Endocrine System Flashcards
What are the two types of endocrine organs?
Glands and Nervous tissue
What are hormones?
Molecules that influence the activities of cells
What are the two categories of hormones?
Steroid hormones
Nonsteroid hormones
What are target cells?
The specific cells effected by a certain hormone
What is hormonal stimuli?
Tropins or tropic hormones target other endocrine glands
Where are most tropic hormones secreted?
Anterior pituitary
What tropic hormone is produced by the hypothalamus?
Anterior Pituitary hormones
What tropic hormone is produced by the thyroid?
(Thyroxine) Hypothalamus hormone
What do neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus do?
produce the hormones Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) and Oxytocin (OXT)
What are RHs and IHs?
whose main purpose is to control the release of other hormones
What is the hypothalamus?
ventral part of diencephalon
What does the hypothalamus do?
Neural and endocrine system connection
What does the hypothalamus make?
RH
IH
ADH
OT
What is the pituitary gland?
controls metabolism, growth, sexual maturation, reproduction, blood pressure and many other vital physical functions
What does the anterior pituitary gland do?
Synthesize and release hormones
What does the posterior pituitary gland do?
Release hormones
What does the anterior pituitary gland produce?
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Follicle Stimulating Hormone Luteinizing Hormone Prolactin Growth Hormone
What does the posterior pituitary gland release?
Antidiuretic Hormone
Oxytocin
What does TSH do?
Stimulates thyroid glands to produce T3 and T4, which increase metabolism
What does ACTH do?
stimulates the production of cortisol
What does cortisol do?
increases sugars (glucose) in the bloodstream, enhances your brain’s use of glucose and increases the availability of substances that repair tissues. Cortisol also curbs functions that would be nonessential or detrimental in a fight-or-flight situation
What does GnRH do?
causes the pituitary gland in the brain to make and secrete the hormones luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
What does FSH do?
control the menstrual cycle and stimulates the growth of eggs in the ovaries
control the production of sperm
What does LH do?
helps control the menstrual cycle. It also triggers the release of an egg from the ovary
causes the testicles to make testosterone
What does prolactin do?
causes the breasts to grow and make milk during pregnancy and after birth
What does GH do?
stimulates the growth of bone and cartilage.boosts protein production, promotes the utilization of fat, interferes with insulin, and raises blood sugar
What are IGFs
stimulate growth but that also possess some ability to decrease blood glucose levels.
What does ADH do?
control blood pressure by acting on the kidneys and the blood vessels
What does are the effects of oxytocin?
contraction of the womb (uterus) during childbirth and lactation
What does TH do?
affects metabolic rates of body cells, blood conc of calcium and phosphate
What does Calcitonin do?
Effect - Decreases blood calcium
Increases bone calcium deposition
Antagonist- PTH
Stimulus – recent meal, etc
What does PTH do?
prevents low Calcium
Bones- releases Ca to blood
Intestines- more Ca absorption
Kidneys- stops releasing Ca
What does the adrenal cortex do?
Has three zones which secrete different hormones
What does aldosterone do?
helps control blood pressure
What are the three zones of the adrenal cortex?
zona glomerulosa
zona fasciculata
zona reticularis
What does the Zona glomerulosa do?
aldosterone
mineralocorticoid
increase blood volume/pressure
What does the Zona fasciculata do?
negative feedback
cortisol
glucose metabolism
immunity and stress
What does the Zona reticularis do?
inner zone
sex hormones
What is the adrenal medulla?
inner part of adrenal gland, fight or flight response
What does epinephrine do?
Secreted in response to low blood sugar, adrenaline
What does norepinephrine do?
Narrows blood vessels and raises BP
What are the exocrine functions of the pancreas?
Produces digestive juices to help digest food and absorb nutrients
What are the endocrine functions of the pancreas?
secretes and releases hormones, including insulin to help process sugar in foods.
What are the two cell types in the pancreas?
alpha (glucagon) and beta (insulin) cells
What does glucagon do?
increases blood glucose levels
What does insulin do?
decreases blood sugar levels
What are the functions of the ovaries?
produce oocytes (eggs) for fertilisation and they produce the reproductive hormones, oestrogen and progesterone
What are the functions of the testes?
Produce sperm and testosterone
What does the pineal gland do?
receive information about the state of the light-dark cycle from the environment and convey this information to produce and secrete the hormone melatonin
What does melatonin do?
helps with the timing of your circadian rhythms (24-hour internal clock) and with sleep
What does the thymus do?
Specialized lymphoid organ of the immune system, T-Cells
What are paracrine hormones?
participate in regulating immune cell transformation
What does progesterone do?
prepares the endometrium for the potential of pregnancy after ovulation
What does leptin do?
appetite and weight control
What does angiotensin do?
causes blood vessels to become narrower
