Digestive System Quiz Flashcards by D T

What are the two main parts of the digestive system?

Alimentary canal

Accessory organs

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What makes up the Alimentary Canal?

Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Intestines

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What are the Accessory Structures?

Liver
Pancreas
Gall Bladder
Teeth
Salivary glands

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What things occur in the digestive system?

Propulsion(peristalsis)
Mixing
Secretion
Digestion
Absorption
Elimination

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What are the layers of the digestive tract?

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa/Adeventitia

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What is mucosa?

lining epithelium of glandular tissue w/ lamina propria(vascular supporting loose connective tissue)

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What is submucosa?

larger blood vessels
lymphatics
nerves
mucous secreting glands

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What is muscularis?

inner circular
outer longitudinal
used in peristalsis

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What is the Serosa or Adventitia?

outermost layer of loose connective tissue covered by viseral peritoneum, contains blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves

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What type of tissue lines the oral cavity?

stratified squamous epithelium

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What are the functions of the oral cavity?

begin mechanical and chemical digestion

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What is the soft palate?

classes off nasal passage and airway during swallowing, protects the nasal passage during sneezing by diverting to the mouth

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What is the hard palate?

ridges grip food, rigid support for nasal cavity so that pressure in mouth doesn’t close off nasal passage

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What are the three paired major salivary glands?

parotid- serous
submandibular- seromucous
sublingual- mucous

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What controls salivation?

The autonomic nervous system

Parasympathetic promotes salivation
Sympathetic decreases salivation

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What is the difference between salivation at rest and at stimulation?

Rest- 2/3 in submandibular

Stimulation- 50% in parotid

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What are in salivary enzymes?

Salivary amylase

Lingual lipase

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What are the types of teeth?

Incisors 8
Canines 4
Premolars 8
Molars 8
Wisdom teeth 4

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What are the parts of the tooth?

Crown
- Above the gingiva
Root
- Below the gingiva
- anchored in bone

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What are the four materials that make up the teeth?

Enamel
Dentin
Cementum
Pulp

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What is enamel?

Covers crown

Hardest substance in body

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What is dentin?

Under enamel

Much softer

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What is cementum?

Covers the root of tooth

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What is pulp?

Center of tooth (root canal)

Contains nerves and blood vessels that supply the tooth with sensations

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What is the pharynx?

area behind nose and mouth

What is the function of the pharynx?

respiratory and digestive

What are the three sections of the pharynx?

- Nasopharynx - Oropharynx - Laryngopharynx

What is the epiglottis?

small, movable "lid" just above the larynx that prevents food and drink from entering your windpipe

What tissue lines the stomach and beyond?

simple columnar epithelium

What is the esophageal hiatus?

opening in the diaphragm through which the esophagus and the vagus nerve pass

What are the esophageal sphincters?

Upper (UES) -Forms a barrier between esophagus and pharynx Lower (LES) -Cardiac/Gastroesophageal sphincter

What is a hiatal hernia?

upper part of the stomach bulges up through the hiatus, pushes stomach acids into esophagus

What are the four sections of the stomach?

- Cardiac - Fundus - Body - Pylorus

What holds the stomach in place?

Lesser omentum - liver to lesser curvature Upper omentum - greater curvature to transverse colon

What are the layers of muscle in the stomach?

- Longitudinal - Circular - Oblique

What are rugae?

ridges produced by folding of the wall of an organ

What lines/protects the stomach?

Alkaline mucus

What cells are involved in gastric gland secretion?

- Parietal cells - Chief cells - Mucous Neck Cells - Enterendocrine (G) Cells

What do parietal cells produce?

HCl - denatures proteins, kills bacteria | Intrinsic Factor - necessary for B12 absorption

What do chief cells produce?

Pepsinogen

What do mucous neck cells produce?

Secrete acidic mucous

What do enteroendocrine (G) cells produce?

Secrete hormones, including gastrin

What is gastrin?

Peptide hormone, stimulates gastric acid secretion (HCl) HCl causes pepsinogen to convert to pepsin for pepsin to break down proteins Aids in peristalsis

What are the three phases of gastric secretion?

- Cephalic (brain) - Gastric (3-4 hours in stomach) - Intestinal (duodenum

How does the stomach go through mechanical digestion?

Mixing wave caused by muscles, gradually intensifying towards pylorus eventually creating chyme

How does the stomach go through chemical digestion?

1. Salivary amylase 2. Chyme 3. Gastric lipase 4. HCl 5. Pepsin 6. Rennin

What are the functions of the liver?

- Stores glycogen, vitamins, and minerals - Nutrient conversion - Detoxification - Removes ammonia - Blood protein synthesis - Bile production = cholesterol+hemoglobin

What is the process of bile secretion?

``` Hepatocytes -secrete bile Canaliculi -send bile to hepatic ducts Hepatic ducts -adds bile acids, cholesterol, and organic molecules Gallbladder -5x concentration ```

What are the ducts of the liver?

Right+left hepatic ducts= common hepatic Common hepatic+cystic duct= common bile duct Cystic duct connects gallbladder to common bile duct

What are the lobes of the liver?

- Left - Right - Caudate - Quadrate

What is the function of the gall bladder?

store and concentrate bile

What is the cystic duct?

joins gallbladder to common hepatic duct

What does bile do?

Critical for digestion and absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins in small intestine

What are the endocrine glands of the pancreas?

Hormone production - Insulin - Glucagon

What are the exocrine glands of the pancreas?

digestive enzymes

What are the 3 sections of the small intestine?

duodenum jejunum ileum

How long is the small intestine?

22-25 feet

What is the duodenum?

first section of the small intestine, shortest, contains duodenal glands, pancreatic secretions, and bile

What does the duodenum do?

chemically digests chyme to prepare it for absorption in small intestine

What is the jejunum and ileum?

absorbs nutrients from food using finger-like projections called villi

What is the ileocecal valve?

sphincter between ileum and colon

What does the vermiform appendix do?

aids in immune function and harbors bacteria

What does the large intestine include?

cecum, colon, rectum

How long is the large intestine?

5 feet

What does the large intestine do?

Absorbs water contains digestive bacteria Vitamin k2 production

What are the four parts of the colon?

- Ascending - Transverse - Descending - Sigmoid

What is the rectum?

muscular tube with three valves to separate feces from gas

What is the anal canal?

inner and outer sphincters for defecation

How are the colon and large intestine different?

The colon does not include the cecum, appendix, rectum, or anal canal

What are haustra?

small pouches caused by sacculation, make the colon look segmented

What are haustral contractions?

slow segmenting movements occurring every 25 minutes

What are Taenia coli?

visible ribbons of smooth muscle on external surface of colon

What are Epiploic Appendages?

Pouches of peritoneum filled with fat along the colon, absent in the rectum

What is the Mesentery?

Set of tissues attaching intestines to posterior abdominal wall, formed by double fold of peritoneum that stores fat and allows vessels and nerves to supply the intestines

What does insulin do?

lower blood sugar level

What does glucagon do?

raises blood sugar level

What separates the left and right lobes of the liver?

falciform ligament

What liver lobe wraps around the inferior vena cave?

caudate lobe

What liver lobe wraps around the gallbladder?

quadrate lobe

What is the sphincter of Oddi?

controls release of bile, dysfunction can backup digestive juices and cause sever abdominal pain

What does salivary amylase do?

breaks starch into sugar, 30% of starch digestion in mouth

What does lingual lipase do?

breaks medium and long-chain fats into smaller pieces

How much liquid is pushed out at a time to the small intestine?

2ml