Heart - Blood - Major Vessels Flashcards
Functions of the cardiovascular system
deliver oxygen, hormones, and nutrients and disposing of waste and immunity
Structures of the cardiovascular system
heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, blood
What are the two circuits of circulation?
pulmonary and systemic
Layers of heart tissue
endocardium, myocardium, epicardium
What do the atria do?
receiving chambers of the heart, have the auricles
What do the ventricles do?
pump blood out of the heart
What do the semi-lunar valves do?
determine the passage of blood between the ventricles and the main arteries
What do the atrioventricular valves do?
close to prevent blood from flowing back into the atria
Describe the blood flow of the heart
Blood leaves the heart through the pulmonic valve, into the pulmonary artery and to the lungs. Blood leaves the heart through the aortic valve, into the aorta and to the body
What does the Sinoatrial node do?
node sends an impulse into the atria to pump
What does the Atrioventricular node do?
node sends an impulse into the ventricles to pump
Describe the electrical cardiac cycle
Cardiac contraction is initiated in the excitable cells of the sinoatrial (SA) node by both spontaneous depolarization and sympathetic activity
What are the tunics of blood vessels?
tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica externa
How are arteries and veins different?
Arteries have thick walls composed of three distinct layers (tunica) Veins have thin walls but typically have wider lumen
What is the carotid sinus?
the major baroreception site of the body
Where is the carotid sinus?
on the internal jugular artery
What does the IJV drain?
the brain
What does the EJV drain?
the face
What does the AJV drain?
the anterior neck
What does the azygos vein drain?
the posterior walls of the thorax and abdomen
What is in the posterior mediastinum?
great vessels, esophagus, thoracic duct, sympathetic trunks
What supplies the foregut?
celiac trunk
What supplies the midgut?
SMA
What supplies the hindgut?
IMA
What does the celiac trunk break into?
Left gastric artery, splenic artery, common hepatic artery
What is the hepatic portal system?
the venous system that returns blood from the digestive tract and spleen to the liver
What is supplied by the SMA?
middle colic, right colic, ileocolic
What supplies the cecum?
iliocolic artery
What is supplied by the IMA?
left colic, sigmoidal, superior rectal
What supplies the ascending colon?
right colic artery
What supplies the descending colon?
left colic artery
What supplies the transverse colon?
middle colic artery
What supplies the sigmoid colon?
sigmoid artery
What supplies the rectum?
superior rectal artery
What are the suprarenal glands supplied by?
inferior, middle, and superior suprarenal arteries
What supplies the pelvis?
internal iliac artery
What surrounds the axillary artery?
between medial and lateral cords
Why is anastomosis good?
it allows for collateral blood flow
What does the cephalic vein drain?
the radial part of the hand, forearm and arm
What artery feeds the superficial palmar arch?
ulnar artery
What artery feeds the deep palmar arch?
radial artery
What are the three centrifuge layers of blood?
plasma, white, red
What does a centrifuge diagnostic test show?
volume of of RBC in blood
Why do guys have more RBCs?
higher androgen/EPO production
What is blood plasma?
91% water, 9% assorted substances
What are the proteins in plasma?
transport proteins, enzymes, albumin (60%), clotting proteins, hormones, antibodies, antimicrobial proteins. TEACH AandP
What are the three formed element classes?
Erythrocytes, Thrombocytes, Leukocytes
Describe RBCs?
biconcave, anucleate,
What is blood oxygen level called?
02 Sat
What is Carbon Dioxide Transport?
water breaks CO2 into bicarbonate HCO3
What does erythrocyte production require?
iron, vitamin b 12, heme, folate
What stimulates erythrocyte production?
hypoxia causes EPO release in kidneys, which stimulates RBC production in bone marrow
What happens to erythrocytes when they die?
destroyed in lymph nodes and spleen and recycled
What are the three major groups of anemia?
blood loss, excessive destruction of RBCs, and limited production of RBCs
What are the two major groups of leukocytes?
granulocytes and agranulocytes
What are the three groups of granulocytes?
basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils
What are the two groups of agranulocytes?
lymphocytes, monocytes
What are basophils?
0.5%, causes inflammation, releases histamine and heparin
What are eosinophils?
1-4%, Big, fight cancer and parasites
What are neutrophils?
60-70%, antimicrobial substances, attacks
What do granules do?
tiny sacs containing enzymes used to defend against pathogens, destroy cells, and reduce inflammation
What are lymphocytes?
20-25%, fight infection, no granules, B and T cells
What are monocytes?
2-10%, no granules, become macrophages
What are platelets?
sticky cells used in clotting that live around 10 days
What are the steps of hemostasis?
vascular spasms, platelet plug formation, coagulation
What are hemostasis disorders?
thrombus, embolism, embolus, thrombocytopenia
What is a thrombus?
a blood clot that occurs inside the vascular system
What is an embolism?
A sudden blocking of an artery.
What is an embolus?
A sudden blocking of an artery.
