s milk and start feeding it with solid food ex) After the babies were born and weaned, the pups were removed to their own cages, without wheels. He was weaned off at 12 months. Leopard cubs are weaned at three months. * to make somebody gradually stop doing or using something ex) It's hard to wean drug addicts off of their favorite highs. The doctor tried to wean her off sleeping pills. ** [usually passive] to make somebody experience something regularly, especially from an early age ex) He was weaned on a diet of rigid discipline and duty.

Answer 69

1) emulate somebody/something (formal) to try to do something as well as somebody else because you admire them ex) Their cages were separated from those of the adult mice, so the young mice would not have watched their mothers working out and tried to emulate them. She hopes to emulate her sister's sporting achievements.

Answer 70

to move or make something move up and down or from side to side with short quick movements ex) It may be that the mother's physical movements jiggle the womb slightly in ways that alter fetal brain development in parts of the brain devoted to motor control and behavior; or that certain biochemicals produced by the mom during exercise pass through the placenta, affecting the baby's physiology and gene activity lifelong. Stop jiggling around! She jiggled with the lock. He stood jiggling his car keys in his hand. Ken was jiggling the settings on his camera.

Answer 71

placenta noun BrE /pləˈsentə/ ; NAmE /pləˈsentə/ (also the placenta) (anatomy) the material that comes out of a woman or female animal’s body after a baby has been born, and which was necessary to feed and protect the baby synonym afterbirth ex) It may be that the mother's physical movements jiggle the womb slightly in ways that alter fetal brain development in parts of the brain devoted to motor control and behavior; or that certain biochemicals produced by the mom during exercise pass through the placenta, affecting the baby's physiology and gene activity lifelong.

Answer 72

10) [transitive] (formal) to give birth to a child ex) Those of us who have borne children know how exhausting the experience can be. She was not able to bear children. She had borne him six sons.

Answer 73

2) [usually singular] approval of or permission for something ex) But, he said, if a pregnant woman - with her doctor's blessings - can walk, jog, swim or otherwise be physically active, she may improve her own health and also, just possibly, instill an incipient love of exercise in the child growing within her. The government gave its blessing to the new plans. He went with his parents' blessing.

Answer 74

just beginning ex) But, he said, if a pregnant woman - with her doctor's blessings - can walk, jog, swim or otherwise be physically active, she may improve her own health and also, just possibly, instill an incipient love of exercise in the child growing within her. signs of incipient unrest

Answer 75

to be the thing that makes somebody/something either a success or a failure ex) This is potentially a 'make-or-break' problem for the nation, but they ignored it and remained nonchalant to say the least. This movie will make or break him as a director. It's make-or-break time for the company.

Answer 76

behaving in a calm and relaxed way; giving the impression that you are not feeling any anxiety synonym casual ex) This is potentially a 'make-or-break' problem for the nation, but they ignored it and remained nonchalant to say the least. to appear/look/sound nonchalant ‘It'll be fine,’ she replied, with a nonchalant shrug.

Answer 77

to stop something when it has just begun because you can see that problems will come from it ex) You could've just 'nipped it in the bud.'

Answer 78

2) (of an excuse, a plan, an argument, etc.) carefully prepared so that it contains no mistakes, faults or weaknesses ex) So what is the key to survival then? A keen look at things to come and watertight preparedness. a watertight alibi The case has to be made watertight.

Answer 79

(saying) it is better to deal with something immediately because if you wait it may become worse or more difficult and cause extra work

Answer 80

paying careful attention to every detail synonym fastidious, thorough ex) The answer is, meticulous future prediction and thorough preparation. meticulous planning/records/research Their room had been prepared with meticulous care. She planned her trip in meticulous detail. He's always meticulous in keeping the records up to date. My father was meticulous about his appearance.

Answer 81

a situation that is full of confusion, especially because somebody has made a mistake synonym muddle ex) We turn next here to a major lawsuit, a group of women coming together to sue over a birth control mix-up. There has been a mix-up over the dates.

Answer 82

parent company a company or organization that owns or controls a smaller company or organization of the same type A parent company(owners) is a company that owns enough voting stock in another firm to control management and operation by doing and influencing or electing its board of directors; the second company being deemed as a subsidiary of the parent company.

