TO 6-1 Flashcards
servitude noun
BrE /ˈsɜːvɪtjuːd/; AmE /ˈsɜːrvətuːd/
uncountable
the condition of being a slave or being forced to obey another person
synonym slavery
ex) Now it is illegal for fathers to sell their daughters into servitude.
a life of poverty and servitude
celibate adjective
BrE /ˈselɪbət/; NAmE /ˈselɪbət/
1) 1 not married and not having sex, especially for religious reasons
ex) By the way, the Dalai Lama is someone who has aged beautifully, but who wants to be vegetarian and celibate?
celibate priests
vain adjective
BrE /veɪn/; NAmE /veɪn/
2) (disapproving) too proud of your own appearance, abilities or achievements
synonym conceited
ex) You know, for a vain female like myself, it’s very hard to age in this culture.
She’s too vain to wear glasses.
feisty adjective
BrE /ˈfaɪsti/; NAmE /ˈfaɪsti/
(feistier, feistiest)(informal, approving)
(of people) strong, determined and not afraid of arguing with people
ex) Ethel Seiderman, a feisty, beloved activist in the place where I live in California; she wears red patent shoes, and her mantra is that one scarf is nice but two is better.
patent leather noun
BrE /ˌpeɪtnt ˈleðə(r)/; NAmE usually /ˈpætnt leðər/, /ˌpeɪtnt ˈleðər/
[uncountable]
a type of leather with a hard shiny surface, used especially for making shoes and bags
ex) Ethel Seiderman, a feisty, beloved activist in the place where I live in California; she wears red patent shoes, and her mantra is that one scarf is nice but two is better.
will verb
BrE /wɪl/; NAmE /wɪl/
(will) [intransitive] (only used in the simple present tense) (old-fashioned or formal) to want or like
ex) I cannot will myself to be passionate at 71.
Call it what you will, it’s still a problem.
flat adjective
BrE /flæt/; NAmE /flæt/
(flatter, flattest)
5) dull; lacking interest or enthusiasm
ex) I have been training for some time, and when I feel flat and bored, I fake it.
He felt very flat after his friends had gone home.
It was a curiously flat note on which to end the election campaign.
privy adjective
BrE /ˈprɪvi/; NAmE /ˈprɪvi/
(formal) privy to something allowed to know about something secret
ex) These included changes in preferences for food, music, art, sexual, recreational, and career, as well as specific memories only privy to the donors.
She was not privy to any information contained in the letters.
아카시아
acacia noun
BrE /əˈkeɪʃə/; NAmE /əˈkeɪʃə/
(also acacia tree)
a tree with yellow or white flowers. There are several types of acacia tree, some of which produce a sticky liquid used in making glue.
ex) In short distance communication, Nigel Raine from the University of London and his colleagues observed how ants provide a useful service for the acacia plants by guarding the plant they live on.
영양(주로 아프리카나 아시아에서 볼 수 있는 사슴 비슷한 동물)
antelope noun
BrE /ˈæntɪləʊp/NAmE /ˈæntɪloʊp/
(pl. antelope, antelopes)
an African or Asian animal like a deer, that runs very fast. There are many types of antelope.
ex) Wouter Van Hoven from Pretoria University reports that acacias also produce leaf tannin in quantities lethal to the antelope and thereby killing the antelopes while ate the same time emitting ethylene into the air which can travel up to 50 years warning other acacias to step up their own production of leaf tannin within just 5 to 10 minutes.
emit verb
BrE /iˈmɪt/; NAmE /iˈmɪt/
emit something (formal) to send out something such as light, heat, sound, gas, etc.
ex) Wouter Van Hoven from Pretoria University reports that acacias also produce leaf tannin in quantities lethal to the antelope and thereby killing the antelopes while ate the same time emitting ethylene into the air which can travel up to 50 years warning other acacias to step up their own production of leaf tannin within just 5 to 10 minutes.
The metal container began to emit a clicking sound.
Sulphur gases were emitted by the volcano.
에틸렌
ethylene noun
BrE /ˈeθɪliːn/; NAmE /ˈeθɪliːn/
(also ethene)uncountable(chemistry)
a gas which is present in coal, crude oil, and natural gas
ex) Wouter Van Hoven from Pretoria University reports that acacias also produce leaf tannin in quantities lethal to the antelope and thereby killing the antelopes while ate the same time emitting ethylene into the air which can travel up to 50 years warning other acacias to step up their own production of leaf tannin within just 5 to 10 minutes.
애벌레
caterpillar noun
BrE /ˈkætəpɪlə(r)/; NAmE /ˈkætərpɪlər/
a small creature like a worm with legs, that develops into a butterfly or moth (= flying insects with large, sometimes brightly coloured, wings). Caterpillars eat the leaves of plants.
ex) Willows have been found to have a similar strategy when they are being eaten by caterpillars.
parasitic adjective
BrE /ˌpærəˈsɪtɪk/; NAmE /ˌpærəˈsɪtɪk/
(less frequent parasitical BrE /ˌpærəˈsɪtɪkl/; NAmE /ˌpærəˈsɪtɪkl/)
2) living on another animal or plant and getting its food from it 기생하는
a parasitic mite
ex) Jim Westwood, a plant scientist at Virginia Tech showed how a parasitic weed known as dodder/strangleweed, uses its RNA - its genetic material - to communitcate with their host plants that they are nurturing from, in order for the host to lower its defenses.
RNA noun
BrE /ˌɑːr en ˈeɪ/; NAmE /ˌɑːr en ˈeɪ/
a chemical present in all living cells; like DNA it is a type of nucleic acid (화학) 리보 핵산, 아르엔에이
ex) Jim Westwood, a plant scientist at Virginia Tech showed how a parasitic weed known as dodder/strangleweed, uses its RNA - its genetic material - to communitcate with their host plants that they are nurturing from, in order for the host to lower its defenses.
skeletal adjective
BrE /ˈskelətl/; NAmE /ˈskelətl/
1) (specialist) connected with the skeleton of a person or an animal 뼈대 [골격/해골]의
ex) Back to our bodies, the Danish biologist Bente Klarlund Pedersen is looking at a handful of myokines - a protein he identified and named - and their role in helping skeletal muscle (=골격근) retain memory.
Skeletal remains of the earliest dinosaurs are rare.
prerogative noun
BrE /prɪˈrɒɡətɪv/; NAmE /prɪˈrɑːɡətɪv/
(formal)
a right or advantage belonging to a particular person or group because of their importance or social position
ex) Paul Pearsall’s findings should make us think about how our bodies stay in balance and how memory is not solely the prerogative of the brain.
In many countries education is still the prerogative of the rich.
the royal prerogative (= the special rights of a king or queen)
The Prime Minister exercised his prerogative to decide when to call an election.
너무나도 당연한 것 같다
Then it seems only natural that we do what we can to reduce the amount of food getting thrown away.
우리의 작은 노력이
What little effort we make will add up to save the earth.
지금이야말로 ~~해야 할 때이다 (진작 했어야 하는데).
It is past time for the world to get serious about North Korea’s nuclear ambitions.
미국 대통령으로는 최초로 히로시마를 방문하게 되었습니다.
He was to become the first American president to visit Hiroshima, site of one of only two nuclear attacks.
협상을 성공적으로 이끌어내다. 계약 (거래)를 따내다.
He secured a deal in July to curtail and then constrain Iran’s nuclear programme for at least the next 10-15 years.
glaring adjective
BrE /ˈɡleərɪŋ/; NAmE /ˈɡlerɪŋ/
1) [usually before noun] (of something bad) very easily seen
synonym blatant
ex) But in one area, his failure is glaring.
a glaring error/omission/inconsistency/injustice
the most glaring example of this problem
use/take a sledgehammer to crack a nut
- sledgehammer noun
BrE /ˈsledʒhæmə(r)/; NAmE /ˈsledʒhæmər/
to use more force than is necessary
ex) North Korea has taken a sledgehammer to all of them.
* a large heavy hammer with a long handle
soup something↔up
(informal) to make changes to something such as a car or computer, so that it is more powerful or exciting than before
ex) An underground nuclear detonation in January, claimed by the regime to be an H-bomb (but more likely a souped-up A-bomb), has been followed by tests of the technologies behind nuclear-armed missiles.
수소 폭탄
hydrogen bomb noun
(also H-bomb)
a very powerful nuclear bomb
ex) An underground nuclear detonation in January, claimed by the regime to be an H-bomb (but more likely a souped-up A-bomb), has been followed by tests of the technologies behind nuclear-armed missiles.
원자 (폭)탄
atom bomb noun
(also A-bomb)
a bomb that explodes using the energy that is produced when an atom or atoms are split
ex) An underground nuclear detonation in January, claimed by the regime to be an H-bomb (but more likely a souped-up A-bomb), has been followed by tests of the technologies behind nuclear-armed missiles.
hereditary adjective
BrE /həˈredɪtri/; NAmE /həˈredɪteri/
3) holding a rank or title that is hereditary; a hereditary title or right is officially passed from a parent to their child
ex) Its hereditary dictator, Kim Jong Un, imposes forced labour on hundreds of thousands of his people in the gulag, including whole families, without trial or hope of release.
hereditary peers/rulers
drench verb
BrE /drentʃ/; NAmE /drentʃ/
[often passive]
to make somebody/something completely wet
synonym soak
ex) Mr. Kim frequently threatens to drench Seoul, the South’s capital, in “a sea of fire.”
