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Veterinary Infectious Diseases > Anthrax, Tetanus, Botulism > Flashcards

Anthrax, Tetanus, Botulism Flashcards

1
Q

what are the forms of anthrax?

A

peracute
acute/subacute
chronic

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2
Q

who is the peracute form of anthrax common in?

A

goats
sheep
cattle

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3
Q

who is the acute/subacute form of anthrax common in?

A

horses
cattle
sheep

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4
Q

who is the chronic form of anthrax common in?

A

swine
carnivores: dogs and cats

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5
Q

what lesions does the anthrax toxin lead to?

A

hemorrhage
necrosis
edema
inflammation
extracellular rods

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6
Q

what is transmissible with Bacillus anthracis?

A

spores

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7
Q

what are the sources of Bacillus anthracis spores?

A

environment
animal products

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8
Q

how is anthrax controlled?

A

avoid
report
disinfect
incinerate
vaccinate

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9
Q

how should you diagnose anthrax?

A

blood smear: encapsulated rod-shaped bacilli

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10
Q

why is Bacillus anthracis so toxic?

A

vascular damage
virulence factors: capsule and toxin

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11
Q

what is special about the Bacillus anthracis capsule?

A

Poly-y-D-glutamic acid (PGA) inhibits phagocytosis

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12
Q

what do the Bacillus anthracis toxins do?

A

impair signaling, innate immune cells, and cause vascular damage

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13
Q

what are the anthrax toxins?

A

protective antigen (PA)
edema factor (EF) and lethal factor (LF)

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14
Q

spores are phagocytosed by macrophages, transform to _____________________ and ____________________, kill cells, and grow extracellularly

A

vegetative bacilli
produce toxins

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15
Q

what is the causative agent of botulism?

A

Clostridium botulinum

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16
Q

what is the effect of the botulinum toxin on the muscle?

A

unable to contract

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17
Q

what type of paralysis does botulinum toxin cause?

A

flaccid paralysis

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18
Q

what is the name of botulism in birds?

A

limberneck in fowl

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19
Q

species susceptibility in botulism is linked to _______________________

A

receptor expression

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20
Q

what does tetanus block?

A

release of chemical signals from inhibitory neurons

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21
Q

what type of paralysis does tetanus cause?

A

spastic paralysis
too much muscle contraction

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22
Q

who is exquisitely sensitive to tetanus?

A

horses

23
Q

where is anthrax endemic?

A

africa

24
Q

who does anthrax primarily affect?

A

ruminants

25
Q

is the vegetative state of Bacillus genus infectious?

A

no: make toxin
oxygen makes spores which are transmissible

26
Q

do most Bacillus spp cause disease?

A

no

27
Q

what signs are associated with the acute/subacute form of Bacillus anthracis?

A

fever
depression
respiratory signs
incoordination
convulsions
death

28
Q

what signs are associated with the chronic form of Bacillus anthracis?

A

pharyngeal and laryngeal edema
intestinal

29
Q

what signs are associated with ingestion of Bacillus anthracis in horses?

A

fever
anorexia
colic
bloody diarrhea or other discharge
neck swelling
dyspnea
asphyxiation

30
Q

what signs are associated with insect bite subacute/acute anthrax in horses?

A

hot, painful swelling at site
horse flies

31
Q

what areas are affected by chronic anthrax in swine and carnivores?

A

neck
pharynx
larynx
gastrointestinal tract

32
Q

what can be seen in chronic anthrax?

A

necrosis
hemorrhage
edema
fever
anorexia

33
Q

why should you not open a dead cow before testing for Bacillus anthracis?

A

vegetative bacilli exposed to oxygen: triggers sporulation
environmental contamination

34
Q

what are some signs of endothelial damage due to Bacillus anthracis toxin?

A

hemorrhages and leaky blood vessels
vascular collapse, shock, and death

35
Q

what does the Bacillus anthracis capsule allow?

A

extracellular proliferation

36
Q

what does the PXO1 plasmid of Bacillus anthracis encode?

A

protective antigen: PA
lethal factor: LF
edema factor: EF

37
Q

what does protective antigen from Bacillus anthracis do?

A

binds receptors on macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, endothelial cells, epithelial cells

38
Q

low pH changes ______________ shape to a pore that shuttle ___________________________ into the cytoplasm for Bacillus anthracis

A

protective antigen
lethal factor and edema factor

39
Q

what are the disruptive functions of protective antigen, lethal factor, and edema factor of Bacillus anthracis?

A

inhibit phagocytosis
inhibit innate immunity
contribute to vascular damage

40
Q

what are the general characteristics of Clostridium sp?

A

anaerobes
gram positive rods
vegetative cells in vivo
spores in the environment
toxin producing
can affect both humans and animals

41
Q

when does Clostridium botulinum produce botulism neurotoxin?

A

anaerobic conditions

42
Q

what happens when vertebrates eat pre-formed botulism neurotoxin?

A

flaccid paralysis

43
Q

does the botulism neurotoxin have an effect on invertebrates?

A

no

44
Q

how many serotypes of Clostridium botulinum are there?

A

8

45
Q

what is the path of botulinum toxin?

A

binds to autonomic neurons and neuromuscular junctions
travel to CNS
transcytosis from axon by inhibitory neurons
blocks acetylcholine receptors and prevents release of acetylcholine

46
Q

what do the A-B do in botulinum exotoxin?

A

B: binds to host cell receptor and trigger endocytosis
A: enzyme activity disrupts intracellular proteins

47
Q

what happens if a cell lacks the receptor for the B subunits of botulinum toxin?

A

not vulnerable to toxin
species susceptibility linked to receptor expression

48
Q

how susceptible are horses to botulinum toxin?

A

extremely

49
Q

what is the mortality rate of tetanus toxin in neonates?

A

80-90% even when treated

50
Q

who are the three most susceptible to Clostridium tetani/tetanus toxin?

A

horses most
lambs
humans

51
Q

what is the path of tetanus toxin?

A

binds to peripheral neurons innervating muscle
travels to CNS by retrograde axon transport
transcytosis from axon to inhibitory neurons
blocks release of chemical signals from inhibitory neuronss

52
Q

how do animals get exposed to Clostridium tetani?

A

spores in soil
wound: metal puncture, docking, castration

53
Q

what is the incubation period of Clostridium tetani?

A

10-14 days

Veterinary Infectious Diseases (29 decks)

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