Answer 83

contraception noun BrE /ˌkɒntrəˈsepʃn/ ; NAmE /ˌkɑːntrəˈsepʃn/ [uncountable] the practice of preventing a woman from becoming pregnant; the methods of doing this synonym birth control ex) As a result, the plaintiffs claim they were taking placebo sugar pills, intended for the week of menstruation, at the wrong time of the month, leaving them without adequate contraception. to give advice about contraception

Answer 84

* plaintiff noun BrE /ˈpleɪntɪf/ ; NAmE /ˈpleɪntɪf/ (less frequent complainant) (law) a person who makes a formal complaint against somebody in court ex) As a result, the plaintiffs claim they were taking placebo sugar pills, intended for the week of menstruation, at the wrong time of the month, leaving them without adequate contraception. The court upheld the plaintiff’s claim for damages. The plaintiff must prove that the defendant was negligent. * defendant noun BrE /dɪˈfendənt/ ; NAmE /dɪˈfendənt/ the person in a trial who is accused of committing a crime, or who is being sued by another person

Answer 85

used to say that something should have happened before now ex) That packaging error prompted an FDA recall in 2011, but not before these women say they unintentionally became pregnant. He offered her a sincere apology but not before she made up her mind to divorce him.

Answer 86

contraceptive noun BrE /ˌkɒntrəˈseptɪv/ ; NAmE /ˌkɑːntrəˈseptɪv/ a drug, device or practice used to prevent a woman from becoming pregnant ex) oral contraceptives

Answer 87

to declare a state of emergency

Answer 88

downplay something to make people think that something is less important than it really is synonym play down ex) The US Olympic Committee is advising athletes to listen to the CDC while Olympic officials in Rio are trying to downplay the threat. The coach is downplaying the team's poor performance.

Answer 89

(formal) concerning somebody/something ex) US soccer's chief medical officer tells us, members of the US women's soccer team, who have won three consecutive Olympic gold medals, are taking all necessary precautions in regard to the Zika virus. a country’s laws in regard to human rights The company's position with regard to overtime is made clear in their contracts.

Answer 90

sprinter noun BrE /ˈsprɪntə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈsprɪntər/ a person who runs, swims, etc. very fast over a short distance in a race ex) For 33-year-old US sprinter DeeDee Trotter, there's no question at all. Olympic sprinters

Answer 91

drinkathon (drunkathon) (informal) A prolonged session of drinking alcohol

Answer 92

Finish up! Finish him off!

Answer 93

1) ill-prepared (for something) not ready, especially because you were not expecting something to happen ex) One of the sobering lessons of the Ebola crisis was how ill-prepared the world was for such a deadly disease. The team was ill-prepared for a disaster on that scale. 2) badly planned or organized an ill-prepared speech

Answer 94

present in large numbers; full of people, animals, etc. that are moving around ex) It is terrifying to reflect on how the virus's advance was halted in the teeming city of Lagos thanks only to the heroism of a single doctor and because the place just happened to have the expertise needed to trace all of the first victim's contacts. teeming insects the teeming streets of the city Families were attempting to survive on their own on the teeming streets of Manila. * (also be teeming with something) to be full of people, animals, etc. moving around ex) The streets were teeming with tourists. a river teeming with fish

Answer 95

SARS noun BrE /sɑːz/ ; NAmE /sɑːrz/ [uncountable] the abbreviation for ‘severe acute respiratory syndrome’ (an illness that is easily spread from person to person, which affects the lungs and can sometimes cause death) ex) Today the world is facing a worrying outbreak of Zika virus, adding to a growing list of diseases that includes SARS, MERS and bird flu. No new SARS cases have been reported in the region.

