Gram Positive Anaerobic Bacteria Flashcards
what are some types of disease caused by anaerobes?
soft tissue abscessation
cellulitis
post-operative wound infections
peridontal abscesses
aspiration pneumonia
lung and liver abscesses
peridontitis
pleuritis
myometritis
osteomyelitis
mastitis
footrot
what is characteristic of anaerobic infections?
foul odor
tissue crepitation
tissue necrosis
what are the 6 major toxins of Clostridium perfringens?
alpha
beta
epsilon
iota
enterotoxin
necrotic B-like toxins (NetB)
what is the most common Clostridium perfringens in mammals and birds?
type A
Clostridium perfringens type A is a common cause of _________________ in a variety of animals
mild enteritis
what is Clostridium perfringens type B a cause of?
lamb dysentery
what does Clostridium perfringens type C cause in young animals?
bloody scours
enterotoxic hemorrhagic enteritis disease of young animals
what does Clostridium perfringens type C cause in adult animals?
STRUCK
Clostridium perfringens type D has __________________ from angiotoxin
endothelial cell damage
what is the causative agent of pseudomembranous colitis?
Clostridium difficile “Clostridiodes”
is Clostridium difficile a big pathogen in dogs?
does not cause clinical disease
can be shed
what does Clostridium difficile cause in exotic animals?
rabbits and guinea pigs
major cause of death: after antibiotic usage
what are the risk factors for Clostridium in horses?
hospitalization
antibiotic use
what is the causative agent of “big head” disease in rams?
Clostridium novyi type A
what is the causative agent of infectious necrotic hepatitis (“Black Disease”) and what is it associated with?
Clostridium novyi type B
liver flukes
what is the mortality rate of Clostridium haemolyticum “Bacillary Hemoglobinuria”?
> 95%
“found dead”
who does Clostridium chauvoei “black leg” impact?
cattle
sheep
who does Clostridium septicum “malignant edema” impact?
pigs
horses
cattle
what is death by with Clostridium septicum?
asphyxiation
systemic toxemia (shock)
what are the main ways to diagnose clostridial disease?
bone marrow: section of rib
PCR for toxins
where do obligate anaerobes replicate?
tissues with low oxidation-reduction potential: necrotic, devascularized tissue
what is toxic to obligate anaerobes?
oxygen
what are anaerobic infections often exacerbated by?
mixed infection with facultative anaerobes
what are some disease syndromes caused by Clostridial organisms?
neurotoxic
histotoxic
enterotoxigenic
enteropathogenic
who does Clostridium tetani impact?
horse
sheep
cattle
who does Clostridium perfringens impact?
cattle
sheep
who does Clostridium septicum impact?
ruminants
horses
who does Clostridium chauvoei impact?
cattle
sheep
who does Clostridium novyi type A and B impact?
sheep
who does Clostridium haemolyticum impact?
cattle
who does Clostridium difficile impact?
piglets
rabbits
horses
who does Clostridium piliforme impact?
mice
horses
gerbils
what may be an early clinical sign of Clostridial enterotoxemia?
glucosuria
what is the pathogenesis of Clostridial enterotoxemia?
change to richer diet
change in peristalsis
overgrowth of bacteria in large intestine
absorption of toxin in small intestine
rapid death
what is yellow lamb disease caused by?
Clostridium perfringens type A
hemolysis of red blood cells and rapid death
how long are lambs expected to live with lamb dysentery due to Clostridium perfringens type B?
one week
is Clostridium perfringens type C a commensal?
no
what does Clostridium perfringens type C cause in piglets?
peracute disease: whole litters die
what does Clostridium perfringens type D cause in the brain?
bilateral symmetric encephalomalacia: epsilon toxin
who is Clostridium perfringens type D most common in?
fattening sheep
goats
calves
what does Clostridium difficile cause in horses?
colitis X
what is disease from Clostridium difficile induced by?
TcdB: toxin B
TcdA: toxin A
CDT
2-3 toxins
what does Clostridium piliforme cause in neonatal foals?
fatal disease: hepatic necrosis
heart, liver, GI tract triad
what do multiplying vegetative cells of Clostridium haemolyticum produce?
phospholipase C
intravascular hemolysis
