MO Book 21 - Words 1 Flashcards
legionnaires’ disease noun
BrE ; NAmE [uncountable]
legionnaire noun
BrE /ˌliːdʒəˈneə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˌliːdʒəˈner/
a serious lung disease caused by bacteria, especially spread by air conditioning and similar systems
ex) We have new developments tonight in the deadly outbreak of Legionnaires’ disease, another fatal case now.
word noun
BrE /wɜːd/ ; NAmE /wɜːrd/
4) [singular] a piece of information or news
ex) Now we have word that one of those infected is planning to sue the city amid the warning from authorities that this bacteria can actually travel through the air up to 7 miles.
There’s been no word from them since before Christmas.
She sent word that she would be late.
If word gets out about the affair, he will have to resign.
Word has it that she’s leaving.
The word is they’ve split up.
He likes to spread the word about the importance of healthy eating.
yet adverb, conjunction
/jet/
7) used for emphasizing that someone or something is even bigger, better, worse, more etc than someone or something else
ex) Tonight, yet another case of Legionnaires’ disease in New York City, like the others, he contracted bacteria within miles of the five cooling towers where the bacteria has been discovered, bringing the total number up to 101.
Try not to overcook the beans, or better yet eat them raw.
The house is more expensive yet than any of the others we’ve looked at.
We woke to yet another grey rainy day.
disinfect verb
BrE /ˌdɪsɪnˈfekt/ ; NAmE /ˌdɪsɪnˈfekt/
1) disinfect something to clean something using a substance that kills bacteria
ex) A new requirement is going into effect today, saying all building owners in New York City must test and disinfect cooling towers within 14 days.
to disinfect a surface/room/wound
cooling tower noun
a large high round building used in industry for cooling water before it is used again
ex) A new requirement is going into effect today, saying all building owners in New York City must test and disinfect cooling towers within 14 days.
quite a/the something
informal quite some something
used to show that a person or thing is particularly impressive or unusual in some way
ex) It’s gonna be quite a task, because it could be thousands of these cooling towers all over the city.
She’s quite a beauty.
We found it quite a change when we moved to London.
He’s quite the little gentleman, isn’t he?
It must be quite some car.
wind something↔down
1) to bring a business, an activity, etc. to an end gradually over a period of time; draw or bring gradually to a close
ex) But they’re confident that the number of incidents is now winding down.
The government is winding down its nuclear programme.
The department is being wound down after the election.
The party started to wind down around 2.00 am.
The UN has decided to wind down the peacekeeping mission.
epicentre noun
(especially US English epicenter)
BrE /ˈepɪsentə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈepɪsentər/
2) (formal) the central point of something
ex) We’re just a few miles from the epicenter of that outbreak.
underscore verb
BrE /ˌʌndəˈskɔː(r)/ ; NAmE /ˌʌndərˈskɔːr/ (especially North American English)
(=underline) verb
BrE /ˌʌndəˈlaɪn/ ; NAmE /ˌʌndərˈlaɪn/
2) to emphasize or show that something is important or true
ex) But we cannot underscore that enough.
The report underlines the importance of pre-school education.
Her question underlined how little she understood him.
The report underlined that the project enjoyed considerable support in both countries.
It should be underlined that these are only preliminary findings.
His speech underscored the need for a clear policy.
sticker shock noun
BrE ; NAmE uncountable
the unpleasant feeling that people experience when they find that something is much more expensive than they expected
ex) Tonight, our team is getting answers after growing outrage over that life-saving drug and the sticker shock we reported on last night here.
outcry noun
BrE /ˈaʊtkraɪ/ ; NAmE /ˈaʊtkraɪ/ countable, uncountable
outcry (at/over/against something) a reaction of anger or strong protest shown by people in public
ex) But tonight, this 32-year-old CEO telling ABC News exclusively, he’s heard the public outcry.
an outcry over the proposed change
The new tax provoked a public outcry.
There was outcry at the judge’s statement.
A massive public outcry followed the revelations of ballot-rigging.
The cuts provoked an outcry against the government.
reiterate verb
BrE /riˈɪtəreɪt/ ; NAmE /riˈɪtəreɪt/ (formal)
to repeat something that you have already said, especially to emphasize it
ex) Shkreli says they still need to determine the cost, but he reiterates, they already give half of it away for free, or a dollar. For everyone else, he promises it will be less than $750 a pill.
reiterate an argument/a demand/an offer
The government has reiterated its commitment to economic reform.
Let me reiterate that we are fully committed to this policy.
‘I said “money”,’ he reiterated.
ammunition noun
BrE /ˌæmjuˈnɪʃn/ ; NAmE /ˌæmjuˈnɪʃn/ [uncountable]
1) a supply of bullets, etc. to be fired from guns
ex) Running out of ammunition in the war on germs.
The bandits escaped with a rifle and 120 rounds of ammunition.