Answer 96

``` bird flu noun BrE ; NAmE (also chicken flu) (formal avian flu) [uncountable] ``` a serious illness that affects birds, especially chickens, that can be spread from birds to humans and that can cause death ex) Today the world is facing a worrying outbreak of Zika virus, adding to a growing list of diseases that includes SARS, MERS and bird flu. Ten new cases of bird flu were reported yesterday.

Answer 97

40 is the new 30.

Answer 98

(of a disease) that spreads over a whole country or the whole world ex) a pandemic disease * a disease that spreads over a whole country or the whole world ex) Predicting these losses is hard, but a recent report on global health risks puts the expected economic losses from potential pandemics at around $60 billion a year.

Answer 99

(informal) to make something bigger, better, more interesting, etc. ex) As the threat grows, so does the case for beefing up defences against disease. Security has been beefed up for the royal visit. They’re taking on more workers to beef up production.

Answer 100

1) the act of making parts of something, groups of people, etc. work together in an efficient and organized way ex) The money would strengthen public-health systems, improve co-ordination in an emergency and fund neglected areas of R&D. a need for greater coordination between departments a lack of coordination in conservation policy a pamphlet produced by the government in coordination with (= working together with) the Sports Council advice on colour coordination (= choosing colours that look nice together, for example in clothes or furniture)

Answer 101

lassa fever noun BrE /ˈlæsə fiːvə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈlæsə fiːvər/ [uncountable] a serious disease, usually caught from rats and found especially in W Africa ex) But the priority should be to advance vaccines for diseases that are rare today, but which scientists know could easily become pandemics in the future: Lassa fever, say, Crimean Congo haemorrhagic fever or Marburg.

Answer 102

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is caused by infection with a tick-borne virus (Nairovirus) in the family Bunyaviridae. The disease was first characterized in the Crimea in 1944 and given the name Crimean hemorrhagic fever. It was then later recognized in 1969 as the cause of illness in the Congo, thus resulting in the current name of the disease. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever is found in Eastern Europe, particularly in the former Soviet Union, throughout the Mediterranean, in northwestern China, central Asia, southern Europe, Africa, the Middle East, and the Indian subcontinent. ex) But the priority should be to advance vaccines for diseases that are rare today, but which scientists know could easily become pandemics in the future: Lassa fever, say, Crimean Congo haemorrhagic fever or Marburg.

Answer 103

happening with or caused by haemorrhage ex) But the priority should be to advance vaccines for diseases that are rare today, but which scientists know could easily become pandemics in the future: Lassa fever, say, Crimean Congo haemorrhagic fever or Marburg. a haemorrhagic fever

Answer 104

Marburg disease noun BrE /ˈmɑːbɜːɡ dɪziːz/ ; NAmE /ˈmɑːrbɜːrɡ dɪziːz/ [uncountable] a very serious African disease which causes severe loss of blood from inside the body ex) But the priority should be to advance vaccines for diseases that are rare today, but which scientists know could easily become pandemics in the future: Lassa fever, say, Crimean Congo haemorrhagic fever or Marburg.

Answer 105

1) to become less strong ex) Those fears have not let up, though this month the Chinese central bank did report an abrupt, puzzling slowdown in the outflows in February. The pain finally let up. 2) to make less effort ex) We mustn't let up now.

Answer 106

The term commercial property (also called commercial real estate, investment or income property) refers to buildings or land intended to generate a profit, either from capital gain or rental income. ex) In 2015, loans held by American banks expanded at the fastest pace since 2007, driven mainly by commercial-property loans and also by car loans, credit cards and residential mortgages.

Answer 107

2) [transitive, intransitive] to do something that is against your principles or does not reach standards that you have set ex) The surge far outpaced growth in the overall economy last year, a sign that too much money may be chasing too few good opportunities and that lenders may be compromising standards. I refuse to compromise my principles. We are not prepared to compromise on safety standards.

Answer 108

3) (of business activity) done in the hope of making a profit but involving the risk of losing money ex) Another lesson was that banks, hedge funds and other financial firms are often linked through speculative bets they place on financial developments. speculative investment

Answer 109