We were caught in the storm and got drenched to the skin.
His face was drenched with sweat.
(figurative) She drenched herself in perfume.
fraught adjective
BrE /frɔːt/; NAmE /frɔːt/
1) fraught with something filled with something unpleasant
ex) But Mr. Kim is so opaque and so little is known about how decisions come about in the capital, Pyongyang, that deterring North Korea is fraught with difficulty.
a situation fraught with danger/difficulty/problems
taunt noun
BrE /tɔːnt/; NAmE /tɔːnt/
an insulting or unkind remark that is intended to make somebody angry or upset
ex) In March, following the recent weapons test, the UN Security Council strengthened sanctions.
Black players often had to endure racist taunts.
She ignored his taunt.
Their taunts stung him into his best performance for the team yet.
overthrow verb BrE /ˌəʊvəˈθrəʊ/; NAmE /ˌoʊvərˈθroʊ/ (overthrew BrE /ˌəʊvəˈθruː/ ; NAmE /ˌoʊvərˈθruː/ , overthrown BrE /ˌəʊvəˈθrəʊn/; NAmE /ˌoʊvərˈθroʊn/)
overthrow somebody/something to remove a leader or a government from a position of power by force
ex) But China does not want to overthrow Mr. Kim.
The president was overthrown in a military coup.
if anything
used to express an opinion about something, or after a negative statement to suggest that the opposite is true
ex) The sanctions are unlikely to stop him. If anything, they may spur him to strengthen and upgrade his arsenal before China adopts harsher ones.
I’d say he was more like his father, if anything.
She’s not thin—if anything she’s on the plump side.
mullah noun
BrE /ˈmʌlə/; NAmE /ˈmʌlə/
; BrE /ˈmʊlə/; NAmE /ˈmʊlə/
a Muslim teacher of religion and holy law 물라 (이슬람교 율법학자)
ex) Because the mullahs depend on sales of oil and gas to the outside world, embargoes on Iran’s energy exports and exclusion from the international payments system changed their strategic calculus.
미적분학
- 대수학
calculus noun
BrE /ˈkælkjələs/;AmE /ˈkælkjələs/
[uncountable]
ex) Because the mullahs depend on sales of oil and gas to the outside world, embargoes on Iran’s energy exports and exclusion from the international payments system changed their strategic calculus.
- algebra noun
BrE /ˈældʒɪbrə/NAmE /ˈældʒɪbrə/
[uncountable]
a type of mathematics in which letters and symbols are used to represent quantities
rapprochement noun BrE /ræˈprɒʃmɒ̃/, /ræˈprəʊʃmɒ̃/ ; NAmE /ˌræproʊʃˈmɑːn/ , /ˌræprɑːʃˈmɑːn/ [singular, uncountable](from French, formal)
a situation in which the relationship between two countries or groups of people becomes more friendly after a period during which they were enemies
ex) Perhaps he will decide to shelve his “nukes first” policy in favour of Chinese-style economic reform and rapprochement with South Korea.
policies aimed at bringing about a rapprochement with China
There now seems little chance of rapprochement between the warring factions.
barter verb
BrE /ˈbɑːtə(r)/; NAmE /ˈbɑːrtər/
[intransitive, transitive]
to exchange goods, property, services, etc. for other goods, etc. without using money
ex) But nothing suggests he would barter his nuclear weapons to give his people a better life.
The prisoners tried to barter with the guards for items like writing paper and books.
The local people bartered wheat for tools.
dissent noun
BrE /dɪˈsent/; NAmE /dɪˈsent/
(formal)
1) [uncountable] the fact of having or expressing opinions that are different from those that are officially accepted
ex) Perhaps dissent over Mr. Kim’s rule among the North Korean elite will lead to a palace coup.
political/religious dissent
Voices of dissent began to rise against the established authority in the 1950s and 1960s.
Stability only exists in the country because dissent has been suppressed.
implosion noun
BrE /ɪmˈpləʊʒn/; NAmE /ɪmˈploʊʒn/
[countable, uncountable]
2) the sudden or complete failure of something
ex) China should also be cajoled into accepting that sanctions can be harsher, without provoking an implosion.
the country’s economic implosion
spectre noun
(US English specter)
BrE /ˈspektə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈspektər/
1) spectre (of something) something unpleasant that people are afraid might happen in the future
ex) So from 2007 to 2015, Risen lived under the specter of going to federal prison.
The country is haunted by the spectre of civil war.
These weeks of drought have once again raised the spectre of widespread famine.
circumvent verb
BrE /ˌsɜːkəmˈvent/ ; NAmE /ˌsɜːrkəmˈvent/ (formal)
1) circumvent something to find a way of avoiding a difficulty or a rule
ex) But just as technology has allowed the government to circumvent reporters’ rights, the press can also use technology to protect their sources even better than before.
They found a way of circumventing the law.
2) circumvent something to go or travel around something that is blocking your way
luminary noun
BrE /ˈluːmɪnəri/ ; NAmE /ˈluːmɪneri/ (pl. luminaries)
a person who is an expert or a great influence in a special area or activity
ex) For example, one such tool is SecureDrop, an open-source whistleblower submission system that was originally created by the late Internet luminary Aaron Swartz, and is now developed at the non-profit where I work, Freedom of the Press Foundation.
He has played with all the great jazz luminaries.
Various leading luminaries of the arts were invited.
get a rise out of somebody
to make somebody react in an angry way by saying something that you know will annoy them, especially as a joke
ex) Internet users are free to use words and images to get a rise out of others, even at their most vulnerable.
distasteful adjective
BrE /dɪsˈteɪstfl/ ; NAmE /dɪsˈteɪstfl/ (formal)
unpleasant or offensive
ex) Hateful, offensive and distasteful ideas enjoy constitutional protection, so debate on public issues can be “uninhibited, robust and wide open” under the First Amendment.
The bad language in the film was distasteful and unnecessary.
uninhibited adjective
BrE /ˌʌnɪnˈhɪbɪtɪd/ ; NAmE /ˌʌnɪnˈhɪbɪtɪd/
behaving or expressing yourself freely without worrying about what other people think
synonym unrestrained
opposite inhibited
ex) Hateful, offensive and distasteful ideas enjoy constitutional protection, so debate on public issues can be “uninhibited, robust and wide open” under the First Amendment.
uninhibited dancing
intermediary noun
BrE /ˌɪntəˈmiːdiəri/ ; NAmE /ˌɪntərˈmiːdieri/ (pl. intermediaries)
intermediary (between A and B) a person or an organization that helps other people or organizations to make an agreement by being a means of communication between them
synonym mediator, go-between
ex) Intermediaries - usually the websites where trolls post comments - can step in to revoke the privilege of anonymity, or even remove abusive speech that violates their community guidelines but when trolling turns into cyberharassment or cyberstalking, the law can and should intervene.
명예 훼손, 중상 모략
defamation noun
BrE /ˌdefəˈmeɪʃn/ ; NAmE /ˌdefəˈmeɪʃn/ uncountable, countable
the act of damaging somebody’s reputation by saying or writing bad or false things about them
ex) They can be sued for defamation and intentional infliction of emotional distress.
The company sued for defamation.
He brought a legal action against the magazine for defamation of character.
Such a defamation might cause injury to the business goodwill of the corporation.
opportune adjective
BrE /ˈɒpətjuːn/ ; NAmE /ˌɑːpərˈtuːn/ (formal)
2) (of an action or event) done or happening at the right time to be successful
opposite inopportune
ex) This is an opportune moment to educate teenagers about the suffering caused by online abuse.
an opportune remark
The publication of the book now is quite opportune.
squander verb
BrE /ˈskwɒndə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈskwɑːndər/
squander something (on somebody/something) to waste money, time, etc. in a stupid or careless way
ex) We should not squander this chance to reinforce the importance of respect as a baseline norm for online interaction.
He squandered all his money on gambling.
She squandered her chances of winning.
He just squandered his talent.
The company squandered millions on two dead-end projects.
The team squandered several good scoring chances.
stalwart adjective
BrE /ˈstɔːlwət/ ; NAmE /ˈstɔːlwərt/ [usually before noun]
1) loyal and able to be relied on, even in a difficult situation
synonym faithful
ex) While some stalwart free speech defenders oppose any limits on repulsive speech circulated online under the cover of anonymity, a lack of regulation leaves targets of harassment no alternative but to simply toughen up and wait for it to subside.
stalwart supporters
subside verb
BrE /səbˈsaɪd/ ; NAmE /səbˈsaɪd/
1) [intransitive] to become calmer or quieter
ex) While some stalwart free speech defenders oppose any limits on repulsive speech circulated online under the cover of anonymity, a lack of regulation leaves targets of harassment no alternative but to simply toughen up and wait for it to subside.
She waited nervously for his anger to subside.
When the rain had subsided we continued our walk.
I took an aspirin and the pain gradually subsided.
He waited until the laughter had subsided before continuing his story.
My laughter soon subsided.
The storm gradually subsided.
conflate verb
BrE /kənˈfleɪt/ ; NAmE /kənˈfleɪt/
conflate A and/with B (formal) to put two or more things together to make one new thing
ex) Debates about trolls routinely conflate anonymity with incivility but a broader look at online activities reveals that public good can come when users can hide their identity.
