Reproductive Physiology

Question 1

What are gametes?

Answer 1

Haploid reproductive cells, each with half the normal chromosome count

Question 2

How many chromosomes do haploid cells have?

Answer 2

23

Question 3

What are the male and female gametes?

Answer 3

Spermatozoa

Ova

Question 4

How are gametes produced?

Answer 4

meiosis

Question 5

What are somatic cells?

Answer 5

fully operational diploid cells that have 46 chromosomes

Question 6

What is fertilization?

Answer 6

fusion of two games to form a zygote

Question 7

What is meiosis?

Answer 7

DNA replication that has two nuclear divisions to produce 4 gametes from one reproductive stem cell

Question 8

What is meiosis 1?

Answer 8

First round of cell division to create genetic variation

Question 9

What is DHT?

Answer 9

Dihydrotestosterone, singals for development of penis and scrotum

Question 10

What is spermatogenesis?

Answer 10

process of producing male gametes

Question 11

Where does spermatogenesis occur?

Answer 11

seminiferous tubules of testes

Question 12

How long does spermatogenesis take?

Answer 12

64 days

Question 13

How much sperm does spermatogenesis produce?

Answer 13

100 million/day

Question 14

What are the stages of spermatogenesis?

Answer 14

Mitotic proliferation
Meiosis
Packaging

Question 15

What is mitotic proliferation?

Answer 15

Continuous mitosis of diploid spermatogonia

Question 16

What is packaging?

Answer 16

break down and construction to create sperm with head, midpiece, and tail

Question 17

What does GnRH do in males?

Answer 17

stimulates release of LH and FSH from anterior pituitary

Question 18

What does FSH do in males?

Answer 18

stimulates spermatogenesis via sertoli cells

Question 19

What does LH do in males?

Answer 19

stimulates testosterone secretion via Leydia cells

Question 20

What are Sertoli cells?

Answer 20

produce inhibin, negative feedback on FSH

Question 21

What are Leydia cells?

Answer 21

produce testosterone, negative feedback on LH

Question 22

How does erection occur?

Answer 22

PNS induced nitric oxide causes vasodilation

Question 23

How does ejaculation occur?

Answer 23

SNS contraction

Question 24

What is oogenesis?

Answer 24

process of forming females gametes from germ cells

Question 25

What are the stages of oogenesis?

Answer 25

mitotic proliferation meiosis 1 and 2 ovulation fertilization

Question 26

What are thecal cells?

Answer 26

respond to LH

Question 27

What are granulosa cells?

Answer 27

resond to FSH

Question 28

What are the follicle types?

Answer 28

``` Primary Secondary Graafian Corpus luteum Corpus albicans ```

Question 29

What do primary follicles secrete?

Answer 29

all present at birth | waits for hormones

Question 30

What do secondary follicles secrete?

Answer 30

to be matured

Question 31

What does estrogen do?

Answer 31

stimulates follicle growth and maturation

Question 32

What is peak estrogen secretion?

Answer 32

stimulates uterine lining thickening

Question 33

What does corpus luteum secrete?

Answer 33

progesterone

Question 34

What does progesterone?

Answer 34

further thickens lining, blood vessels and secretion of mucus

Question 35

What is the LH burst?

Answer 35

triggers ovulation

Question 36

What does GnRH do in females?

Answer 36

triggers release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary

Question 37

What does FSH do in females?

Answer 37

stimulates the development of follicles

Question 38

What does LH do in females?

Answer 38

stimulates the development of follicles

Question 39

What do developing follicles secrete?

Answer 39

low levels of estrogen and inhibin which have negative feedback on FSH

Question 40

What is the ovarian cycle?

Answer 40

state of follicles and hormone secretion cycles each month

Question 41

What is the follicular phase?

Answer 41

FSH and LH rise, stimulate oocyte development and follicle growth Estrogen slowly rises and then peaks

Question 42

What is the ovulation phase?

Answer 42

FSH and LH peak due to high estrogen, LH burst triggers ovulation

Question 43

What is the luteal phase?

Answer 43

LH and FSH decline, progesterone rises and peaks

Question 44

What is the uterine cycle?

Answer 44

The cycle of thickening endometrium in the uterus

Question 45

What is the menstrual phase?

Answer 45

if fertilization has not occured, lining is shed

Question 46

What is the proliferative phase?

Answer 46

uterine lining thickens in response to estrogen increase

Question 47

What is the secretory phase?

Answer 47

uteine lining becomes thick and secretory due to progestrone

Question 48

What is epispadias?

Answer 48

Upward curvature of penis, urinary opening not at tip

Question 49

What is hypospadias?

Answer 49

Downward curvature of penis, urinary opening not at tip

Question 50

What is Peyronie's disease?

Answer 50

Curvature of the shaft of the penis due to injury

Question 51

What is AIS?

Answer 51

Intersex condition where XY human cells dont respond to testosterone

Question 52

What are the levels of AID?

Answer 52

Complete (this one is mistaken for a female) Mild Partial

Question 53

What is Klinefelter syndrome?

Answer 53

XXY | Infertile, tall with small testes that produce reduced testosterone

Question 54

What is Turner syndrome?

Answer 54

XO | Short webbed neck, hormone treatment required to develop normal female breasts and periouds

Question 55

What does the Graafian follicle?

Answer 55

1-2 complete maturation | multiple layers

Question 56

What is the corpus albicans?

Answer 56

degenerating follicel