Introduction to Skeletal System Flashcards
What are the functions of the skeleton?
Support, Protection, Movement, Storage, Hematopoiesis (blood cell production)
What are the four types of bones?
Long, Short, Flat, Irregular
What is a bone head?
enlarged, often rounded, articular end of a bone
What is a bone tubercle?
small rounded process
What is a bone tuberosity?
a knob like, rough process
What is a bone trochanter?
large, rough structures, only on femur
What is a bone condyle?
a smooth rounded, articular process
What is a bone epicondyle?
a projection on or above a condyle
What is a bone process?
a bony bump or projection on a bone
What is a bone crest?
a prominent ridge
What is a bone line?
a low ridge, less prominent than a crest
What is a bone spine?
a slender, sharp process
What is a bone facet?
smooth, flat articular surface
What is a bone fossa?
a shallow groove
What is a bone fissure?
a narrow, slit-like passage way
What is a bone foramen?
a hole or opening through the bone
What is a bone meatus?
a canal or tube-like passage within a bone
What is a bone suture?
not a structure on a bone, but a line of union between bones
What are the major divisions of the skeleton?
Axial (skull, spine, thorax) Appendicular (limbs, pelvis)
What are the bones with sinuses?
Frontal, Ethmoid, Sphenoid, Maxillary
What are joints?
Points where bones are bound together and/or move against each other
What are articulations?
Bones moving against each other
What are the two ways to name joints?
According to the bones forming the joint and their greek name
What are the three types of joints?
Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial
What is the joint classification according to the degree of movement?
Synarthrosis, Amphiarthrosis, Diarthrosis
What does “Syn-“ mean?
Together
What does “Amphi-“ mean?
Both
What does “Dia-“ mean?
Across
What is a fibrous joint?
Bones joined by fibrous connective tissue, little/no movement, no cavity. ex: sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses
What is a cartilaginous joint?
Cartilage between bones, no fluid in joint.
What is a synovial joint?
lots of movement, contains synovial fluid, has articular cartilage covering the ends, joint cavity and capsule, supporting ligaments
What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?
Synchondroses and Symphyses
What are synchondroses?
Bones joined by hyaline cartilage, small movements, braces the sternum and bone head
What are symphyses?
Bones joined by fibrocartilage, small movements, braces the vertebrae
What is a meniscus?
a thin fibrous cartilage between the surfaces of some joints
What is a bursa?
a fluid-filled sac or saclike cavity, especially one countering friction at a joint.
What is a tendon sheath?
a layer of synovial membrane around a tendon
What are the types of synovial joints?
- Ball and socket
- Hinge
- Plane
- Saddle
- Pivot
- Ellipsoid
What is a ball and socket joint?
a joint in which the rounded surface of a bone moves within a depression on another bone, allowing greater freedom of movement than any other kind of joint.
What is a hinge joint?
a type of synovial joint that exists in the body and serves to allow motion primarily in one plane.
What is a plane joint?
joints that allow the bones to slide or rotate against each other, but the range of motion is usually slight and tightly limited by ligaments or surrounding bones.
What is a saddle joint?
a type of synovial joint that allow articulation by reciprocal reception. Both bones have concave-convex articular surfaces which interlock like two saddles opposed to one another.
What is a pivot joint?
a type of synovial joint that permit axial rotation
What is an ellipsoid joint?
an ovoid articular surface, or condyle that is received into an elliptical cavity. This permits movement in two planes
What is flexion?
a movement that decreases the angle between two body parts
What is extension?
a movement that increases the angle between two body parts
What is abduction?
a movement away from the midline – just as abducting someone is to take them away
What is adduction?
is a movement towards the midline
What is plantar flexion?
extension at the ankle, so that the foot points inferiorly. Similarly there is a term for the hand, which is palmarflexion.
What is dorsiflexion?
refers to flexion at the ankle, so that the foot points more superiorly.
What is pronation?
is the motion that moves the forearm from the supinated (anatomical) position to the pronated (palm backward) position
What is supination?
is the opposite motion, in which rotation of the radius returns the bones to their parallel positions and moves the palm to the anterior facing (supinated) position.
What is rotation?
a rotating movement going towards either the midline or away from the midline (medial/lateral)
What is circumduction?
the movement of a body region in a circular manner, in which one end of the body region being moved stays relatively stationary while the other end describes a circle
What is gliding?
Movement of one surface over another without angular or rotatory movement
What is hyperextension?
is an excessive joint movement in which the angle formed by the bones of a particular joint is opened, or straightened, beyond its normal, healthy, range of motion.
What is eversion?
the movement of the sole away from the median plane – so that the sole faces in a lateral direction.
What is inversion?
the movement of the sole towards the median plane – so that the sole faces in a medial direction.
What is opposition?
is the thumb movement that brings the tip of the thumb in contact with the tip of a finger
What is protraction?
describes the anterolateral movement of the scapula on the thoracic wall that allows the shoulder to move anteriorly. In practice, this is the movement of ‘reaching out’ to something.
What is retraction?
refers to the posteromedial movement of the scapula on the thoracic wall, which causes the shoulder region to move posteriorly i.e. picking something up.
What is elevation?
to movement in a superior direction
What is depression?
to movement in an inferior direction.
What is osteoarthritis?
A type of arthritis that occurs when flexible tissue at the ends of bones wears down.
What is Rheumatoid arthritis?
he body’s immune system attacks its own tissue, including joints and degrading them
What is bursitis?
Inflammation of the fluid-filled pads (bursae) that act as cushions at the joints.
