Viral Neurological Disease Flashcards
what signs are associated with canine distemper virus?
fever
oculonasal discharge
conjunctivitis
pharyngitis
enlarged tonsils
pneumonia with or without neurologic symptoms
+/- vomiting and diarrhea
which cells does canine distemper virus target?
epithelial cells
lymphocytes
neurons, astrocytes
what signs are associated with canine distemper virus attacking epithelial cells?
conjunctivitis
upper respiratory
pneumonia
enamel hypoplasia
hyperkeratosis
what do individuals with adequate immunity get with canine distemper virus?
minimal or mild signs
recovery with viral clearance
what do individuals with inadequate immunity get with canine distemper virus?
no antibodies: severe disease, usually neurologic disease and death
few antibodies: severe signs but survival with slow or partial viral clearance, prolonged shedding (60 days)
what can you see with persistent canine distemper virus infection?
hyperkeratosis
segmental enamel hypoplasia
what type of virus is canine distemper virus?
morbillivirus
how is canine distemper virus transmitted?
highly contagious
ocular/respiratory secretions with direct or aerosol
+/- urine/feces
who are the primary hosts of canine distemper virus?
young dogs
what are the hosts for canine distemper virus?
young dogs primarily
other canids, raccoons, bears, skunks, felids
what did borna disease emerge as?
a cause of neurologic disease in cats
what is another name for borna disease?
borna staggers/staggering disease
what does borna disease reflect?
infection with a neuronotropic virus and inflammation in the CNS
how is borna virus controlled?
no vaccine
quarantine and disinfection
how is West Nile virus transmitted?
mosquitos
since 1999, ___________________ has become an important neurologic disease of North America in humans, mammals, and birds
West Nile virus
what are the signs of West Nile virus?
anorexia
depression
ataxia
head-pressing
circling
seizures
coma
what is the genome of west nile virus?
ssRNA
what genus is the west nile virus?
flavivirus
is there a vaccine for west nile virus?
yes
what are the clinical signs of equine encephalitides?
depression
abnormally wide stance
head pressing
teeth grinding
how is equine encephalitides transmitted?
mosquitos
what is the genome of equine encephalitides?
ssRNA
how is equine encephalitides transmitted?
arthropods
where in the cell does equine encephalitides replicate?
cytoplasm
what cells does eastern equine encephalitides target? what is the mortality due to this?
neutrophils
90% mortality
what is chickungunya?
human emerging pathogen
togaviridae
what is pseudorabies or aujeszky’s disease or mad itch?
usually respiratory and neurological disease of swine
what does pseudorabies or aujeszky’s disease or mad itch resemble?
rabies
what is the distinguishing feature of pseudorabies or aujeszky’s disease or mad itch?
intense pruritus
what is the genome of pseudorabies?
linear dsDNA virus
what is the virus of pseudorabies?
suid (porcine) herpesvirus-1 (SHV-1)
does pseudorabies infect horses and humans?
no
what is the reservoir of pseudorabies?
carrier swine
how is pseudorabies shed?
saliva
nasal secretions
milk
semen
in which cells does pseudorabies replicate?
oronasal epithelium and tonsils
spreads to lymph nods and then travels to CNS along cranial nerves
does the pseudorabies vaccine prevent infection?
no
does prevent shedding and transplacental transmission
what is the genome of rabies?
ssRNA
where does the rabies virus replicate?
cytoplasm
what protein induces neutralizing antibodies?
glycoprotein (used for vaccine)
what is the replication progression of rabies?
local replication in myocytes
then spreads to peripheral nerve endings using nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
what is the general progression of signs with rabies?
CNS signs
primarily behavioral then paralytic
then death
what happens with neurons in rabies?
neuronal apoptosis and necrosis
what are the inclusion bodies of rabies?
negri body
are there antemortem tests for rabies in animals?
no
what family is the maedi-visna/ovine progressive pneumonia virus?
retroviridae
what is the genome of maedi-visna?
ssRNA
what is the incubation period of maedi/visna?
up to 8 years
where does maedi impact?
lung
smooth muscle
what are infection rates of caprine arthritis and encephalitis like in the US?
high rates: up to 80%
what family is caprine arthritis and encephalitis?
retroviridae
is pseudorabies zoonotic?
no
does not infect horses or humans
what are the two forms of infection with canine distemper virus?
acute
persistent
how is canine distemper virus shed?
ocular and respiratory secretions
what do the unusual syndromes of borna disease include?
behavioral changes
obesity
what cells does borna disease infect?
neurons and glial cells
what are the reservoirs of borna disease?
birds and possibly rodents
mutations in structural and non-structural proteins of west nile virus are associated with
neuroinvasiveness
what distinguishes venezuelan equine encephalitides?
depletion of bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes, pancreatic necrosis
mortality 50-80%
how is equine encephalitides transmitted?
birds through mosquitoes
not horse to horse or horse to mosquito
are behavioral and aggression alterations typically with pseudorabies?
no
what is required for pseudorabies to invade nerve cells?
viral glycoprotein D
is suid herpes virus 1 shed in urine or feces?
no
what does nucleoprotein participate in with rabies?
cell-mediated immunity
what does phosphoprotein with rabies contribute to?
retrograde axonal transport by interacting with host LC8, a microtubule motor protein
are there clinical signs when rabies is locally replicating and spreading to peripheral nerves?
no
when do the clinical signs of salivation and pharyngeal paralysis occur with rabies?
when virus exits down axons again and exits out many tissues, especially salivary gland
what are the cell targets of infection for ovine progressive pneumonia?
monocytes/macrophages
immune cells
in whom does segmented enamel hypoplasia occur?
some recovered dogs of acute canine distemper virus
