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Human Anatomy BIO244 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of endocrine organs?

A

Glands and Nervous tissue

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2
Q

What are hormones?

A

Molecules that influence the activities of cells

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3
Q

What are the two categories of hormones?

A

Steroid hormones

Nonsteroid hormones

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4
Q

What are target cells?

A

The specific cells effected by a certain hormone

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5
Q

What is hormonal stimuli?

A

Tropins or tropic hormones target other endocrine glands

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6
Q

Where are most tropic hormones secreted?

A

Anterior pituitary

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7
Q

What tropic hormone is produced by the hypothalamus?

A

Anterior Pituitary hormones

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8
Q

What tropic hormone is produced by the thyroid?

A

(Thyroxine) Hypothalamus hormone

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9
Q

What do neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus do?

A

produce the hormones Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) and Oxytocin (OXT)

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10
Q

What are RHs and IHs?

A

whose main purpose is to control the release of other hormones

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11
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

ventral part of diencephalon

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12
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

Neural and endocrine system connection

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13
Q

What does the hypothalamus make?

A

RH
IH
ADH
OT

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14
Q

What is the pituitary gland?

A

controls metabolism, growth, sexual maturation, reproduction, blood pressure and many other vital physical functions

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15
Q

What does the anterior pituitary gland do?

A

Synthesize and release hormones

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16
Q

What does the posterior pituitary gland do?

A

Release hormones

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17
Q

What does the anterior pituitary gland produce?

A 
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
Luteinizing Hormone
Prolactin
Growth Hormone
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18
Q

What does the posterior pituitary gland release?

A

Antidiuretic Hormone

Oxytocin

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19
Q

What does TSH do?

A

Stimulates thyroid glands to produce T3 and T4, which increase metabolism

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20
Q

What does ACTH do?

A

stimulates the production of cortisol

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21
Q

What does cortisol do?

A

increases sugars (glucose) in the bloodstream, enhances your brain’s use of glucose and increases the availability of substances that repair tissues. Cortisol also curbs functions that would be nonessential or detrimental in a fight-or-flight situation

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22
Q

What does GnRH do?

A

causes the pituitary gland in the brain to make and secrete the hormones luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

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23
Q

What does FSH do?

A

control the menstrual cycle and stimulates the growth of eggs in the ovaries
control the production of sperm

24
Q

What does LH do?

A

helps control the menstrual cycle. It also triggers the release of an egg from the ovary
causes the testicles to make testosterone

25
Q

What does prolactin do?

A

causes the breasts to grow and make milk during pregnancy and after birth

26
Q

What does GH do?

A

stimulates the growth of bone and cartilage.boosts protein production, promotes the utilization of fat, interferes with insulin, and raises blood sugar

27
Q

What are IGFs

A

stimulate growth but that also possess some ability to decrease blood glucose levels.

28
Q

What does ADH do?

A

control blood pressure by acting on the kidneys and the blood vessels

29
Q

What does are the effects of oxytocin?

A

contraction of the womb (uterus) during childbirth and lactation

30
Q

What does TH do?

A

affects metabolic rates of body cells, blood conc of calcium and phosphate

31
Q

What does Calcitonin do?

A

Effect - Decreases blood calcium
Increases bone calcium deposition
Antagonist- PTH
Stimulus – recent meal, etc

32
Q

What does PTH do?

A

prevents low Calcium
Bones- releases Ca to blood
Intestines- more Ca absorption
Kidneys- stops releasing Ca

33
Q

What does the adrenal cortex do?

A

Has three zones which secrete different hormones

34
Q

What does aldosterone do?

A

helps control blood pressure

35
Q

What are the three zones of the adrenal cortex?

A

zona glomerulosa
zona fasciculata
zona reticularis

36
Q

What does the Zona glomerulosa do?

A

aldosterone
mineralocorticoid
increase blood volume/pressure

37
Q

What does the Zona fasciculata do?

A

negative feedback
cortisol
glucose metabolism
immunity and stress

38
Q

What does the Zona reticularis do?

A

inner zone

sex hormones

39
Q

What is the adrenal medulla?

A

inner part of adrenal gland, fight or flight response

40
Q

What does epinephrine do?

A

Secreted in response to low blood sugar, adrenaline

41
Q

What does norepinephrine do?

A

Narrows blood vessels and raises BP

42
Q

What are the exocrine functions of the pancreas?

A

Produces digestive juices to help digest food and absorb nutrients

43
Q

What are the endocrine functions of the pancreas?

A

secretes and releases hormones, including insulin to help process sugar in foods.

44
Q

What are the two cell types in the pancreas?

A

alpha (glucagon) and beta (insulin) cells

45
Q

What does glucagon do?

A

increases blood glucose levels

46
Q

What does insulin do?

A

decreases blood sugar levels

47
Q

What are the functions of the ovaries?

A

produce oocytes (eggs) for fertilisation and they produce the reproductive hormones, oestrogen and progesterone

48
Q

What are the functions of the testes?

A

Produce sperm and testosterone

49
Q

What does the pineal gland do?

A

receive information about the state of the light-dark cycle from the environment and convey this information to produce and secrete the hormone melatonin

50
Q

What does melatonin do?

A

helps with the timing of your circadian rhythms (24-hour internal clock) and with sleep

51
Q

What does the thymus do?

A

Specialized lymphoid organ of the immune system, T-Cells

52
Q

What are paracrine hormones?

A

participate in regulating immune cell transformation

53
Q

What does progesterone do?

A

prepares the endometrium for the potential of pregnancy after ovulation

54
Q

What does leptin do?

A

appetite and weight control

55
Q

What does angiotensin do?

A

causes blood vessels to become narrower

Human Anatomy BIO244 (32 decks)

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