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DAT- BIO > Organelle Structure and Function > Flashcards

Organelle Structure and Function Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Theory of Endosymbiosis

A

MItochondria and chloroplatss were once independent prokaryotes who eventually joined larger cells

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2
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A 
Small ribosomes
No cytoskeleton
Nor organelles (but has a nucleoid region)
Plasmid sometimes present
Anaerobic and aerobic metabolism
Flagella made of the protein flagelin
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3
Q

Eukaryotic Cell

A

Nucleus and organelles present
Chromosomes long and bound with histones
Multicellular
Can be autotrophic or heterotropic

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4
Q

Flagella and Cilia in Eukaryotes

A

Made of tubulin

Arrange 9 +2

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5
Q

Autotrophs

A

Photoautotrophs
- Use photosynthesis to make food from sunlight

Chemoautotrophs
- Use chemosynthesis to make food from inorganic substance

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6
Q

Obligate Anaerobes

A

Need absence of oxygen to survive

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7
Q

Obligate Aerobe

A

Need oxygen to survive

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8
Q

Facultative Anaerobe

A

In absence of oxygen, can switch from aerobe to anaerobe

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9
Q

Ribosomes

A

On ER- proteins made here leave cell

In cytoplasm- proteins made here used within cell

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10
Q

SER

A

Synthesis of steroid hormones and lipids
Stores Ca in muscle cells
Also stores detox drugs and poisons

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11
Q

Peroxisome

A

In both plant and animal cells
Convert hydrogen peroxide into water using catalase
In liver, detox alcohol

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12
Q

Glyoxysomes

A

Germinating seeds of some plants have a specialized variation of peroxisome

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13
Q

Transport vacuole

A

Move materials between organelles or between organelles and PM

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14
Q

Central vacuole

A

Most of plant cell interior
Cause turgidity when fully filled to maintain rigidity

Also store nutrients, and carry out functions performed by lysosomes in aniamls cells

Have a specialized membrane (tonoplast)

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15
Q

Merge Vacuole

A

Merge with lysosomes which break down food

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16
Q

Storage vacuole

A

Plants store starch, pigments, and toxic substances (i..e nicotine)

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17
Q

Contractile vacuoles

A

In single celled organisms that collect and pump excess water out of the cell

Utilizes active transport

Found in protista (amoeba, paramecia) and organisms in a hypotonic environment

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18
Q

Cell Wall in Plants

A

Cellulose

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19
Q

Cell Wall in Fungi

A

Chitin

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20
Q

Cell Wall in Bacteria

A

Peptidoglycans

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21
Q

Cell Wall in Archea

A

Polysaccharides

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22
Q

Extracellular Matrix

A

Animal cells secrete collagen to form ECM

Found in area between adjacent cells

Fibrous structural proteins, adhesion proteins, polysaccharides

Made of collagen mainly
Also see integrin+fibronectin, laminin

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23
Q

Function of ECM

A

Provides mechanical support

Helps binds adjacent cells

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24
Q

Integrin+Fibronectin

A

Network of collagen and proteoglycans (glycosylated proteins) connected to integrins ( TM protein) in the cell membrane via fibronectin (glycoprotein)

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25
Q

Laminin

A

Also seen in ECM

Acts similar to fibronectin (adhesion protein, anchors cell to collagen or proteoglycans)

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26
Q

Focal Adhesions

A

Connection of ECM to actin filaments in cell

27
Q

Hemidesmosomes

A

Connect 1 cell to basal membrane

Connection of ECM to intermediate filaments (i..e keratin)

28
Q

Plastids

A

Found in plant cells
Chloroplasts
Leucoplasts
Chromoplasts

29
Q

Leucoplasts

A

Can specialize to store starch/lipid/protein as amyloplasts/elaioplasts,proteinoplasts

Can also serve general biosynthetic functions

30
Q

Chromoplasts

A

Store carotenoids

31
Q

Microtubules

A

Made of tubulin

Found in flagella, cilia, spindle fibers during division

32
Q

Microfilaments

A

Made of actin

Used for cellmovement and muscle contraction

33
Q

Intermediate Filaments

A

Maintains and supports cells

i.e. Keratin found in hair

34
Q

Types of Active Transport

A 
Exocytosis
Endocytosis (phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor mediated endocytosis)
35
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Engulfing of particles (i..e white blood cells)

36
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Uptake of dissolved particles

Cell drinking

37
Q

Receptor mediated encodytosis

A

Form of pinocytosis

Specific molecules in the fluid around the cell binds to receptors

38
Q

Aquoaporin

A

Type of porin found in plant roots and kidneys, allowing water to flow more rapidly than diffusion

39
Q

Plasmolysis

A

MOvement of water out of a cell resulting in the collapse of the cell

40
Q

Dialysis

A

Diffusion of solutes across a selective membrane

41
Q

Bulk Flow

A

Movement of a fluid in one direction in an organism
Always from one source
i.e. Blood flow around the body

42
Q

Cell Junctions

A

Anchor cells to each other or provide passageways for exchange of materials

43
Q

Desmosomes

A

Anchoring junction
Connects 2 cells together
Provides stability and holds things together

44
Q

Tight Junction

A

Seal, prevents things from passing from cell to cell

Found in digestive tract to get things into bloodstream

45
Q

Gap Junctions

A

Allows ions and small molecules to pass from cell to cell

How the heart cells coordinate together to contract in unison

46
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

Gap junctions of plant cells

47
Q

Quorum Sensing

A

Bacteria secrete molecules ot communicate

48
Q

Paracrine Siganlling

A

Local messages/signals are released (i.e. GF)

Includes synaptic signalling (NT release)

49
Q

Long Distance Siganling

A

Endocrine system

50
Q

Hydrophilic Messengers

A

First messenger or ligand
Binds to receptor
Message carried on inside by second messenger

51
Q

Cytoplasmic receptor

A

Receptors inside cell that bind to smaller, nonpolar hydrophobic ligands that can diffuse through PM
i.e. Steroids, thyroid hormone, NO

52
Q

Tonicity

A

Ability of an extracellular solution to make water move into or out of a cell by osmosis

Solution’s tonicity is related to its osmolarity

53
Q

Osmolarity

A

Total concentration of all solutes in the solution

54
Q

Plasmyolysis

A

Cell membrane shrinks and detaches from cell wall

Occurs when plant cells are in hypertonic solution (high concentration of solute outside cell)

55
Q

Plant Cells in Hypotonic Solution

A

Water moves into cell

Cell wall counteracts osmotic pressure to prevent swelling and lysis

56
Q

Golgi

A

Packages and modifies proteins
Transports lipids around cell
Produces lysosomes

57
Q

Structure of Eukaryotic Ribosome

A

60S + 40S= 80 S

58
Q

Structure of Prokaryotic Ribosome

A

50S + 30S= 70 S

59
Q

Polar Microtubules

A

Nuclear division

Connect to push MTOC to opposite ends of cell

60
Q

Astral Microtubules

A

Extend to cell membrane

Involved in spindle apparatus orientation

61
Q

Facultative Aerobes

A

Can switch to aerobic respiration but prefer anaerobic environments

62
Q

Microphiles

A

Organisms that need oxygen but are poisoned by high concentrations

63
Q

Facultative Psychophiles

A

Organisms that will survive at temperatures below 20°C but will only grow at temperatures above 20°C.

64
Q

Aerotolerant

A

Do not require oxygen to survive, but are not poisoned by it (unlike obligate anaerobes)

DAT- BIO (41 decks)

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