3) [intransitive] (formal) to have a strong effect on people for a long time or over a large area ex) Regulators should be anticipating how this could reverberate through the financial system. Repercussions of the case continue to reverberate through the financial world.

Answer 110

An exercise stress test usually involves walking on a treadmill or riding a stationary bike while your heart rhythm, blood pressure and breathing are monitored. Your doctor may recommend an exercise stress test if he or she suspects you have coronary artery disease or an irregular heart rhythm (arrhythmia). ex) Regulators do know more now about the vulnerabilities in the financial system, thanks in part to the increasing rigor of bank stress tests required under the Dodd-Frank financial reform law of 2010.

Answer 111

1) to make a liquid weaker by adding water synonym dilute 2) [usually passive] to change a speech, a piece of writing, etc. in order to make it less strong or offensive synonym dilute ex) Even in areas where regulations under Dodd-Frank have been delayed and watered down, like rules to limit banks' involvement with hedge funds, regulatory pressure and market forces have led banks to curtail some of the riskiest activities.

Answer 112

2) (of speech or writing) difficult to understand; not clear synonym impenetrable opposite transparent ex) But the system is still too opaque, and resistance to regulation remains fierce. The jargon in his talk was opaque to me. Most people found the theory rather opaque.

Answer 113

1) a thing or person that reduces a shock or protects somebody/something against difficulties ex) Mutual funds, for instance, are opposing a rule that would require them to hold more reserves as a buffer against large and sudden redemptions. Support from family and friends acts as a buffer against stress. She often had to act as a buffer between father and son. The organization acts as a buffer between the management and the union. a buffer state (= a small country between two powerful states that helps keep peace between them) a buffer zone (= an area of land between two opposing armies or countries) Peacekeepers have been sent in to establish a buffer zone between the rival forces.

Answer 114

1) (formal) the act of saving or state of being saved from the power of evil; the act of redeeming ex) the redemption of the world from sin Redeem yourself! 2) (finance) the act of exchanging shares for money (= of redeeming them) ex) Mutual funds, for instance, are opposing a rule that would require them to hold more reserves as a buffer against large and sudden redemptions.

Answer 115

waiting to happen to somebody ex) Predicting what's in for us matters equally much for national as well as corporate management. We don't know what life holds in store for us. If she had known what lay in store for her, she would never have agreed to go. They think it'll be easy but they have a surprise in store.

Answer 116

in a way that is the opposite or reverse of something ex) It will ensure them survival, or even a great leap forward. Conversely, if you don't get it right, you'll fall. You can add the fluid to the powder, or, conversely, the powder to the fluid. Women suffering from anorexia are still convinced that their thin, frail bodies are fat and unsightly. Conversely, some people who are a great deal heavier than they should be can persuade themselves that they are ‘just right’.

Answer 117

15) used after numbers to show the size of a group ex) Yulgok, a famous scholar, made a case for creating and training what's now known as "100,000-strong troops" for the future invasion 10 years before the attack. a 5 000-strong crowd The crowd was 5 000 strong.

Answer 118

author something (formal) to be the author of a book, report, etc. ex) Yulgok, a famous scholar, made a case for creating and training what's now known as "100,000-strong troops" for the future invasion 10 years before the attack.

Answer 119

a child between the ages of about 10 and 12 synonym pre-teen

Answer 120

the complete range of a particular kind of thing ex) The young marriages run the gamut - they're teens of every ethnicity and religion, many are American-born, and they're not all being forced into arranged marriages. The network will provide the gamut of computer services to your home. She felt she had run the (whole) gamut of human emotions from joy to despair. The exhibition runs the whole gamut of artistic styles.

Answer 121

3) -born (in compounds) born in the order, way, place, etc. mentioned ex) The young marriages run the gamut - they're teens of every ethnicity and religion, many are American-born, and they're not all being forced into arranged marriages. firstborn nobly born French-born

Answer 122

You use the fact of the matter is or the truth of the matter is to introduce a fact which supports what you are saying or which is not widely known, for example because it is a secret. ex) I know how strongly you think you know what you want at that age, but the truth of the matter is I was a kid when I got married. The fact of the matter is that most people consume far more protein than they actually need...

Answer 123