They issued live ammunition to the troops.
A few of the men had run out of ammunition.
2) information that can be used against another person in an argument
ex) The letter gave her all the ammunition she needed.
These figures provide political ammunition to police chiefs arguing for more resources.
burn verb
BrE /bɜːn/ ; NAmE /bɜːrn/
7) [intransitive] if part of your body burns or is burning, it feels very hot and painful
ex) If it burns when you urinate, then you probably have a urinary-tract infection (UTI).
Your forehead’s burning. Have you got a fever?
Her cheeks burned with embarrassment.
소변을 보다 (formal)
urinate verb
BrE /ˈjʊərɪneɪt/ ; NAmE /ˈjʊrəneɪt/ intransitive
to get rid of urine from the body
ex) If it burns when you urinate, then you probably have a urinary-tract infection (UTI).
요로 감염증
urinary-tract infection (UTI)
ex) If it burns when you urinate, then you probably have a urinary-tract infection (UTI).
(생물) ~관, ~계
tract noun
BrE /trækt/ ; NAmE /trækt/
1) (biology) a system of connected organs or tissues along which materials or messages pass
ex) If it burns when you urinate, then you probably have a urinary-tract infection (UTI).
the digestive tract
the respiratory tract
a nerve tract
병원에서 치료 받거나 약국에서 약 처방 받을 때 한 번에 이뤄지는 일련의 치료(약).
course noun
BrE /kɔːs/ ; NAmE /kɔːrs/
11) [countable] course (of something) a series of medical treatments, pills, etc.
ex) Until recently, a short course of oral antibiotics would wipe out the bacteria causing the problem.
Patients often fail to take their full treatment course.
to prescribe a course of antibiotics
When taking antibiotics it is important to finish the course.
discover verb
BrE /dɪˈskʌvə(r)/ ; NAmE /dɪˈskʌvər/
(의도하지 않은 발견)
- uncover verb
BrE /ʌnˈkʌvə(r)/ ; NAmE /ʌnˈkʌvər/
(의도를 가지고 작정하고 알아냄)
1) discover something to be the first person to become aware that a particular place or thing exists
ex) Scientists have feared this day would come ever since Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928.
Cook is credited with discovering Hawaii.
Scientists around the world are working to discover a cure for AIDS.
2) to find somebody/something that was hidden or that you did not expect to find
ex) Police discovered a large stash of drugs while searching the house.
We discovered this beach while we were sailing around the island.
He was discovered hiding in a shed.
She was discovered dead at her home in Leeds.
3) to find out about something; to find some information about something
ex) They are discovering each other (썸 타는 중).
I’ve just discovered hang-gliding!
It was a shock to discover (that) he couldn’t read.
We never did discover why she gave up her job.
It was later discovered that the diaries were a fraud.
He was later discovered to be seriously ill.
4) [often passive] discover somebody to be the first person to realize that somebody is very good at singing, acting, etc. and help them to become successful and famous
ex) The singer was discovered while still at school.
* 1) uncover something to remove something that is covering something
ex) Uncover the pan and let the soup simmer.
Archaeologists have uncovered an entire Roman city.
2) uncover something to discover something that was previously hidden or secret
ex) Police have uncovered a plot to kidnap the President’s son.
It will be difficult to uncover the truth.
bout noun
BrE /baʊt/ ; NAmE /baʊt/
1) a short period of great activity; a short period during which there is a lot of a particular thing, usually something unpleasant
ex) Recent years have seen repeated bouts of hand-wringing.
a drinking bout
the latest bout of inflation
Regular exercise is better than occasional bouts of strenuous activity.
2) bout (of something) an attack or period of illness
ex) a severe bout of flu/coughing
He suffered occasional bouts of depression.
a bout with the flu
handwringing noun
/ˈhændˌrɪŋɪŋ/ [uncountable]
the behavior that comes from being nervous or worried
ex) Recent years have seen repeated bouts of hand-wringing.
The candidate and her supporters went through a lot of handwringing as they waited to see the results.
resort noun
BrE /rɪˈzɔːt/ ; NAmE /rɪˈzɔːrt/
- resort verb
BrE /rɪˈzɔːt/ ; NAmE /rɪˈzɔːrt/
2) [uncountable] resort to something the act of using something, especially something bad or unpleasant, because nothing else is possible
synonym recourse
ex) There are hopes that the conflict can be resolved without resort to violence.
3) the first/last/final resort the first or last course of action that you should or can take in a particular situation
ex) Doctors are increasingly turning to what were once treatments of last resort.
Strike action should be regarded as a last resort, when all attempts to negotiate have failed.
In the last resort (= in the end) everyone must decide for themselves.
- resort to something
to make use of something, especially something bad, as a means of achieving something, often because there is no other possible solution
synonym recourse
ex) He even resorted to violence to resolve the conflict.
