Nutritional Physiology Flashcards
What are the macronutrients?
Carbs
Proteins
Fats
What are the micronutrients?
Vitamins
Minerals
What are the essential nutrients?
Nutrients humans can’t synthesize (a.a.)
What is anabolism?
Uses energy to build bigger things from smaller things
What is catabolism?
Breaks down larger things into smaller things to create energy
What is hydrolysis?
The process used in catabolism to breakdown large molecules by adding water
What is dehydration synthesis?
The process used in anabolism to build larger molecules by removing the water in small ones.
What is leptin?
A hormone that tells you that you are full
What is ghrelin?
A hormone that tells you that you are hungry
What is neuropeptide Y?
Controls appetite, increased by ghrelin and decreased by leptin
What are carbs?
organic compounds that include sugars and starches, energy from their chemical bonds is used
What does excess CHO do?
Obesity
Dental caries
Nutritional deficits
What does CHO deficiency do?
Metabolic acidosis
Weight loss
What are complex CHO?
Polysaccharides:
Starch
Glycogen
What are simple CHO?
Disaccharides (milk sugar, cane sugar, beet sugar, molasses)
Monosaccharides (honey and fruits)
What does digestion do to complex CHO?
Breaks it into monosaccharides small enough to be absorbed
What is cellulose?
Complex CHO that humans can’t digest, we use it to move toxins out of our colon as it increases healthy bowel movement
What are monosaccharides that are absorbed?
Fructose, Galactose, Glucose
What is the minimum CHO intake?
130g/day
What is avg CHO intake?
200-300g/day
What are lipids?
Organic compounds including fats, oils, and fat-like substances like phospholipids and cholesterol
What do lipids do?
Supply energy and build membranes
What are the most common dietary lipids?
triglyceride
What does an excess in lipids do?
Obesity
Increased serum cholesterol
Increased risk of heart disease
What does a deficiency in lipids do?
Weight loss
Skin lesions
Hormonal imbalance
Where do we get lipids?
Seeds, nuts, oils, meat, eggs, milk, lard
How do we use lipids for energy?
We oxidize them
Where are lipids stored?
Adipose tissue
What can glycerol be used for?
Synthesizing glucose
How is dietary fat utilized?
Broken down into glycerol and fatty acids, they are used in the catabolic pathways to provides energy
What organ uses fatty acids to synthesize other lipids?
The liver
What are proteins?
Polymers of a.a.
What do proteins do?
Build more proteins, supply energy
What is the waste product of protein metabolism?
Urea
What does an excess of protein do?
Obesity
What does a deficiency in protein do?
Weight loss
Muscle wasting
Anemia
Growth retardation
How do we use proteins?
We break them down into a.a. and use those as building blocks
What does a negative nitrogen balance mean?
Starvation
What does a positive nitrogen balance mean?
Growing child, pregnant women, athletes
What is BMR?
Basal Metabolic Rate, the rate that the body expends energy at rest
What does thyroxine do?
Controls BMR by regulating how much oxygen the cells use, affects protein synthesis
What does GH do to metabolism?
Raises blood glucose
- increasing protein synthesis
- promotes fatty acid breakdown
What is A1C?
Hemoglobin levels that are blood with glucose bound to them (6-7%)
What is ketoacidosis?
accumulating of ketones, increasing acidity of the blood
What is hypoglycemia?
Low blood glucose, excess insulin
What vitamins are fat-soluble?
A D E K
What vitamins are water-soluble?
B C
What do fat-soluble vitamins do?
Stored well in fats, resistant to heat
What do water-soluble vitamins do?
Not stored well, destroyed by heat
What does a Thiamine (B1) deficiency do?
Fatigue, appetite loss, confusion, weakness
What does a riboflavin (B2) deficiency do?
dermatitis, blurry vision
What does a niacin (B3) deficiency do?
dermatitis, diarrhea, mental disorders
What does a folic acid (B9) deficiency do?
neural tube defects in fetus
What does a cyanocobalamin (B12) deficiency do?
anemia
What does a vitamin c deficiency do?
scurvy, fragile, poor healing
Vitamin A deficiency?
Night blindness, degeneration of epithelial tissue
Vitamin D deficiency?
Rickets, decalcification and weakening
Vitamin E deficiency?
rare, uncertain
Vitamin K deficiency?
clotting issues
What do minerals do?
Concentrated in bones and teeth, they aid in the structure of all cells
What do coenzymes do?
Allow for enzymes to work, made up of vitamins and minerals
What does cortisol do?
Tells the body which source of energy to use