done by people who are too young by law ex) Data collected by the Tahirih Justice Center from New York, New Jersey, Maryland and Virginia shows some 14,000 underage marriages in 10 years. underage drinking

Answer 124

1) waiting to be decided or settled ex) Atterbeary's pushing a bill to tighten those loopholes, and even stricter measures are pending in New Jersey and New York, where assembly member Amy Paulin wants to ban all marriages under 18. Nine cases are still pending. a pending file/tray (= where you put letters, etc. you are going to deal with soon) 2) going to happen soon synonym imminent ex) An election is pending in Italy. his pending departure * a long straight part with a weight at the end that moves regularly from side to side to control the movement of a clock (figurative) ex) In education, the pendulum has swung back to traditional teaching methods. the pendulum of public opinion

Answer 125

(US, of an elected executive) To sign legislation as a mark of official approval ex) Another measure in Virginia was just signed into law. The president signed it into law.

Answer 126

the crime of having sex with somebody who is not legally old enough ex) State Sen. Jill Vogel filed it after hearing that a man in his 50s was in a relationship with a 15-year-old girl. That's statutory rape. * fixed by law; that must be done by law ex) The authority failed to carry out its statutory duties. When you buy foods you have certain statutory rights.

Answer 127

to move nearer to somebody/something, especially in order to attack them ex) But when investigators started closing in on him, he married the girl, making it no longer a crime. The lions closed in on their prey.

Answer 128

1) (North American English, formal or British English) shocking; extremely bad ex) People said, how is it possible that in Virginia that's allowed? You know, it's just appalling. The prisoners were living in appalling conditions. 2) (informal) very bad ex) The bus service is appalling now. It was one of the most appalling atrocities of the war. The regime has an appalling record on human rights.

Answer 129

a person who is opposed to vaccination, typically a parent who does not wish to vaccinate their child; someone who believes that vaccinations are harmful to human health and so refuses to vaccinate their children against childhood diseases ex) Some Western countries have lower vaccination rates than poor parts of Africa. Anti-vaxxers are not the main culprits. To most of us with a science background, anti-vaxxer nonsense seems as persuasive as ghost stories or UFO chasing.

Answer 130

to destroy or get rid of something completely, especially something bad synonym wipe out ex) Eradicating a disease is the sort of aim that rich countries come up with, and poor ones struggle to reach. Diphtheria has been virtually eradicated in the United States. We are determined to eradicate racism from our sport.

Answer 131

to return to one's former (successful) career ex) But as memories of the toll from infectious diseases fade across the rich world, in some places they are making a comeback. After ten years in retirement, the singer made a comeback. You're never too old to make a comeback.

Answer 132

smallpox noun BrE /ˈsmɔːlpɒks/ ; NAmE /ˈsmɔːlpɑːks/ [uncountable] a serious infectious disease (now extremely rare) that causes fever, leaves permanent marks on the skin and often causes death ex) Smallpox was eradicated in 1980 with the help of a vaccine; polio should soon follow. In 1742 he suffered a fatal attack of smallpox.

Answer 133

polio noun BrE /ˈpəʊliəʊ/ ; NAmE /ˈpoʊlioʊ/ (formal poliomyelitis BrE /ˌpəʊliəʊˌmaɪəˈlaɪtɪs/ ; NAmE /ˌpoʊlioʊˌmaɪəˈlaɪtɪs/ ) [uncountable] an infectious disease that affects the central nervous system and can cause temporary or permanent paralysis (= loss of control or feeling in part or most of the body) ex) Smallpox was eradicated in 1980 with the help of a vaccine; polio should soon follow.

Answer 134

herd immunity general immunity to a pathogen in a population based on the acquired immunity to it by a high proportion of members over time ex) At least 95% of people must be vaccinated to stop its spread (a threshold known as "herd immunity").

Answer 135

1) (of a disease or medical condition) existing since or before birth ex) The trends for other vaccine-preventable diseases, such as rubella, which can cause congenital disabilities if a pregnant woman catches it, are alarming, too. congenital abnormalities Half of all fetuses with the syndrome have a congenital heart defect.

Answer 136

a bad situation that you find upsetting ex) This sorry state of affairs is often blamed on hardline "anti-vaxxers", parents who refuse all vaccines for their children. It's a sad state of affairs when schools don't provide a basic education for their students.

Answer 137

consisting of many different types of people or things that do not seem to belong together ex) They are a motley lot. She had a motley group of friends at college. The room was filled with a motley collection of furniture and paintings. The audience was a motley crew of students and tourists.