They felt obliged to resort to violence.
They achieved their demands without having to resort to force.
We had to resort to another loan from the bank.
We may have to resort to using untrained staff.
crack verb
BrE /kræk/ ; NAmE /kræk/
7) [transitive] crack something to find the solution to a problem, etc; to find the way to do something difficult; to solve a complicated problem, or to find the answer to a mystery
ex) But bacteria are cracking these, too.
to crack the enemy’s code
(informal) After a year in this job I think I’ve got it cracked!
Detectives believe they are near to cracking the case.
It was a code that seemed impossible to crack.
crack it (=succeed in solving a particular problem): I’ve been trying all morning to get this to work, and I’ve finally cracked it.
절단하다
- 의학적 절차로써
- 범죄로써 (신체 훼손)
amputate verb
BrE /ˈæmpjuteɪt/ ; NAmE /ˈæmpjuteɪt/
[transitive, intransitive] amputate (something) to cut off somebody’s arm, leg, finger or toe in a medical operation
ex) Antibiotic resistance could set medicine back a century, to a time when infections often led to amputations.
He had to have both legs amputated.
They may have to amputate.
Her right arm became infected and had to be amputated.
- mutilate verb
BrE /ˈmjuːtɪleɪt/ ; NAmE /ˈmjuːtɪleɪt/
1) mutilate somebody/something to damage somebody’s body very severely, especially by cutting or tearing off part of it
ex) The body had been badly mutilated.
이식 (수술)
transplantation noun
BrE /ˌtrænsplɑːnˈteɪʃn/ ; NAmE /ˌtrænsplænˈteɪʃn/ ; BrE /ˌtrænzplɑːnˈteɪʃn/ ; NAmE /ˌtrænzplænˈteɪʃn/ [uncountable]
1) the process of taking an organ, skin, etc. from one person, animal, part of the body, etc. and putting it into or onto another
ex) Procedures such as heart surgery and organ transplantation, and the treatment of some cancers, would be far riskier without effective antibiotics.
liver/kidney/heart/lung/organ transplantation
patients who undergo bone marrow transplantation
오용 / 남용/ 과용
misuse noun
BrE /ˌmɪsˈjuːs/ ; NAmE /ˌmɪsˈjuːs/ [uncountable, countable, usually singular] (formal) the act of using something in a dishonest way or for the wrong purpose
ex) Misuse of antibiotics is speeding things up further.
alcohol/drug misuse
the misuse of power/authority
a misuse of public funds
- abuse noun
BrE /əˈbjuːs/ ; NAmE /əˈbjuːs/
1) [uncountable, singular] the use of something in a way that is wrong or harmful
ex) alcohol/drug/solvent abuse
The system of paying cash bonuses is open to abuse (= might be used in the wrong way).
He was arrested on charges of corruption and abuse of power.
What she did was an abuse of her position as manager.
** overuse noun
BrE /ˌəʊvəˈjuːs/ ; NAmE /ˌoʊvərˈjuːs/ [uncountable, singular]
the act of using something too much or too often
ex) Overuse of antibiotics - patients taking them for illnesses where they are ineffective, and farmers feeding them to animals to promote growth - increases the pool of resistant bacteria even more.
The problem of antibiotic overuse and misuse is not easy to control.
An overuse of graphics in reports can be an unwelcome distraction.
pool noun
BrE /puːl/ ; NAmE /puːl/
5) [countable] pool (of something) a group of people available for work when needed
ex) Overuse of antibiotics - patients taking them for illnesses where they are ineffective, and farmers feeding them to animals to promote growth - increases the pool of resistant bacteria even more.
a pool of cheap labour
a typing pool (= a group of people who share a company’s typing work)
veterinary adjective
BrE /ˈvetnri/ , /ˈvetrənəri/ ; NAmE /ˈvetərəneri/ [only before noun]
connected with caring for the health of animals
ex) A recent move to cut farmers’ use of antibiotics in America, where as much as four-fifths of all antibiotics (by weight) are fed to animals, should help - though exempting use for veterinary purposes leaves a loophole.
veterinary medicine/science
dispense verb
BrE /dɪˈspens/ ; NAmE /dɪˈspens/
- dispensary noun
BrE /dɪˈspensəri/ ; NAmE /dɪˈspensəri/ (pl. dispensaries)
1) dispense something (to somebody) (formal) to give out something to people
ex) The machine dispenses a range of drinks and snacks.