The issues of race and class are separate and should not be conflated.
incivility noun
BrE /ˌɪnsəˈvɪləti/ ; NAmE /ˌɪnsəˈvɪləti/ uncountable, countable(formal)
rude behaviour; rude remarks
ex) Debates about trolls routinely conflate anonymity with incivility but a broader look at online activities reveals that public good can come when users can hide their identity.
stigmatize verb
(British English also -ise)
BrE /ˈstɪɡmətaɪz/ ; NAmE /ˈstɪɡmətaɪz/
[usually passive] stigmatize somebody/something (formal) to treat somebody in a way that makes them feel that they are very bad or unimportant
ex) For example, medical patients and mothers discuss sensitive issues (be they clinical or related to parenting) in pseudonymous forums, allowing for candid discussions of what might otherwise be stigmatizing subjects.
retribution noun
BrE /ˌretrɪˈbjuːʃn/ ; NAmE /ˌretrɪˈbjuːʃn/
[uncountable] retribution (for something) (formal) severe punishment for something seriously wrong that somebody has done
ex) Anonymous activists rely on the web for whistle-blowing or to speak truth to power without fear of retribution.
People are seeking retribution for the latest terrorist outrages.
fear of divine retribution (= punishment from God)
consolation noun
BrE /ˌkɒnsəˈleɪʃn/ ; NAmE /ˌkɑːnsəˈleɪʃn/ [uncountable, countable]
a thing or person that makes you feel better when you are unhappy or disappointed
synonym comfort
ex) Anonymity can empower those who seek consolation and justice to speak out against assailants enabled by the same processes.
a few words of consolation
If it’s any consolation, she didn’t get the job, either.
The children were a great consolation to him when his wife died.
At least you weren’t hurt—that’s one consolation.
상당한 수가 아닐 수 없다 (너무 많다).
Given the number of college students here, the number seems hardly justified.
그렇다면 ~~게 무엇인가
Then what is it that forces these students to go overseas for study?
제 생각은 좀 다릅니다.
I beg to differ.
해군 장성, 제독
admiral noun
BrE /ˈædmərəl/ ; NAmE /ˈædmərəl/
an officer of very high rank in the navy
ex) Admiral Lee is someone who ‘walks the talk.’
The admiral visited the ships under his command.
Admiral Lord Nelson
walk the talk | walk the walk
- talk the talk
(informal, approving) to act in a way that shows people you are really good at what you do, and not just good at talking about it
ex) Admiral Lee is someone who ‘walks the talk.’
You can talk the talk but can you walk the walk?
- to talk convincingly about doing something rather than actually doing it
ex) We all know that he can talk the talk, but he’s also walked the walk.
말만 번지르르하고 행동하는 건 없다.
high on rhetoric but low on action
choke something↔off
1) to prevent or limit something
ex) High prices have choked off demand.
2) to interrupt something; to stop something
ex) If they do so without adequate protections, the merger could stifle consumer choice and choke off America’s beer renaissance.
Her screams were suddenly choked off.
come online
(idiomatic) to enter service or become active.
ex) Today there are more breweries in this country than at any time in history - some 4,300, with scores coming online every year, producing a vast variety of styles, from low-alcohol “lawn mower beers” to high-octane Russian imperial stouts.
It will be some time before the new factory comes online, and until then we can’t fulfill demand.
옥탄
octane noun
BrE /ˈɒkteɪn/ ; NAmE /ˈɑːkteɪn/
a chemical substance in petrol/gas, used as a way of measuring its quality
ex) Today there are more breweries in this country than at any time in history - some 4,300, with scores coming online every year, producing a vast variety of styles, from low-alcohol “lawn mower beers” to high-octane Russian imperial stouts.
high-octane fuel
sway noun
BrE /sweɪ/ ; NAmE /sweɪ/ [uncountable]
2) (literary) power or influence over somebody
ex) Instead they have to use distributors, which hold enormous sway over which beers end up at which bars, restaurants and stores.
Rebel forces hold sway over much of the island.
She was brought up under the sway of Communism.
He was quick to exploit those who fell under his sway.
Traditional attitudes still hold sway in the region.
sliding scale noun
a system in which the rate at which something is paid varies according to particular conditions
ex) The company recently introduced its Voluntary Anheuser-Busch Incentive for Performance program, which pays retailers on a sliding scale based on the share of its beers they sell - which means that if they sell craft beers, they lose money (the Department of Justice is examining this program as well).
Fees are calculated on a sliding scale according to income (= richer people pay more).
precede verb
BrE /prɪˈsiːd/ ; NAmE /prɪˈsiːd/ (formal)
1) [transitive, intransitive] precede (somebody/something) to happen before something or come before something/somebody in order
ex) These takeovers were preceded by the acquisition of Chicago’s Goose Island, Oregon’s Ten Barrel, Washington’s Elysian and Michigan’s Virtue Cider.
the years preceding the war
His resignation was preceded by weeks of speculation.
She preceded me in the job.
See the preceding chapter.
It had happened during the preceding year.
in the moments which immediately preceded the earthquake
exert verb
BrE /ɪɡˈzɜːt/ ; NAmE /ɪɡˈzɜːrt/
1) exert something to use power or influence to affect somebody/something
ex) It will have even more power to strong-arm independent distributors not to carry rival brands and exert pressure on retailers to cut back on, or even refuse to carry, competitive brands.
He exerted all his authority to make them accept the plan.
The moon exerts a force on the earth that causes the tides.
denote verb
BrE /dɪˈnəʊt/ ; NAmE /dɪˈnoʊt/ (formal)
1) denote something | denote that… to be a sign of something
synonym indicate
ex) “But I’m a Libertarian, so doesn’t that denote there are some loose screws out there?”
A very high temperature often denotes a serious illness.
2) denote something | denote what, when, etc… to mean something
synonym represent
In this example ‘X’ denotes the time taken and ‘Y’ denotes the distance covered.
The red triangle denotes danger.
Here ‘family’ denotes mother, father and children.
electorally adverb
BrE /ɪˈlektərəli/ ; NAmE /ɪˈlektərəli/
in a way that is connected with elections
ex) Tiny, electorally trifling and obsessed with guns and weed, cherished emblems of its 11,000 members’ freedom, the party has never mattered in national politics.
an electorally effective campaign
disdain noun
BrE /dɪsˈdeɪn/ ; NAmE /dɪsˈdeɪn/
[uncountable, singular] the feeling that somebody/something is not good enough to deserve your respect or attention
synonym contempt
ex) He speaks in horror of the disdain many Americans show for Mexican immigrants - whom he calls “the cream of the crop” - as if it were borne of some crazy misunderstanding, rather than embedded nativist resentment and economic anxiety.
to treat somebody with disdain
He turned his head away in disdain.
a disdain for the law
voguish adjective
\ˈvō-gish\
2) suddenly or temporarily popular
ex) And the Libertarians’ voguish message of fiscal conservatism, social liberalism and anti-interventionism has something for the disaffected of both big parties.
presumptive adjective
BrE /prɪˈzʌmptɪv/ ; NAmE /prɪˈzʌmptɪv/ usually before noun
likely to be true, based on the facts that are available
ex) The particular unease of many Republicans with their presumptive candidate - along with their failure hitherto to launch a conservative rival to him - explains a surge of interest in the Libertarian confab in Orlando.
a presumptive diagnosis of bowel cancer
hitherto adverb
BrE /ˌhɪðəˈtuː/ ; NAmE /ˌhɪðərˈtuː/ (formal)
until now; until the particular time you are talking about
ex) The particular unease of many Republicans with their presumptive candidate - along with their failure hitherto to launch a conservative rival to him - explains a surge of interest in the Libertarian confab in Orlando.
a hitherto unknown species of moth
Her life hitherto had been devoid of adventure.
confab noun
BrE /ˈkɒnfæb/ ; NAmE /ˈkɑːnfæb/ (informal)
1) an informal private discussion or conversation
ex) We called a family confab.
2) (North American English) a meeting or conference of the members of a profession or group
ex) The particular unease of many Republicans with their presumptive candidate - along with their failure hitherto to launch a conservative rival to him - explains a surge of interest in the Libertarian confab in Orlando.
the annual movie confab in Cannes
sew something↔up
2) [often passive] (informal) to arrange something in an acceptable way
ex) After Mr. Trump sewed up their nomination in Indiana this month, Google reported a 5,000-fold increase in online searches for Mr. Johnson.
It didn’t take me long to sew up the deal.
They think they have the election sewn up (= they think they are definitely going to win).
disenchanted adjective
BrE /ˌdɪsɪnˈtʃɑːntɪd/ ; NAmE /ˌdɪsɪnˈtʃæntɪd/
disenchanted (with somebody/something) no longer feeling enthusiasm for somebody/something; not believing something is good or worth doing
synonym disillusioned
ex) Yet even they hope he might bring disenchanted Republicans to the polls in November, and thereby retain their support for Republican candidates in the coterminous congressional contests.
He was becoming disenchanted with his job as a lawyer.
Many in the party had become disenchanted with the reforms.
coterminous adjective
BrE /kəʊˈtɜːmɪnəs/ ; NAmE /koʊˈtɜːrmɪnəs/ not usually before noun
2) coterminous (with something) (of things or ideas) having so much in common that they are almost the same as each other
ex) Yet even they hope he might bring disenchanted Republicans to the polls in November, and thereby retain their support for Republican candidates in the coterminous congressional contests.
