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Human Anatomy BIO244 > Respiratory Quiz > Flashcards

Respiratory Quiz Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two respiratory zones?

A

Conducting and Respiratory

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2
Q

What is the conducting zone? What does it consist of?

A

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles. These structures form a continuous passageway for air to move in and out of the lungs.

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3
Q

What is the respiratory zone? What does it consist of?

A

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli, where respiration actually takes place

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4
Q

What type of tissue makes up the nasal cavity?

A

ciliated pseudo stratified columnar epithelium

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5
Q

What are the functions of the nasal cavity?

A
  • warm and moisten air
  • air passage
  • sound resonance
  • olfactory organ
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6
Q

What is the nasopharynx?

A

Space behind nasal cavity

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7
Q

What does the nasopharynx contain?

A

pharyngotympanic tubes

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8
Q

What type of tissue makes up the nasopharynx?

A

pseudo stratified columnar epithelium

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9
Q

What is the oropharynx?

A

space with the uvula and soft palate

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10
Q

What is the laryngopharynx?

A

where the larynx and the pharynx meet

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11
Q

What is the larynx?

A

houses vocal cords, just below split of pharynx, manipulates pitch and volume

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12
Q

What is the glottis?

A

opening between the vocal folds

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13
Q

What is the epiglottis?

A

flap of elastic cartilage that prevents food from entering the windpipe

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14
Q

What is another name for the larynx?

A

voice box

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15
Q

How many cartilages make up the larynx? What are they called?

A 
9 cartilages
1- thyroid
2- epiglottis
3- cricoid
4-5 arytenoid
6-7 cuneiform
8-9 corniculate
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16
Q

What are arytenoid cartilages vital to the vocal cords?

A

The vocal cords themselves are attached there at one end

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17
Q

What is the trachea?

A

windpipe supported by C-shaped cartilages and tracheal muscle, splits into the bronchi

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18
Q

What type of tissue makes up the trachea?

A

pseudo stratified ciliated epithelium

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19
Q

What are the divisions of the bronchi?

A
  • Bronchi outside of lungs
  • Lobar bronchi
  • Segmental bronchi
  • Bronchioles
  • Terminal bronchioles
  • Alveolar duct
  • Alveoli
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20
Q

How do respiratory tubes change as they get smaller?

A

Cartilage decreases and muscle increases

21
Q

What types of tissue do respiratory tissue when they get smaller?

A 
1-Epithelium
2-Pseudostratified columnar
3-Columnar
4-Cuboidal
5-Squamous
22
Q

What are alveoli?

A

Air sacs where gasses are exchanged

23
Q

What cells make up the alveoli?

A

Type 1 squamous

Type 2 cuboidal

24
Q

What is the difference between the left and right lung?

A

Left has 2 lobes, 10 BP

Right has 3 lobes, 10 BP

25
Q

What are the two stages of pulmonary ventilation?

A

Inspiration and Expiration

26
Q

How does inspiration work?

A

Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract and create negative pressure(-1 mm Hg) which pulls air into the lungs

27
Q

How does expiration work?

A

Diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax and increases pressure(+1 mm Hg) which pushes air out of the lungs

28
Q

How is oxygen transported in the body?

A

98% bound to Hb within RBCs

2% dissolved in plasma

29
Q

What is the role of hemoglobin in oxygen transport?

A

Each Hb molecule binds four oxygen atoms known as oxyhemoglobin (HbO2), when they release oxygen its called deoxyhemoglobin (HHb)

30
Q

How is carbon dioxide transported in the body?

A

70% as bicarbonate ion in plasma
7-10% dissolved in plasma
Chemically bound to Hb

31
Q

How does carbon dioxide effect blood pH?

A

Creates a carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system: excess H+ is removed with HCO3- and if there is less H+ carbonic acid dissociates to release more

32
Q

What is an obstructive pulmonary disease?

A

increased airway resistance:

asthma, bronchiectasis, COPD, emphysema

33
Q

What is a restrictive pulmonary disease?

A

reduction in total lung capacity, progressive and worsen over time: Pneumonia and tuberculosis

34
Q

What is hypoxemia?

A

low oxygen levels in the blood, COPD, anemia, respiratory failure

35
Q

What is hypoxia?

A

reduced oxygen levels the body tissues

36
Q

What is pleurisy?

A

inflamed pleura, sharp chest pain that is worse when breathing

37
Q

How is pleurisy caused?

A

bacterial infections, viruses, fungus

38
Q

What is pneumonia?

A

Infection in one or both lungs, inflammation of alveoli which fill with pus–leading cause of hospitalizations

39
Q

How is pneumonia caused?

A

bacteria, viruses, fungi

40
Q

What is asthma?

A

Airway inflammation as an immune response in an allergic reaction, worse when airways are thickened (smoking)

41
Q

What is tuberculosis?

A

Infectious disease (bacteria), 1/3 of the globe, can be latent

42
Q

What is COPD?

A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, a combination of chronic bronchitis and emphysema (degraded alveoli)– tends to result from pollution/smoking

43
Q

What are the three most common types of lung cancer?

A

squamous cell carcinoma (20-40%)
adenocarcinoma (25-35%)
small cell carcinoma (20-25%)

44
Q

What is squamous cell carcinoma?

A

arises in bronchial epithelium

45
Q

What is adenocarcinoma?

A

originates in peripheral lung area

46
Q

What is small cell carcinoma?

A

contains lymphocyte-like cells that originate in the primary bronchi and metastasize

47
Q

What is Type 1 squamous?

A

Make up the walls of the alveoli, thin, flat, form alveoli structure

48
Q

What is Type 2 cuboidal?

A

Scattered on alveoli, release surfactant, lower surface tension, can differentiate and replace damaged Type 1 cells

49
Q

What is spirometry?

A

measure how much air you inhale, how much you exhale and how quickly you exhale, used to diagnose asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Human Anatomy BIO244 (32 decks)

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