2) dispense something (to somebody) (formal) to provide something, especially a service, for people
ex) The organization dispenses free health care to the poor.
to dispense justice/advice
3) dispense something to prepare medicine and give it to people, as a job
ex) Better dispensing guidlines and diagnostic tools would also help, as would the greater use of some vaccines (preventing flu, for example, can cut the number of cases of pneumonia).
to dispense a prescription
(British English) to dispense medicine
(British English) a dispensing chemist
- 1) a place in a hospital, shop/store, etc. where medicines are prepared for patients
2) (old-fashioned) a place where patients are treated, especially one run by a charity
폐렴
pneumonia noun
BrE /njuːˈməʊniə/ ; NAmE /nuːˈmoʊniə/ [uncountable]
a serious illness affecting one or both lungs that makes breathing difficult
ex) Better dispensing guidlines and diagnostic tools would also help, as would the greater use of some vaccines (preventing flu, for example, can cut the number of cases of pneumonia).
She died from bronchial pneumonia.
위생
- 전체적인 위생 시설/관리 (특히 옛날 하수도 시설과 관련하여)
- (개인) 위생 (손 씻기 등)
sanitation noun
BrE /ˌsænɪˈteɪʃn/ ; NAmE /ˌsænɪˈteɪʃn/ [uncountable]
the equipment and systems that keep places clean, especially by removing human waste
ex) Cleaner hospitals and better public sanitation are even more important: in defeating tuberculosis in western Europe, hygiene played a bigger role than drugs.
disease resulting from poor sanitation
A lack of clean water and sanitation were the main problems.
- hygiene noun
BrE /ˈhaɪdʒiːn/ ; NAmE /ˈhaɪdʒiːn/ [uncountable]
the practice of keeping yourself and your living and working areas clean in order to prevent illness and disease
ex) food hygiene
personal hygiene
In the interests of hygiene, please wash your hands.
(폐)결핵
tuberculosis noun
BrE /tjuːˌbɜːkjuˈləʊsɪs/ ; NAmE /tuːˌbɜːrkjəˈloʊsɪs/ [uncountable]
(abbreviation TB)
a serious infectious disease in which swellings appear on the lungs and other parts of the body
ex) Cleaner hospitals and better public sanitation are even more important: in defeating tuberculosis in western Europe, hygiene played a bigger role than drugs.
~부류, 종류
- 동물, 약물, 사람, 사물 등…
- 식물, 언어 등…
- 박테리아, 미생물, 균 등..
* class noun BrE /klɑːs/ ; NAmE /klæs/
7) [countable] a group of people, animals or things that have similar characteristics or qualities
ex) No new class of antibiotics has been discovered since 1987.
It was good accommodation for a hotel of this class.
different classes of drugs
Dickens was in a different class from (= was much better than) most of his contemporaries.
As a jazz singer she’s in a class of her own (= better than most others).
- variety noun
BrE /vəˈraɪəti/ ; NAmE /vəˈraɪəti/ (pl. varieties)
3) [countable] variety (of something) a type of a thing, for example a plant or language, that is different from the others in the same general group
ex) a variety of pesticide-resistant rice crops
Apples come in a great many varieties.
a rare variety of orchid
different varieties of English
My cooking is of the ‘quick and simple’ variety.
- strain noun
BrE /streɪn/ ; NAmE /streɪn/
4) [countable] a particular type of plant or animal, or of a disease caused by bacteria, etc.
ex) a new strain of virus
a new strain of mosquitoes resistant to the poison
This is only one of the many strains of the disease.
[생물 분류] 계 문 강 목 과/속/종
- 계 kingdom noun
BrE /ˈkɪŋdəm/ ; NAmE /ˈkɪŋdəm/
4) (biology) one of the five major groups into which all living things are organized
ex) the animal/plant kingdom
- 문 phylum noun
BrE /ˈfaɪləm/ ; NAmE /ˈfaɪləm/ (pl. phyla BrE /ˈfaɪlə/ ; NAmE /ˈfaɪlə/ )(biology)
a group into which animals, plants, etc. are divided, smaller than a kingdom and larger than a class
* 강 class noun BrE /klɑːs/ ; NAmE /klæs/
11) [countable] a group into which animals, plants, etc. that have similar characteristics are divided, below a phylum
- 목 order noun
BrE /ˈɔːdə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈɔːrdər/
11) [countable] a group into which animals, plants, etc. that have similar characteristics are divided, smaller than a class and larger than a family
ex) the order of primates
- 과 family noun
BrE /ˈfæməli/ ; NAmE /ˈfæməli/ (pl. families)
5) [countable] a group of related animals and plants; a group of related things, especially languages
ex) Lions belong to the cat family.
the Germanic family of languages
- 속 genus noun
BrE /ˈdʒiːnəs/ ; NAmE /ˈdʒiːnəs/ (pl. genera BrE /ˈdʒenərə/ ; NAmE /ˈdʒenərə/ )(biology)
a group into which animals, plants, etc. that have similar characteristics are divided, smaller than a family and larger than a species
- 종 species noun
BrE /ˈspiːʃiːz/ ; NAmE /ˈspiːʃiːz/ (pl. species)
a group into which animals, plants, etc. that are able to breed with each other and produce healthy young are divided, smaller than a genus and identified by a Latin name
ex) a rare species of beetle
There are many species of dog(s).
a conservation area for endangered species
run dry
to stop supplying water; to be all used so that none is left; if a supply of something such as money runs dry, there is no more of it left
ex) But as health officials struggle to keep old drugs working, the pipeline of new ones is running dry.
