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Veterinary Infectious Diseases > Mycoses in Wildlife > Flashcards

Mycoses in Wildlife Flashcards

1
Q

what does Pseudogymnoascus destructans cause?

A

disease in bats known as white nose syndrome

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2
Q

which bats did Pseudogymnoascus destructans coevolve with?

A

Eurasian bat populations
coexisted for millenia

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3
Q

when does Pseudogymnoascus destructans grow?

A

in winter: psychrophilic (likes <68 degrees F)

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4
Q

true/false: the bat’s body temperature outside the hibernacula is too high to support Pseudogymnoascus destructans

A

true

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5
Q

how is Pseudogymnoascus destructans transmitted?

A

contact between bats
contact with contaminated surfaces in hibernacula

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6
Q

what are the clinical signs of Pseudogymnoascus destructans?

A

white lesions: worst on wings and tail, also ears, nose, muzzle
wing damage
rouse frequently during hibernation

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7
Q

why is wing damage by Pseudogymnoascus destructans a problem?

A

problems with physiological processes such as blood circulation, thermoregulation, water balance, and gas exchange

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8
Q

how many species of bat in North America are affected by Pseudogymnoascus destructans and how many have no clinical signs?

A

12 with clinical signs
8 without clinical signs

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9
Q

how can you diagnose Pseudogymnoascus destructans?

A

lesions/fungi external: relatively easy
identify lesions
PCR
fungal culture
histopathology

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10
Q

which species of North American bats have had Pseudogymnoascus destructans kill more than 90% of them?

A

northern long-eared bat
little brown bat
tricolored bat

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11
Q

what makes treatment of an entire population/hibernacula hard with Pseudogymnoascus destructans?

A

hibernacula can be hard to access
Pseudogymnoascus destructans can persist and grow in wood, soil, guano
lots of bats/high density

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12
Q

what are some things being studied as possible treatments for Pseudogymnoascus destructans?

A

bacteria with antifungal properties as pro-biotic
oral vaccine

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13
Q

what does Ophidiomyces ophidiicola (Oo) cause?

A

Ophidiomycosis aka snake fungal disease

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14
Q

is Ophidiomyces ophidiicola (Oo) a specialized pathogen of snakes?

A

yes

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15
Q

what species is Ophidiomyces ophidiicola (Oo) implicated in the decline of?

A

timber rattlesnakes (Crotalus horridus)
eastern massaugas (Sistrurus catenatus)

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16
Q

how is Ophidiomyces ophidiicola (Oo) transmitted?

A

infected snakes shed spores in environment
possible vertical transmission (time when some snake mothers are with their babies)
more research needed

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17
Q

what are the clinical signs of Ophidiomyces ophidiicola (Oo)?

A

accelerated ecdysis cycles
epidermal flaking and crusting
displaced and/or discolored scales
granulomas
nodules
swelling or disfiguration of infected tissues

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18
Q

why can it be hard to distinguish between novel vs endemic?

A

lack historical samples/surveillance
delay between actual emergence and recognition of disease
potential for multiple introductions and recombination between strains

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19
Q

what does Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal) cause?

A

disease in amphibians known as chytridiomycosis

20
Q

how has Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) been disseminated globally?

A

amphibian trade

21
Q

what has been the impact of Chytridiomycosis?

A

decline of at least 501 amphibian species: 6.5% of all amphibian species
90 presumed extinctions
>90% loss of 124 species

22
Q

what environment does Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) prefer?

A

cool regions and seasons
high elevation
aquatic environment
water pH 6-8

23
Q

Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal) and Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) infect _________________ in skin of adults and ___________________ of tadpoles

A

keratinocytes
mouth parts: tadpole skin lacks keratinocytes

24
Q

what are the clinical signs of chytridiomycosis?

A

damage to epidermis: brown to red discoloration of skin, excessive shedding, mucous production, muscle incoordination, acute death
fluid and electrolyte losses lead to cardiac failure

25
Q

how can you diagnose chytridiomycosis?

A

identify suspicious lesions
wet mount/gram stain
PCR
histopathology
fungal culture not useful

26
Q

why are we seeing emerging infectious disease caused by fungi?

A

high virulence
ability to establish environmental reservoirs
broad host range

27
Q

what parts of the body are most affected by Aspergillus?

A

bronchi
lungs
air sacs

28
Q

what is the most common species of Aspergillus that infects wild birds?

A

Aspergillus fumigatus

29
Q

how does aspergillosis occur in healthy wild birds?

A

whopping spore exposure
damp waste grain in agricultural fields
fall/early winter

30
Q

how does aspergillus occur in not otherwise healthy wild birds?

A

unhealthy: trauma, gunshot, Pb toxicosis, oiling, emaciation, other infectious disease
stressed: captivity
juvenile
species variability

31
Q

why are birds more susceptible to aspergillosis?

A

long/winding trachea
air sacs

32
Q

what are the clinical signs of aspergillosis in wild birds?

A

non-specific: lethargy, decreased stamina, poor body condition if chronic
respiratory signs: may or may not see

33
Q

is aspergillosis easy to diagnose?

A

no

34
Q

where can Pseudogymnoascus destructans persist and grow?

A

wood
soil
bat guano

35
Q

what happens with Pseudogymnascus destructans when bats are outside of the hibernacula spring through autumn?

A

their body temperature is too high to support P. destructans

36
Q

what is Ophidiomyces ophidiicola’s ability to survive in environment like?

A

limited as saprobe

37
Q

how many species of snakes have been impacted by Ophidiomycosis?

A

30
6 families

38
Q

how can we diagnose Ophidiomycosis?

A

identify lesions
swab lesions
histopathology

39
Q

where do Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis live?

A

aquatic
free swimming
zoospore/zoosporangia
southeast Asia for millenia

40
Q

when are hosts less likely to be infected with Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis?

A

tadpole instead of adult
less aquatic lifestyle
defense mechanisms: symbiotic bacteria, skin defense peptides

41
Q

what is the infective form of Chytridiomycosis?

A

zoospore
matures to zoosporangia: contain numerous zoospores

42
Q

what can grow in the environment without their host?

A

Aspergillus and P. destructans

43
Q

how do air sacs predispose birds to Aspergillosis?

A

air flow favors particle deposition
no available macrophages
little to no mucociliary transport mechanism

44
Q

what respiratory signs might you see with Aspergillosis?

A

dyspnea
open mouth breathing
gurgles/crackles/wheezing sounds

45
Q

why is Aspergillosis difficult to treat?

A

advanced stage of disease when diagnosed
lack of pharmacokinetic data on antifungal drugs in most avian species
failure of drugs to penetrate target tissues
frequent presence of concurrent disease and/or immunosuppression

Veterinary Infectious Diseases (29 decks)

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