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Human Anatomy BIO244 > Renal Physiology > Flashcards

Renal Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

How much blood do the kidneys receive each minute?

A

over a litre

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2
Q

What is the Rate of blood filtration per day?

A

45 gallons (180L)/day

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3
Q

How much blood do you have in your body?

A

7 -8 L

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4
Q

How much times is your entire blood volume filtered in a day?

A

20 - 25x

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5
Q

How much urine is eliminated per day?

A

1.5 L

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6
Q

What does obligate urine production mean?

A

Happens regardless of anything else, including dehydration

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7
Q

What is the specialized filtering unit of the kidneys?

A

Nephrons

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8
Q

Where are the kidneys?

A

Retroperitoneal in the superior lumbar region

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9
Q

Which kidney is lower than the other and why?

A

The right kidney is lower due to being crowded by the liver

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10
Q

Where do all the fluids enter and exit the kidney?

A

The renal hilus

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11
Q

What is the cortex of the kidney?

A

granular Superficial region

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12
Q

What is the medulla of the kidney?

A

Internal anatomy of the kidney, contains renal pyramids

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13
Q

What is the renal pelvis?

A

Flat funnel shaped tube lateral to the hilus

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14
Q

What are the major calyces?

A

Large branches of the renal pelvis that collect urine draining from papillae and empty it into the pelvis

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15
Q

How much systemic cardiac output flows thought the kidneys each minute?

A

one-fourth (1200ml)

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16
Q

What is the nerve supply of the kidneys?

A

The Renal plexus

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17
Q

What is glomerular filtration?

A

Excess fluid and waste products are filtered into collecting tubules from the blood

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18
Q

How many nephrons does a healthy adult have?

A

0.8 - 1.5 million

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19
Q

What is the renal corpuscle?

A

The Glomerulus and it’s capsule, Bowman’s capsule

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20
Q

What is the glomerulus?

A

Tuft of capillaries associated with a renal tubule

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21
Q

What is Bowman’s capsule?

A

Blind, cup shaped end of a renal tubule that surrounds the glomerulus

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22
Q

What do the epithelial podocytes of the capsule do?

A

The openings between the foot processes of the podocytes allow filtrate to pass into capsular space

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23
Q

Why is the afferent arteriole bigger?

A

More blood comes into the glomerulus than comes out

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24
Q

What are the two types of nephrons?

A

85% Cortical nephrons

15% Juxtamedullary nephrons

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25
Q

Where are the Juxtamedullary nephrons and what do they do?

A

Going from cortex into the medulla, they have longer loops of Henle that produce more concentrated urine and have vasa recta surrounding their loop of Henle

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26
Q

What are the two capillary beds of the nephrons?

A

Glomerulus

Peritubular capillaries

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27
Q

Why is blood pressure high in the glomerulus?

A

Arterioles are high-resistance vessels, afferent ones are larger than efferent ones, causing heightened pressure and forcing filtrate into the glomerulus to relieve the pressure

28
Q

What is glomerular filtrate?

A

It is not urine, it is basically plasma without blood in it

29
Q

What do the renal tubules reabsorb?

A

99% of water
All of glucose and amino acids
Most Na+ and Cl-

30
Q

What is the resulting urine that has been completely filtered?

A

Metabolic waste and unneeded substances

31
Q

What are the five segments of the renal tubule?

A 
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
Proximal Straight Tubule
Thick Ascending Limb
Distal Convoluted Tubule
Collecting Duct
32
Q

What occurs in the Loop of Henle?

A

Water is reabsorbed but ions are not, resulting in more concentrated filtrate, as the loop descends while ions are reabsorbed and water is not as the loop ascends

33
Q

What is the the usual value of filtrate concentration at the bottom of the loop of Henle?

A

1200

34
Q

What is the Counter-Current Multiplier system?

A

the process of using energy to generate an osmotic gradient between the cortical and medullary regions that enables you to reabsorb water from the tubular fluid and produce concentrated urine

35
Q

What does the vasa recta of the juxtamedullary nephrons do?

A

delivers blood to medullary cells and returns water and solutes to general circulation

36
Q

How do the kidneys maintain water volume?

A

Through the properties of the Loop of Henle and ADH (Vasopressin)

37
Q

What is the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus?

A

Where the distal tubule lies against an arteriole, the arteriole walls have juxtaglomerular cells that surround them

38
Q

What do juxtaglomerular cells do?

