Nutritional Physiology

Question 1

What are the macronutrients?

Answer 1

Carbs
Proteins
Fats

Question 2

What are the micronutrients?

Answer 2

Vitamins

Minerals

Question 3

What are the essential nutrients?

Answer 3

Nutrients humans can’t synthesize (a.a.)

Question 4

What is anabolism?

Answer 4

Uses energy to build bigger things from smaller things

Question 5

What is catabolism?

Answer 5

Breaks down larger things into smaller things to create energy

Question 6

What is hydrolysis?

Answer 6

The process used in catabolism to breakdown large molecules by adding water

Question 7

What is dehydration synthesis?

Answer 7

The process used in anabolism to build larger molecules by removing the water in small ones.

Question 8

What is leptin?

Answer 8

A hormone that tells you that you are full

Question 9

What is ghrelin?

Answer 9

A hormone that tells you that you are hungry

Question 10

What is neuropeptide Y?

Answer 10

Controls appetite, increased by ghrelin and decreased by leptin

Question 11

What are carbs?

Answer 11

organic compounds that include sugars and starches, energy from their chemical bonds is used

Question 12

What does excess CHO do?

Answer 12

Obesity
Dental caries
Nutritional deficits

Question 13

What does CHO deficiency do?

Answer 13

Metabolic acidosis

Weight loss

Question 14

What are complex CHO?

Answer 14

Polysaccharides:
Starch
Glycogen

Question 15

What are simple CHO?

Answer 15

Disaccharides (milk sugar, cane sugar, beet sugar, molasses)

Monosaccharides (honey and fruits)

Question 16

What does digestion do to complex CHO?

Answer 16

Breaks it into monosaccharides small enough to be absorbed

Question 17

What is cellulose?

Answer 17

Complex CHO that humans can’t digest, we use it to move toxins out of our colon as it increases healthy bowel movement

Question 18

What are monosaccharides that are absorbed?

Answer 18

Fructose, Galactose, Glucose

Question 19

What is the minimum CHO intake?

Answer 19

130g/day

Question 20

What is avg CHO intake?

Answer 20

200-300g/day

Question 21

What are lipids?

Answer 21

Organic compounds including fats, oils, and fat-like substances like phospholipids and cholesterol

Question 22

What do lipids do?

Answer 22

Supply energy and build membranes

Question 23

What are the most common dietary lipids?

Answer 23

triglyceride

Question 24

What does an excess in lipids do?

Answer 24

Obesity
Increased serum cholesterol
Increased risk of heart disease

Question 25

What does a deficiency in lipids do?

Answer 25

Weight loss Skin lesions Hormonal imbalance

Question 26

Where do we get lipids?

Answer 26

Seeds, nuts, oils, meat, eggs, milk, lard

Question 27

How do we use lipids for energy?

Answer 27

We oxidize them

Question 28

Where are lipids stored?

Answer 28

Adipose tissue

Question 29

What can glycerol be used for?

Answer 29

Synthesizing glucose

Question 30

How is dietary fat utilized?

Answer 30

Broken down into glycerol and fatty acids, they are used in the catabolic pathways to provides energy

Question 31

What organ uses fatty acids to synthesize other lipids?

Answer 31

The liver

Question 32

What are proteins?

Answer 32

Polymers of a.a.

Question 33

What do proteins do?

Answer 33

Build more proteins, supply energy

Question 34

What is the waste product of protein metabolism?

Answer 34

Urea

Question 35

What does an excess of protein do?

Answer 35

Obesity

Question 36

What does a deficiency in protein do?

Answer 36

Weight loss Muscle wasting Anemia Growth retardation

Question 37

How do we use proteins?

Answer 37

We break them down into a.a. and use those as building blocks

Question 38

What does a negative nitrogen balance mean?

Answer 38

Starvation

Question 39

What does a positive nitrogen balance mean?

Answer 39

Growing child, pregnant women, athletes

Question 40

What is BMR?

Answer 40

Basal Metabolic Rate, the rate that the body expends energy at rest

Question 41

What does thyroxine do?

Answer 41

Controls BMR by regulating how much oxygen the cells use, affects protein synthesis

Question 42

What does GH do to metabolism?

Answer 42

Raises blood glucose - increasing protein synthesis - promotes fatty acid breakdown

Question 43

What is A1C?

Answer 43

Hemoglobin levels that are blood with glucose bound to them (6-7%)

Question 44

What is ketoacidosis?

Answer 44

accumulating of ketones, increasing acidity of the blood

Question 45

What is hypoglycemia?

Answer 45

Low blood glucose, excess insulin

Question 46

What vitamins are fat-soluble?

Answer 46

A D E K

Question 47

What vitamins are water-soluble?

Answer 47

B C

Question 48

What do fat-soluble vitamins do?

Answer 48

Stored well in fats, resistant to heat

Question 49

What do water-soluble vitamins do?

Answer 49

Not stored well, destroyed by heat

Question 50

What does a Thiamine (B1) deficiency do?

Answer 50

Fatigue, appetite loss, confusion, weakness

Question 51

What does a riboflavin (B2) deficiency do?

Answer 51

dermatitis, blurry vision

Question 52

What does a niacin (B3) deficiency do?

Answer 52

dermatitis, diarrhea, mental disorders

Question 53

What does a folic acid (B9) deficiency do?

Answer 53

neural tube defects in fetus

Question 54

What does a cyanocobalamin (B12) deficiency do?

Answer 54

anemia

Question 55

What does a vitamin c deficiency do?

Answer 55

scurvy, fragile, poor healing

Question 56

Vitamin A deficiency?

Answer 56

Night blindness, degeneration of epithelial tissue

Question 57

Vitamin D deficiency?

Answer 57

Rickets, decalcification and weakening

Question 58

Vitamin E deficiency?

Answer 58

rare, uncertain

Question 59

Vitamin K deficiency?

Answer 59

clotting issues

Question 60

What do minerals do?

Answer 60

Concentrated in bones and teeth, they aid in the structure of all cells

Question 61

What do coenzymes do?

Answer 61

Allow for enzymes to work, made up of vitamins and minerals

Question 62

What does cortisol do?

Answer 62

Tells the body which source of energy to use