He seems to regard the interests of the state as coterminous with the interests of the party in government.
췌장의
- 췌장
pancreatic adjective
BrE /ˌpæŋkriˈætɪk/ ; NAmE /ˌpæŋkriˈætɪk/ [only before noun]
connected with the pancreas (= an organ near the stomach that produces insulin and a liquid that helps the body to digest (1) food)
ex) They all died of pancreatic cancer.
pancreatic juices (췌액)
- pancreas noun
BrE /ˈpæŋkriəs/ ; NAmE /ˈpæŋkriəs/
an organ near the stomach that produces insulin and a liquid that helps the body to digest food
ex) The first piece of bad news with pancreatic cancer is that your pancreas is in the middle of your belly, literally.
생물[생체] 의학의
biomedical adjective
BrE /ˌbaɪəʊˈmedɪkl/ ; NAmE /ˌbaɪoʊˈmedɪkl/ [usually before noun]
relating to how biology affects medicine
ex) As a biomedical entrepreneur, I like to work on problems that seem impossible,
담관 (담즙을 간에서 십이지장으로 보내는 간)
bile duct noun
the tube that carries bile from the liver and the gall bladder to the duodenum
ex) It’s also surrounded by many other vital organs, like the liver, the stomach, the bile duct.
catheter noun
BrE /ˈkæθɪtə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈkæθɪtər/
a thin tube that is put into the body in order to remove liquid such as urine
ex) They are flexible enough that they can be folded to fit into the catheter, so the doctor can implant it directly on top of the tumor with minimally invasive surgery.
(암세포의) 전이
metastasis noun
BrE /məˈtæstəsɪs/ ; NAmE /məˈtæstəsɪs/ uncountable
the development of tumours in different parts of the body resulting from cancer that has started in another part of the body
ex) They will actually physically prevent the tumor from entering other organs, controlling the metastasis.
adversity noun
BrE /ədˈvɜːsəti/ ; NAmE /ədˈvɜːrsəti/ uncountable, countable(formal)
a difficult or unpleasant situation
ex) According to Feeney and Collins, there are two ways for us to thrive in life: 1) successfully coping with adversity, and 2) pursuing personal goals and opportunities for growth.
courage in the face of adversity
He overcame many personal adversities.
patience in adversity
stressor noun
an activity, event, or other stimulus that causes stress
ex) There are many ways that those we are closest to can help us cope with the stressors we face, like job loss, relationship break-up, or illness.
precision noun
BrE /prɪˈsɪʒn/ ; NAmE /prɪˈsɪʒn/ [uncountable]
the quality of being exact, accurate and careful
synonym accuracy
ex) In factories and warehouses, robots routinely outdo humans in strength and precision.
done with mathematical precision
Her writing is imaginative but lacks precision.
Historians can’t estimate the date with any (degree of) precision.
He chose his words with precision.
precision instruments/tools
deftly adverb
BrE /ˈdeftli/ ; NAmE /ˈdeftli/
2) in a skilful way
ex) Consider Dr. Nikolas Blevins, a head and neck surgeon at Stanford Health Care who routinely performs ear operations requiring that he shave away bone deftly enough to leave an inner surface as the membrane in an eggshell.
They deftly avoided answering my questions.
membrane noun
BrE /ˈmembreɪn/ ; NAmE /ˈmembreɪn/ [countable, uncountable]
1) a thin layer of skin or tissue that connects or covers parts inside the body
ex) The virus passes through the cell membrane.
2) a very thin layer found in the structure of cells in plants
3) a thin layer of material used to prevent air, liquid, etc. from entering a particular part of something
ex) Consider Dr. Nikolas Blevins, a head and neck surgeon at Stanford Health Care who routinely performs ear operations requiring that he shave away bone deftly enough to leave an inner surface as the membrane in an eggshell.
a waterproof membrane
연골, 물렁뼈
cartilage noun
BrE /ˈkɑːtɪlɪdʒ/ ; NAmE /ˈkɑːrtɪlɪdʒ/ [uncountable, countable]
the strong white tissue that is important in support and especially in joints to prevent the bones rubbing against each other
ex) The program blends X-ray and magnetic resonance imaging data to create a vivid three-dimensional model of the inner ear, allowing the surgeon to practice drilling away bone, to take a visual tour of the patient’s skull and to virtually “feel” subtle differences in cartilage, bone and soft tissue.
I’ve damaged the cartilage in my knee.
typify verb
BrE /ˈtɪpɪfaɪ/ ; NAmE /ˈtɪpɪfaɪ/ (not usually used in the progressive tenses)
1) typify something to be a typical example of something
ex) clothes that typify the 1960s
the new style of politician, typified by the Prime Minister
2) typify something to be a typical feature of something
ex) The software’s limitations typify those of robotics, in which researchers lag in designing machines to perform tasks that humans routinely do instinctively.
the haunting guitar melodies that typify the band’s music
twirl verb
BrE /twɜːl/ ; NAmE /twɜːrl/
2) [transitive] twirl something (around/about) to make something turn quickly and lightly round and round
synonym spin
ex) Since the first robotic arm was designed at the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory in the 1960s, robots have learned to perform repetitive factory work, but they can barely open a door, pick themselves up if they fall, pull a coin out of a pocket or twirl a pencil.
He twirled his hat in his hand.
She sat twirling the stem of the glass in her fingers.
inept adjective
BrE /ɪˈnept/ ; NAmE /ɪˈnept/
acting or done with no skill
ex) The correlation between highly evolved artificial intelligence and physical ineptness even has a name: Moravec’s paradox, after the robotics pioneer Hans Moravec, who wrote in 1999, “It is comparatively easy to make computers exhibit adult-level performance on intelligence tests or playing checkers, and difficult or impossible to give them the skills of a 1-year-old when it comes to perception and mobility.”
She was left feeling inept and inadequate.
an inept remark
It would be politically inept to cut these training programmes now.
He made some particularly inept remarks.
운동학
kinematics noun
(science) the branch of mechanics concerned with the motions of objects without being concerned with the forces that cause the motion
ex) Advances in haptics and kinematics, the study of motion control in jointed bodies, are essential if robots are ever to collaborate with humans in hoped-for roles like food service worker, medical orderly, office secretary and health care assistant.
orderly noun
BrE /ˈɔːdəli/ ; NAmE /ˈɔːrdərli/ (pl. orderlies)
1) a person who works in a hospital, usually doing jobs that do not need any special training
ex) Advances in haptics and kinematics, the study of motion control in jointed bodies, are essential if robots are ever to collaborate with humans in hoped-for roles like food service worker, medical orderly, office secretary and health care assistant.
hoped-for adjective
BrE ; NAmE [only before noun]
wanted and thought possible
ex) Advances in haptics and kinematics, the study of motion control in jointed bodies, are essential if robots are ever to collaborate with humans in hoped-for roles like food service worker, medical orderly, office secretary and health care assistant.
The new policy did not bring the hoped-for economic recovery.
be in for something
(informal) to be going to experience something soon, especially something unpleasant
ex) If we don’t do something, we would be in for a very bad surprise.
He’s in for a shock!
I’m afraid we’re in for a storm.
친선 관계
수교 (우호 관계)를 맺다
friendly relations
form/establish diplomatic relations
전쟁 포로
POW noun
BrE /ˌpiː əʊ ˈdʌbljuː/ ; NAmE /ˌpiː oʊ ˈdʌbljuː/
the abbreviation for prisoner of war
ex) a POW camp
He remained a POW for the rest of the war.
oft adverb
BrE /ɒft/ ; NAmE /ɔːft/ , /ɑːft/ (old use)
often
ex) Pleasure is oft a visitant; but pain clings cruelly.
visitant noun
[vízitənt]
4) something, as a mood, feeling, emotion, etc., that overtakes a person from time to time
ex) Pleasure is oft a visitant; but pain clings cruelly.
Melancholy is an occasional visitant to all.
shrug something off | shrug something aside
to treat something as if it is not important
synonym dismiss
ex) Nowadays pain can often be shrugged off: opioids, a class of drugs that includes morphine and other derivatives of the opium poppy, can dramatically ease the agony of broken bones, third-degree burns or terminal cancer.
Shrugging off her injury, she played on.
He shrugged aside suggestions that he resign.
opioid noun
[óupiɔ́id]
(biochemistry) an opium like compound that binds to one or more of the three opioid receptors of the body
ex) Nowadays pain can often be shrugged off: opioids, a class of drugs that includes morphine and other derivatives of the opium poppy, can dramatically ease the agony of broken bones, third-degree burns or terminal cancer.
fix noun
BrE /fɪks/ ; NAmE /fɪks/
2) [singular] (informal) an amount of something that you need and want frequently, especially an illegal drug such as heroin
ex) A belated crackdown is now forcing prescription-opioid addicts to endure withdrawal symptoms, buy their fix on the black market or turn to heroin - which gives a similar high (and is now popular among middle-aged Americans with back problems).
to get yourself a fix
I need a fix of coffee before I can face the day.
preach verb
BrE /priːtʃ/ ; NAmE /priːtʃ/
2) [transitive, intransitive] to tell people about a particular religion, way of life, system, etc. in order to persuade them to accept it
ex) But through the 1980s and 1990s, as the war on drugs raged, it preached about the menace of illegal highs with barely a whisper about the horror of unrelieved pain.
to preach the word of God
He preached the virtues of capitalism to us.
