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Veterinary Infectious Diseases > Systemic Viral Disease > Flashcards

Systemic Viral Disease Flashcards

1
Q

are RNA or DNA viruses more error prone?

A

RNA

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2
Q

what is bluetongue virus?

A

reoviridae
dsRNA
non-enveloped

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3
Q

who does bluetongue virus affect?

A

primarily sheep
rarely goat, cattle, deer, antelope

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4
Q

what does bluetongue virus do?

A

damages vascular endothelium: permeability of capillaries and intravascular coagulation

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5
Q

what are the clinical signs associated with bluetongue virus?

A

high fever
lameness
salivation
nasal discharge
tongue may be cyanotic
swollen face and tongue
+/- reproductive failure

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6
Q

how is bluetongue virus transmitted?

A

biting midges: culicoides spp
in utero transmission (often fatal)
no direct animal-animal transmission

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7
Q

what cells does bluetongue virus infect?

A

epithelial
macrophages
dendritic cells
vascular endothelium

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8
Q

is there treatment for bluetongue virus?

A

no curative

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9
Q

which vaccine for bluetongue virus is approved in the US?

A

monovalent attenuated modified live vaccine to serotype 10

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10
Q

what is infectious bursal disease?

A

birnaviridae
dsRNA
non-enveloped

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11
Q

how many serotypes are there with infectious bursal disease?

A

two
serotype 1: pathogenic in chickens
serotype 2: asymptomatic carriage

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12
Q

what does infectious bursal disease cause clinically?

A

highly contagious
young chickens and turkeys primarily
depression, ruffled feather, dehydration
watery diarrhea
immunosuppression
20-30% mortality

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13
Q

what cells does infectious bursal disease impact?

A

B cells devoid of Ig or that have surface IgM only
cloacal bursa: viral bursectomy

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14
Q

what does the viral bursectomy by infectious bursal disease lead to?

A

decreased antibodies
poor response to vaccines
secondary infections

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15
Q

how is infectious bursal disease transmitted?

A

fecal-oral

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16
Q

what is malignant catarrhal fever (MCF)?

A

herpesviridae
dsDNA
enveloped

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17
Q

who does alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 impact?

A

wildebeest
malignant catarrhal fever

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18
Q

who does ovine herpesvirus-2 impact and what is it?

A

sheep
malignant catarrhal fever
accidental hosts: bison, deer, antelope

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19
Q

what does malignant catarrhal fever cause?

A

multisystemic
lymphoid proliferation
widespread vascular epithelial and mesothelial lesions

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20
Q

what does malignant catarrhal fever do to lymphocytes?

A

widespread lymphoblastic vasculitis with fibrinoid vascular necrosis and thrombosis associated with macroscopic lesions

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21
Q

what are the four forms of malignant catarrhal fever?

A

peracute
head and eye
intestinal
mild

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22
Q

what happens in the peracute form of malignant catarrhal fever?

A

severe oral and nasal mucosal inflammation
hemorrhagic gastroenteritis
sudden death

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23
Q

what is the most common form of malignant catarrhal fever?

A

head and eye

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24
Q

what is marek’s disease?

A

herpesviridae
marek’s disease virus
enveloped
dsDNA

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25
Q

what major things can be seen in marek’s disease?

A

chicken T cell lymphomas
peripheral nerve enlargement
neurologic disorders

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26
Q

how is marek’s disease transmitted?

A

inhalation of dander

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27
Q

what is feline infectious peritonitis (FIP)?

A

feline infectious peritonitis virus
+ssRNA
enveloped

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28
Q

how does feline infectious peritonitis develop?

A

from mutations in S-proteins of ubiquitous feline enteric coronavirus

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29
Q

what are the typical sites of disease of feline infectious peritonitis?

A

peritoneal and thoracic cavities
ocular and central nervous system
kidneys

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30
Q

what are the two forms of feline infectious peritonitis?

