Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Urinary System

A

Regulates Water Balance and Removes Harmful Substances

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2
Q

Osmoregulation

A

Maintenance of constant osmotic pressure in fluids of an organism by control of water and salt concentrations

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3
Q

Kidney

A

Produces urine that travels through ureters to bladder where it is stored and excreted through urethra

Contains millions of nephrons (filtering tubes)

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4
Q

Nephron

A

Tube with blood vessels closely associated to it

tube winds from cortex of kidney deeper into medulla, back up to cortex, then back to medulla

Drains in renal pelvis (center of kidney)

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5
Q

Bowman’s Capsule

A

Beginning of nephron tube

Afferent arteriole (part of renal artery) enters capsule and forms a dense ball of vessels (glomerulus)

Vessels exit out of capusel, becomes efferent arteriore

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6
Q

Convoluted Tubule

A

Proximal convulated tubule begins at bowman’s capsule, where filtrate is absorbed from blood moving through glomerulus

Ends with distal convuluted tubule which joins up with the collecting duct to send out waste

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7
Q

Loop of Henle

A

Found in middle of convoluted tube

Descending limb- down from proximal convoluted tubule

Ascending limb- upwards towards collecting duct

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8
Q

Efferent Arteriole

A

Efferent arteriole has branching capillaries that surround the convoluted tubule and eventually dump into renal vein as they exit the nephron

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9
Q

Collecting Duct

A

Distal convoluted tubule dumps into collecting duct, which descends toward center of kidney

Multiple nephrons share a single collecting duct

Dumps contents into renal pelvis, which then drains into ureter

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10
Q

Filtrations

A

Blood enters glomerulus, high amount of pressure forces water/solutes to exit capillary wall and enter bowman’s capsule

Salts and sugars can pass through

Large proteins and RBCs are too big

Filtrate goes to PCT

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11
Q

Secretion

A

Addition fluids/substances secreted into convoluted tubule as filtrate passes through

Fluids secreted from capillaries of efferent arteriole

These materials are selectively secreted via active and passive transport from capillary network

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12
Q

Reabsorption

A

Filtrate moves down loop of Henle, being more and more concentrated due to water flowing outward

Descending Loop= high concentration

Filtrate moves up loop of Henle, salts are actively and passively transported out (filtrate more dilute, interstitial fluid highly concentrated)

Filtrate enters and descends down collecting ducts towards renal pelvis

Passes by area where there is high concentration of salt in the outside interstitial fluid

Causes water to diffuse out of collecting duct (by the time it reaches renal pelvis, filtrate is highly concentrated urine)

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13
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

A

Vasopressin

Increases water reabsorption by body (anti-diarrhea)- increases aquaporins

Increases concentration of salts in urine

Increases permeability of collecting duct before it dumps into renal pelvis, allowing for more water absorption

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14
Q

Aldosterone

A

Increase reabsorption of Na, which naturally causes the reabsorption of water along with it

Increases permeability of DCT and collecting duct to Na

Increased concentration of Na causes water to come along via osmosis

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15
Q

Nitrogen Waste

A

Major waste product in animals due to breakdown of amino acids and nucleic acids

NH3 is toxic to animals, need to get rid of it

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16
Q

Nitrogen Waste- Fish

A

Excrete NH3/NH4+ directly into water

17
Q

Nitrogen Waste- Mammals

A

Convert NH3 to urea in liver

Can excrete NH3 without getting rid of lots of water

Urea is less toxic, doesnt need as much water to remove

18
Q

Nitrogen Waste- Birds, insects, reptiles

A

Convert urea to uric acid

Uric acid is insoluble in water,, precipitates out as a solid

Organism can excrete nitrogen as a solid (preserves water)

19
Q

Allantois

A

Special sac in eggs that separates solid nitrogen toxic waste from developing embryo

20
Q

Juxtaglomerular Cells

A

Next to glomerulus

When pressure is low in afferent arteriole due to low BP in body, jaxtaglomerular cells respond by releasing renin

Renin activates renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

Restores BP

21
Q

Angiotensin-aldosterone system

A

Renin stimulates production of angiotensin I from angiotensinogen

Angiotensin I converted to angiotension II via ACE

Angiotension II stimulates vasconscrition of arterioles (Increase BP) and production of aldosterone by adrenal cortex (increase salt and water retention to increase blood volume)