She preached about the benefits of a healthy lifestyle.
fee-for-service
Fee-for-service (FFS) is a payment model where services are unbundled and paid for separately. In health care, it gives an incentive for physicians to provide more treatments because payment is dependent on the quantity of care, rather than quality of care. (행위별 수가, 각 진료별 지불)
ex) Even as American fee-for-service doctors overprescribed opioids at home, America spread its harsh approach to illegal drugs worldwide.
plunge verb
BrE /plʌndʒ/ ; NAmE /plʌndʒ/
2) [intransitive] (of prices, temperatures, etc.) to decrease suddenly and quickly
synonym plummet
ex) One passed in India in 1985 saw legitimate morphine use plunge by 97% in seven years.
Stock markets plunged at the news of the coup.
This year profits plunged by 40%.
direct-to-consumer advertising
Direct-to-consumer advertising (DTC advertising) sometimes refers to the marketing of pharmaceutical products but applies in other areas as well. This form of advertising is directed toward patients, rather than healthcare professionals.
ex) They can also avoid the mix of fee-for-service provision and direct-to-consumer drug advertising that aggravated America’s lax prescribing.
jump through hoops
to do something difficult or complicated in order to achieve something
ex) Forcing people in great pain to jump through hoops to get relief should be recognised as an infraction of international rules.
infraction noun
BrE /ɪnˈfrækʃn/ ; NAmE /ɪnˈfrækʃn/ countable, uncountable
an act of breaking a rule or law
synonym infringement
ex) Forcing people in great pain to jump through hoops to get relief should be recognised as an infraction of international rules.
minor infractions of EU regulations
solace noun
BrE /ˈsɒləs/ ; NAmE /ˈsɑːləs/ uncountable, singular
a feeling of emotional comfort when you are sad or disappointed; a person or thing that makes you feel better or happier when you are sad or disappointed
synonym comfort
ex) As the cause of needless suffering, it should be trying harder to bring solace.
He sought solace in the whisky bottle.
She turned to Rob for solace.
His grandchildren were a solace in his old age.
scurry verb
BrE /ˈskʌri/ ; NAmE /ˈskɜːri/
[intransitive] + adv./prep. to run with quick short steps
synonym scuttle
ex) I scurried up the ladder on the back, and when I stood up, the electrical current entered my arm, blew down and out my feet, and that was that.
She said goodbye and scurried back to work.
Ants scurried around the pile of rotting food.
The shots sent everyone scurrying for cover.
solidarity noun
BrE /ˌsɒlɪˈdærəti/ ; NAmE /ˌsɑːlɪˈdærəti/ [uncountable]
support by one person or group of people for another because they share feelings, opinions, aims, etc.
ex) My father wears it now in solidarity.
community solidarity
to express/show solidarity with somebody
Demonstrations were held as a gesture of solidarity with the hunger strikers.
(more than) your fair share of something
(more than) an amount of something that is considered to be reasonable or acceptable
ex) Now, the American health care system has more than its fair share of dysfunction – to match its brilliance, to be sure.
He has more than his fair share of problems.
I’ve had my fair share of success in the past.
palliative adjective
BrE /ˈpæliətɪv/ ; NAmE /ˈpæliətɪv/ [usually before noun]
1) (medical) (of a medicine or medical treatment) reducing pain without curing its cause
ex) I’m a physician now, a hospice and palliative medicine doc, so I’ve seen care from both sides.
palliative treatment
unwitting adjective
BrE /ʌnˈwɪtɪŋ/ ; NAmE /ʌnˈwɪtɪŋ/ [only before noun]
not aware of what you are doing or of the situation you are involved in
ex) But we who work in it are also unwitting agents for a system that too often does not serve.
He became an unwitting accomplice in the crime.
She was the unwitting cause of the argument.
They had been made unwitting tools of the regime.
compelling adjective
BrE /kəmˈpelɪŋ/ ; NAmE /kəmˈpelɪŋ/
2) so strong that you must do something about it
ex) And nowhere are the effects of bad design more heartbreaking or the opportunity for good design more compelling than at the end of life, where things are so distilled and concentrated.
a compelling need/desire
do something↔over
2) (North American English) to do something again
ex) There are no do-overs.
She insisted that everything be done over.
discipline noun
BrE /ˈdɪsəplɪn/ ; NAmE /ˈdɪsəplɪn/
4) [countable] (formal) an area of knowledge; a subject that people study or are taught, especially in a university
ex) My purpose today is to reach out across disciplines and invite design thinking into this big conversation.
The new recruits were drawn from a range of academic disciplines.
tease something↔out
1) to remove knots from hair, wool, etc. by gently pulling or brushing it
2) to spend time trying to find out information or the meaning of something, especially when this is complicated or difficult
ex) To get underneath this, it can be very helpful to tease out suffering which is necessary as it is, from suffering we can change.
The teacher helped them tease out the meaning of the poem.
proportionality noun
BrE /prəˌpɔːʃəˈnæləti/ ; NAmE /prəˌpɔːrʃəˈnæləti/ uncountable
the principle that an action, a punishment, etc. should not be more severe than is necessary
ex) They bring proportionality, like a cosmic right-sizing.
A major exception to the principle of proportionality relates to the sentencing of offenders for violent and sexual offences.
true to
2) Conforming to or consistent with, as in The speech was true to the party platform, or True to type, he died while working at his desk.
ex) True to the tenets of palliative care, I function as something of a reflective advocate, as much as prescribing physician.
tenet noun
BrE /ˈtenɪt/ ; NAmE /ˈtenɪt/ (formal)
one of the principles or beliefs that a theory or larger set of beliefs is based on
ex) True to the tenets of palliative care, I function as something of a reflective advocate, as much as prescribing physician.
one of the basic/central tenets of Christianity
reflective adjective
BrE /rɪˈflektɪv/ ; NAmE /rɪˈflektɪv/
3) reflective of something typical of a particular situation or thing; showing the state or nature of something
ex) True to the tenets of palliative care, I function as something of a reflective advocate, as much as prescribing physician.
His abilities are not reflective of the team as a whole.
Everything you do or say is reflective of your personality.
aside noun
BrE /əˈsaɪd/ ; NAmE /əˈsaɪd/
3) a remark that is not directly connected with the main subject that is being discussed
ex) Quick aside: palliative care – a very important field but poorly understood – while it includes, it is not limited to end of life care.
I mention it only as an aside.
blistering adjective
BrE /ˈblɪstərɪŋ/ ; NAmE /ˈblɪstərɪŋ/ [usually before noun]
2) extremely hot in a way that is uncomfortable
synonym baking
ex) It was a glorious, marvelous trip: freezing water, blistering dry heat, scorpions, snakes, wildlife howling off the flaming walls of the Grand Canyon – all the glorious side of the world beyond our control.
a blistering July day
blistering heat
flaming adjective
BrE /ˈfleɪmɪŋ/ ; NAmE /ˈfleɪmɪŋ/ [only before noun]
4) bright red or orange in colour
ex) It was a glorious, marvelous trip: freezing water, blistering dry heat, scorpions, snakes, wildlife howling off the flaming walls of the Grand Canyon – all the glorious side of the world beyond our control.
flaming (red) hair
a flaming sunset
mortuary noun
BrE /ˈmɔːtʃəri/ ; NAmE /ˈmɔːrtʃueri/ (pl. mortuaries)
1) a room or building, for example part of a hospital, in which dead bodies are kept before they are buried or cremated (= burned)
ex) When one of our residents dies, the mortuary men come, and as we’re wheeling the body out through the garden, heading for the gate, we pause.
They put the body in the hospital mortuary.
hearse noun
BrE /hɜːs/ ; NAmE /hɜːrs/
a long vehicle used for carrying the coffin (= the box for the dead body) at a funeral
ex) Anyone who wants – fellow residents, family, nurses, volunteers, the hearse drivers too, now – shares a story or a song or silence, as we sprinkle the body with flower petals.
usher something↔in
(formal) to be the beginning of something new or to make something new begin
ex) It takes a few minutes; it’s a sweet, simple parting image to usher in grief with warmth, rather than repugnance.
The change of management ushered in fresh ideas and policies.
repugnance noun
BrE /rɪˈpʌɡnəns/ ; NAmE /rɪˈpʌɡnəns/ uncountable
a strong feeling of dislike or disgust about something
synonym repulsion
ex) It takes a few minutes; it’s a sweet, simple parting image to usher in grief with warmth, rather than repugnance.
She was trying to overcome her physical repugnance for him.
floodlight verb
BrE /ˈflʌdlaɪt/ ; NAmE /ˈflʌdlaɪt/
(floodlit, floodlit BrE /ˈflʌdlɪt/ ; NAmE /ˈflʌdlɪt/ )
[usually passive] floodlight something to light a place or a building using floodlights (투광 조명)
ex) Contrast that with the typical experience in the hospital setting, much like this – floodlit room lined with tubes and beeping machines and blinking lights that don’t stop even when the patient’s life has.
The swimming pool is floodlit in the evenings.
floodlit tennis courts
They floodlight the aqueduct each night.
revere verb
BrE /rɪˈvɪə(r)/ ; NAmE /rɪˈvɪr/
[usually passive] revere somebody (as something) (formal) to feel great respect or admiration for somebody/something
synonym idolize
ex) I revere hospitals for what they can do; I am alive because of them.
