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Veterinary Infectious Diseases > Mycoses in Wildlife > Flashcards

Mycoses in Wildlife Flashcards

1
Q

what does Pseudogymnoascus destructans cause?

A

disease in bats known as white nose syndrome

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2
Q

which bats did Pseudogymnoascus destructans coevolve with?

A

Eurasian bat populations
coexisted for millenia

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3
Q

when does Pseudogymnoascus destructans grow?

A

in winter: psychrophilic (likes <68 degrees F)

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4
Q

true/false: the bat’s body temperature outside the hibernacula is too high to support Pseudogymnoascus destructans

A

true

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5
Q

how is Pseudogymnoascus destructans transmitted?

A

contact between bats
contact with contaminated surfaces in hibernacula

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6
Q

what are the clinical signs of Pseudogymnoascus destructans?

A

white lesions: worst on wings and tail, also ears, nose, muzzle
wing damage
rouse frequently during hibernation

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7
Q

why is wing damage by Pseudogymnoascus destructans a problem?

A

problems with physiological processes such as blood circulation, thermoregulation, water balance, and gas exchange

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8
Q

how many species of bat in North America are affected by Pseudogymnoascus destructans and how many have no clinical signs?

A

12 with clinical signs
8 without clinical signs

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9
Q

how can you diagnose Pseudogymnoascus destructans?

A

lesions/fungi external: relatively easy
identify lesions
PCR
fungal culture
histopathology

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10
Q

which species of North American bats have had Pseudogymnoascus destructans kill more than 90% of them?

A

northern long-eared bat
little brown bat
tricolored bat

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11
Q

what makes treatment of an entire population/hibernacula hard with Pseudogymnoascus destructans?

A

hibernacula can be hard to access
Pseudogymnoascus destructans can persist and grow in wood, soil, guano
lots of bats/high density

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12
Q

what are some things being studied as possible treatments for Pseudogymnoascus destructans?

A

bacteria with antifungal properties as pro-biotic
oral vaccine

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13
Q

what does Ophidiomyces ophidiicola (Oo) cause?

A

Ophidiomycosis aka snake fungal disease

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14
Q

is Ophidiomyces ophidiicola (Oo) a specialized pathogen of snakes?

A

yes

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15
Q

what species is Ophidiomyces ophidiicola (Oo) implicated in the decline of?

A

timber rattlesnakes (Crotalus horridus)
eastern massaugas (Sistrurus catenatus)

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16
Q

how is Ophidiomyces ophidiicola (Oo) transmitted?

A

infected snakes shed spores in environment
possible vertical transmission (time when some snake mothers are with their babies)
more research needed

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17
Q

what are the clinical signs of Ophidiomyces ophidiicola (Oo)?

A

accelerated ecdysis cycles
epidermal flaking and crusting
displaced and/or discolored scales
granulomas
nodules
swelling or disfiguration of infected tissues

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18
Q

why can it be hard to distinguish between novel vs endemic?

A

lack historical samples/surveillance
delay between actual emergence and recognition of disease
potential for multiple introductions and recombination between strains

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19
Q

what does Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal) cause?

A

disease in amphibians known as chytridiomycosis

20
Q

how has Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) been disseminated globally?

A

amphibian trade

21
Q

what has been the impact of Chytridiomycosis?

A

decline of at least 501 amphibian species: 6.5% of all amphibian species
90 presumed extinctions
>90% loss of 124 species

22
Q

what environment does Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) prefer?

A

cool regions and seasons
high elevation
aquatic environment
water pH 6-8

23
Q

Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal) and Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) infect _________________ in skin of adults and ___________________ of tadpoles

A

keratinocytes
mouth parts: tadpole skin lacks keratinocytes

24
Q

what are the clinical signs of chytridiomycosis?

A

damage to epidermis: brown to red discoloration of skin, excessive shedding, mucous production, muscle incoordination, acute death
fluid and electrolyte losses lead to cardiac failure

25
how can you diagnose chytridiomycosis?
identify suspicious lesions wet mount/gram stain PCR histopathology fungal culture not useful
26
why are we seeing emerging infectious disease caused by fungi?
high virulence ability to establish environmental reservoirs broad host range
27
what parts of the body are most affected by Aspergillus?
bronchi lungs air sacs
28
what is the most common species of Aspergillus that infects wild birds?
Aspergillus fumigatus
29
how does aspergillosis occur in healthy wild birds?
whopping spore exposure damp waste grain in agricultural fields fall/early winter
30
how does aspergillus occur in not otherwise healthy wild birds?
unhealthy: trauma, gunshot, Pb toxicosis, oiling, emaciation, other infectious disease stressed: captivity juvenile species variability
31
why are birds more susceptible to aspergillosis?
long/winding trachea air sacs
32
what are the clinical signs of aspergillosis in wild birds?
non-specific: lethargy, decreased stamina, poor body condition if chronic respiratory signs: may or may not see
33
is aspergillosis easy to diagnose?
no
34
where can Pseudogymnoascus destructans persist and grow?
wood soil bat guano
35
what happens with Pseudogymnascus destructans when bats are outside of the hibernacula spring through autumn?
their body temperature is too high to support P. destructans
36
what is Ophidiomyces ophidiicola's ability to survive in environment like?
limited as saprobe
37
how many species of snakes have been impacted by Ophidiomycosis?
30 6 families
38
how can we diagnose Ophidiomycosis?
identify lesions swab lesions histopathology
39
where do Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis live?
aquatic free swimming zoospore/zoosporangia southeast Asia for millenia
40
when are hosts less likely to be infected with Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis?
tadpole instead of adult less aquatic lifestyle defense mechanisms: symbiotic bacteria, skin defense peptides
41
what is the infective form of Chytridiomycosis?
zoospore matures to zoosporangia: contain numerous zoospores
42
what can grow in the environment without their host?
Aspergillus and P. destructans
43
how do air sacs predispose birds to Aspergillosis?
air flow favors particle deposition no available macrophages little to no mucociliary transport mechanism
44
what respiratory signs might you see with Aspergillosis?
dyspnea open mouth breathing gurgles/crackles/wheezing sounds
45
why is Aspergillosis difficult to treat?
advanced stage of disease when diagnosed lack of pharmacokinetic data on antifungal drugs in most avian species failure of drugs to penetrate target tissues frequent presence of concurrent disease and/or immunosuppression

Veterinary Infectious Diseases (29 decks)

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