Answer 138

spurn somebody/something to reject or refuse somebody/something, especially in a proud way synonym shun ex) The Amish in American spurn modern medicine, along with almost everything else invented since the 17th century. Eve spurned Mark's invitation. a spurned lover The president spurned the tight security surrounding him and adopted a more intimate style of campaigning.

Answer 139

1) [countable] a god or goddess ex) Greek/Roman/Hindu deities 2) the Deity [singular] (formal) God

Answer 140

to prevent somebody from doing what they want to do synonym frustrate ex) The Protestant Dutch Reformed Church thinks vaccines thwart divine will. thwart somebody’s plans She was thwarted in her attempt to take control of the party.

Answer 141

(used for linking two nouns) and; as well as ex) Anthroposophy, founded in the 19th century by Rudolf Steiner, an Austrian mystic-cum-philosopher, preaches that diseases strengthen children's physical and mental development. a bedroom-cum-study He’s a barman-cum-waiter.

Answer 142

a person who refuses to obey an order or law as a protest ex) In most countries such refuseniks are only 2-3% of parents.

Answer 143

to choose only those things that you like or want very much ex) A bigger problem, though, is the growing number of parents who delay vaccination, or pick and choose jabs. You have to take any job you can get—you can't pick and choose.

Answer 144

3) (idiomatic) To be classified as; to fall under. ex) Studies from America, Australia and Europe suggest that about a quarter of parents fall into this group, generally because they think that the standard vaccination schedule, which protects against around a dozen diseases, "overloads" children's immune systems, or that particular vaccines are unsafe. That falls into three categories.

Answer 145

2) overload somebody (with something) to give somebody too much of something ex) Studies from America, Australia and Europe suggest that about a quarter of parents fall into this group, generally because they think that the standard vaccination schedule, which protects against around a dozen diseases, "overloads" children's immune systems, or that particular vaccines are unsafe. He's overloaded with responsibilities. Don't overload the students with information.

Answer 146

ostracize somebody (formal) to refuse to let somebody be a member of a social group; to refuse to meet or talk to somebody synonym shun ex) Members of this poor and ostracised minority are shunned by health workers and often go unvaccinated. He was ostracized by his colleagues for refusing to support the strike. The regime risks being ostracized by the international community.

Answer 147

primary care noun BrE ; NAmE (also primary health care BrE ; NAmE ) [uncountable] the medical treatment that you receive first when you are ill/sick, for example from your family doctor ex) primary care doctor / physician (PCP) / provider (PCP) * secondary care ** tertiary care tertiary adjective BrE /ˈtɜːʃəri/ ; NAmE /ˈtɜːrʃieri/ , /ˈtɜːrʃəri/ third in order, rank or importance ex) the tertiary sector (= the area of industry that deals with services rather than materials or goods) (British English) tertiary education (= at university or college level)

Answer 148

debunk something to show that an idea, a belief, etc. is false; to show that something is not as good as people think it is ex) Many were shaken by a claim, later debunked, that there was a link between autism and the MMR vaccine, which protects against measles, mumps and rubella. His theories have been debunked by recent research. Let’s start by debunking a few myths. She attempts to debunk unrealistic expectations about marriage.

Answer 149

to fail to benefit from something useful or enjoyable by not taking part in it ex) In America, some poor children miss out on vaccines despite a federal programme to provide the jabs free, since they have no regular relationship with a family doctor. Of course I'm coming—I don't want to miss out on all the fun!

Answer 150

shun somebody/something to avoid somebody/something ex) Members of this poor and ostracised minority are shunned by health workers and often go unvaccinated. She was shunned by her family when she remarried. an actor who shuns publicity The company has long been shunned by ethical investors.

Answer 151

to cause problems for somebody ex) Several governments are trying to raise vaccination rates by making life harder for parents who do not vaccinate their children. She does everything she can to make life difficult for him. My boss seems to enjoy making life difficult for me.

Answer 152

2) [transitive] confer something (on/upon somebody) to give somebody an award, a university degree or a particular honour or right ex) The previous year, in a quarter of schools too few children had been vaccinated against measles to confer herd immunity. An honorary degree was conferred on him by Oxford University in 2009.

Answer 153