A

wet form
dry form

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31
Q

what happens in the inflammatory process of FIP?

A

chronic, progressive, fatal, systemic inflammation due to within-the-host viral mutation and atypical host responses
cytokines produced by FIPV-infected cells drive positive feedback loops
some anti-S antibodies enhance FIPV entry into monocytes and macrophages

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32
Q

how is feline infectious peritonitis transmitted?

A

not contagious itself: mutations develop in each cat
parent virus feline enteric coronavirus transmitted from queens to kittens

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33
Q

what is border disease?

A

Flaviviridae
border disease virus
+ssRNA

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34
Q

what are the clinical features and epidemiology of border disease?

A

congenital disease of lambs
rare in goats: abortion

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35
Q

what can be seen in congenital disease of lambs in border disease?

A

abortions
low birth weight
poor viability
musculoskeletal defects
abnormal myelination
excessively hairy coat

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36
Q

what are the cell targets of infection with border disease?

A

oligodendrocytes
thyroid epithelial cells
epithelium of secondary hair follicles (?)

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37
Q

what is infectious salmon anemia?

A

Orthomyxoviridae
-ssRNA
enveloped

38
Q

what does infectious salmon anemia do?

A

infects red blood cells

39
Q

what are the clinical signs with salmon infectious anemia?

A

abnormal swimming/close to surface
swollen abdomen
skin lesions/petecchia
pale gills, raised scales, bulging eyes
swollen kidney, spleen, liver

40
Q

in what species is salmon infectious anemia subclinical?

A

herring
cod
pollock

41
Q

what is equine viral arteritis?

A

arteriviridae
+ssRNA
enveloped

42
Q

what virus causes equine viral arteritis?

A

equine arteritis virus

43
Q

what are the clinical features of equine viral arteritis?

A

fever, URI, leukopenia
edema, effusion, hemorrhages
abortion: autolytic fetuses
urticaria
most subclinical
many clinical signs: periorbital edema and conjunctivitis are classic

44
Q

what are the cell targets of infection of equine viral arteritis?

A

initial: cytoplasm of pulmonary macrophages
then lymph nodes and endothelial cells
also: epithelial, mesothelial, vascular smooth muscle

45
Q

from the stallion carrier state, where is equine viral arteritis shed from?

A

reproductive tract

46
Q

how is equine viral arteritis transmitted?

A

horizontal: aerosol, biting, venereal, urine, feces
breeding/semen is major route

47
Q

what is feline immunodeficiency virus?

A

retroviridae
+ssRNA
enveloped

48
Q

what is important about the feline immunodeficiency virus ssRNA genome?

A

has DNA intermediates that can integrate into the hose genome
reverse transcriptase

49
Q

what signs are associated with feline immunodeficiency virus?

A

fever
lymphadenopathy
leukopenia

50
Q

what are the signs of feline immunodeficiency virus due to?

A

viral infection of lymphocytes and initial immune stimulation

51
Q

what are the typical feline immunodeficiency virus mechanisms of disease?

A

targets and kills immune cells, especially CD4 T helper cells
humoral and cell mediated immunity rare
rapid mutation rate

52
Q

what is feline leukemia virus?

A

retroviridae
+ssRNA
enveloped

53
Q

how many subtypes of feline leukemia virus are associated with particular disease manifestations?

A

4

54
Q

what is feline leukemia virus A associated with?

A

low pathogenicity

55
Q

what is feline leukemia virus T associated with?

A

wasting and immune suppression due to tropism for T cells

56
Q

how can feline leukemia virus impact bone marrow?

A

dysplasias
leukemias
fibrosis

57
Q

what cats typically get feline leukemia virus-associated lymphomas?

A

younger to middle-aged

58
Q

where are feline leukemia virus-associated lymphomas located?

A

thymus
eyes
central nervous system
multicentric

59
Q

how is feline leukemia transmitted?