Supplies of vaccines could run dry if there is an epidemic.
The wells in most villages in the region have run dry.
Vaccine supplies started to run dry as the flu outbreak reached epidemic proportions.
Native resources of scientific talent and ingenuity have not run dry.
in the pipeline
something that is in the pipeline is being discussed, planned or prepared and will happen or exist soon
ex) But as health officials struggle to keep old drugs working, the pipeline of new ones is running dry.
A new impotence drug is in the pipeline.
Important new laws are already in the pipeline.
bear fruit
to have a successful result
ex) Joint public-private efforts in America and Europe, while promising, will take time to bear fruit.
scourge noun
BrE /skɜːdʒ/ ; NAmE /skɜːrdʒ/
1) [usually singular] scourge (of somebody/something) (formal) a person or thing that causes trouble or suffering
ex) Childhood obesity is today’s scourge.
the scourge of war/disease/poverty
the effort to keep the scourge of drugs off our streets
Inflation was the scourge of the 1970s.
이런 추세가 지속되면, 이런 식이라면
- on current trends
- if the trend holds
ex) On current trends, half of all boys and 70% of girls may become overweight or obese in 30 years, experts warn.
abdomen noun
BrE /ˈæbdəmən/ ; NAmE /ˈæbdəmən/
- abdominal adjective
BrE /æbˈdɒmɪnl/ ; NAmE /æbˈdɑːmɪnl/
the part of the body below the chest that contains the stomach, bowels, etc.
ex) Patients reported pain in the lower chest or upper abdomen.
* [only before noun] (anatomy) relating to or connected with the abdomen
ex) And that the supplements can actually increase the risk of heart attacks, kidney stones, and abdominal pain.
check in
1) [INTRANSITIVE] to arrive at a hotel or a private hospital where you have arranged to stay and give your personal details to the person working at the reception desk
ex) Well, you know, if your doctor told you to take this, I would check in before you stop.
adequate adjective
BrE /ˈædɪkwət/ ; NAmE /ˈædɪkwət/
enough in quantity, or good enough in quality, for a particular purpose or need
opposite inadequate
ex) The other question that came from a viewer and this was asked often, what should women do to ensure they’re getting adequate calcium and you say this pertains to men as well.
an adequate supply of hot water
The room was small but adequate.
There is a lack of adequate provision for disabled students.
He didn’t give an adequate answer to the question.
The space available is not adequate for our needs.
training that is adequate to meet the future needs of industry
pertain verb
BrE /pəˈteɪn/ ; NAmE /pərˈteɪn/ intransitive
- pertain to somebody | pertain to something
to exist or to apply in a particular situation or at a particular time
ex) Living conditions are vastly different from those pertaining in their country of origin.
Those laws no longer pertain.
- (formal) to be connected with something/somebody
ex) The other question that came from a viewer and this was asked often, what should women do to ensure they’re getting adequate calcium and you say this pertains to men as well.
the laws pertaining to adoption
골다공증 (formal/informal)
osteoporosis noun
BrE /ˌɒstiəʊpəˈrəʊsɪs/ ; NAmE /ˌɑːstioʊpəˈroʊsɪs/
(also brittle bone disease)
uncountable
a condition in which the bones become weak and are easily broken, usually when people get older or because they do not eat enough of certain substances
근육 (중량) 운동을 하다
- lift weights
ex) So, lifting weights and then anything that gets you up on your feet, such as walking, jogging, running and dancing can help. - pump iron
(informal) to do exercises in which you lift heavy weights in order to make your muscles stronger
weigh in (with something)
(informal) to join in a discussion, an argument, an activity, etc. by saying something important, persuading somebody, or doing something to help
ex) The American Cancer Society is now weighing in, changing their recommendations for the first time in more than a decade.
We all weighed in with our suggestions.
Finally the government weighed in with financial aid.
유방조영술 (검진 그 자체/촬영)
mammogram noun
BrE /ˈmæməɡræm/ ; NAmE /ˈmæməɡræm/
an examination of a breast using X-rays to check for cancer
ex) Tonight, the American Cancer Society now saying women should start having mammograms at the age of 45, five years later than its previous recommendation of 40.
- mammography noun
BrE /mæˈmɒɡrəfi/ ; NAmE /mæˈmɑːɡrəfi/ [uncountable]
the use of X-rays to check for cancer in a breast
ex) The new guidelines are based on increasing evidence that mammography often produces false positives in younger women.
