Respiratory Quiz Flashcards
What are the two respiratory zones?
Conducting and Respiratory
What is the conducting zone? What does it consist of?
nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles. These structures form a continuous passageway for air to move in and out of the lungs.
What is the respiratory zone? What does it consist of?
respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli, where respiration actually takes place
What type of tissue makes up the nasal cavity?
ciliated pseudo stratified columnar epithelium
What are the functions of the nasal cavity?
- warm and moisten air
- air passage
- sound resonance
- olfactory organ
What is the nasopharynx?
Space behind nasal cavity
What does the nasopharynx contain?
pharyngotympanic tubes
What type of tissue makes up the nasopharynx?
pseudo stratified columnar epithelium
What is the oropharynx?
space with the uvula and soft palate
What is the laryngopharynx?
where the larynx and the pharynx meet
What is the larynx?
houses vocal cords, just below split of pharynx, manipulates pitch and volume
What is the glottis?
opening between the vocal folds
What is the epiglottis?
flap of elastic cartilage that prevents food from entering the windpipe
What is another name for the larynx?
voice box
How many cartilages make up the larynx? What are they called?
9 cartilages 1- thyroid 2- epiglottis 3- cricoid 4-5 arytenoid 6-7 cuneiform 8-9 corniculate
What are arytenoid cartilages vital to the vocal cords?
The vocal cords themselves are attached there at one end
What is the trachea?
windpipe supported by C-shaped cartilages and tracheal muscle, splits into the bronchi
What type of tissue makes up the trachea?
pseudo stratified ciliated epithelium
What are the divisions of the bronchi?
- Bronchi outside of lungs
- Lobar bronchi
- Segmental bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Terminal bronchioles
- Alveolar duct
- Alveoli
How do respiratory tubes change as they get smaller?
Cartilage decreases and muscle increases
What types of tissue do respiratory tissue when they get smaller?
1-Epithelium 2-Pseudostratified columnar 3-Columnar 4-Cuboidal 5-Squamous
What are alveoli?
Air sacs where gasses are exchanged
What cells make up the alveoli?
Type 1 squamous
Type 2 cuboidal
What is the difference between the left and right lung?
Left has 2 lobes, 10 BP
Right has 3 lobes, 10 BP
What are the two stages of pulmonary ventilation?
Inspiration and Expiration
How does inspiration work?
Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract and create negative pressure(-1 mm Hg) which pulls air into the lungs
How does expiration work?
Diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax and increases pressure(+1 mm Hg) which pushes air out of the lungs
How is oxygen transported in the body?
98% bound to Hb within RBCs
2% dissolved in plasma
What is the role of hemoglobin in oxygen transport?
Each Hb molecule binds four oxygen atoms known as oxyhemoglobin (HbO2), when they release oxygen its called deoxyhemoglobin (HHb)
How is carbon dioxide transported in the body?
70% as bicarbonate ion in plasma
7-10% dissolved in plasma
Chemically bound to Hb
How does carbon dioxide effect blood pH?
Creates a carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system: excess H+ is removed with HCO3- and if there is less H+ carbonic acid dissociates to release more
What is an obstructive pulmonary disease?
increased airway resistance:
asthma, bronchiectasis, COPD, emphysema
What is a restrictive pulmonary disease?
reduction in total lung capacity, progressive and worsen over time: Pneumonia and tuberculosis
What is hypoxemia?
low oxygen levels in the blood, COPD, anemia, respiratory failure
What is hypoxia?
reduced oxygen levels the body tissues
What is pleurisy?
inflamed pleura, sharp chest pain that is worse when breathing
How is pleurisy caused?
bacterial infections, viruses, fungus
What is pneumonia?
Infection in one or both lungs, inflammation of alveoli which fill with pus–leading cause of hospitalizations
How is pneumonia caused?
bacteria, viruses, fungi
What is asthma?
Airway inflammation as an immune response in an allergic reaction, worse when airways are thickened (smoking)
What is tuberculosis?
Infectious disease (bacteria), 1/3 of the globe, can be latent
What is COPD?
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, a combination of chronic bronchitis and emphysema (degraded alveoli)– tends to result from pollution/smoking
What are the three most common types of lung cancer?
squamous cell carcinoma (20-40%)
adenocarcinoma (25-35%)
small cell carcinoma (20-25%)
What is squamous cell carcinoma?
arises in bronchial epithelium
What is adenocarcinoma?
originates in peripheral lung area
What is small cell carcinoma?
contains lymphocyte-like cells that originate in the primary bronchi and metastasize
What is Type 1 squamous?
Make up the walls of the alveoli, thin, flat, form alveoli structure
What is Type 2 cuboidal?
Scattered on alveoli, release surfactant, lower surface tension, can differentiate and replace damaged Type 1 cells
What is spirometry?
measure how much air you inhale, how much you exhale and how quickly you exhale, used to diagnose asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