A

These enlarged smooth muscle cells contain renin which acts as mechanoreceptors to monitor blood volume

39
Q

What is the Macula Densa?

A

Tall, closely packed distal tubule cells that are adjacent to JG cells which function as chemo/osmoreceptors and monitor salt levels

40
Q

What do osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus do?

A

They sense Na+ concentration and have nerve endings in the posterior pituitary that secrete AHD when Na+ gets high along with causing vasoconstriction

41
Q

What does ADH do?

A

Controls the ability of water to pass through the cells in the walls of the collecting ducts, the more ADH the more concentrated urine do to more water being reabsorbed

42
Q

What is the force contraction of the heart?

A

The amount by which the heart muscle gets stretched by incoming blood

43
Q

What does blood pressure depend on?

A

force contraction of the heart
artery and arteriole contraction
circulating blood volume

44
Q

What does artery and arteriole constriction do?

A

Causes more resistance to blood flow, requiring higher blood pressure

45
Q

What does the circulating blood volume do?

A

The higher the circulating blood volume, the more the heart muscle gets stretched by the incoming blood

46
Q

What does the body do to protect losing more fluids during rapid blood loss due to trauma?

A

Nervous system contracts arteriole, reducing urine production along with the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system that regulates BP and fluid balance

47
Q

What happens if the specialized cells (juxtaglomerular and macula dense) sense an imbalance?

A

Renin is released by the juxtaglomerular cells, the renin converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin 1, this is converted to angiotensin 2 by an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) which is found in the lungs

48
Q

What does angiotensin 2 do?

A

Causes blood vessels to contract and elevates blood pressure, it also stimulates the adrenal glands to release aldosterone

49
Q

What does aldosterone do?

A

Stimulates more Na+ reabsorption in the distal tubule, which takes water with it. This results in increased circulating blood volume and therefore increased BP due to stretched heart muscle

50
Q

What does parathyroid hormone (PTH) do?

A

Increases Ca+ reabsorption from the distal tubule of the nephron to restore blood Ca+ levels, it also takes it from the bones and the intestines

51
Q

What is Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)?

A

Secreted in response to increased atrial pressure, it causes GRF and increased Na+ filtration without compensatory Na+ reabsorption = Na+ and volume loss

52
Q

What does Erythropoietin (EPO) do?

A

Secreted by peritubular cells of renal cortex in response to hypoxia, tells the red bone marrow to make RBCs

53
Q

What does a diet rich in meats provide to blood?

A

Acid increase

54
Q

What does a diet rich in fruits and vegetables provide to blood?

A

Alkaline increase

55
Q

How does exercise effect the acid-base balance?

A

Lactic acid is produced and must either be metabolized or eliminated

56
Q

How does lung disease effect the acid-base balance?

A

Blocks the diffusion of oxygen, causing blood to be acidic

57
Q

How does high altitude effect the acid-base balance?

A

Causes rapid breathing which makes the blood alkaline

58
Q

How can the kidney correct any imbalance in the acid-base balance of the blood?

A

It can remove excess hydrogen (acid) or bicarbonate (base) in the urine

59
Q

What does the acid-base balancing of the kidney depend on?

A

The amount of bicarbonate filtered in the glomerulus from the blood relative to the amount of hydrogen secreted by cells in the kidney

60
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A

Kidneys can hydrolyze glucose-6-phosphate into glucose, it contributes to 40% of glucose synthesis when fasting, compensates for the acidity caused by the production of ketones

61
Q

What does high-fructose beverages do during or following exercise?

A

Can induce kidney injury and potentially kidney disease, elicits dehydration and elevates biomarkers of kidney injury

62
Q

What are the risk factors of kidney stones?

A

Dehydration
Family History
Foods (Sodium, oxalate, acidic)
Obesity

63
Q

What are the symptoms of kidney stones?

A

Block urine flow, renal pain that radiates to groin and testes and worsens with movement, blood/pus in urine, urgency and pain

64
Q

What is used to treat kidney stones?

A

NSAIDs or opioids for pain
Antiemetic for nausea/vomiting
Alpha blockers/calcium channel blockers as part of medical explosive therapy

65
Q

What is Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)?

A

High-energy sound waves that break up kidney stones

66
Q

What is uretroscopy?

A

Scope inserted in ureter and bladder to reach the stone or break it

Human Anatomy BIO244 (32 decks)

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