Her name is revered in Spain.
He is now revered as a national hero.
repeat offender
reoffender
someone who has committed crimes more than once or several times
break/cut/tear (somebody/something) loose from somebody/something
to separate yourself or somebody/something from a group of people or their influence, etc.
ex) Also we must make sure no ankle bracelet breaks loose.
The organization broke loose from its sponsors.
He cut himself loose from his family.
egregious adjective
BrE /ɪˈɡriːdʒiəs/ ; NAmE /ɪˈɡriːdʒiəs/ (formal)
extremely bad
ex) We want to live without fear of those egregious criminals.
egregious behaviour
an egregious error
free-for-all noun
BrE ; NAmE [singular]
1) a situation in which there are no rules or controls and everyone acts for their own advantage
ex) The lowering of trade barriers has led to a free-for-all among exporters.
a price-cutting free-for-all
2) a noisy fight or argument in which a lot of people take part
ex) After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russia enjoyed a free-for-all of vigorous debate.
Prompt action by prison staff prevented a violent free-for-all.
muzzle noun
BrE /ˈmʌzl/ ; NAmE /ˈmʌzl/
2) a device made of leather or plastic that you put over the nose and mouth of an animal, especially a dog, to prevent it from biting people
ex) Under Vladimir Putin, the muzzle has tightened again.
dissident noun
BrE /ˈdɪsɪdənt/ ; NAmE /ˈdɪsɪdənt/
a person who strongly disagrees with and criticizes their government, especially in a country where this kind of action is dangerous
ex) China’s leader, Xi Jinping, ordered a crackdown after he took over in 2012, toughening up censorship of social media, arresting hundreds of dissidents and replacing liberal debate in universities with extra Marxism.
left-wing dissidents
regimes that murder political opponents and imprison dissidents
Dissidents were often imprisoned by the security police.
despot noun
BrE /ˈdespɒt/ ; NAmE /ˈdespɑːt/
a ruler with great power, especially one who uses it in a cruel way
ex) In the Middle East the overthrow of despots during the Arab spring let people speak freely for the first time in generations.
an enlightened despot (= one who tries to use his/her power in a good way)
It is the story of a military coup which brings a brutal despot to power.
hack verb
BrE /hæk/ ; NAmE /hæk/
1) [transitive, intransitive] to cut somebody/something with rough, heavy blows
ex) Secular bloggers in Bangladesh are hacked to death in the street; French cartoonists are gunned down in their offices.
I hacked the dead branches off.
They were hacked to death as they tried to escape.
We had to hack our way through the jungle.
We hacked away at the bushes.
gun somebody↔down
[usually passive] to shoot somebody, especially killing or seriously injuring them
ex) Secular bloggers in Bangladesh are hacked to death in the street; French cartoonists are gunned down in their offices.
The policeman was gunned down while on duty.
not least
especially
ex) The jihadists hurt Muslims more than any others, not least by making it harder for them to have an honest discussion about how to organise their societies.
The documentary caused a lot of bad feeling, not least among the workers whose lives it described.
innocuous adjective
BrE /ɪˈnɒkjuəs/ ; NAmE /ɪˈnɑːkjuəs/ (formal)
1) not intended or likely to offend or upset anyone
synonym harmless (2)
ex) Third, the idea has spread that people and groups have a right not to be offended. This may sound innocuous.
It seemed a perfectly innocuous remark.
police verb
BrE /pəˈliːs/ ; NAmE /pəˈliːs/
2) police something (of a committee, etc.) to make sure that a particular set of rules is obeyed
synonym monitor
ex) But if I have a right not to be offended, that means someone must police what you say about me, or about the things I hold dear, such as my ethnic group, religion, or even political beliefs.
The profession is policed by its own regulatory body.
The government has called on newspapers to police themselves.
These sort of regulations are very difficult to police.
arbitrary adjective
BrE /ˈɑːbɪtrəri/ , /ˈɑːbɪtri/ ; NAmE /ˈɑːrbətreri/
2) (formal) using power without restriction and without considering other people
ex) Since offence is subjective, the power to police it is both vast and arbitrary.
the arbitrary powers of officials
retreat verb
BrE /rɪˈtriːt/ ; NAmE /rɪˈtriːt/
3) [intransitive] + adv./prep. to change your mind about something because of criticism or because a situation has become too difficult
synonym back off (from something)
ex) Some retreat into the absolutism of identity politics, arguing that men have no right to speak about feminism nor whites to speak about slavery.
The government had retreated from its pledge to reduce class sizes.
He told them not to retreat in the face of opposition from the public.
identity politics
a tendency for people of a particular religion, race, social background, etc., to form exclusive political alliances, moving away from traditional broad-based party politics.
ex) Some retreat into the absolutism of identity politics, arguing that men have no right to speak about feminism nor whites to speak about slavery.
preciousness noun
BrE /ˈpreʃəsnəs/ ; NAmE /ˈpreʃəsnəs/ [uncountable]
(disapproving) great formality and lack of naturalness in what somebody says and does
ex) And protest can easily stray into preciousness: the University of California, for example, suggests that it is a racist “micro-aggression” to say that “America is a land of opportunity,” because it could be taken to imply that those who do not succeed have only themselves to blame.
His writings reveal an unattractive preciousness of style.
mouthy adjective
BrE /ˈmaʊθi/ ; NAmE /ˈmaʊθi/ ; BrE /ˈmaʊði/ ; NAmE /ˈmaʊði/ (informal, disapproving)
used to describe a person who talks a lot, sometimes expressing their opinions strongly and in a rude way
ex) Even despots know that locking up mouthy but non-violent dissidents is disreputable.
mouthy teenagers
trample verb
BrE /ˈtræmpl/ ; NAmE /ˈtræmpl/
2) [intransitive] trample (on/over) somebody/something to ignore somebody’s feelings or rights and treat them as if they are not important
ex) So authoritarians are always looking out for respectable-sounding excuses to trample on it.
The government is trampling on the views of ordinary people.
She would not let him trample over her any longer.
flog verb
BrE /flɒɡ/ ; NAmE /flɑːɡ/
1) [often passive] flog somebody to punish somebody by hitting them many times with a whip or stick
ex) Saudi Arabia flogs blasphemers.
He was publicly flogged for breaking the country’s alcohol laws.
blasphemer noun
BrE /blæsˈfiːmə(r)/ ; NAmE /blæsˈfiːmər/
a person who speaks about God or the holy things of a particular religion in an offensive way or who swears using the names of God or holy things
ex) Saudi Arabia flogs blasphemers.
caste noun
BrE /kɑːst/ ; NAmE /kæst/
1) [countable] any of the four main divisions of Hindu society, originally those made according to functions in society
ex) Indians can be jailed for up to three years for promoting disharmony “on grounds of religion, race… caste… or any other ground whatsoever.”
the caste system
high-caste Brahmins
satirical adjective
BrE /səˈtɪrɪkl/ ; NAmE /səˈtɪrɪkl/
(less frequent satiric BrE /səˈtɪrɪk/ ; NAmE /səˈtɪrɪk/ )
using satire to criticize somebody/something
ex) In March a German comedian recited a satirical poem about him “shagging goats and oppressing minorities” (only the more serious charge is true).
a satirical magazine
He is a sharp, satirical observer of the London social scene.
shag verb
BrE /ʃæɡ/ ; NAmE /ʃæɡ/
(shagging, shagged)
[intransitive, transitive] shag (somebody) (British English, taboo, slang) to have sex with somebody
ex) In March a German comedian recited a satirical poem about him “shagging goats and oppressing minorities” (only the more serious charge is true).
spell something↔out
1) to explain something in a simple, clear way
ex) So it is worth spelling out why free expression is the bedrock of all liberties.
You know what I mean—I’m sure I don’t need to spell it out.
Let me spell out why we need more money.
err verb
BrE /ɜː(r)/ ; NAmE /er/ intransitive
to make a mistake
ex) Politicians who err (that is, all of them) should be subjected to unfettered criticism.
To err is human…
unfettered adjective
BrE /ʌnˈfetəd/ ; NAmE /ʌnˈfetərd/ (formal)
not controlled or restricted
ex) Politicians who err (that is, all of them) should be subjected to unfettered criticism.
an unfettered free market
unfettered by regulations
misfire verb
BrE /ˌmɪsˈfaɪə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˌmɪsˈfaɪər/
1) [intransitive] (of a plan or joke) to fail to have the effect that you had intended
synonym go wrong
ex) Those who silence it may never find out how their policies misfired.
Unfortunately their plan misfired badly.
laureate noun
BrE /ˈlɒriət/ ; NAmE /ˈlɔːriət/ , /ˈlɑːriət/
1) a person who has been given an official honour or prize for something important they have achieved
ex) As Amartya Sen, a Nobel laureate, has pointed out, no democracy with a free press ever endured famine.
a Nobel laureate
anachronism noun
BrE /əˈnækrənɪzəm/ ; NAmE /əˈnækrənɪzəm/
1) a person, a custom or an idea that seems old-fashioned and does not belong to the present
ex) Blasphemy laws are an anachronism.
The monarchy is seen by many people as an anachronism in the modern world.
