Urinary System Quiz Flashcards
What do the kidneys filter?
wastes, toxins, excess ions
What do the kidneys regulate?
- Blood pressure and volume
- Blood cell synthesis
- Vitamin D (Ca+)
- Solute concentration
- pH of extracellular fluid
What organs make up the urinary system?
- Kidneys
- Ureters
- Bladder
- Urethra
Where are the kidneys?
Between T12 and L3 in the retroperitoneal
What are the kidneys protected by?
Renal capsule
Perirenal fat
renal fascia
What makes up the internal kidney anatomy?
Outer cortex
Inner medulla
Calyces
Renal pelvis
What is the outer cortex of the kidney?
Space between the medulla and the outer capsule, contains most of the nephrons
What is the inner medulla of the kidney?
Includes renal pyramids and columns, majority of the length of the nephron loops
What are the minor calyces of the kidney?
surround the apex of each pyramid, urine formed in the kidney drains from renal paella into minor calyx
What is the renal pelvis of the kidney?
connects the kidney with the circulatory and nervous system
What is the order of arterial blood flow in the kidney?
Aorta Renal Segmental Interlobar Arcuate Cortical radiate Afferent Glomerulus
What is the order of venous blood flow in the kidney?
Glomerulus Efferent Peritubular Cortical radiate Arcuate Interlobar Renal Inferior vena cava
What is the glomerulus?
Cluster of capillaries around the end of the kidney tubule where waste products are filtered
What is Bowman’s Capsule?
Double-walled, cup-shaped dilation that surrounds the glomerulus and forms the beginning of the nephron
What is a nephron composed of?
Renal Corpuscle + Tubules
What is a renal corpuscle?
Glomerulus + Bowman’s capsule
What is a nephron?
smallest functional unit of the kidney (1 million)
What does a nephron do?
filters the blood, reabsorbs substances, excretes nitrogenous waste and excess water and salts in urine
What is a cortical nephron?
85% higher glomerular filtration
What is a juxtamedullary nephron?
15% longer loop of Henle, vital to the concentration of urine
What are podocytes?
highly specialized cells of the kidney glomerulus that wrap around capillaries and that neighbor cells of the Bowman’s capsule
What are filtration slits?
spaces between the pedicels on the glomerular basement membrane through which water, glucose, amino acids, and other chemicals pass as they become renal filtrate
What are peritubular capillaries?
Tiny blood vessels, supplied by the efferent arteriole.
Travel along the nephrons allowing reabsorption and secretions between blood and lumen of nephron
What is the renal tubule made up of?
Bowman’s capsule
Proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal convoluted tubule
What is the proximal convoluted tubule?
functions especially in the resorption of sugar, sodium and chloride ions, and water
What is the loop of Henle?
recovery of water and sodium chloride from urine
What is the distal convoluted tubule?
sodium, potassium, and divalent cation homeostasis
What is the basic process in a nephron?
the glomerulus filters your blood, and the tubule returns needed substances to your blood and removes wastes
What makes up the kidney medulla?
Renal columns
Renal pyramids
Collecting duc
What are the renal columns?
a medullary extension of the renal cortex in between the renal pyramids
What are the renal pyramids?
mainly of tubules that transport urine from the cortical, or outer, part of the kidney, where urine is produced, to the calyces
What are the collecting ducts of the medulla?
a series of tubules and ducts that physically connect nephrons to a minor calyx or directly to the renal pelvis
What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
specialized structure formed by the distal convoluted tubule and the glomerular afferent arteriole
What do juxtaglomerular cells do?
BP
Filtration rate
Renin secretion
Thirst
What is a macula densa?
Monitors Na+ of filtrate
What is hydronephrosis?
Urine back flow from obstruction
What is the trigone of the urinary bladder?
Smooth triangular region of the internal urinary bladder sensitive to expansion.
What is the detrusor muscle of the urinary bladder?
Smooth muscle found in the wall of the bladder, contractions during urination
What is the urethra?
transports the collected/stored urine out of the body
What is the internal urethral sphincter?
Smooth muscle
Continuous with detrusor muscle
autonomic/involuntary
What is the external urethral sphincter?
Striated muscle voluntary Females- distal inferior end Males- inferior to prostate Pudendal nerve - ventral horn( S2, 3 4)
What are the makeup of urine?
95% Water
5% Solutes
What is urochrome?
A product of the breakdown of hemoglobin, gives urine its yellow color
What are healthy urine contents?
Nitrogenous waste
Electrolytes
Pigment
What are abnormal urine contents?
RBC
WBC
Glucose
Keytones
What does pale yellow/clear urine mean?
Healthy and hydrated
What does bright yellow urine mean?
An excess of B vitamins
What does red urine mean?
Blood
Beetroot/blackberries
What does orange urine mean?
dehydration
drugs/medication
dietary factors (carrots)
What does green urine mean?
Phenol Antidepressants Dyes Biliverdin (bile) Infection
What does brown urine mean?
Antipsychotics
Antibiotics
Phenytoin
Sennoside laxatives
What does purple urine mean?
Porphyria
What are the major calyces of the kidney?
Urine passes through the major calyx before continuing through the renal pelvis into the ureter
