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Veterinary Infectious Diseases > Gastrointestinal Tract Viral Disease > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Tract Viral Disease Flashcards

1
Q

what are the forms of feline panleukopenia?

A

subclinical
peracute
acute
chronic does not exist

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2
Q

what is the most common form of panleukopenia?

A

subclinical

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3
Q

what is seen in peracute panleukopenia?

A

sudden onset fever
leukopenia
death within 24 hours
may look like sudden death (“fading kitten syndrome”)

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4
Q

who is seen with acute panleukopenia?

A

fetus to neonate
more than 4 weeks old to adult

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5
Q

what happens if a fetus in early to mid gestation is infected with panleukopenia?

A

death

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6
Q

in cats more than 4 weeks old, what cells does panleukopenia target?

A

small intestine epithelial cells
lymphocytes
bone marrow precursor cells

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7
Q

how does feline panleukopenia virus enter cells?

A

clathrin-mediated endocytosis

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8
Q

where does feline panleukopenia virus first replicate?

A

oropharyngeal lymphoid tissues

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9
Q

which cells does feline panleukopenia virus target?

A

rapidly dividing cells

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10
Q

why are there gastrointestinal signs with feline panleukopenia virus?

A

intestinal crypt epithelial cells have a high rate of replication

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11
Q

why does feline panleukopenia virus cause leukopenia?

A

bone marrow progenitors have a high rate of replication

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12
Q

which patients show cerebellar hypoplasia due to infection with feline panleukopenia virus?

A

kittens infected in utero

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13
Q

how does feline panleukopenia virus cause cell death?

A

apoptosis
necrosis
lysis by cytotoxic T cells

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14
Q

why does recovery from panleukopenia occur relatively quickly?

A

neutralizing antibodies develop in 3-5 days
acute disease can be devastating

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15
Q

how does feline panleukopenia virus spread?

A

direct contact with bodily fluids from cats with acute and subclinical infections
can be shed from recovered cats for >6 weeks

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16
Q

what are the clinical signs of canine parvovirus?

A

fever
vomiting
diarrhea
dehydration
lethargy
anorexia

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17
Q

what virus causes canine parvovirus?

A

canine parvovirus 2 (CPV-2)

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18
Q

what is the genome of canine parvovirus 2?

A

ssDNA
5Kb genome

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19
Q

is there cerebellar hypoplasia with in utero canine parvovirus 2?

A

no known

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20
Q

what cells are impacted if a fetus to a week old puppy is infected with canine parvovirus 2?

A

cardiac myocytes

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21
Q

what cells are impacted by canine parvovirus 2 in dogs more than 4 weeks old?

A

intestinal crypt epithelial cells
bone marrow hematopoietic progenitors

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22
Q

in dogs more than 4 weeks old, what happens with canine parvovirus?

A

bone marrow precursor cells impacted
neutropenia pronounced: short half-life
neutropenia predisposes to secondary bacterial infections (esp. pneumonia)
neutropenia transient

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23
Q

how long does canine parvovirus 2 survive in the environment?

A

months

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24
Q

what are the disease syndromes of infectious canine hepatitis (ICH)?

A

peracute
acute
chronic

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25
Q

what are the reservoirs of canine parvovirus?

A

canids primarily

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26
Q

what do you see in the chronic form of infectious canine hepatitis?

A

chronic active hepatitis
hepatic fibrosis
cirrhosis
survival up to 8 months

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27
Q

what is the most common form of infectious canine hepatitis?

A

acute

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28
Q

what virus causes infectious canine hepatitis?

A

canine adenovirus-1 (CAV-1)

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29
Q

how does initial infection of infectious canine hepatitis occur?

A

nasopharyngeal, conjunctival, or oropharyngeal routes
then replication in tonsils
then systemic infection

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30
Q

how is infectious canine hepatitis shed?

A

saliva
feces
urine

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31
Q

how is infectious canine hepatitis spread?

A

direct contact
fomites

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32
Q

who does white scours affect?

A

bovine
swine

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33
Q

who is affected in bovine by white scours?

A

5-14 days old

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34
Q

what is the most common diarrheal disease in calves?

A

white scours

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35
Q

who is affected in swine by white scours?

A

7-10 days old

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36
Q

why does white scours have a high mortality rate?

A

dehydration
secondary infections in calves as well

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37
Q

what are the direct mechanisms of pathogenesis of white scours?

A

infection targets mature villus tip enterocytes
secretory diarrhea

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38
Q

what are the indirect mechanisms of pathogenesis of white scours?

A

osmotic dysregulation
malabsorption due to villus blunting

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39
Q

how is white scours transmitted?

A

fecal-oral: direct, fomites
environmentally stable

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40
Q

what are the clinical syndromes of calf diarrhea or winter dysentery?

A

calf diarrhea
winter dysentery
respiratory disease

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41
Q

what does calf diarrhea cause?

A

usually in <3 weeks old, can be up to 3 months
profuse watery diarrhea
high morbidity/mortality

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42
Q

what does winter dysentery cause?

