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Human Anatomy BIO244 > Cell Physiology > Flashcards

Cell Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What cells are used to measure other cells?

A

Erythrocytes due to their consistent size

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2
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A

Bacteria and obscure microbes

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3
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A

All other living things including humans

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4
Q

What do all human cells share?

A

Plamsa membrane
Nucleus
Numerous membranous organelles

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5
Q

What does the plasma membrane do?

A

Holds the cell contents inside
Regulates what comes in/out
Contains receptors, enzymes, and proteins

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6
Q

What is the structure of the plasma membrane?

A

phospholipid bilayer with proteins

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7
Q

What is the structure of the nucleus?

A

Large spherical in center of cell, outer border formed by nuclear membrane

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8
Q

What does the nucleus do?

A

Contains and protects the DNA

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9
Q

What is DNA’s usual form?

A

Chromatin

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10
Q

What is Chromatin?

A

Uncoiled DNA which cannot be seen with a normal microscope

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11
Q

What happens to DNA when a cell divides?

A

The DNA coils up into chromosomes

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12
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes do all humans cells have?

A

23 pairs

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13
Q

Why are the chromosomes paired?

A

They have instructions for the same thing, if one is damaged the other is used

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14
Q

What is the difference between X and Y chromosomes?

A

X chromosomes create a human, Y chromosomes simply direct it to make male structures

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15
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

The site of protein synthesis, made of protein and RNA and are either free in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum

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16
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Network of highly folded membranes in the cell near the nucleus, makes membranes for the cell and synthesizes many other products

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17
Q

What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Rough ER

Smooth ER

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18
Q

What is Rough ER?

A

Has ribosomes, makes membranes that contain proteins

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19
Q

What is Smooth ER?

A

No ribosomes, makes membranes without proteins

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20
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus?

A

Flat stack of membranes, substances made by other organelles are sent to it where the it sorts, modifies, packages, and sends these substances to the proper location in the cell

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21
Q

What are Lysosomes?

A

Vesicles containing digestive enzymes

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22
Q

What do Lysosomes do?

A

Digest large molecules transported into the cell

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23
Q

What do mitochondria do?

A

Produce most of the cell’s ATP, four out of the five steps of cellular respiration occur here

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24
Q

What are centrioles?

A

Two cylinders made of tiny tubes, each cell has two

25
Q

What do centrioles do?

A

They form the mitotic spindle that pulls chromosomes apart during cell division

26
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

Supporting framework of protein fibers inside of cells that helps maintain integrity and shape, also helps move things inside the cell

27
Q

What does the cytoskeleton do for phagocytes?

A

Helps them move from place to place

28
Q

What are flagella?

A

A single, long whip-like structure used for motility (Sperm)

29
Q

What are cilia?

A

Numerous, short hair-like structures lining the inside fo tubes and help move things through them

30
Q

What are the two major categories of cellular transport?

A

Passive

Active

31
Q

What is passive transport?

A

Does not require any energy, move down concentration gradient

32
Q

What is active transport?

A

Requires energy, move against concentration gradient, proteins required

33
Q

What are the passive transport subtypes?

A

Simple Diffusion
Osmosis
Facilitated Diffusion

34
Q

What are the active transport subtypes?

A

Endocytosis
Exocytosis
Active Transport

35
Q

What is simple diffusion?

A

No protein carriers needed, substances simply move down the concentration gradient to be evenly dispersed

36
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Simple diffusion of water, the water moves to reach equilibrium– when there is equal concentration in both areas

37
Q

What is a solvent?

A

Liquid that dissolves a solute

38
Q

What is a solute?

A

Substance dissolved in the solvent

39
Q

What is a solution?

A

Solvent + Solute

40
Q

What is a hypertonic solution?

A

More solute than water

41
Q

What is a hypotonic solution?

A

Less solute than water

42
Q

What is an isotonic solution?

A

Equal concentration of solute and water

43
Q

What happens to cells in a hypertonic solution?

A

The cell will dehydrate as water leaves them to balance out the solution

44
Q

What happens to cells in a hypotonic solution?

A

The cell will swell and burst (hemolysis of erythrocytes)

45
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

Passive transport that uses protein carriers, proteins create a bridge for substances

46
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

Active transport that moves large substances into the cell, requires energy

47
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

Active transport that moves large substances out of the cell

48
Q

What is the cell cycle?

A

The life cycle of a cell from beginning until it divides

49
Q

What makes up most of the cell cycle?

A

Non-dividing state

50
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Division of the nucleus only, daughter cells are identical to the original and have the same number of chromosomes as the mother cell

51
Q

Why do cells undergo mitosis?

A

Growth
Repair
Regeneration

52
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Division of the nucleus only, daughter cells are genetically different from the mother cell and have half the chromosomes (23 unpaired), and the chromosomes are different

53
Q

Why do cells undergo meiosis?

A

Sexual reproduction

54
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

Division of the entire cell after the nucleus divides

55
Q

What is interphase?

A

The period of the cell cycle where the cell is not dividing, the DNA is in the form of chromatin

56
Q

What is prophase?

A

The first phase, the nuclear membrane breaks down and chromatin coils into chromosomes, the mitotic spindle beings to form from the centrioles

57
Q

What is metaphase?

A

The second phase, the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell (equator) where the protein fibers of the mitotic spindle attach to the chromosomes

58
Q

What is anaphase?

A

The third phase, the sister chromatids of the replicated chromosome separate and the protein fibers of the mitotic spindle pull them to opposite sides of the cell

59
Q

What is telophase?

A

The fourth phase, the chromosomes on the opposite sides of the cell revert back to chromatin and the nuclear membrane reforms. Then cytokinesis will then begin.

Human Anatomy BIO244 (32 decks)

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