허위 [거짓/위] 양성/음성
false positive/negative
an incorrect result of a scientific test
ex) The new guidelines are based on increasing evidence that mammography often produces false positives in younger women.
One of the biggest complaints about current tests is that they give false positive results.
bottom line noun
1) the bottom line [singular] the most important thing that you have to consider or accept; the essential point in a discussion, etc.
ex) Dr. Jen Ashton with the bottom line for women watching right here in a moment.
The bottom line is that we have to make a decision today.
2) (business) [countable] the amount of money that is a profit or a loss after everything has been calculated
ex) The bottom line for 2014 was a pre-tax profit of £85 million.
Sales last month failed to add to the company’s bottom line.
as often as not, more often than not[that]
on most occasions, or in most situations; usually; in a way that is typical of somebody/something
ex) And I hope that the insurance companies are still gonna pay for it if you wanna have it more often than that.
As often as not, he’s late for work.
More often than not, the arguments could have been avoided.
so conjunction
BrE /səʊ/ ; NAmE /soʊ/
3) so (that…) used to show the purpose of something
ex) The American Cancer Society also dropping its previous recommendation that women have a manual exam, so doctors can feel for abnormalities, because it’s never been shown to save lives.
But I gave you a map so you wouldn’t get lost!
She worked hard so that everything would be ready in time.
abnormality noun
BrE /ˌæbnɔːˈmæləti/ ; NAmE /ˌæbnɔːrˈmæləti/ (pl. abnormalities)[countable, uncountable]
a feature or characteristic in a person’s body or behaviour that is not usual and may be harmful, worrying or cause illness
ex) The American Cancer Society also dropping its previous recommendation that women have a manual exam, so doctors can feel for abnormalities, because it’s never been shown to save lives.
abnormalities of the heart
congenital/foetal abnormality
산부인과, 산부인과 의사
- 산과 전문의 / 부인과 전문의
ob-gyn noun
BrE /ˌəʊ biː ˌdʒiː waɪ ˈen/ ; NAmE /ˌoʊ biː ˌdʒiː waɪ ˈen/ (North American English, informal)
1) [uncountable] the branches of medicine concerned with the birth of children (= obstetrics) and the diseases of women (= gynaecology)
2) [countable] a doctor who is trained in this type of medicine
ex) Let’s get right to Dr. Jen Ashton, an OB-GYN herself.
- obstetrician
BrE /ˌɒbstəˈtrɪʃn/ ; NAmE /ˌɑːbstəˈtrɪʃn/
gynecologist (AmE) gynaecologist (BrE)
BrE /ˌɡaɪnəˈkɒlədʒɪst/ ; NAmE /ˌɡaɪnəˈkɑːlədʒɪst/
number cruncher noun
(also number-cruncher)
(informal)
1) a person whose job involves working with numbers, such as an accountant
2) a computer or computer program that works with numbers and calculates data
scratch your head (over something)
to think hard in order to find an answer to something
ex) There were many women in the newsroom today who were scratching their heads, saying this is a major change.
Experts have been scratching their heads over the increase in teenage crime.
- 단독의, 일방적인
- 쌍방의
- 3자간의
- 다자간의
- unilateral adjective
BrE /ˌjuːnɪˈlætrəl/ ; NAmE /ˌjuːnɪˈlætrəl/
done by one member of a group or an organization without the agreement of the other members
ex) The industry argues that companies do not make unilateral decisions on packaging size, because the Food and Drug Administration has to approve those decisions.
a unilateral decision
a unilateral declaration of independence
They were forced to take unilateral action.
They had campaigned vigorously for unilateral nuclear disarmament (= when one country gets rid of its nuclear weapons without waiting for other countries to do the same).
- bilateral adjective
BrE /ˌbaɪˈlætərəl/ ; NAmE /ˌbaɪˈlætərəl/
1) involving two groups of people or two countries
ex) bilateral relations/agreements/trade/talks
- trilateral adjective
BrE /ˌtraɪˈlætərəl/ ; NAmE /ˌtraɪˈlætərəl/
involving three groups of people or three countries
ex) trilateral talks
- multilateral adjective
BrE /ˌmʌltiˈlætərəl/ ; NAmE /ˌmʌltiˈlætərəl/
1) in which three or more groups, nations, etc. take part
ex) multilateral negotiations
The peace talks are to be conducted on a multilateral basis.
multilateral nuclear disarmament
2) having many sides or parts
base something on something | base something upon something
to use an idea, a fact, a situation, etc. as the point from which something can be developed
ex) But the F.D.A. can base its decisions only on safety considerations and cannot consider cost in regulating drugs.
