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Veterinary Infectious Diseases > Viral Respiratory Disease > Flashcards

Viral Respiratory Disease Flashcards

1
Q

who is feline rhinotracheitis common in?

A

cats less than a year old

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2
Q

what signs are associated with feline rhinotracheitis acute onset?

A

sneezing/coughing
profuse serous nasal and ocular discharges, conjunctivitis, keratitis
frothy salivation
dyspnea
anorexia
weight loss
fever

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3
Q

what are the four forms of feline viral rhinotracheitis?

A

acute
chronic
systemic
latent

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4
Q

when are herpesviridae well transmitted?

A

to young
in high density animal situations with droplet spread is facilitated

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5
Q

most _____________ grow rapidly, lyse infected cells, and establish latent infections primarily in sensory ganglia

A

alphaherpesviruses

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6
Q

most _____________ replicate slowly and have delayed cell lysis

A

betaherpesvirinae

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7
Q

most _____________ are lymphotropic, and become latent in lymphocytes

A

gammaherpesviridae

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8
Q

what characterizes herpesviridae genomes?

A

large and diverse

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9
Q

are herpesviridae enveloped?

A

yes

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10
Q

what are the initial signs of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis?

A

fever, depression, inappetence, profuse nasal discharge
serous then mucopurulent
subclinical, mild, severe

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11
Q

what are some of the later signs of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis?

A

dyspnea
mouth breathing
salivation
deep bronchial cough

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12
Q

what are lesions associated with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis?

A

hyperemic nasal mucosa and nasal cavity lesions
conjunctivitis with profuse lacrimation

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13
Q

who is infectious pustular vulvovaginitis most common in?

A

dairy cows

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14
Q

what does infectious bovine rhinotracheitis contribute to?

A

bovine respiratory disease complex

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15
Q

what are the clinical signs of infectious pustular vulvovaginitis?

A

fever
depression
anorexia
stand apart
tail held away from vulva

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16
Q

what does bovine herpes virus-1 cause?

A

infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and infectious pustular vulvovaginitis
rarely at same time

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17
Q

what is bovine herpesvirus-1 implicated in?

A

abortion
balanoposthitis in bulls
conjunctivitis
ADR in calves- death
disease in swine and horses

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18
Q

how is bovine herpesvirus-1 transmitted?

A

sciatic and trigeminal ganglia are sites of latency
droplet respiratory transmission
coitus

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19
Q

what can cause “abortion storms” without any other clinical signs?

A

caprine herpesvirus-1

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20
Q

what causes fatal generalized hemorrhagic infection in pups?

A

canine herpes

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21
Q

how does canine herpes manifest in puppies?

A

systemic infection of epithelial and endothelial cells
lung, liver, and kidney necrosis with hemorrhage
painful crying, abdominal pain, anorexia, and dyspnea

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22
Q

how does canine herpes manifest in adults dogs?

A

genital (venereal) disease
respiratory disease (can be part of kennel cough)

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23
Q

how is canine herpes transmitted?

A

to pup from vaginal birth canal
oronasally from other animals
crosses placenta

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24
Q

how do we control canine herpes?

A

adults are disease reservoir
vaccinate breeding animals
isolate affected bitches and litters
does not survive long in environment
raise body temperature if hypothermic

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25
Q

what is the most important viral cause of equine abortion?

A

equine herpesvirus-1

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26
Q

what does primary infection of a pregnant mare by equine herpesvirus-1 cause?

A

abortion
mare not seriously ill

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27
Q

how does equine herpesvirus-1 infect the CNS?

A

infected lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages carry virus to CNS where it infects endothelial cells

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28
Q

how are focal lesions from equine herpesvirus-1 identified?

A

discrete, randomly distributed areas of hemorrhage within the brain and/or spinal cord of affected horses

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29
Q

what are the clinical signs of equine herpesvirus-4?

A

mainly respiratory
fever
anorexia
profuse serous nasal discharge that later becomes mucopurulent

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30
Q

how are equine herpesviruses 1 and 4 transmitted?

A

genital and respiratory secretions, droplet transmission

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31
Q

how are equine herpesviruses 1 and 4 diagnosed?

A

indirect through pathology of aborted fetus
immunoflourscence/immunohistochemical staining of tissues
fetal lung, thymus, spleen
rising titers in affected mare

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32
Q

what lesions does equine coital exanthema cause?

