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Human Anatomy BIO244 > Lymphatics and Immunity Quiz > Flashcards

Lymphatics and Immunity Quiz Flashcards

1
Q

What is lymph?

A

The fluid between the cells in the body tissues carrie by lymphatic vessels

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2
Q

What are lymph capillaries?

A

Close-ended tubes extending into interstitial spaces near the blood capillaries

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3
Q

What do lymph capillaries do?

A

receive and transport excess fluid away from the interstitial space in most tissues and return it to the bloodstream

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4
Q

What are Lacteals?

A

Special lymphatic capillaries in the lining of the small intestines that absorb digested fats

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5
Q

How does lymph move through the body?

A

Skeletal muscle contraction peaking during physical exercise, pulsations from adjacent blood vessels, and pressure changes from breathing

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6
Q

What do lymph valves do?

A

Prevent back flow of lymphatic fluid, similar to veins

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7
Q

What are the two largest lymph vessels?

A

Right lymphatic duct and Thoracic duct

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8
Q

Where does the right lymphatic duct drain lymph to the veins?

A

The right jugular vein

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9
Q

Where does the thoracic duct drain lymph to the veins?

A

junction of the left subclavian vein and left internal jugular vein

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10
Q

How much of the bodies lymph does the thoracic duct drain/collect?

A

3/4

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11
Q

How much of the bodies lymph does the right lymphatic duct drain/collect?

A

1/4

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12
Q

What are the cells of the lymphatic organs?

A
  • Lymphocytes
  • Macrophages
  • Dendritic cells
  • Reticular cells
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13
Q

What makes up lymphatic organs and tissues?

A

Reticular fibers

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14
Q

What is diffuse lymphatic tissue?

A

Common in mucous membranes and glands, recognized by dense scattering dark stained nuclei within connective tissue fibers

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15
Q

Where do you find large amounts of diffuse lymphatic tissue?

A
  • Peyer’s patches
  • Appendix
  • Tonsils
  • Lymphoid nodules in respiratory tract
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16
Q

What are tonsils?

A

Lymphatic tissue covered in mucous membranes

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17
Q

What are the four tonsils groups?

A
  • Pharyngeal (adenoids)
  • Palatine
  • Lingual
  • Tubal
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18
Q

What is the function of lymph nodes?

A

Filter and check the lymph for microbes/foreign material

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19
Q

What do the cells in lymph nodes do?

A

Engulf microbes/foreign material and initiate immune response

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20
Q

Where are lymph node clusters located?

A
  • Groin
  • Axillae
  • Neck
  • Pelvis
  • Abdomen
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21
Q

What are the two regions of a lymph node?

A

Capsule

Cortex

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22
Q

What is the structure of lymph nodes?

A

Microscopic, kidney shaped, internal framework of reticular connective tissue

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23
Q

What are trabecular?

A

ill-defined sinuses and meshes that are filled up with lymphoid cells in different stages of development

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24
Q

Lymph node circulation

A
  1. Afferent (more)
  2. Cortex
  3. Medulla
  4. Efferent (less)
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25
Functions of the spleen
Filters blood of foreign things, recycles RBCs, stores thrombocytes and leukocytes, fights pneumonia and meningitis
26
What does white pulp in the spleen do?
WBC production, synthesizes antibodies, lymphocyte production
27
What does red pulp in the spleen do?
filters blood
28
What does the spleen store for erythrocytes?
Stores platelets
29
What does the spleen do in fetuses?
Makes erythrocytes
30
What is the spleen's outer capsule make of?
Trabeculae
31
Where is the thymus gland?
Anterior mediastinum, with two lobes that make it up
32
What does the thymus gland do?
Secrete thymosin, T cells mature here, adaptive immune response
33
What happens to the thymus gland with age?
Decreases in size
34
What are Peyer's Patches?
Small masses of lymphatic tissue in the ileum that monitor intestinal bacteria and prevent pathogenic bacteria growth
35
Define Innate Immunity
- Fights any foreign invader - uses enzymes - non specific - no memory - Immediate, first line of defense
36
Define Adaptive/acquired immunity
- Fights specific infection - Uses T and B helper cells - Very specific - Has memory - Takes longer to kick in
37
What are the divisions of innate immunity?
External and internal
38
What are the divisions of acquired immunity?
Active and Passive
39
What does External defense use?
Physical and chemical barriers
40
What does Internal defense use?
1. Phagocytes (Macros and WBCs) 2. Inflammatory reactions 3. Fever 4. Interferons 5. Complement system 6. NK cells
41
What does active immunity use?
1. T cells (Mafia) 2. B cells 3. Antigen presenting cells
42
What does passive immunity use?
Antibodies artificially produced (vaccines), no contact with pathogen
43
What is an NK cell?
Lymphocyte that provides rapid response around 3 days after infection, also fights cancer
44
What is an interferon?
signaling proteins made and released by host cells in response to viruses
45
What is the complement system?
proteins and tissue fluid combine with an antigen-antibody complex to cause lysis of foreign cells
46
What is the inflammatory response?
- Vasodilation - Swelling - Fever - Redness - Chemotaxis
47
What is chemotaxis?
How cells move towards the infection site
48
What is humoral adaptive immunity?
Blood, formation of antibodies
49
What is cell-mediated adaptive immunity?
T cell use in immunity
50
What are antigenic determinants? (aka epitopes)
The part of an antigen that is recognized and bound to by antibodies
51
What is the Major Histocompatibility Complex?
Genetic system identifies compatible and foreign proteins (allows transplant matching)
52
What are lymphocytes?
Lymphatic system cells whose main purpose is to fight infection
53
What are the difference between B and T lymphocytes?
B cells secrete antibodies | T cells fight microbes
54
What are phagocytes?
Engulf antigens and present them to T cells
55
What are memory cells?
Long-lived lymphocyte that has the ability to respond to antigens of identified threats in the future
56
What are the five types of antibodies?
``` IgG is the most common in blood IgA is in secretions IgM (first response+messenger) IgD (unknown) IgE (allergy) ```
57
Antigen inactivation by antibodies is caused by:
Neutralization Agglutination Precipitation Complement activation
58
What is neutralization?
coating the antigen sites with antibodies
59
What is agglutination?
groups together similar antigens
60
What is precipitation?
reaction caused by interaction of antibody and antigen
61
What are the 4 T cell types?
Killer T cell Helper T cell Suppressor T cell Memory T cell
62
What do Killer T cells do?
Kills antigens
63
What do Helper T cells do?
Stimulates T and B cells
64
What do Suppressor T cells do?
inhibits T and B cells
65
What do Memory T cells do?
remembers antigens
66
What is active immunity?
requires exposure for response to take place and produces antibodies
67
What is passive immunity?
Natural - baby getting breast milk Artificial - human getting antivenin for a bite
68
What is Lupus?
systemic autoimmune disease that attacks your own body
69
What is Rheumatoid arthritis?
chronic systemic inflammatory d/o affecting joints
70
What is Grave's disease?
Toxic diffuse goiter, hyperthyroidism
71
What is anaphylaxis?
Seconds/minutes of exposure | chemical reaction shock
72
What is anaphylactic shock?
Untreated anaphylaxis, severe tissue hypoperfusion that can lead to organ failure
73
What is delayed hypersensitivity?
Days till reaction, cell-mediated response(instead of antibody) - T cells - Monocytes - Macrophages
74
What is the humoral immune response?
Small response at first exposure | Large response at second

Human Anatomy BIO244 (32 decks)

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