What are you basing this theory on?
phial noun
BrE /ˈfaɪəl/ ; NAmE /ˈfaɪəl/
(also vial especially in North American English)
(formal)
a small glass container, for medicine or perfume
ex) In guidelines issued last year, the F.D.A. told pharmaceutical companies that vials “should not contain a significant volume beyond what would be considered a usual or maximum dose” because that could lead to the inappropriate and hazardous use of leftover drugs.
a vial of pills/perfume/toilet water
hazardous adjective
BrE /ˈhæzədəs/ ; NAmE /ˈhæzərdəs/
involving risk or danger, especially to somebody’s health or safety
ex) In guidelines issued last year, the F.D.A. told pharmaceutical companies that vials “should not contain a significant volume beyond what would be considered a usual or maximum dose” because that could lead to the inappropriate and hazardous use of leftover drugs.
hazardous waste/chemicals
a hazardous journey
It would be hazardous to invest so much.
a list of products that are potentially hazardous to health
recoup verb
BrE /rɪˈkuːp/ ; NAmE /rɪˈkuːp/
recoup something (formal) to get back an amount of money that you have spent or lost
synonym recover
ex) Of course, if the regulators require that the drugs be sold in more sizes, manufacturers could try to recoup lost revenue by raising prices for smaller amounts.
We hope to recoup our initial investment in the first year.
The firm is hoping to recoup losses on car sales in the UK with this new model.
동맥경화
- hardening of the arteries
- arteriosclerosis noun
BrE /ɑːˌtɪəriəʊskləˈrəʊsɪs/ ; NAmE /ɑːrˌtɪrioʊskləˈroʊsis/ uncountable
a condition in which the walls of the arteries become thick and hard, making it difficult for blood to flow
ex) Stress in childhood may be linked to hardening of the arteries in adulthood, new research suggests.
criterion noun
BrE /kraɪˈtɪəriən/ ; NAmE /kraɪˈtɪriən/ (pl. criteria BrE /kraɪˈtɪəriə/ ; NAmE /kraɪˈtɪriə/ )
a standard or principle by which something is judged, or with the help of which a decision is made
ex) Using these criteria, they calculated a stress score.
The main criterion is value for money.
What criteria are used for assessing a student’s ability?
단층 촬영 (CT)
tomography noun
BrE /təˈmɒɡrəfi/ ; NAmE /təˈmɑːɡrəfi/ [uncountable]
a way of producing an image of the inside of the human body or a solid object using X-rays or ultrasound
- Computed Tomography
- CT scan
- CAT scan
A CT scan, also called X-ray computed tomography (X-ray CT) and computerized axial tomography scan (CAT scan), makes use of computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional (tomographic) images (virtual “slices”) of specific areas of a scanned object, allowing the user to see inside the object without cutting.
ex) When the members of the group were 40 to 46 years old, they used computed tomography to measure coronary artery calcification, a marker of atherosclerosis and a risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
관상 동맥
coronary artery noun
BrE ; NAmE (anatomy)
either of the two arteries that supply blood to the heart
ex) When the members of the group were 40 to 46 years old, they used computed tomography to measure coronary artery calcification, a marker of atherosclerosis and a risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
석회화
calcification noun
BrE /ˌkælsɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/ ; NAmE /ˌkælsɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/ uncountable
the process of becoming hard when calcium salts are added
ex) When the members of the group were 40 to 46 years old, they used computed tomography to measure coronary artery calcification, a marker of atherosclerosis and a risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
다발성 경화증
multiple sclerosis noun
BrE ; NAmE [uncountable]
(abbreviation MS)
a disease of the nervous system that gets worse over a period of time with loss of feeling and loss of control of movement and speech
plausible adjective
BrE /ˈplɔːzəbl/ ; NAmE /ˈplɔːzəbl/
1) (of an excuse or explanation) reasonable and likely to be true
ex) There are plausible mechanisms for the connection, including stress-induced increases in inflammation, which in animal models have been linked to a variety of ailments.
Her story sounded perfectly plausible.
The only plausible explanation is that he forgot.
ailment noun
BrE /ˈeɪlmənt/ ; NAmE /ˈeɪlmənt/
an illness that is not very serious
ex) There are plausible mechanisms for the connection, including stress-induced increases in inflammation, which in animal models have been linked to a variety of ailments.
childhood/common/minor ailments
I got all the usual childhood ailments.
Below is a list of common childhood ailments.
follow suit
2) to act or behave in the way that somebody else has just done
ex) Mexico, by far the heftiest country in the world, began imposing 1 peso for every liter in 2013. That led to a 6% reduction in soda consumption in 2014. France, Norway, Finland and about 30 states in the U.S. followed suit.
adobe dollar
a Mexican peso
ex) How many of these adobe dollars does it take to buy a can of pop here?
fall ill
to become ill; to sicken
ex) Chipotle, the popular Mexican restaurant is taking drastic action, closing 43 restaurants in two states after 22 people fell ill, raising fears of an E. coli outbreak.