A

adults affected
explosive bloody diarrhea
low mortality
concurrent mild respiratory disease

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43
Q

what are the cell targets of calf diarrhea or winter dysentery?

A

epithelial cells of gastrointestinal tract
epithelial cells of respiratory tract

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44
Q

does recovery from calf diarrhea or winter dysentery protect against disease and infection?

A

only disease, not infection

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45
Q

what are some porcine enteric coronaviruses?

A

transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE)
porcine epidemic diarrhea syndrome (PEDS)
porcine delta coronavirus (PDCoV)
swine acute diarrhea syndrome (SADS)

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46
Q

how does transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) affect swine less than 7 days old?

A

near 100% mortality

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47
Q

how does transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) affect growers?

A

moderate diarrhea

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48
Q

how does transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) affect 2-3 week old swine?

A

severe disease
survive

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49
Q

what does transmissible gastroenteritis do?

A

targets jejunum, ileum
destroys apical enterocytes
villous atrophy

50
Q

what can confer immunity for transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE)?

A

porcine respiratory coronavirus (deletion mutant of TGE)
oral modified-live vaccines protective
infection results in long-term immunity

51
Q

when is transmissible gastroenteritis more common?

A

winter

52
Q

how is transmissible gastroenteritis transmitted?

A

fecal-oral

53
Q

how can you prevent transmissible gastroenteritis?

A

closed herd
all-in all-out production
sanitation

54
Q

what has largely stifled porcine epidemic diarrhea syndrome (PEDS)?

A

enhanced biosecurity in response to

55
Q

what ages are affected by porcine epidemic diarrhea syndrome (PEDS)?

A

all in naive herd

56
Q

how is porcine epidemic diarrhea syndrome (PEDS) transmitted?

A

fecal-oral

57
Q

is there a vaccine for porcine epidemic diarrhea syndrome (PEDS)?

A

no

58
Q

how is porcine epidemic diarrhea syndrome (PEDS) prevented?

A

closed herd
all-in all-out production
sanitation

59
Q

how is it suspected that swine got swine acute diarrhea syndrome (SADS)?

A

bat to pig transmission

60
Q

what signs does swine acute diarrhea syndrome (SADS) cause?

A

diarrhea
weight loss
death
90% mortality in piglets <6 days

61
Q

what are the two distinct viral forms of bovine viral diarrhea (BVD)?

A

cytopathic: transient infection
non-cytopathic: can cause persistent infection

62
Q

what can you see in non-pregnant cattle with bovine viral diarrhea (BVD)?

A

biphasic fever
mild to explosive diarrhea
may see oculonasal discharge and oral erosions, thrombocytopenia
immune suppression

63
Q

in whom does mucosal disease from bovine viral diarrhea develop?

A

infection with non-cytopathic biotype in utero
then infected with cytopathic biotype post-natal

64
Q

what can persistent infection of bovine viral diarrhea lead to?

A

stunting
vague and non-specific signs related to immune suppression and opportunistic infections

65
Q

what virus causes bovine viral diarrhea?

A

bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV)

66
Q

what does cytopathic bovine viral diarrhea do?

A

induces cell death likely via viral proteases, unrestrained genome replication
emerge from non-cytopathic due to mutation
cannot induce persistent infection

67
Q

what does non-cytopathic bovine viral diarrhea do?

A

does not induce cell death
can induce persistent infection

68
Q

what lesions can be seen with bovine viral diarrhea in prenatal or persistent infection?

A

abortion of autolyzed fetuses
congenital defects of: CNS and eye, skeletal defects, hair follicles

69
Q

what cells does cytopathic bovine viral diarrhea impact?

A

lymphocytes
macrophages
dendritic cells
epithelial cells

70
Q

what clinical signs are associated with bovine viral diarrhea in the chronic form?

A

not gastrointestinal
skin ulcers/hypeerkeratosis

71
Q

how does bovine viral diarrhea impact herds?

A

with immunity: sporadic losses
no immunity: major losses upon exposure

72
Q

what cell types does rinderpest impact?

A

immune cells
epithelial cells
endothelial cells

73
Q

what does rinderpest cause?

A

gastrointestinal tract ulcerations from mouth to anus
necrosis and hemorrhage of peyer’s patches
severe but transient lymphopenia
diarrhea, dehydration, shock, death

74
Q

why do parvoviruses target primarily replicating cell populations?

A

cellular DNA replication machinery is required for viral genome replication

75
Q

atrophy of the intestinal villi tips due to scours leads to ________________

A

malabsorptive diarrhea

76
Q

true/false: persistently BVD infected calves cease to shed virus after re-infection with a non-cytopathic BVD strain

A

false: tolerant to a virus
never going to develop the antibody response needed

77
Q

was feline panleukopenia derived from canine parvovirus?

A

no

78
Q

in what species other than canines have cases of canine parvovirus been reported?

A

ferrets
mink
cats

79
Q

what do you see in the peracute form of infectious canine hepatitis?