2) [transitive] to stop giving or offering something to somebody ex) Australia's new "no jabs, no pay" law withdraws child benefits from parents who do not vaccinate, unless they have sound medical reasons. Workers have threatened to withdraw their labour (= go on strike). He withdrew his support for our campaign. Unless you return the form within seven days, the offer will be withdrawn. The drug was withdrawn from sale after a number of people suffered serious side effects.

Answer 154

1) a sudden strong hit with something pointed or with a fist (= a tightly closed hand) ex) She gave him a jab in the stomach with her elbow. a boxer’s left jab Scott gave him a sharp left jab to the ribs. As a response he got a sharp jab in the stomach with a rifle. 2) (British English, informal) an injection to help prevent you from catching a disease ex) A bigger problem, though, is the growing number of parents who delay vaccination, or pick and choose jabs. a flu jab

Answer 155

7) [countable, uncountable] an ability or a skill that you can develop with training and practice ex) Persuasion, a fine art a therapist trained in the art of healing Letter-writing is a lost art nowadays. Appearing confident at interviews is quite an art (= rather difficult).

Answer 156

1) to choose not to take part in something ex) Rates in some American states where parents can easily opt out are as high as in West Virginia and Mississippi, which have long allowed only medical exemptions. Employees may opt out of the company's pension plan. 2) (of a school or hospital in Britain) to choose not to be under the control of the local authority

Answer 157

1) forum (for something) a place where people can exchange opinions and ideas on a particular issue; a meeting organized for this purpose ex) This requires tracking information from search engines and following anti-vaccination websites and parents' forums. Television is now an important forum for political debate. an Internet forum to hold an international forum on drug abuse

Answer 158

a person who worries a lot about unpleasant things that have happened or that might happen ex) On one such forum, worriers say they have scoured government and vaccine-manufacturer websites but feel overwhelmed by information that they regard as inconclusive or contradictory. He’s such a worrier.

Answer 159

1) scour something (for somebody/something) to search a place or thing thoroughly in order to find somebody/something synonym comb ex) On one such forum, worriers say they have scoured government and vaccine-manufacturer websites but feel overwhelmed by information that they regard as inconclusive or contradictory. They scoured the forest for the murder suspect. We scoured the area for somewhere to pitch our tent. He had been scouring the papers for weeks, looking for a job. cf) screen me for cancer

Answer 160

designed to stop viruses such as HIV damaging the body ex) antiretroviral drugs Antiretroviral drugs are the only way to treat HIV.

Answer 161

2) (also astronomic) (informal) (of an amount, a price, etc.) very large ex) As everyone knows, Bill Gates, the richest man in the world, has been donating an astronomical amount of money, through a foundation he created, to help fight HIV/AIDS and improve education worldwide. cf) HIV carriers/AIDS patients - -> Not all HIV carriers are AIDS patients. the astronomical price of land for building The figures are astronomical.

Answer 162

seen in this light ex) Seen in these lights, donation in this country barely exists.

Answer 163

to fail to reach the standard that you expected or need; to not reach a particular level or to fail to achieve something that you were trying to do ex) Personal donations still fall far short of what corporations stump up. The hotel fell far short of their expectations. The party is likely to fall short of a parliamentary majority.

Answer 164

(British English, informal) to pay money for something synonym cough up ex) Personal donations still fall far short of what corporations stump up. We were asked to stump up for the repairs. Who is going to stump up the extra money?

Answer 165

no longer restricted, especially by legal, political or social considerations ex) But now, under Virginia's new law, 16 and 17-year-olds who want to marry have to first convince a judge that they should be legally emancipated. Are women now fully emancipated (= with the same rights and opportunities as men)? an emancipated young woman (= one with modern ideas about women’s place in society)

Answer 166

coerce somebody (into something/into doing something) | coerce somebody (to do something) (formal) to force somebody to do something by using threats ex) Someone would at least be looking to see if they're not being coerced, that the individual's mature enough to decide to marry, and that the marriage is not going to endanger the minor in any way. They were coerced into negotiating a settlement. She hadn’t coerced him in any way.

Answer 167

2) a way of escaping from a difficult situation ex) It seemed like marriage was the best way out. She was in a mess and could see no way out. She had taken the easy way out by returning the keys without a message.

Answer 168