She said nuclear weapons were an anachronism in the post cold war era.
incitement noun
BrE /ɪnˈsaɪtmənt/ ; NAmE /ɪnˈsaɪtmənt/
[uncountable, countable] incitement (to something) the act of encouraging somebody to do something violent, illegal or unpleasant
ex) Incitement to violence should be banned.
incitement to racial hatred
incitement to murder
goad verb
BrE /ɡəʊd/ ; NAmE /ɡoʊd/
to keep irritating or annoying somebody/something until they react
ex) However, it should be narrowly defined as instances when the speaker intends to goad those who agree with him to commit violence, and when his words are likely to have an immediate effect.
Goaded beyond endurance, she turned on him and hit out.
He finally goaded her into answering his question.
bigot noun
BrE /ˈbɪɡət/ ; NAmE /ˈbɪɡət/
a person who has very strong, unreasonable beliefs or opinions about race, religion or politics and who will not listen to or accept the opinions of anyone who disagrees
ex) The police should deal with serious and imminent threats, not arrest every bigot with a laptop or a megaphone.
a religious/racial bigot
on[upon] the heels of
close behind; immediately following
ex) It was right on the heels of the Rwandan genocide, and aid money to the region was drying up.
the (whole) world over
everywhere in the world
ex) And so question that I was asked to specifically help answer, which is one that aid workers ask themselves in war zones the world over, is: What the hell do we do now?
People are basically the same the world over.
사후 경직
rigor mortis noun
BrE /ˌrɪɡə ˈmɔːtɪs/ ; NAmE /ˌrɪɡər ˈmɔːrtɪs/ [uncountable]
the process by which the body becomes stiff after death
ex) And when I did this, I discovered that her baby was already in rigor.
Rigor mortis had already set in.
Kalashnikov noun
BrE /kəˈlæʃnɪkɒf/ ; NAmE /kəˈlæʃnɪkɔːf/
(= AK-47 / AK-74 / Kalash (Russian slang)
a type of rifle (= a long gun) that can fire bullets very quickly
ex) I later learned that as her baby was dying, this young woman had been held for two days by some teenage boys who were armed with Kalashnikov rifles, and they were trying to shake her down for more money, money she very clearly did not have.
Well, in some parts of the world, you can buy an AK-47 for as little as 10 dollars.
소화기 (무기)
small arms noun
BrE ; NAmE [plural]
small light weapons that you can carry in your hands
ex) Well, I want you to consider this: there are at least 800 million small arms and light weapons in circulation in the world today.
They attacked the house with grenades and small arms.
They heard the sound of small arms fire in the distance.
grade school noun
BrE ; NAmE (informal)
= elementary school
ex) Grade school was spectacular for me.
‘닭이 먼저냐 계란이 먼저냐’ 식의 논리, 문제
Circular reasoning (Latin: circulus in probando, “circle in proving”; also known as circular logic) is a logical fallacy in which the reasoner begins with what they are trying to end with. The components of a circular argument are often logically valid because if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true. Circular reasoning is not a formal logical fallacy but a pragmatic defect in an argument whereby the premises are just as much in need of proof or evidence as the conclusion, and as a consequence the argument fails to persuade. Other ways to express this are that there is no reason to accept the premises unless one already believes the conclusion, or that the premises provide no independent ground or evidence for the conclusion. Begging the question is closely related to circular reasoning, and in modern usage the two generally refer to the same thing.
Circular reasoning is often of the form: “A is true because B is true; B is true because A is true.” Circularity can be difficult to detect if it involves a longer chain of propositions.
ex) Now, we can have a circular argument here about whether this increase in fatalities is a response to the increase of small arms, or the other way around.
takeaway noun
3) an important fact, point or idea to be remembered from a talk, meeting or event
ex) But here’s what we should really take away from this.
This could be the most important takeaway from today’s Fed announcement.
The key takeaways from the presentation are: 1. …
scrutinize verb
(British English also -ise)
BrE /ˈskruːtənaɪz/ ; NAmE /ˈskruːtənaɪz/
scrutinize somebody/something to look at or examine somebody/something carefully
ex) What we should take away from this is that this is a relationship worth scrutinizing, especially when you consider that small arms that were shipped to Iraq for use by the Iraqi Army, or to Syria for so-called moderate opposition fighters, that those arms, many of them, are now in the hands of ISIS; or when you consider that arms that were shipped to Libya are now actively drifting across the Sahel, and ending up with groups like Boko Haram and al Qaeda and other militant groups.
She leaned forward to scrutinize their faces.
The statement was carefully scrutinized before publication.
citizenry noun
BrE /ˈsɪtɪzənri/ ; NAmE /ˈsɪtɪzənri/ singular + singular or plural verb
(less formal in NAmE) all the citizens of a particular town, country, etc.
ex) The right to an income would encourage rich-world governments either to shut the doors to immigrants, or to create second-class citizenries without access to state support.
make no mistake (about something)
used to emphasize what you are saying, especially when you want to warn somebody about something 정말이에요~ 이거 모르시면 안 돼요~
ex) Make no mistake: modern welfare states leave plenty to be desired.
Make no mistake (about it), this is one crisis that won’t just go away.
upend verb
BrE /ʌpˈend/ ; NAmE /ʌpˈend/
upend somebody/something to turn somebody/something upside down
ex) But rather than upend society with radical welfare reforms premised on a job-killing technological revolution that has not yet happened, governments should make better use of the tools they already have.
The bicycle lay upended in a ditch.
They sat on upended wooden boxes.
premised adjective
BrE /ˈpremɪst/ ; NAmE /ˈpremɪst/
premised on/upon something (formal) based on a particular idea or belief that is considered to be true
ex) But rather than upend society with radical welfare reforms premised on a job-killing technological revolution that has not yet happened, governments should make better use of the tools they already have.
Traditional economic analysis is premised on the assumption that more is better.
upheaval noun
BrE /ʌpˈhiːvl/ ; NAmE /ʌpˈhiːvl/ [countable, uncountable]
a big change that causes a lot of confusion, worry and problems
synonym disruption
ex) A universal basic income might just make sense in a world of technological upheaval.
the latest upheavals in the education system
I can’t face the upheaval of moving house again.
a period of emotional upheaval
take somebody to task (for/over something)
to criticize somebody strongly for something they have done
ex) He was taken to task in the street for the “loi travail,” the labor law - recently pushed through by his government - that he was in Lunel to promote.
The local newspaper has been taking the city council to task over its transport policy.
The teacher took John to task for his bad behavior.
I lost a big contract, and the boss took me to task in front of everyone.
trade unionist noun
BrE ; NAmE
(also trades unionist, unionist)
a member of a trade/labor union
ex) A trade unionist wearing a T-shirt challenged him: You, you’ve got lots of cash, you buy yourself nice suits.”
loop noun
BrE /luːp/ ; NAmE /luːp/
3) a strip of film or tape on which the pictures and sound are repeated continuously
ex) A video of the interaction has been practically running on a loop on YouTube ever since.
The film is on a loop.
(figurative) His mind kept turning in an endless loop.
fluctuate verb
BrE /ˈflʌktʃueɪt/ ; NAmE /ˈflʌktʃueɪt/ [intransitive]
to change frequently in size, amount, quality, etc., especially from one extreme to another
synonym vary
ex) For the last 30 years, the unemployment rate has typically fluctuated between 9 percent and 12 percent, with a brief dip in 2007 and 2008.
fluctuating prices
The documentary follows the fluctuating fortunes of one marketing company.
During the crisis, oil prices fluctuated between $20 and $40 a barrel.
Temperatures can fluctuate by as much as 10 degrees.
My weight fluctuated wildly depending on how much I ate.
My mood seems to fluctuate from day to day.
The rate of inflation has been fluctuating around 4% for some time.
cyclic adjective
BrE /ˈsaɪklɪk/ ; NAmE /ˈsaɪklɪk/ ; BrE /ˈsɪklɪk/ ; NAmE /ˈsɪklɪk/
(also cyclical BrE /ˈsaɪklɪkl/ ; NAmE /ˈsaɪklɪkl/ ; BrE /ˈsɪklɪkl/ ; NAmE /ˈsɪklɪkl/ )
[usually before noun]
repeated many times and always happening in the same order
ex) Overcoming a long-lasting structural crisis of this type is much more daunting than getting out of a cyclical one.
the cyclic processes of nature
Economic activity often follows a cyclical pattern.
dread noun
BrE /dred/ ; NAmE /dred/
[uncountable, countable, usually singular] a feeling of great fear about something that might or will happen in the future; a thing that causes this feeling
ex) Most people fill that void with dread.
The prospect of growing old fills me with dread.
She has an irrational dread of hospitals.
The committee members live in dread of (= are always worried about) anything that may cause a scandal.
My greatest dread is that my parents will find out.
noxious adjective
BrE /ˈnɒkʃəs/ ; NAmE /ˈnɑːkʃəs/ (formal)
poisonous or harmful
ex) But its American cousin Occupy Wall Street left a legacy, the idea of the “1 percent” and of the noxiousness of ever-growing social inequalities.
noxious fumes
gratification noun
BrE /ˌɡrætɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/ ; NAmE /ˌɡrætɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/ uncountable, countable
the state of feeling pleasure when something goes well for you or when your desires are satisfied; something that gives you pleasure
synonym satisfaction
ex) you can delay the gratification that the social acknowledgment brings, and you can understand that your mind mistakes the talking for the doing.
sexual gratification
A feed will usually provide instant gratification to a crying baby.