A

circulatory collapse in 24-48 hours
coma
death

80
Q

what do you see in the acute form of infectious canine hepatitis?

A

fever
diarrhea
leukopenia
tonsilitis, conjunctivitis
corneal edema
signs of liver disease

81
Q

what signs of liver disease do you see in the acute form of infectious canine hepatitis?

A

abdominal swelling
jaundice
vomiting
hepatic encephalopathy

82
Q

what cells does infectious canine hepatitis primarily target?

A

vascular endothelial cells (kidney especially) and hepatocytes
replication in corneal epithelial cells

83
Q

what can you see in the respiratory disease of calf diarrhea or winter dysentery?

A

mild but can see severe pneumonia

84
Q

is the bovine coronavirus (calf diarrhea or winter dysentery) enveloped?

A

yes

85
Q

what can confer immunity to transmissible gastroenteritis?

A

porcine respiratory coronavirus
deletion mutant of TGE

86
Q

what is thought to have largely stifled porcine epidemic diarrhea syndrome in the US?

A

enhanced biosecurity

87
Q

is there a vaccine for porcine epidemic diarrhea syndrome?

A

no

88
Q

what can lead to death with bovine viral diarrhea?

A

immune suppression can lead to death via respiratory and gastrointestinal tract secondary infections

89
Q

what is targeted in cats >4 weeks old with acute panleukopenia?

A

small intestine epithelial clls
lymphocytes
bone marrow precursor cells

90
Q

what is the genome of feline panleukopenia virus?

A

-ssDNA

91
Q

is feline panleukopenia virus enveloped?

A

no

92
Q

feline panleukopenia virus enters s-phase cells by ________________________, then enters the nucleus by ______________________

A

clathrin-mediated endocytosis
transferrin receptors

93
Q

are there non-cat reservoirs of feline panleukopenia virus?

A

no

94
Q

what is the genome of canine parvovirus?

A

-ssDNA

95
Q

is canine parvovirus enveloped?

A

no

96
Q

what do the intestines of dogs more than 4 weeks old look like with canine parvovirus?

A

petechiae and “ground glass”
fibronecrotizing and hemorrhagic enteritis if severe

97
Q

who is infectious canine hepatitis most common in now?

A

dogs less than a year old

98
Q

what is the genome of canine adenovirus-1 and is it enveloped?

A

dsDNA
no

99
Q

what can lead to clouding/edema/blue eye with infectious canine hepatitis?

A

replication of virus in corneal epithelial cells

100
Q

can infectious canine hepatitis survive well in the environment?

A

yes
months

101
Q

what is the genome of white scours?

A

dsRNA

102
Q

is white scours enveloped?

A

no

103
Q

what signs of white scours can be seen in swine 7-10 days of age?

A

diarrhea
high mortality: dehydration
endemic in most swine herds
recovery 3-4 days

104
Q

what does white scours do directly to cause secretory diarrhea and villus tip blunting?

A

viral enterotoxin
stimulates neurotransmitters to activate secretion from crypts
loss digestive enzymes
reduced glucose coupled Na transport

105
Q

what does calf diarrhea cause?

A

profuse watery diarrhea
high morbidity and mortality

106
Q

what genome does bovine coronavirus have?

A

+ssRNA

107
Q

is bovine coronavirus enveloped?

A

yes

108
Q

what virus causes calf diarrhea or winter dysentery?

A

bovine coronavirus

109
Q

what are the cell targets of bovine coronavirus?

A

epithelial cells of gastrointestinal tract
epithelial cells of respiratory tract

110
Q

what does transmissible gastroenteritis cause?

A

decreased absorptive area
decreased digestive enzymes
accumulation of nutrients and electrolytes
osmotic/malabsorptive diarrhea

111
Q

when were the first cases of porcine epidemic diarrhea syndrome identified in the US?

A

2013

112
Q

is porcine epidemic diarrhea syndrome or transmissible gastroenteritis milder clinically?

A

porcine epidemic diarrhea syndrome
also less contagious

113
Q

when is porcine epidemic diarrhea syndrome more common?

A

in winter

114
Q

what are the different outcomes with different gestation stages of cows with bovine viral diarrhea?

A

early: death
100-125 days: fetal death, malformations, persistent infection
after 125 days: fetal death, +/- malformations, +/- appear healthy, no persistent infection

115
Q

what is the genome of bovine viral diarrhea virus?

A

+ssRNA

116
Q

is bovine viral diarrhea virus enveloped?

A

yes

117
Q

what form of bovine viral diarrhea is most common?

A

subclinical

118
Q

what are the two forms of mucosal disease with bovine viral diarrhea?

A

acute
chronic: no gastrointestinal impacts

119
Q

who does rinderpest infect?

A

all cloven-hooved
cattle main

120
Q

what genome does rinderpest have?

A

-ssRNA

121
Q

is rinderpest enveloped?

A

yes

Veterinary Infectious Diseases (29 decks)

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