A

horizontal: oronasal through saliva
vertical: transplacental

60
Q

what is equine infectious anemia?

A

retroviridae
+ssRNA
enveloped

61
Q

what are the 5 forms of equine infectious anemia?

A

acute
subacute
chronic
latent
neurotropic

62
Q

what are the cell targets of equine infectious anemia?

A

monocytes first
then viral replication associated with tissue macrophages

63
Q

what drives disease manifestation of equine infectious anemia in susceptible horses?

A

cyclical viral replication and host responses

64
Q

what are some bad immune responses to equine infectious anemia?

A

complement-mediated lysis of red blood cells and platelets
antigen-antibody complexes deposited in kidneys lead to glomerulonephritis and possibly vasculitis

65
Q

what are the ways that equine infectious anemia can be transmitted?

A

horseflies and stable flies are mechanical vectors
reusing needles or inadequate sterilization
transplacental

66
Q

is bluetongue virus enveloped and what is the genome?

A

no
dsRNA

67
Q

what is serotype 2 of infectious bursal disease?

A

asymptomatic carriage

68
Q

what is serotype 1 of infectious bursal disease?

A

pathogenic in chickens

69
Q

does infectious bursal disease affect stem cells or peripheral B cells?

A

no

70
Q

what is the reservoir of infectious bursal disease?

A

chicken feces

71
Q

how does malignant catarrhal fever often present?

A

no overt signs

72
Q

what happens in the head and eye form of malignant catarrhal fever?

A

early: fever, reddened mucosa, conjunctivitis, corneal opacity
late: necrosis and hyperemia in oral cavity

73
Q

what happens in the intestinal form of malignant catarrhal fever?

A

early: pyrexia, hyperemic oral and nasal mucosa with profuse catarrhal and mucopurulent discharge, generalized lymphadenopathy, death from severe diarrhea prior to necrotic lesions

74
Q

is there a vaccine for malignant catarrhal fever?

A

no

75
Q

what is mareks disease taken up by?

A

macrophages

76
Q

where does mareks disease replicate?

A

respiratory tract and feather follicle

77
Q

what do the mutations in feline infectious peritonitis permit?

A

infection of monocytes and macrophages that cannot eliminate the virus

78
Q

how is feline infectious peritonitis driven by inflammation?

A

chronic, progressive, fatal, systemic inflammation due to within-the-host viral mutation and atypical host responses
cytokines produced by FIPV-infected cells drive positive feedback loops
some anti-S antibodies enhance FIPV entry into monocytes and macrophages

79
Q

what might the wet form of feline infectious peritonitis reflect?

A

TH2 immune response bias

80
Q

what might the dry form of feline infectious peritonitis reflect?

A

TH1 immune response bias

81
Q

does border disease affect goats?

A

rarely abortion

82
Q

what is the major route of equine viral arteritis transmission?

A

breeding/semen

83
Q

why is it important that feline immunodeficiency virus has a rapid mutation rate?

A

antiviral antibodies and antigen-specific T cells produced too slow and late

84
Q

what is the unusual feline immunodeficiency virus mechanism of disease?

A

neurotropic FIV strains infect CNS cells
microglia and astrocytes

85
Q

in how many infected cats does progressive/persistent infection of feline leukemia develop?

A

1/3

86
Q

is feline leukemia virus associated with gastrointestinal tract lymphomas?

A

no

87
Q

what can progressive feline leukemia virus lead to?

A

cell growth disturbances: bone marrow, FeLV-associated lymphomas
immunopathologic diseases: immune suppression, immunocomplex deposition

88
Q

what is the most common form of equine infectious anemia?

A

latent

89
Q

what are the two immune response options with equine infectious anemia?

A

good: clear with humoral and cell-mediated
bad: complement-mediated lysis of red blood cells and platelets

90
Q

what are the signs of bovine leukosis?

A

none

Veterinary Infectious Diseases (29 decks)

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