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Human Anatomy BIO244 > Nervous System Exam > Flashcards

Nervous System Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Know the orientation of the parts of the brain stem?

A

midbrain, then pons, then medulla oblongata

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2
Q

What is the diencephalon made of?

A

thamalus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

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3
Q

What is the cerebral cortex composed of?

A

The cerebral cortex consists of neurons, nerve fibers and neuroglia

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4
Q

In the PNS vs. CNS, what are clusters of nerve cell bodies called?

A

CNS- nucleus

PNS- ganglion

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5
Q

What connects the lateral ventricles to the 3rd ventricle?

A

Foramen of Monro

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6
Q

What is made of axons and connects the cerebral hemispheres together?

A

corpus callosum

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7
Q

Tiny stones in the vestibule are called what, and do what?

A

Otolith

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8
Q

How does sound vibrations get to the auditory ossicles?

A

ear canal and tympanic membrane

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9
Q

In the CNS, what are clusters of axons are called?

A

tract

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10
Q

What is the white matter in the nervous system composed of?

A

mostly of glial cells and myelinated axons

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11
Q

Where are each of the ventricles located?

A

two lateral ventricles—one on each side of the cerebral cortex. The lateral ventricles are continuous with the third ventricle, which is lower in the brain. The fourth ventricle is at the cerebellum, connected to the third ventricle by the cerebral aqueduct.

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12
Q

Which grooves separate the cerebral hemispheres from each other?

A

longitudinal fissure

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13
Q

Which layer of the meninges is outermost, middle, innermost?

A
  1. Dura Mater 2. Arachnoid Mater 3. Pia Mater
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14
Q

What is the partition between the two cerebral hemispheres? (Amazon packing for the brain)

A

falx cerebri

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15
Q

Where does the spinal cord start and end?

A

begins at the bottom of the brain stem (at the area called the medulla oblongata) and ends in the lower back, as it tapers to form a cone called the conus medullaris.

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16
Q

Which of the following is the main structure that focuses light entering the eye?

A

Cornea

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17
Q

Which is the groove between the frontal and parietal lobes of the cerebrum?

A

Central sulcus

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18
Q

Which cranial nerve contributes taste to the anterior vs. posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

A

Anterior 2/3- Facial Vll

Posterior 1/3- Glossopharyngeal lX

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19
Q

Which is a glial cell found in the CNS which forms cerebrospinal fluid?

A

Ependymal cells

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20
Q

Which gland secretes tears?

A

lacrimal glands

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21
Q

What is an infection of the brain?

A

Encephalitis

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22
Q

How does the CSF get from the 3rd ventricle to the 4th ventricle?

A

cerebral aqueduct

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23
Q

What happens if the CSF enters the brain, but is not removed?

A

Hydrocephalus

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24
Q

Which cranial nerve innervates most of the internal organs?

A

Vagus X

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25
Q

Which cranial nerve controls the muscles of facial expression?

A

Facial Vll

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26
Q

Know the names of each cranial nerve?

A

On Old Olympus Towering Tops A Fine Vested Gentleman Views A Hops

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27
Q

About how long is the spinal cord?

A

18 inches

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28
Q

Which part of the ear connects to the throat?

A

The eustachian tube is a canal that connects the middle ear to the throat

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29
Q

What liquid/gel fills the larger, posterior cavity of the eyeball?

A

vitreous humor

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30
Q

What are the “tunics” of the eye? Does the anterior one change names and become something else at the front?

A

fibrous- sclera, cornea
vascular- choroid, ciliary body, and iris
nervous- retina

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31
Q

How/when do cone photoreceptors work?

A

responsible for color vision, and function best in relatively bright light

32
Q

How/when do rod photoreceptors work?

A

responsible for light/night vision, more sensitive than cones but don’t see color, function best in dim light

33
Q

Where do you taste different stuff on your tongue?

A 
back of tongue: bitter
tip of tongue: sweet
middle of tongue: umami
front sides of tongue: salt
back sides of tongue: sour
34
Q

Which part of the retina has different proportions of cone vs rods, etc.?

A

Cones are concentrated in the fovea centralis. Rods are absent there but dense elsewhere.

35
Q

Which type of sensory receptor is defined as a pain receptor?

A

nociceptors

36
Q

Which part of the ear is involved with dynamic equilibrium?

A

The semicircular canals, three ring-like extensions from the vestibule

37
Q

What is the clump of tissue in the medial corner of the eye called?

A

The lacrimal caruncle

38
Q

What structure in a taste bud binds to the taste chemical?

A

The microvilli of the taste cells inside the taste bud bear taste receptors

39
Q

What is a “fogged up” lens in the eye?

A

Cataracts

40
Q

How are tears drained away from the holes in the medial canthus?