A

acute pustular and ulcerative lesions on vaginal, vestibular, and perineal areas, penis and prepuce, sometimes teats, lips, upper respiratory

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33
Q

can equine herpesvirus-3 (equine coital exanthema) cause respiratory signs?

A

subclinical in yearling horses

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34
Q

what does infectious laryngotracheitis cause?

A

conjunctivitis
dyspnea
bloody expectorant
hemorrhage, blood, mucous in trachea
death

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35
Q

who does infectious laryngotracheitis impact?

A

chickens and pheasants

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36
Q

how are caliciviruses released?

A

cell lysis

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37
Q

what makes caliciviridae resistant to inactivation by standard detergent-based disinfectants?

A

lack of a lipid envelope

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38
Q

what type of genome do influenza viruses have?

A

segmented genome

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39
Q

what are the types of influenza?

A

A: most important for veterinary medicine
B
C
D
(E)

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40
Q

what are the important surface glycoproteins of influenza viruses?

A

hemagglutinin (H or HA)
neuraminidase (N or NA)

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41
Q

how do influenza viruses enter cells?

A

hemagglutinin
virus attachment and fusion to certain carbohydrate linkages
sialic acid-galactose residues

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42
Q

what is influenza reassortment?

A

genomic segments from different virus subtypes mix together to form new combinations

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43
Q

which equine influenza is most prevalent?

A

H3N8
used to be H7N7

44
Q

what strains of virus are most prevalent in canine influenza?

A

Type A, strains H3N8 and H3N2

45
Q

what genomes do orthomyxoviridae have?

A

segmented genomes

46
Q

what is the dominant member of orthomyxoviridae?

A

influenza

47
Q

what does bovine respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) cause?

A

often subclinical
can cause outbreaks of fever, respiratory disease, and pneumonia (especially in young or recently weaned)
contributes to bovine respiratory disease complex

48
Q

what is the genome of bovine respiratory syncytial virus?

A

ssRNA
negative sense

49
Q

how is bovine respiratory syncytial virus transmitted?

A

aerosol
direct contact

50
Q

what is the main cell target of bovine respiratory syncytial virus?

A

ciliated respiratory epithelial cells

51
Q

are paramyxoviridae well controlled by vaccination?

A

yes

52
Q

why is bovine parainfluenza (PI3) important?

A

predisposing factor for bovine respiratory disease complex
might cause clinical disease in practice

53
Q

is bovine parainfluenza virus 3 enveloped?

A

yes

54
Q

how is bovine parainfluenza virus 3 transmitted?

A

aerosol
direct contact

55
Q

has Newcastle Disease been zoonotic?

A

yes

56
Q

who does Newcastle Disease impact?

A

all birds

57
Q

what causes Newcastle Disease?

A

avian paramyxovirus type I

58
Q

how is Newcastle Disease transmitted?

A

all excretions/secretions: shed for 4 weeks
introduced by shedding birds, fomites
contact, ingestion, inhalation

59
Q

what are the disease sequelae to feline viral rhinotracheitis?

A

secondary bacterial infections
ulcerated surfaces heal together resulting in fusions
nasal turbinate destruction
adult cats become anorexic (hepatic lipidosis)

60
Q

what inclusion bodies can be seen with feline rhinotracheitis?

A

intranuclear inclusions

61
Q

what does vaccination for bovine herpesvirus-1 achieve?

A

reduce incidence and severity
does not prevent infection

62
Q

what happens if fetuses get infected with canine herpes after it crosses the placenta?

A

abortion
stillbirth
may see mummies

63
Q

what cells does equine herpesvirus-1 target?

A

endothelial cells

64
Q

what are the preferred samples for diagnosis of equine rhinotracheitis/rhinopneumonitis from a fetus?

A

fetal lung, thymus, spleen

65
Q

is equine coital exanthema associated with abortion or infertility?

A

no

66
Q

what can severe cases of feline viral rhinotracheitis have?

A

ulcerate cornea

67
Q

do oral and lingual ulcerations occur in feline viral rhinotracheitis?

A

less commonly than calicivirus

68
Q

what does epithelial infection of feline viral rhinotracheitis (feline herpesvirus-1) result in?