Much to my gratification, my work got a special mention in her speech.
civil disobedience noun
BrE ; NAmE [uncountable]
refusal by a large group of people to obey particular laws or pay taxes, usually as a form of peaceful political protest
ex) The next round of strikes by fast-food workers demanding higher wages is scheduled for Thursday, and this time labor organizers plan to increase the pressure by staging widespread civil disobedience and having thousands of home-care workers join the protests.
연좌 농성
sit-in noun
a protest in which a group of workers, students, etc. refuse to leave their factory, college, etc. until people listen to their demands
ex) The organizers say fast-food workers - who are seeking a $15 hourly wage - will go on strike at restaurants in more than 100 cities and engage in sit-ins in more than a dozen cities.
to hold/stage a sit-in
roll up your sleeves
to prepare to work or fight
ex) It’s past time the central and local governments rolled up their sleeves and encouraged people to have more babies.
rearing noun
BrE /ˈrɪərɪŋ/ ; NAmE /ˈrɪrɪŋ/ [uncountable]
1) the process of caring for children as they grow up, teaching them how to behave as members of society
ex) They could start by offering childrearing subsidies to young couples.
the talk of something
if something is the talk of a place, people there talk a lot about it
ex) a fashion display that was the talk of London society
The couple had suddenly become the talk of the town.
Overnight, she became the talk of the town (= very famous).
put a damper on something
British English also put a dampener on something
(informal) to make something less enjoyable, successful, etc.
ex) The gaming industry opposes, however, because they say it will put a significant damper on the industry.
Rain put a bit of a damper on the event.
Recession in the early nineties put a damper on growth.
exponentially adverb
BrE /ˌekspəˈnenʃəli/ ; NAmE /ˌekspəˈnenʃəli/
1) (mathematics) in a way that is connected with or shown by an exponent (지수)
ex) These time lags are exponentially distributed.
2) (formal) in a way that becomes faster and faster
ex) This year marks the 17th anniversary of this workshop for overseas Korean teenagers, in which the applicants are growing exponentially each year.
to increase exponentially
let alone
used after a statement to emphasize that because the first thing is not true or possible, the next thing cannot be true or possible either
ex) Let alone communication barriers and different lifestyles, there are various factors that can make Korea an inconvenient place for these youth.
There isn’t enough room for us, let alone any guests.
I didn’t have any clothes, let alone a passport.
close-knit adjective
BrE /ˌkləʊs ˈnɪt/ ; NAmE /ˌkloʊs ˈnɪt/
(less frequent closely-knit)
(of a group of people) having strong relationships with each other and taking a close, friendly interest in each other’s activities and problems
ex) Through experiencing farming and fishing together along with homestay, students gradually become all close-knit ‘global family.’
the close-knit community of a small village
~에 대한 생각을 나누다, 함께 얘기하다
Those gathered at the workshop also exchanged thoughts on their current life interests, such as studies, dating, and entering university.
expatriate adjective
BrE /ˌeksˈpætriət/ ; NAmE /ˌeksˈpeɪtriət/ [only before noun]
(informal: expat)
living in a country that is not your own
ex) Some 400 adolescents of Korean descent living abroad were invited to the 2014 Expatriate Training Program hosted by the Expatriate Foundation.
expatriate Britons in Spain
expatriate workers
fatherland noun
BrE /ˈfɑːðəlænd/ ; NAmE /ˈfɑːðərlænd/ usually singular
- motherland noun
BrE /ˈmʌðəlænd/ ; NAmE /ˈmʌðərlænd/ (formal)
(used especially about Germany) the country where a person, or their family, was born, especially when they feel very loyal towards it
ex) They had a chance to experience the social, cultural and historical heritages of their fatherland.
* the country that you were born in and that you feel a strong emotional connection with
ex) About 400 Korean teenagers living abroad were privileged to experience their motherland’s culture and history this summer, through the ‘2014 Invitational Workshop for Overseas Korean Teenagers’ hosted by the Overseas Korean Foundation.
He was willing to die for the motherland.
She fears she will never see her motherland again.
inconvenience verb
BrE /ˌɪnkənˈviːniəns/ ; NAmE /ˌɪnkənˈviːniəns
inconvenience somebody (formal) to cause trouble or difficulty for somebody
ex) Aside from the language problems, the different ways of living may inconvenience them during their short stay.
I hope that we haven’t inconvenienced you.
at a cost | at what cost
used for saying that it may not have been worth doing something because so much has been lost or damaged as a result
ex) Then what could it be that brought them here even at a cost?
He got the job, but at a cost.
impart verb
BrE /ɪmˈpɑːt/ ; NAmE /ɪmˈpɑːrt/ (formal)
1) impart something (to somebody) to pass information, knowledge, etc. to other people
synonym convey
ex) One American study found that in a single year’s teaching the top 10% of teachers impart three times as much learning to their pupils as the worst 10% do.
tenacious adjective
BrE /təˈneɪʃəs/ ; NAmE /təˈneɪʃəs/ (formal)
2) continuing to exist, have influence, etc. for longer than you might expect
synonym persistent
ex) But efforts to ensure that every teacher can teach are hobbled by the tenacious myth that good teachers are born, not made.
a tenacious illness
diktat noun
BrE /ˈdɪktæt/ ; NAmE /dɪkˈtæt/ countable, uncountable
an order given by a government, for example, that people must obey
ex) Teachers’ unions, meanwhile, insist that if only their members were set free from central diktat, excellence would follow.
an EU diktat from Brussels
government by diktat
lurch verb
BrE /lɜːtʃ/ ; NAmE /lɜːrtʃ/
1) [intransitive] (+ adv./prep.) to make a sudden, unsteady movement forward or sideways
synonym stagger, sway
ex) Education has a history of lurching from one miracle solution to the next.
Suddenly the horse lurched to one side and the child fell off.
The man lurched drunkenly out of the pub.
(figurative) Their relationship seems to lurch from one crisis to the next.
predecessor noun
BrE /ˈpriːdɪsesə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈpredəsesər/
1) a person who did a job before somebody else
ex) When poor teachers are fired, new ones are needed - and they will have been trained in the very same system that failed to make fine teachers out of their predecessors.
The new president reversed many of the policies of his predecessor.
his immediate predecessor in the post
my predecessor at the Ministry of Defence
airy adjective
BrE /ˈeəri/ ; NAmE /ˈeri/ (airier, airiest)
3) (formal, disapproving) not serious or practical
ex) This will often involve airy discussions of theory - on ecopedagogy, possibly, or conscientisation (don’t ask).
airy promises/speculation
come/get to grips with something
to begin to understand and deal with something difficult
ex) They become better teachers in their first few years as they get to grips with real pupils in real classrooms, but after that improvements tail off.
I’m slowly getting to grips with the language.
They have so far failed to come to grips with the ecological problems.
tail off | tail away
(especially British English) to become smaller or weaker
ex) They become better teachers in their first few years as they get to grips with real pupils in real classrooms, but after that improvements tail off.
The number of tourists tails off in October.
‘But why…?’ Her voice tailed away.
mind noun
BrE /maɪnd/ ; NAmE /maɪnd/
3) [countable] a person who is very intelligent
synonym brain
ex) If this is to change, teachers need to learn how to impart knowledge and prepare young minds to receive and retain it.
She was one of the greatest minds of her generation.
cold-calling noun
BrE ; NAmE [uncountable]
the practice of telephoning somebody that you do not know, in order to sell them something
ex) They use tried-and-tested instructional techniques to ensure that all the brains are working all of the time, for example asking questions in the classroom with “cold calling” rather than relying on the same eager pupils to put up their hands.
abstruse adjective
BrE /əbˈstruːs/ ; NAmE /əbˈstruːs/ ; BrE /æbˈstruːs/ ; NAmE /æbˈstruːs/ (formal, often disapproving)
difficult to understand
ex) With teaching as with other complex skills, the route to mastery is not abstruse theory but intense, guided practice grounded in subject-matter knowledge and pedagogical methods.
an abstruse argument
subject matter noun
BrE ; NAmE [uncountable]
the ideas or information contained in a book, speech, painting, etc.
ex) With teaching as with other complex skills, the route to mastery is not abstruse theory but intense, guided practice grounded in subject-matter knowledge and pedagogical methods.
The artist was revolutionary in both subject matter and technique.
She’s searching for subject matter for her new book.
calibre noun
(especially US English caliber)
BrE /ˈkælɪbə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈkælɪbər/
1) [uncountable] the quality of something, especially a person’s ability
synonym standard
ex) Teacher-training institutions need to be more rigorous - rather as a century ago medical schools raised the calibre of doctors by introducing systematic curriculums and providing clinical experience.
He was impressed by the high calibre of applicants for the job.
The firm needs more people of your calibre.
clamour verb
(especially US English clamor)
BrE /ˈklæmə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈklæmər/
1) [intransitive, transitive] (formal) to demand something loudly
ex) Improving the quality of the average teacher would raise the profession’s prestige, setting up a virtuous cycle in which more talented graduates clamoured to join it.
People began to clamour for his resignation.
Everyone was clamouring to know how much they would get.
A great many interest groups were clamouring to be heard.
‘Play with us!’ the children clamoured.
