Plant Structure- Roots, Stems, Leaves Flashcards

1
Q

Roots

A

Epidermis
Cortex
Endodermis
Vascular Cylinder

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2
Q

Epidermis of Root

A

Lines outside surface of root and produces root hairs in the zone of maturation to increase absorption

Root hairs die as the zone of maturation ages, requiring constant growth of the root to produce more

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3
Q

Cortex of Root

A

Bulk of the roots

Stores starch

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4
Q

Endodermis of Root

A

Ring at the inner cortex

Contains the casparian strip

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5
Q

Casparian Strip

A

Band of fatty matterial (suberin)

Creates a water impermeable barrier between cells

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6
Q

Result of Castrian Strip

A

Water passing through endodermis must pass through endodermal cells (not between cells)

Allows for endodermal cells to control movement of water into center of root (where vascular tissue resides) and prevent water movement back out to cortex

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7
Q

Vascular Cylinder (Stele) of Root

A

Tissues inside endodermis

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8
Q

Pericycle

A

Outer part of vascular cylinder

Where lateral roots arise from

Iside pericycle is the vascular tissue

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9
Q

Structure of Stem

A

Similar to root, but no casparian strip or endodermis (specialized for water absorption, only happens in root)

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10
Q

Epidermis of Stem

A

Contains epidermal cells covered with waxy cutin substance

Cutin forms the cuticle

Contains guard cells around stomata, and stinging cells

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11
Q

Cortex of Stem

A

Ground tissue containing chloroplasts

Bulk of substance lying between epidermis and vascular cylinder

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12
Q

Vascular Cylinder of Stem

A

Contains xylem, phloem, and pith

Single layer of cells between xylem and ploem may remain undifferntiated and later become the vascular cambium

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13
Q

Structure of Leaf

A

Epidermis

Palisade mesophyll

Spongy mesophyll

Vascular bundle

Stomata

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14
Q

Epidermis of Leaf

A

Protective covering

Covered by the cuticle, which reduces transpiration (water loss)

Specialized epidermal cells can contain trichomes

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15
Q

Palisade Mesophyll

A

Parenchyma cells containing chloroplasts (sites of photosynthesis)

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16
Q

Spongy Mesophyll

A

Parenchyma cells are more loosely arranged underneath the palisade mesophyll

Contains air chambers that can provide CO2 to photosynthesizing cells and O2 to respiring cells

17
Q

Vascular Bundles

A

Xylem and phloem tissue

Mesophyll cells (bundle sheath cells) surround these vascular bundles so that vascular tissue is not exposed to intercellular spaces (also provides anaerobic environment in C4 plants to fix CO2)

18
Q

Stomata

A

Opening and closing influences gas exchange, transpiration, ascent of sap, and photosynthesis

Closed= CO2 not available= No photosynthesis

Open= CO2 enters leaf, but plant risks desiccation from excessive transpiration

19
Q

Guard Cells

A

Each stomata has 2 guard cells surrounding it

Mechanism that controls opening and closing of stomata to optimize photosynthesis and minimize transpiration

Water diffuses into guard cell, causing it to expand, which causes thinner portion of cell wall to bulge out and open the stomata

Water diffusing out of guard cell closes stomata

20
Q

When Do Stomata Close

A

During high temperatures (to decrease water loss)

Also stops photosynthesis because CO2 can’t enter

At night to build up CO2 (lack of photosynthesis- no light, but respiration occurs)

21
Q

When Do Stomata Open

A

When CO2 is low in the leaf

During the day, uses CO2 for photosynthesis