A

fluid drains out of your eyes through small holes, called puncta, drains through the nasolacrimal sac into the tear duct (lacrimal duct), and into the back of your nose.

41
Q

What is the anterior and posterior part of the vascular tunic?

A

Ant- Iris

Post- Choroid

42
Q

What is included in the anterior part of the vascular tunic?

A

Iris

43
Q

What connects the ciliary body to the lens?

A

Ciliary zonule (suspensory ligaments)

44
Q

Which of the following is an area on the retina with no photoreceptors?

A

The optic disc, a part of the retina sometimes called “the blind spot” because it lacks photoreceptors, is located at the optic papilla, where the optic-nerve fibers leave the eye

45
Q

What are the ossicles? Do you know their names?

A

malleus, incus, and stapes, serve to transmit sounds from the air to the fluid-filled labyrinth (cochlea)

46
Q

Do you know the sinus’ of the skull and where they are? Which one is super special? Why? Which returns CSF and blood to the heart? (be specific)

A

Lateral sinuses (Inferior petrosal and Sigmoid) drain back to the heart

47
Q

How do you get to be color blind?

A

Genetic mutation passed on, lack of certain cones that receive color

48
Q

How many things can you smell?

A

Humans can distinguish more than 1 trillion scents

49
Q

Storage of memory, learning, and long-term potentiation happens in where?

A

Hippocampus

50
Q

Know the types of neurons.

A

Motor
Sensory
Association

51
Q

Know where different types of neurons might be found.

A

Bipolar
Unipolar
Multipolar

52
Q

Know the parts of the spinal cord.

A

the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal regions

53
Q

Know the PNS glial cells and functions.

A

Schwann cells and satellite cells

54
Q

Know the CNS glial cells and functions.

A

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells and microglia

55
Q

Which type of neurons are most sensory neurons? (Think of the sketch I always draw on the board. It may be helpful to recreate it.)

A

Unipolar

56
Q

Where can melatonin be found in the brain? What is its purpose?

A

Pineal gland, production increases with evening darkness, promoting healthy sleep and helping to orient our circadian rhythm

57
Q

What is the “outflow” of the PNS vs. SNS.

A

SNS- Thoracolumbar

PNS- Craniosacral

58
Q

What division of the ANS does what do heart rate and respiration?

A

PNS- decreases

SNS- increases

59
Q

What structure is actually responsible for hearing?

A

Cochlea

60
Q

Which part(s) of a spinal nerve is sensory only?

A

Dorsal root

61
Q

What is the inferior, tapered end of the spinal cord called?

A

conus medullaris

62
Q

How do taste chemicals reach the sensory receptor cells in the taste buds?

A

Specialized hairlike structures (microvilli) located at the surface of taste buds in taste pores detect dissolved chemicals ingested in food, leading to the activation of receptor cells in the taste buds

63
Q

Which of the parts of the brain stem are important to breathing and heart pumping?

A

medulla oblongata

64
Q

Which parts of the brain facilitate and coordinates skeletal body movements?

A

cerebellum

65
Q

What is the partition between the cerebrum and the cerebellum?

A

tentorium cerebelli

66
Q

How are taste buds actually described?

A

The taste receptor cells within a bud are arranged such that their tips form a small taste pore, and through this pore extend microvilli from the taste cells. The microvilli of the taste cells bear taste receptors.

67
Q

In regard to the cranial nerves, do you know which are sensory, motor, or mixed?

A

Sensory - l, ll, Vlll
Motor - V, Vll, lX, X
Mixed - lll, lV, Vl, Xl, Xll

68
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A

relaying sensory and motor signals, as well as regulation of consciousness and alertness

69
Q

Which is the groove between the frontal and parietal lobes of the cerebrum?

A

Central sulcus

70
Q

Which of the following controls the extraocular muscles of the eye?

A
  • abducens Vl
  • trochlear lV
  • oculomotor lll
71
Q

Which cranial nerve contributes taste to the anterior vs. posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

A

the glossopharyngeal nerve (cranial nerve IX)

72
Q

Which type of neuron is found only in the “special senses” of the eyes and olfactory organ?

A

Bipolar nerves

73
Q

Which cerebral lobe is responsible for olfaction and hearing?

A

Temporal lobe

74
Q

What is the function of the pre- vs. post-central gyrus?

A

Post- processes sensory information such as touch and information about where the body is and which direction it is moving
Pre- ‘primary motor cortex’, which literally means the part of the brain that controls movement

75
Q

What is the space deep to the middle meningeal layer?

A

Subarachnoid space

76
Q

Which pieces of the spinal nerve is motor only?

A

Ventral root

Human Anatomy BIO244 (32 decks)

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