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DAT- BIO > Descriptive Embryology > Flashcards

Descriptive Embryology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Fertilization- Recognition

A

Oocyte has glycoprotein coat on PM (vitelline/zona pellucida in humans)

Sperm secretes protein which binds to receptors on the coat so fertilization only occurs between egg and sperm of same species

Zona pellucida binds sperm, acrosome reaction creates fast charge based block of
polyspermy

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2
Q

Fertilization- Penetration

A

PM of sperm and oocyte fuse togeher

Nucleus of sperm enters egg

Vetelline layer forms membrane to prevent other sperm from entering

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3
Q

Fertilization- Meiosis and completion of fertilization

A

Meiosis 2 completes

In humans, sperm penetrates egg, meiosis 2 is triggered in oocyte

Produces egg adn polar body

2 nuclei fused to form zygote

Chromosomes replicated

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4
Q

Cleavage

A

Zygote undergoes division but remains the same size- newly divided cells are blastomeres

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5
Q

Blastomeres

A

Each smaller than the previous

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6
Q

Poles

A

Dense areas within zygote are naturally separated from the less dense

Forms animal pole and vegetal pole (yolk/food)

Early cleavages are polar (contain both poles) and later divisions become parallel with the equator

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7
Q

Indeterminate Cleavage

A

Cleavage is indeterminate if it produces blastomeres that if seperated, can individually complete normal development

Do not have a pre set fate- have equal potential to produce fully functional embryos

Also known as regulative cleavage

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8
Q

Determinate Cleavage

A

Blastomeres that cannot develop into a complete embryo if seperated from other blastomeres

If cleaves, resulting embryos will be incomplete and dysfuntional

Have a decided fate

Also known as mosaic cleavage

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9
Q

Morula

A

After multiple divisions, resulting ball of cells is a morula

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10
Q

Blastocyst

A

Cell divisions continue, liquid fills the morula between trophoblast and embryoblast

Entire structure= blastocyst

In other animals, called blastula or blastophere

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11
Q

Gastrula

A

Gastrulation (forming gastrula) occurs when group of cells invaginate into blastula

Has 3 germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm)

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12
Q

Archenteron

A

Cavity resulting from invagination into blastula

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13
Q

Blastopore

A

Opening into archenteron

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14
Q

Extraembryonic Membrane Development

A

Only develops in birds, reptiles, and humans (amniotes)

Consists of chorion, allantois, amnion, yolk sac

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15
Q

Chorion

A

Outer membrane of extraembryonic membrane

In birds and reptiles, for gas exchange

In mammals, implants into endometrium and later forms placenta (nutrient, gas, water exchange between embryo and mother)

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16
Q

Placenta

A

Made up of chorion and endometrium

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17
Q

Allantois

A

Sack that branches off archenteron

eventually encircles the embryo and forms a layer beneath the chorion

In birds/reptiles- waster storage for uric acid, later fuses with chorion

In mammals- transports wastes to placenta, eventually forming umbilical cord (transportation between embryo and placenta)

18
Q

Amnion

A

Encloses amniotic cavity

Aminiotic cavity is filled with fluid (cushion for embryo)

19
Q

Yolk Sac

A

Used for nutrients in birds and reptiles

In humans, first site of RBC synthesis

20
Q

Protostomes

A

Spiral Cleavage

Early cleavage occurs at a slight angle (misaligned cells)

Opening of archenteron (blastopore) becomes mouth

Coelom (cushion) forms by mesoderm splittig

21
Q

Deuterostomes

A

Radial Cleavage

Early cleavage is straight (cells aligned in a vertical axis)

Opening of archenteron (blastopore) becomes anus

Coelom (cushion) forms by outpouching in wall of archenteron

22
Q

Organogenesis

A

After gastrulation, cells begin to differentiate from one another

Allows formation of different tissues and organs

23
Q

Notochord

A

Cells on the upper/dorsal mesoderm

Provides support

24
Q

Neural Tube

A

Neural plate—.> neural groove—> neural tube

Develops into CNS

More cells roll off the top of the neural tube, which become the teeth. bones, skull, pigment, cells, and nerves

25
Q

Polyspermy

A

Multiple sperms fertilize and egg

Results in inviable zygote

26
Q

Cortical Reaction

A

Slow Block to polyspermy

When sperm comes into contact with egg, non-penetrable fertilization membrane created

Enzymes (cortical granules) in egg released and eat away at zona pellucida as well- specifically the glycoproteins that allow sperm to bind (so other sperm can’t bind)

Occurs due to calcium oscillations inside the oocyte

27
Q

Sperm Binding

A

Outside of sperm binds to zona pellucida

28
Q

Acrosomal Reaction

A

Acrosomal tip released from sperm, releasing enzymes and digest zona pellucida

29
Q

Fast Block

A

Sperm binds to egg

Na channels on egg opens, Na moves down concentration gradient (into egg), causing depolarization

Prevents sperm from binding

30
Q

Trophoblast

A

Outer layer of blastocyst

Becomes placenta

31
Q

Embryoblast

A

Inner layer of blastula

Embryonic stem cells (more plastic than somatic stem cells)

Also called inner cell mass

32
Q

Blastocoel

A

Fluid pushes embryoblast outward to form a circular cavity

33
Q

Endoderm Becomes

A

Digestive system

Liver
Pancreas

Inner layers of lungs

34
Q

Mesoderm Becomes

A

Notochord

Circulatory system

Epithelial layers of lungs

Skeletal system

Muscular system

35
Q

Ectoderm Becomes

A

Hair

Nails

Skin

Nervous System

36
Q

Parthenogenesis

A

An animal’s ability to develop from an egg that has not been fertilized

Form of asexual reproduction

37
Q

Parthenocarpy

A

Parthenogenesis except for the creation of fruit in plants

38
Q

Neoteny

A

Adults retain their young counterpart’s morphological characteristics

39
Q

Amphimixis

A

Another name for fertilization resulting in a zygote

40
Q

Epimorphosis

A

Full differentiated cells re-obtain stem cell like features

DAT- BIO (41 decks)

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