A

cell degeneration and cell death

69
Q

what cells are less important in the acute form of feline viral rhinotracheitis but are also infected?

A

lymphocytes
neuronal cells

70
Q

what is common in chronic feline viral rhinotracheitis?

A

corneal stromal keratitis
chronic keratoconjunctivitis
dermatitis

71
Q

what differentiates chronic feline viral rhinotracheitis?

A

signs wax and wane but do not resolve
viral transcripts can be detected
immune responses to viral antigens may contribute to disease

72
Q

what can feline herpesvirus-1 cause in extreme cases with young kittens?

A

bronchopneumonia

73
Q

do herpesviruses survive well in the environment?

A

no

74
Q

some ______________ are linked to oncogenic transformation of lymphocytes

A

gammaherpesvirinae

75
Q

how long does uncomplicated infectious bovine rhinotracheitis take to resolve?

A

5-10 days

76
Q

how long does infectious pustular vulvovaginitis take to progress through the acute stage and resolve?

A

4-5 days
10-14 days

77
Q

why is canine herpes able to infect pups so well with regards to their temperature?

A

hypothalamic thermoregulatory center not fully operative until 4 weeks old
likes 33 degrees C

78
Q

what characterizes death of the fetus with equine herpes virus 1?

A

late term
not autolyzed
liver, lung, spleen necrotic foci

79
Q

what are the clinical signs of viral systemic feline calicivirus?

A

oral/respiratory lesions
severe systemic illness with lungs, liver, pancreas, and vessels affected

80
Q

what are some other presentations for feline calicivirus?

A

limping disease/stiff gait
enteritis

81
Q

what is the genome of feline calicivirus?

A

+ssRNA

82
Q

is feline calicivirus enveloped?

A

no

83
Q

where does feline calicivirus replicate?

A

cytoplasm

84
Q

in what cells is caliciviridae virus replication enhanced?

A

deficient in STAT1 and interferon receptor genes

85
Q

what is the shape of caliciviridae?

A

icosahedral

86
Q

how can infectious laryngotracheitis be introduced?

A

carriers
fomites
vaccinated birds

87
Q

how is infectious laryngotracheitis transmitted?

A

inhalation
ingestion
conjunctival inoculation

88
Q

what is the genome of influenza viruses?

A

-ssRNA
segmented genome

89
Q

what does neuraminidase do?

A

viral exit: cleaves receptors to promote viral exit

90
Q

what does hemaglutinin do?

A

viral entry: attachment and fusion, sialic acid-galactose residues
often host specific

91
Q

is canine influenza a common vaccine?

A

H3N8 and H3N2 exists but not routinely recommended

92
Q

what genome is the bovine respiratory syncytial virus?

A

-ssRNA

93
Q

what is the main cell target for respiratory syncytial virus?

A

ciliated respiratory epithelial cells

94
Q

what are the receptors for the henipaviruses (hendra and nipah)?

A

ephrin B2 and B3

95
Q

what is essential for infectivity of paramyxoviridae?

A

cleavage of F0 protein

96
Q

what is the genome of bovine parainfluenza virus 3?

A

-ssRNA

97
Q

what types of inclusions can be seen with bovine parainfluenza virus 3?

A

intracytoplasmic and intranuclear

98
Q

what are the two forms of concern of newcastle disease?

A

viscerotropic velogenic newcastle disease virus
mesogenic newcastle disease virus

99
Q

what is the genome of newcastle disease virus?

A

-ssRNA

100
Q

in whom would you expect to see systemic disease with feline herpesvirus-1?

A

kittens <4 weeks with insufficient passive transfer, congenital immune defects
immune compromised adults with other viral infections, immune suppressive medications
geriatric cats with aging immune systems

101
Q

which ganglia does feline viral rhinotracheitis go latent in?

A

trigeminal ganglia

102
Q

what are the two equine herpes viruses that we focus on and what does each cause?

A

EHV-1: neural disease, abortion
EHV-4: respiratory disease

103
Q

what does equine herpes virus 3 cause?

A

equine coital exanthema

104
Q

does bovine respiratory syncytial virus cause intranuclear inclusions?

A

no
only syncytia

105
Q

what is more apparent in paramyxoviridae that is worrisome from a global health point of view?

A

periodically cross over to other species

Veterinary Infectious Diseases (29 decks)

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