``` unleash something (on/upon somebody/something) to suddenly let a strong force, emotion, etc. be felt or have an effect The government's proposals unleashed a storm of protest in the press. ```

Answer 169

1) statistics (informal stats) [plural] a collection of information shown in numbers ex) You can call up a grid of every baseball game being played, go directly to any game or see stats as you watch. crime/unemployment, etc. statistics According to official statistics the disease killed over 500 people. Statistics show that far more people are able to ride a bicycle than can drive a car. These statistics are misleading.

Answer 170

[singular] slew of something (informal, especially North American English) a large number or amount of something ex) None of these gadgets are cheap which is why a slew of websites and big box stores are anxious to buy your old phones. This year has seen a whole slew of novels set in Hong Kong.

Answer 171

a very large shop/store, built on one level and located outside a town, which sells goods at low prices ex) None of these gadgets are cheap which is why a slew of websites and big box stores are anxious to buy your old phones. When a big-box store opens, smaller retailers often go out of business. Efforts were made to limit big-box expansion.

Answer 172

1) [intransitive] (usually used in negative sentences) to take place or start to exist as expected or planned ex) Of all the big announcements, the one thing people consistently say they want the most never materialized. The promotion he had been promised failed to materialize.

Answer 173

a spacecraft designed to move around a planet or moon rather than to land on it ex) NASA's Mars orbiters has seen something only imagines: liquid water has been found on Mars. * 1) (literary) an object shaped like a ball, especially the sun or moon The red orb of the sun sank beneath the horizon.

Answer 174

a very small river; a small stream of water or other liquid ex) Look closely during the summer months, little rivulets, streaks develop 12-15 ft wide, a football field long. Rivulets of sweat ran down her back. Rain ran in tiny rivulets down the window.

Answer 175

2) a small vehicle used by astronauts for travelling on the surface of a planet ex) Right now, only rovers like Curiosity are on the surface of Mars, but with the discovery of water, a human visit becomes a bit more of a possibility.

Answer 176

(of water) containing a lot of salt synonym salty ex) That, scientists say, is salty, even briny water.

Answer 177

1) strand somebody to leave somebody in a place from which they have no way of leaving ex) It could also change a manned mission to Mars, dramatized in the new Matt Damon movie about a stranded astronaut. Snowstorms stranded thousands of tourists and dozens of jets at the airport. The strike left hundreds of tourists stranded at the airport.

Answer 178

[intransitive] to make short sharp sounds like something that is burning in a fire ex) No electric lights, mobile phones, radios crackling with cricket or televisions blaring Bollywood hits. A log fire crackled in the hearth. The radio crackled into life. (figurative) The atmosphere crackled with tension.

Answer 179

[intransitive, transitive] to make a loud unpleasant noise ex) No electric lights, mobile phones, radios crackling with cricket or televisions blaring Bollywood hits. police cars with lights flashing and sirens blaring Music blared out from the open window. The radio was blaring (out) rock music.

Answer 180

connected with the Middle Ages (about AD 1000 to AD 1450) ex) Its economy would be medieval: tailors without electric sewing machines; metalworkers without power lathes; farmers without water pumps. medieval architecture/castles/manuscripts the literature of the late medieval period

Answer 181

a machine that shapes pieces of wood or metal by holding and turning them against a fixed cutting tool ex) Its economy would be medieval: tailors without electric sewing machines; metalworkers without power lathes; farmers without water pumps.

Answer 182

kerosene noun (also kerosine) BrE /ˈkerəsiːn/ ; NAmE /ˈkerəsiːn/ [uncountable] a type of fuel oil that is made from petroleum and that is used in the engines of planes and for heat and light. In British English it is usually called paraffin when it is used for heat and light. ex) Nights would be lit only by the moon, cooking fires, candles and kerosene lamps.