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Veterinary Infectious Diseases > Introduction to Bacteria and Bacterial Diseases > Flashcards

Introduction to Bacteria and Bacterial Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three bacterial shapes?

A

spheres/cocci
rods/bacilli
spirals

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2
Q

what is a diplococci?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

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3
Q

what does the bacterial capsule do?

A

protects from desiccation and immune response

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4
Q

what makes up the bacterial capsule?

A

polysaccharides

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5
Q

is the bacterial capsule intra- or extracellular?

A

extracellular

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6
Q

what does the cell wall contain?

A

peptidoglycan

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7
Q

what does the cell wall protect from?

A

mechanical damage
osmotic lysis

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8
Q

what makes something gram positive?

A

thick peptidoglycan layer

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9
Q

what makes something gram negative?

A

thin peptidoglycan layer covered by lipopolysaccharide

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10
Q

true/false: there are bacteria that show variable gram staining

A

true
Mycobacteria

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11
Q

what makes up the plasma membrane?

A

phospholipids and proteins

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12
Q

what is the function of the plasma membrane?

A

flexible barrier
transport

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13
Q

what are plasmids?

A

small, circular DNA
replicate autonomously
physically distinct from chromosome

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14
Q

why do we care about plasmids?

A

encode virulence factors and resistance genes
transmissible

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15
Q

pili are for _____________. also known as ______________

A

adhesion
fimbriae

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16
Q

flagella are for ___________

A

motility

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17
Q

in what are flagella more common?

A

gram negative

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18
Q

what is the important protein in flagella?

A

flagellin

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19
Q

what is genetic variation in bacteria induced by?

A

mutation: spontaneous or induced

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20
Q

where do spores divide?

A

within cell walls

21
Q

what is conjugation via F-pilus?

A

F-pilus transfers DNA from donor to recipient

22
Q

what is transduction?

A

DNA transfer by (bacterio)phages

23
Q

in conjugation via F-pilus, proteins involved are encoded on a __________

A

plasmid

24
Q

where is transformation (uptake DNA directly) usually seen?

A

laboratory experiment
has been documented in natural

25
Q

what are bacterial virulence factors?

A

bacteria-associated molecules that are required for a bacterium to cause disease while infecting eukaryotic hosts

26
Q

what are the classes of virulence factors in bacteria?

A

adhesins
toxins and enzymes
capsule
secretion systems
super-antigens

27
Q

how do adhesins binding to host cell receptors alter the host cell?

A

trigger intracellular signaling
induce endo- or phagocytosis
promote transport
change gene expression

28
Q

what is an E. coli adhesin?

A

FimH

29
Q

define endotoxins

A

components of bacterial cell wall released when bacteria are lysed

30
Q

define exotoxins

A

produced and secreted by live bacteria
many types

31
Q

what are some properties of endotoxin (LPS)?

A

heat stable
antigenic
activates host cells

32
Q

what do high levels of endotoxins lead to?

A

endotoxemia: fever, shock, disseminated intravascular coagulation

33
Q

what is activation by endotoxin?

A

ligand-receptor interactions that cause intracellular signaling then release of pre-formed products, gene transcription and/or synthesis/release of new products

34
Q

what are some exotoxins that cause disease?

A

botulinum toxin
tetanus toxin
Clostridium perfringens toxins
shiga toxin

35
Q

in which bacteria are secretion systems best known?

A

gram negatives

36
Q

what is a streptococci?

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

37
Q

what is a species that presents as chains of rods?

A

Bacillus anthracis

38
Q

what is a species that presents as flagellate rods?

A

Salmonella typhi

39
Q

what is a species that is a spiral/vibrios?

A

Vibrio cholerae

40
Q

what is a species that is a spirilla?

A

Helicobacter pylori

41
Q

what is a species that is spirochaetes?

A

Treponema pallidum

42
Q

what is a bacteria with a capsule?

A

Bacillus anthracis

43
Q

what are some important features of spores?

A

dormant
highly resistant
dehydrated
divides within cell walls

44
Q

what are two species that are spore-forming?

A

Bacillus spp
Clostridium spp

45
Q

what is the structure of LPS?

A

O-antigen
core
lipid A: most toxic

46
Q

what do superantigens do?

A

cross-link the T cell receptors to major histocompatibility molecules: non-specific activation of immune system, massive proinflammatory cytokine release

47
Q

are endotoxins or exotoxins heat stable?

A

endotoxins (released from cell wall when lysed)

48
Q

what is an example of an endotoxin?

A

lipopolysaccharide from gram positive bacteria

49
Q

what are some bacteria that have superantigens?

A

Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus pyogenes
Histophilus spp

Veterinary Infectious Diseases (29 decks)

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