E. coli noun
BrE /ˌiː ˈkəʊlaɪ/ ; NAmE /ˌiː ˈkoʊlaɪ/ [uncountable]
a type of bacteria that lives inside humans and some animals, some forms of which can cause food poisoning
ex) Chipotle, the popular Mexican restaurant is taking drastic action, closing 43 restaurants in two states after 22 people fell ill, raising fears of an E. coli outbreak.
would-be adjective
BrE ; NAmE [only before noun]
used to describe somebody who is hoping to become the type of person mentioned
ex) Popular Mexican food chain Chipotle closing 43 of its restaurants in Oregon and Washington state, would-be patrons were greeted with this message on the door. “FYI, We are closed due to a supply chain issue.”
a would-be actor
advice for would-be parents
well-being noun
BrE ; NAmE [uncountable]
- wellness noun
BrE /ˈwelnəs/ ; NAmE /ˈwelnəs/ uncountable
general health and happiness
ex) The safety and well-being of our customers is always our highest priority.
emotional/physical/psychological well-being
to have a sense of well-being
We try to ensure the well-being of our employees.
- the state of being healthy
ex) wellness and disease prevention
a wellness centre offering yoga and tai chi
잠복기
incubation noun
BrE /ˌɪŋkjuˈbeɪʃn/ ; NAmE /ˌɪŋkjuˈbeɪʃn/
[countable] (also incubation period) (medical or biology) the time between somebody being infected with a disease and the appearance of the first symptoms (= signs)
ex) And because symptoms could take more than a week to show up, health officials expect the number of victims to rise.
The incubation period of the virus is 24 to 48 hours.
다진 고기
- pink slime
- lean beef trimmings
- ground beef
- finely textured beef
- lean finely textured beef
- boneless lean beef trimmings / BLBT
a meat-based product used as a food additive to ground beef and beef-based processed meats, as a filler or to reduce the overall fat content of ground beef.
ex) The company All American Meats is now recalling 167,000 pounds of ground beef over fears of E. coli as well.
scrub verb
BrE /skrʌb/ ; NAmE /skrʌb/
1) [transitive, intransitive] to clean something by rubbing it hard, perhaps with a brush and usually with soap and water
ex) Tonight, Chipotle is scrubbing its shuttered restaurants and under fire, this lawsuit filed by an E. coli victim claiming a burrito bowl she ate made her so sick she needed medical attention a week later, claiming the pain was so severe, she missed and will continue to miss work because of her illness.
I found him in the kitchen, scrubbing the floor.
He stepped into the shower and scrubbed himself all over.
She scrubbed the counters down with bleach.
The woman scrubbed at her face with a tissue.
Scrub the vegetables clean.
동부 표준시/서부시 (태평양 표준시)
- Eastern Standard Time noun
BrE ; NAmE [uncountable]
(abbreviation EST)
(also Eastern time)
the time used in the winter in the eastern US and Canada, which is five hours earlier than UTC
- Pacific Standard Time noun
BrE ; NAmE [uncountable]
(abbreviation PST)
the time used in winter in the western parts of Canada and the US that is eight hours earlier than UTC
ex) Most but not all of the victims have told health officials they ate at Chipotle, leading the restaurant chain to voluntarily close 43 restaurants in the Pacific Northwest, even though a direct link is uncertain.
admission noun
BrE /ədˈmɪʃn/ ; NAmE /ədˈmɪʃn/
2) [countable] a statement in which somebody admits that something is true, especially something wrong or bad that they have done
ex) We’re gonna turn now to a stunning new admission from Volkswagen tonight.
He is a thief by his own admission (= he has admitted it).
an admission of guilt/failure/defeat
The minister’s resignation was an admission that she had lied.
irregular adjective
BrE /ɪˈreɡjələ(r)/ ; NAmE /ɪˈreɡjələr/
3) not normal; not according to the usual rules
synonym abnormal
ex) The company’s internal investigation now revealing 800,000 additional vehicles with irregular carbon dioxide emission levels.
an irregular practice
His behaviour is highly irregular.
offspring noun
BrE /ˈɒfsprɪŋ/ ; NAmE /ˈɔːfsprɪŋ/ , /ˈɑːfsprɪŋ/ (pl. offspring)(formal or humorous)
1) a child of a particular person or couple
ex) Does exercise during pregnancy lead to exercise-loving offspring?
the problems parents have with their teenage offspring
to produce/raise offspring
2) the young of an animal or plant
ex) Female badgers may give birth to as many as five offspring.
The beast was believed to be the offspring of a panther.
설치류
rodent noun
BrE /ˈrəʊdnt/ ; NAmE /ˈroʊdnt/
any small animal that belongs to a group of animals with strong sharp front teeth. Mice, rats and squirrels are all rodents.
ex) Mice born to mothers that run during their pregnancies grow up to be rodents that love to run as adults, according to a thought-provoking new animal experiment, while pups with sedentary moms had a less-enthusiastic attitude toward exercise.
