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Human Anatomy BIO244 > Reproductive Physiology > Flashcards

Reproductive Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are gametes?

A

Haploid reproductive cells, each with half the normal chromosome count

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2
Q

How many chromosomes do haploid cells have?

A

23

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3
Q

What are the male and female gametes?

A

Spermatozoa

Ova

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4
Q

How are gametes produced?

A

meiosis

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5
Q

What are somatic cells?

A

fully operational diploid cells that have 46 chromosomes

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6
Q

What is fertilization?

A

fusion of two games to form a zygote

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7
Q

What is meiosis?

A

DNA replication that has two nuclear divisions to produce 4 gametes from one reproductive stem cell

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8
Q

What is meiosis 1?

A

First round of cell division to create genetic variation

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9
Q

What is DHT?

A

Dihydrotestosterone, singals for development of penis and scrotum

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10
Q

What is spermatogenesis?

A

process of producing male gametes

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11
Q

Where does spermatogenesis occur?

A

seminiferous tubules of testes

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12
Q

How long does spermatogenesis take?

A

64 days

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13
Q

How much sperm does spermatogenesis produce?

A

100 million/day

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14
Q

What are the stages of spermatogenesis?

A

Mitotic proliferation
Meiosis
Packaging

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15
Q

What is mitotic proliferation?

A

Continuous mitosis of diploid spermatogonia

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16
Q

What is packaging?

A

break down and construction to create sperm with head, midpiece, and tail

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17
Q

What does GnRH do in males?

A

stimulates release of LH and FSH from anterior pituitary

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18
Q

What does FSH do in males?

A

stimulates spermatogenesis via sertoli cells

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19
Q

What does LH do in males?

A

stimulates testosterone secretion via Leydia cells

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20
Q

What are Sertoli cells?

A

produce inhibin, negative feedback on FSH

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21
Q

What are Leydia cells?

A

produce testosterone, negative feedback on LH

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22
Q

How does erection occur?

A

PNS induced nitric oxide causes vasodilation

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23
Q

How does ejaculation occur?

A

SNS contraction

24
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

process of forming females gametes from germ cells

25
Q

What are the stages of oogenesis?

A

mitotic proliferation
meiosis 1 and 2
ovulation
fertilization

26
Q

What are thecal cells?

A

respond to LH

27
Q

What are granulosa cells?

A

resond to FSH

28
Q

What are the follicle types?

A 
Primary
Secondary
Graafian
Corpus luteum
Corpus albicans
29
Q

What do primary follicles secrete?

A

all present at birth

waits for hormones

30
Q

What do secondary follicles secrete?

A

to be matured

31
Q

What does estrogen do?

A

stimulates follicle growth and maturation

32
Q

What is peak estrogen secretion?

A

stimulates uterine lining thickening

33
Q

What does corpus luteum secrete?

A

progesterone

34
Q

What does progesterone?

A

further thickens lining, blood vessels and secretion of mucus

35
Q

What is the LH burst?

A

triggers ovulation

36
Q

What does GnRH do in females?

A

triggers release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary

37
Q

What does FSH do in females?

A

stimulates the development of follicles

38
Q

What does LH do in females?

A

stimulates the development of follicles

39
Q

What do developing follicles secrete?

A

low levels of estrogen and inhibin which have negative feedback on FSH

40
Q

What is the ovarian cycle?

A

state of follicles and hormone secretion cycles each month

41
Q

What is the follicular phase?

A

FSH and LH rise, stimulate oocyte development and follicle growth
Estrogen slowly rises and then peaks

42
Q

What is the ovulation phase?

A

FSH and LH peak due to high estrogen, LH burst triggers ovulation

43
Q

What is the luteal phase?

A

LH and FSH decline, progesterone rises and peaks

44
Q

What is the uterine cycle?

A

The cycle of thickening endometrium in the uterus

45
Q

What is the menstrual phase?

A

if fertilization has not occured, lining is shed

46
Q

What is the proliferative phase?

A

uterine lining thickens in response to estrogen increase

47
Q

What is the secretory phase?

A

uteine lining becomes thick and secretory due to progestrone

48
Q

What is epispadias?

A

Upward curvature of penis, urinary opening not at tip

49
Q

What is hypospadias?

A

Downward curvature of penis, urinary opening not at tip

50
Q

What is Peyronie’s disease?

A

Curvature of the shaft of the penis due to injury

51
Q

What is AIS?

A

Intersex condition where XY human cells dont respond to testosterone

52
Q

What are the levels of AID?

A

Complete (this one is mistaken for a female)
Mild
Partial

53
Q

What is Klinefelter syndrome?

A

XXY

Infertile, tall with small testes that produce reduced testosterone

54
Q

What is Turner syndrome?

A

XO

Short webbed neck, hormone treatment required to develop normal female breasts and periouds

55
Q

What does the Graafian follicle?

A

1-2 complete maturation

multiple layers

56
Q

What is the corpus albicans?

A

degenerating follicel

Human Anatomy BIO244 (32 decks)

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